Chapter 1. Solutions To Problems

Chapter 1.
Solutions to problems
ThienNV
February 25, 2021
ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 1 / 26

Solutions and Elementary Operations
Ex 1.1.1a
Verify that the following are solutions for all values of s and t.
x = 19t − 35
y = 25 − 13t
z =t
is a solution of
2x + 3y + z = 5
5x + 7y − 4z = 0
Answer: Check that
2(19t − 35) + 3(25 − 13t) + t = 5

5(19t − 35) + 7(25 − 13t) − 4t = 0

Ex 1.1.2d
Find all solutions to the following in parametric form of:
x − 2y + 5z = 1.
Answer: 
x = 1 + 2y − 5z = 1 + 2t − 5s

y =t ,

z =s

where s, t are two parameters.

Ex 1.1.8
Write a system of linear equations that has each of the following

augmented matrices

x − y + 6z = 0
 
1 −1 6 0 
a)  0 1 0 3 . Answer: y =3 .
2 −1 0 1

2x − y =1


2x − y = −1
 
2 −1 0 −1 
b)  −3 2 1 0 . Answer: −3x + 2y + z =0 .
0 1 1 3

y +z =3


Ex 1.1.9d
Find the solution of the following system of linear equations
3x + 4y = 1
4x + 5y = −3
Answer: The augmented matrix

3 4 1 1/3R1 1 4/3 1/3
Ā = −−−−−−−→
4 5 −3 −4/3R1 +R2 0 −1/3 −13/3

−3R2 1 4/3 1/3 −4/3R2 +R1 1 0 −17
−−−→ −−−−−−−→ .
0 1 13 0 1 13
Hence the system has unique solution
x = −17
y = 13

Ex 1.1.10b
Find the solution of the following system of linear equations
2x + y + z = −1
x + 2y + z = 0
3x − 2z = 5
   
2 1 1 −1 1 2 1 0
R1 ↔R2
Ā =  1 2 1 0  −− −−→  2 1 1 −1 
3 0 −2 5 3 0 −2 5
   
1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
−2R1 +R2 −2R2 +R3
−−−−−−→  0 −3 −1 −1  −−−−−−→  0 −3 −1 −1 
−3R1 +R3
0 −6 −5 5 0 0 −3 7
x = −z − 2y = 1/9
 
1 2 1 0
−1/3R2
−−−−→  0 1 1/3 1/3  . y = 1/3 − 1/3z = 10/9
−1/3R3
0 0 1 −7/3 z = −7/3
1.1.19
Workmen John and Joe earn a total of $24.60 when John works 2 hours
and Joe works 3 hours. If John works 3 hours and Joe works 2 hours, they
get $23.90. Find their hourly rates.
Answer: Let x, y be the hourly rates of John and Joe respectively. We

have
2x + 3y = 24.6
3x + 2y = 23.9
Solving this system, we obtain
x = 4.5
y = 5.2

Gaussian Elimination
Ex 1.2.1
Which of the following matrices are in reduced row-echelon form? Which

are in row-echelon form?
 
1 −1 2
a. 0 0 0 is not in row-echelon form.
0 0 1

2 1 −1 3
b. is not in row-echelon form.
0 0 0 0

1 −2 3 5
c. is in row-echelon, but not reduced row-echelon.
0 0 0 1
 
0 0 1
f. 0 0 1 is not in row-echelon form.
0 0 1

Ex 1.2.2a
 
0 −1 2 1 2 1 −1
0
 1 −2 2 7 2 4 
0 −2 4 3 7 1 0
0 3 −6 1 6 4 1
 
0 1 −2 −1 −2 −1 1
−R1 , R1 +R2 0 0 0 3 9 3 3
−−−−−−−−−−−→  
−2R1 +R3 , 3R1 +R4 0 0 0 1 3 −1 2 
0 0 0 4 12 7 −2
 
0 1 −2 −1 −2 −1 1
R2 ↔R3 0 0 0 1 3 −1 2 
−−−−−−−−−−−−−→  
−3R3 +R2 , −4R3 +R4 0 0 0 0 0 6 −3 
0 0 0 0 0 11 −10

Ex1.2.2a cont
 
0 1 −2 −1 −2 −1 1
1/6R3 0 0 0 1 3 −1 2 
−−−−−−−−→  
−11/6R3 +R4 0 0 0 0 0 1 −1/2
0 0 0 0 0 0 −9/2
 
0 1 −2 −1 −2 −1 1
−2/9R4 0 0 0 1 3 −1 2 
−−−−→  
0 0 0 0 0 1 −1/2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
 
0 1 −2 −1 −2 −1 0
1/2R4 +R3 0 0 0 1 3 −1 0
−−−−−−−−−−−−→  
−2R4 +R2 , −R4 +R1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Ex1.2.2a cont
 
0 1 −2 −1 −2 0 0
R3 +R1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0
−−−−→  
R3 +R2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
 
0 1 −2 0 −2 0 0
R +R1 0
 0 0 1 3 0 0
−−2−−→ 0

0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Ex1.2.3a
The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations has been carried to
the following by row operations. In each case solve the system.
 
1 2 0 3 1 0 −1
 0 0 1 −1 1 0 2 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Answer: We have rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 3 < 6 (the number of variables).
Hence, the system has infinite solutions (with 6 − 3 = 3 parameters):
x1 = −1 − 2x2 − 3x4 − x5 = −1 − 2u − 3t − s
x2 = u
x3 = 2 + x4 − x5 = 2 + t − s
x4 = t
x5 = s
x6 = 3
Ex1.2.3d
The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations has been carried to
the following by row operations. In each case solve the system.
 
1 −1 2 4 6 2
 0 1 2 1 −1 −1 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 1 
0 0 0 0 0 0
Answer: We have rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 3 < 5 (the number of variables).
Hence, the system has infinite solutions (with 5 − 3 = 2 parameters):
x1 = 2 + x2 − 2x3 − 4x4 − 6x5 = −4 − 4t − 5s
x2 = −1 − 2x3 − x4 + x5 = −2 − 2t + s
x3 = t
x4 = 1
x5 = s
Ex1.2.4d
Find all solutions (if any) to each of the following system of linear
equations.
x1 + x2 + 2x3 − x4 = 4
3x2 − x3 + 4x4 = 2
x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 + 5x4 = 0
x1 + x2 − 5x3 + 6x4 = −3
The augmented matrix
   
1 1 2 −1 4 1 1 2 −1 4
 0 3 −1 4 2  −R1 +R3  0 3 −1 4 2 
Ā =  − −−−−→  
 1 2 −3 5 0  −R1 +R4  0 1 −5 6 −4 
1 1 −5 6 −3 0 0 −7 7 −7
   
1 1 2 −1 4 1 1 2 −1 4
−1/7R4  0 0 14 −14 14  −1/7R4  0 0 14 −14 14 
−−−−−−→   −−−−−−→  
−3R3 +R2  0 1 −5 6 −4  −3R3 +R2  0 1 −5 6 −4 
0 0 1 −1 1 0 0 1 −1 1
Ex1.2.4d cont
   
1 1 2 −1 4 1 1 2 −1 4
−14R +R2  0
 0 0 0 0  R2 ↔R4  0 1 −5 6 −4 
−−−−4−−→ −−−−→  .
 0 1 −5 6 −4  R20 ↔R30  0 0 1 −1 1 
0 0 1 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0
We have rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 3 < 4. Hence, the system has infinite

solutions (with 1 parameter):
x1 = 4 − x2 − 2x3 + x4 = 1
x2 = −4 + 5x3 − 6x4 = 1 − s
x3 = 1 + x4 = 1 + s
x4 = s

Ex1.2.5e
equations
5x + y = 2
3x − y + 2z = 1
x + y − z = 5
Answer. The augmented matrix
   
5 1 0 2 1 1 −1 5
R1 ↔R3
Ā =  3 −1 2 1 − −−−→  3 −1 2 1 
1 1 −1 5 5 1 0 2
   
1 1 −1 5 1 1 −1 5
−3R1 +R2
−−−−−−→ 0 −4 5 −14
  −−1/4R 2
−−−−→  0 1 −5/4 7/2 
−5R1 +R3 −R2 +R3
0 −4 5 −23 0 0 0 −9
The system has no solution since rank(Ā) = 3 6= rank(A) = 2.

1.2.7c
equations
x1 − x2 + x3 − 2x4 = 1
−x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = −1
−x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 − x4 = 2
x1 − x2 + 2x3 + x4 = 1
The augmented matrix
   
1 −1 1 −2 1 1 −1 1 −2 1
 −1 1 1 1 −1  R1 +R2  0 0 2 −1 0 
 −1 2 3 −1 2  −
Ā =   −−− −−−−−→  
R1 +R3 ,−R1 +R4  0 1 4 −3 3 
1 −1 2 1 1 0 0 1 3 0
   
1 −1 1 −2 1 1 −1 1 −2 1
R1 +R2  0 0 2 −1 0  R1 ↔R2  0 1 4 −3 3 
−−−−− −−−−→   −−−−→  
R1 +R3 ,−R1 +R4  0 1 4 −3 3  R20 ↔R30  0 0 1 3 0 
0 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 −1 0
Ex1.2.7c cont
   
1 −1 1 −2 1 1 −1 1 −2 1
−2R +R4  0
 1 4 −3 3  −1/7R4  0 1 4 −3 3 
−−−−3−−→  0 0 1 3
− −−−→  .
0   0 0 1 3 0 
0 0 0 −7 0 0 0 0 1 0
We have rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 4. Hence, the system has unique solution
x1 = 1 + x2 − x3 + 2x4 = 4
x2 = 3 − 4x3 + 3x2 = 3
x3 = −3x4 = 0
x4 = 0

Ex1.2.8a
Find (if possible) conditions on a and b such that the system has no
solution, one solution, and infinitely many solutions.
x − 2y = 1
ax + by = 5
Answer: We have

1 −2 1 −aR1 +R2 1 −2 1
Ā = −−−−−−→
a b 5 0 2a + b −a + 5
We can see:
If 2a + b 6= 0 then rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 2. Hence the system has
unique solution.
If 2a + b = 0 and −a + 5 6= 0 then rank(Ā) = 2, rank(A) = 1, the
system has no solution.
If 2a + b = 0 and −a + 5 = 0 (or a = 5 and b = −10), then
rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 1, the system has infinite solutions.
Ex1.2.9a
Find (if possible) conditions on a and b such that the system has no
solution, one solution, and infinitely many solutions.
3x + y − z = a
x − y + 2z = b
5x + 3y − 4z = c
   
3 1 −1 a 1 −1 2 b
R1 ↔R2 −3R +R3
Ā =  1 −1 2 b  −− −−→  3 1 −1 a  −−−−1−−→
−5R1 +R3
5 3 −4 c 5 3 −4 c
   
1 −1 2 b 1 −1 2 b
−2R +R3
 0 4 −7 a − 3b  −−−−2−−→  0 1 −7/4 (a − 3b)/4 
1/4R2
0 8 −14 −5b + c 0 0 0 −2a + b + c
Hence, if −2a + b + c 6= 0 then the system has no solution. Else, the

system has infinite solutions.
1.2.11c
Find the rank of the following matrix.

   
1 1 −1 3 1 1 −1 3
R1 +R2
C = −1 4 5 −2 −−− −−→ 0 5 4 1
−R1 +R3
1 6 3 4 0 5 4 1
 
1 1 −1 3
−R +R3
−−−2−−→ 0 1 4/5 1/5 .
1/5R2
0 0 0 0
Hence rank(C ) = 2.

1.2.11e
Find the rank of the following matrix.
   
1 2 −1 0 1 2 −1 0
−R +R3
E = 0 a 1 − a a2 + 1 −−−1−−→ 0 a 1 − a a2 + 1
1 2 − a −1 −2a 2 0 −a 0 −2a2
 
1 2 −1 0
R2 +R3 2
−−−−→ 0 a 1 − a a + 1 .

0 0 1 − a 1 − a2
Hence
If a 6= 0, 1 then rank(E ) = 3.
 
1 2 −1 0
If a = 0 then rank(E ) = rank 0 0 1 1 = 2.
0 0 1 1
If a = 1 then we can see rank(E ) = 2.
Ex 1.2.22
If a consistent system has more variables than equations, show that it has
infinitely many solutions.
Proof. Let A, Ā be the coefficient matrix and the augmented matrix of
the system.
Since the system is consistent, we must have rank(A) = rank(A) = r .
Moreover, since the system has more variables than equations, we obtain
that r is less than the number of variables n. Hence, the system has
infinitely many solutions.

Homogeneous Systems
Ex 1.3.2d
Find all values of a for which the system has nontrivial solutions, and
determine all solutions.
ax + y + z = 0
x + y − z = 0
x + y + az = 0
Answer:
     
a 1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1
R1 ↔R2 −aR +R2
A = 1 1 −1 −− −−→ a 1 1  −−−−1−−→ 0 1 − a 1 + a
−R1 +R3
1 1 a 1 1 a 0 0 1+a
We can see rank(A) < 3 if and only if a = 1 or a = −1. Hence the system
has nontrivial solutions if and only if a = −1 or a = 1.

Homogeneous Systems
Ex 1.3.3b
       
2 1 1 4
Let x =  1  , y = 0 , z =  1  and v =  3 . Write v as a linear
−1 1 −2 −4
combination of x, y , z or show that it is not a linear combination.
Answer: Suppose that we have w = t1 x + t2 y + t3 z. This is a system of
3 variables t1 , t2 , t3 with
   
2 1 1 4 0 1 −1 −2
−2R +R1 R1 ↔R2
Ā =  1 0 1 3  −−−−2−−→  1 0 1 3  −− −−→
R2 +R3
−1 1 −2 −4 0 1 −1 −1
   
1 0 1 3 1 0 1 3
−R2 +R3
 0 1 −1 −2  − −−−−→  0 1 −1 −2 
0 1 −1 3 0 0 0 5
We have rank(Ā) = 3 while rank(A) = 2. The system has no solution.

Hence, v is not a linear combination of x, y , z.
Homogeneous Systems
Ex 1.3.5b
Find a set of basic solutions and express the general solution as a linear
combination of these basic solutions.
   
1 2 −1 1 1 1 2 −1 1 1
R1 +R2
A = −1 −2 2 0 1 −−−−→ 0
   0 1 1 2
R1 +R3
−1 −2 3 1 3 0 0 2 2 4
 
1 2 −1 1 1
−2R +R3
−−−−2−−→ 0 0 1 1 2 .
0 0 0 0 0
We have rank(A) = 2. Hence the system has infinite solutions (with 3
basic solutions) of form
         
x1 −2u − 2t − 3s −2 −2 −3
x2   u  1 0 0
         
x3  =  −t − 2s  = u  0  + t −1 + s −2
         
x4   t  0 1 0
x5 s 0 0 1

Chapter 1. Solutions To Problems

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Chapter 1. Solutions To Problems

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Chapter 1.

February 25, 2021

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 1 / 26

Answer: Check that

2(19t − 35) + 3(25 − 13t) + t = 5

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 2 / 26

Find all solutions to the following in parametric form of:

where s, t are two parameters.

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 3 / 26

Write a system of linear equations that has each of the following

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 4 / 26

Answer: The augmented matrix

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 5 / 26

Answer: Let x, y be the hourly rates of John and Joe respectively. We

Solving this system, we obtain

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 7 / 26

Which of the following matrices are in reduced row-echelon form? Which

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 8 / 26

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 9 / 26

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 10 / 26

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 11 / 26

We have rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 3 < 4. Hence, the system has infinite

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 15 / 26

The system has no solution since rank(Ā) = 3 6= rank(A) = 2.

We have rank(Ā) = rank(A) = 4. Hence, the system has unique solution

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 18 / 26

Hence, if −2a + b + c 6= 0 then the system has no solution. Else, the

Find the rank of the following matrix.

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 21 / 26

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 23 / 26

ThienNV Chapter 1. Solutions to problems February 25, 2021 24 / 26

We have rank(Ā) = 3 while rank(A) = 2. The system has no solution.

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