Table of Contents

1.0 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................3

2.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................4
2.1 TRANSFORMER ...................................................................................................4
2.2 STEP-UP TRANSFORMER ...................................................................................4
2.3 CONCEPT FOR STEP-UP TRANSFORMER ........................................................5
3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................6
3.1 CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM ..........................................................................................6
3.2 GRAPH SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION............................................................7
4.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 11
5.0 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 11
1.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To identify the step used in a step-up transformer.
2. To identify the characteristics of a step-up transformer
3. To design the basic circuit of a step-up transformer
2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most used
to increase ('step up') or decrease ('step down') voltage levels between circuits.

Figure 1: ILLUSTRATION OF THE TRANSFORMER CORE

2.2 STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is greater than its input
(primary) voltage is also known as step-up transformers. The step-up transformer
decreases the output current for keeping the input and output power of the system equal.

Figure 2: PHYSICAL ILLUSTRATION FOR STEP-

UP TRASNFORMER
2.3 CONCEPT FOR STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Considered a step-up transformer shown in the figure below. The E1 and E2 are the
voltages, and T1 and T2 are the number of turns on the primary and secondary winding of
the transformer. The number of turns on the secondary of the transformer is greater than
that of the primary, i.e., T2 > T1.Thus the voltage turn ratio of the step-up transformer is
1:2. The primary winding of the step-up transformer is made up of thick insulated copper
wire because the low magnitude current flows through it. The primary winding of the step-
up transformer is made up of thick insulated copper wire because the low magnitude current
flows through it.

Figure 3: WINDING FOR STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 CIRCUIT IN MULTISIM

Figure 4: AC STEP-UP TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT

Based on the figure 4, we construct the ideal step up transformer using National
Instrument (NI) Multisim which is a software to run a simulator. We construct the circuit
by providing a 240V AC supply and 50 Hz of frequency. We connect the AC supply on
the left side of the circuit as in the figure 4 above. Secondly, we provide a transformer into
the circuit above with a value of 3 as the primary turn and a value of 6 as the secondary
turn. The label of the transformer is T1. A resistor with a value of 10k Ohm is provided on
the right side of the circuit and lastly, a ground supply is connected in order to complete
the circuit and a correct way to run a simulation easily. For the result, we used a
multimeter with a setting of AC Voltage with 2 polarity which is positive and negative. As
shown in the figure 4, Multimeter-XMM1 is connected between the main 240V AC supply
to measure a primary voltage. A multimeter-XMM3 is connected between a primary
terminal of the transformer and a positive terminal of the supply in order to get the
measurement of the primary current, A. Next, Multimeter-XMM2 is connected between a
10k ohm resistor in order to get the secondary voltage measurement. Lastly, Multimeter-
XMM4 is connected between secondary terminal of the transformer and a resistor for the
secondary current value. We can refer to the next section for the simulation graph result.

3.2 GRAPH SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION

Figure 5: PRIMARY VOLTAGE vs SECONDARY

VOLTAGE GRAPH

Figure 6: PRIMARY AMPERE vs SECONDARY

AMPERE GRAPH

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 Figure 7: PRIMARY VOLTAGE & AMPERE vs
SECONDARY VOLTAGE & AMPERE GRAPH

Based on figure 5, we can refer the green colored line for the primary voltage and
the blue colored line for the secondary voltage. The graph is set with 800V as an X-axis
and -800V as a Y-axis. We can observe that the peak of the voltage of the primary voltage
with a green colored line is increasing 3 times as shown in the secondary voltage with a
purple colored line. This happened due to increasing value for the secondary coil in the
transformer as shown in figure 4.

Based on figure 6, we can refer the dotted light purple colored line for the primary
current and the dotted magenta colored line for the secondary current. The graph is with
500mA as an X-axis and -500mA as a Y-axis. We can observe that the peak of the current
of the primary voltage with a dotted light purple colored line is decreasing 3 times as
shown in the secondary current with a dotted magenta colored line. This happened due
to increasing value for the secondary coil in the transformer as shown in figure 4.

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Based on figure 7, as the voltage increasing, the current is decreasing due to the number
of turns of coil on the secondary winding of the transformer. The HV windings contain a
huge number of turns compared with the LV windings. An LV winding wire has a bigger
cross-section than HV wire because of the higher current value on the LV side. Usually,
we place the LV windings close to the transformer core, and over them, we wound the
HV windings.

The transformer turns ratio (n) for a step-up transformer is approximately proportional to
the voltage ratio:

n = 169.706V / 339.411V = 0.500 = 6/3 = 0.5

Where VP, S are voltages, and NP, S are the turns numbers on the primary (LV) and
secondary (HV) sides respectively. The primary side of a step-up transformer (LV side)
has a smaller number of turns than the secondary side (HV side).

The second equation that relates the primary and secondary currents of a transformer
is:
Vs = Vp x Ns/Np
Vs = Voltage at the secondary coil
Vp = Voltage at the primary coil
Ns = Number of windings at the secondary coil
Np = Number of windings at the primary coil
Hence,
Vs = 169.706 x (6/3)
Vs = 339.412 V

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The second equation that relates the primary and secondary currents of a transformer
is:
Is = Ip x (Np/Ns)
Is = Current at the secondary coil
Ip = Current at the primary coil
Hence,
Is = 67.809mA x (3/6)
Is = 33.914mA

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4.0 CONCLUSION
As for the conclusion, we already known the formula used in the step-up
transformer which is to calculate the secondary voltage and the secondary current on the
secondary winding of the transformer. Besides that, we already known that the main
characteristic of the step-up transformer is by having the value on the secondary windings
higher than a value on the primary value and by this we can design the circuit for the step-
up transformer in the simulation software. Hence, all of the objective stated in this report
is achieved.

5.0 REFERENCES
• A.Shanmugasundaram, G.Gangadharan, R.Palani 'Electrical Machine
Design Data Book', New Age Intenational Pvt. Ltd., Reprint 2007

• Gussow, Milton, Schaum's Outline Series. Basic Electricity McGraw-Hill

• Nasar and Unnewehr, Electromechanics and Electric Machines John Wiley and
Sons.

• Van Vallcenburgh, Nooger, and Neville, Basic Electricity, Vol. 5, Hayden Book
Company.

• Buban and Schmitt, Understanding Electricity and Electronics 3! Edition, McGraw-

Barnes 1997. Barnes, P.R., S. Das, B.W. McConnell, and J.W. Van Dyke.
Supplement to the “Determination Analysis” (ORNL-6847) and Analysis of the
NEMA Efficiency Standard for Distribution Transformers. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory ORNL-6925, September 1997.

• National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 1996. Guide for

Determining Energy Efficiency for Distribution Transformers. NEMA Standards
Publication TP 1-1996. Rosslyn, VA: National Electrical Manufacturers
Association.

• The Electrician, A Weekly Illustrated Journal Of Electrical Engineering, Industry

And Science Vol 23 Page 97.

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