PAPER

ABOUT

CANDY BORUBUDUR

by :

GROUP II

1. INAYAH
2. ALWI ALI

SMA MUHAMMADIYAH BOLO

STUDY YEAR 2020/2021
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah SWT for all the abundance of Rahmat, Inayah, Taufik and
Hinayah so that I can complete the preparation of this paper in a very simple form and
content.

We hope that this report will help add to the knowledge and experience of readers, so
that I can improve the form and content of this paper so that it can be better in the future.

We admit that this paper has many shortcomings due to the lack of experience we have.
Therefore, we expect readers to provide constructive input for the perfection of this paper.

Author,
 CHAPTER
PRELIMINARY

A. Background
Borobudur Temple is one of Indonesia's cultural assets. Borobudur Temple is also
one of the 7 wonders of the world. first introduced to children, in the subject of Social
Sciences (IPS) in Elementary Schools (SD) as a heritage building of the Buddhist
kingdom in Indonesia. The knowledge given was limited to the year of construction, the
king who led and built it, as well as the names of the levels in the temple. Borobudur
Temple, until now, has become the center of attention of the world community, both in
terms of tourism, archeology and knowledge. Apart from Borobudur Temple, there are
also two other temples here, namely Mendut Temple and Candi Pawon as the Tri
Tunggal Temple.
Borobudur Temple is believed to be the embodiment of holy books containing
stories about gods, human life, animals, and the embodiment of 'Bodhisattva' which is
directed as a monument to the essence of life from the base to the top of the building.
The splendor of Borobudur Temple makes it one of the tourist destinations for local and
international tourists so that it is a proud asset of Indonesia. Together with the ancient
human sites of Sangiran and Prambanan Temple, Borobudur Temple is a UNESCO
world heritage site from Indonesia which is categorized as a World Heritage of Culture
that must be preserved.
For pilgrims who wish to reach the Bodhisattva level, first come to Mendut to pay
homage to Buddha. Then to Pawon Temple which is approximately 2km away as a rest
to purify oneself before stepping on Borobudur, to express prayers and prayers to attain
the level of Buddhahood and absolute and eternal liberation.
The triumvirate of Mendut, Pawon and Borobudur Temples stretching out in a
straight line is a symbolic unity.

B. Formulation Of The Problem

How is the history of the borobudur temple ?
 CHAPTER II
CONTENT

A. Definition of Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple is the largest Buddhist temple in the world. This temple is one
of the wonders of the world which is one of Indonesia's proud icons. The temple building
has a triangga form, namely the head, body and feet. Each of these sections has a
symbolic meaning, namely:
1. The head represents the upper realm, which is the realm of the gods;
2. The body symbolizes the intermediate nature which has the meaning of a place where
humans have left the holy place; and
3. Feet that symbolizes the underworld, namely the place of ordinary people.
Some of these historical relics are the Prambanan Temple from the Hindu
kingdom and the Borobudur Temple from the Buddhist kingdom. The use of temples is
as a place of worship of gods by Hinduism or Buddhism and a place for kings or
religious leaders to rest.

B. Purpose and Objectives of Building Borobudur Temple

According to historical records, the temple was built to honor the dead, especially
kings and their families. The ashes of the janazah or his family are placed in the temple,
then in the temple is a statue depicting the deceased as a god. Usually people put
offerings in front of the statue to honor the deceased. However, sometimes the
construction of the temple was for a place of worship of gods or a place of worship
which was usually used as a Buddhist temple. The temple is made of chiseled stones.
Stones that have been arranged neatly, so that the temple was formed. On the walls of the
temple there are carvings called reliefs on the temple which have meaning. The meaning
of the buildings and reliefs shows how high the tapping of our ancestors was. Borobudur
Temple is the canti of Buddhism, the temple was founded in 824 AD during the reign of
King Samaratungga of the Syailendra Dynasty.
The aforementioned conclusion turns out to be in accordance with the framework
of Indonesian history in general and also the history in the Central Java region, in
particular the period between the 8th century and the mid-9th century, which is known as
the Golden century. Most of the temples on the slopes of the mountains are mostly
 typical of Hindu buildings, while those scattered on the plains are typical of Buddhist
buildings, but some are also Hindu. Thus it can be concluded that the Borobudur Temple
was built by the Syailendra dynasty who was famous in history for his efforts to uphold
and glorify Mahayana Buddhism.
Many historical books tell about Borobudur Temple. However, when the
Borobudur Temple suddenly can be known for sure, estimates can be estimated with a
short writing carved on the original foot relief frame of Borobudur Temple (Karwa
Wibhangga) showing the letters that emerged from prasati in the late 8th century to the
beginning. 9th century from these evidences it can be concluded that the Borobudur
Temple was founded around 800 AD.

C. History of Borobudur Temple

Borobudur Temple was built around the year 800 BC or the 9th century.
Borobudur was built by Mahayana Buddhist followers during the reign of the Dynasty
Dynasty. This temple was built during the heyday of the dynasty dynasty. The founder of
Borobudur Temple, Raja Samaratungga from the dynasty or dynasty dynasty. It is
possible that this temple was built around 824 AD and completed around 900 AD during
the reign of Ratu Pramudawardhani, the daughter of Samaratungga. While the architect
who helped build this temple for a hereditary story was named Gunadharma.
Some Interpretations of the Name of Borobudur
From several existing literatures, it can be mentioned a variety of different
opinions from experts, including:
a) Kertagema state books
Manuscripts from the year 1365 AD, namely the book Negara Kertagama by
Mpu Prapanca, mention the word "Budur" for a Buddhist building from the
Wajradha sect. The possibility exists that the name "Budur" is none other than
Borobudur Temple. Since there is no other explanation, no conclusion can be drawn.
b) Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
The interpretation of Borobudur has also been carried out by Raffles based
on information from the wider community which interprets that:
 Budur is another form of "Budo" which in Javanese means ancient. But when
associated with Borobudur it means "ancient Boro" clearly does not contain a
meaning that can be associated with Borobudur Temple. Buddha. Thus
Borobudur means the Great Buddha.
  However, because "Bhara" in Old Javanese can mean many things, Borobudur
can also mean "Many Buddhas".
 When examined carefully, the information given by Raffles is not satisfactory.
"Ancient Boro" does not really hit the mark. "The Great Buddha" and "Buddha
who is a lot". Lack of achieving the target. Changing the word "Budha to
Budur" for example such a change cannot be explained in terms of linguistics,
because it is difficult to accept. (Soekmono, 1981)
c) Poerbatjaraka
According to him, "Boro" means "Monastery" thus Borobudur means
"Monastery of Budur". This interpretation is very interesting because it approaches
the truth based on existing evidence.
Investigations and excavations carried out in 1952 in the northwest courtyard
of the Borobudur Temple building had succeeded in finding the foundations of large
stones and bronze bells. The discovery of the foundations of stones and bells
strengthened the suspicion that they were the remains of a monastery.
Furthermore, if it is connected with the State Book of Kertagama concerning
"Budur", it is very likely that Poerbatjaraka's interpretation is correct and correct.
However, there is still a question as to why the Monastery in this case replaces
Candida, even though the Temple is far more important than the monastery.
d) De Casparis
De Casparis found a compound word in an inscription which is probably the
origin of the word Borobudur. In the SRI KAHULUNAN inscription that dates to
842 AD, the word "Bhumi Sambhara Budhara" is found, which is a designation for
the sacred building of ancestor worship or called a temple.
In-depth research on religion revealed in the inscription and careful
reconstruction of the regional geography where historical events were related to the
inscription, De Casparis concluded that Bhumi Sambhara Budhara was none other
than Borobudur (Soekmono, 1981).
e) Drs. Soediman
In his book "Borobudur is one of the wonders of the World", states that the
meaning of the name Borobudur is still unclear. It is also explained that Borobudur
comes from two words, namely "Bara" and "Budur". Bara comes from the Sanskrit
language "Vihara" which means temple complex and "Bihara" which means
 dormitory. "Budur" in Balinese Beduhur which means the above. So the name
Borobudur means hostel or Vihara and temple groups that are located on high
ground or hills.
Borobudur Temple building
a. Description of the building of Borobudur Temple
Borobudur Temple was built using 55,000 M3 Adhesit stone, the building of
Borobudur Temple is in the form of a pyramid with steps with stairs going up on all 4
sides (North, South, East and West) of Borobudur Temple, there is no room where
people cannot enter but can just go up to the top.
The width of the Borobudur Temple building is 123 M. The length of the
Borobudur Temple building is 123 M. At a curving angle of 113 M. And the height
of the Borobudur Temple building is 30.5 M. The original foot is covered by 12,750
M3 Adhesit stones as the walkway of the steps. Borobudur Temple is an imitation of
life in the universe which is divided into three major parts:
 Kamadhatu: Similar to the underworld or the world of desires in this world,
humans are bound to desire and even tempered by desire and lust. These reliefs
are found at the foot of the original temple depicting Karmawibangga scenes
depicting the law of cause and effect. .
 Rupadhatu: It is the same as the universe between the worlds of appearance in
that humans have left all worldly affairs and left their desires and desires. This
section is found in aisle one to aisle four.
 Arupadhatu: The same as the upper realm or the world without a form, namely
the place where the gods of this part are found on the round terraces of levels I, II,
and III along with the Main Stupa.
b. Statue
Inside the Buddhist building there are 504 Buddha statues including the following:
Buddha statues found in niches: 432 pieces, while on terraces I, II, III amounted
to 72 pieces. Quantity: 504 Pieces
In order to be clearer about the arrangement of Buddha statues in Buddha as
follows:
 Step I There are: 104 Buddha Statues
 Step II There are: 104 Buddha Statues
 Step III There are: 88 Buddha Statues
  Step IV There are: 22 Buddha Statues
 Step V There are: 64 Buddha Statues
 Round Terrace I There are: 32 Buddha Statues
 Round Terrace II There are: 24 Buddha Statues
 Round Terrace III There are: 16 Buddha Statues

Total: 504 Buddha Statues

At first glance, the Buddha statues look similar, but in fact there are also very
clear differences and what distinguishes one another is the gesture of his hands which
is called Mudra and is a characteristic for each statue of the Buddha's hand gesture in
Borobudur Temple, there are 6 types, just because Because the kinds of mudras that
you have facing all directions (East, South, West and North) in the rupadhatu section
of step V and in the arupadhatu section generally describe the same purpose, the
number of mudras that are basically 5, the five mudras are Bhumispara - Mudra Wara
- Mudra. , Dhayana - Mudra, Abhaya - Mudra, Dharma Chakra - Mudra.
c. Lion statue
In Borobudur Temple, besides Buddhist statues, there are also lion statues, the
number of lion statues should be no less than 32, but if the count is now reduced due
to various reasons the only large lion statue is on the west side of the courtyard which
is also facing west as if it were guarding. the magnificent and graceful building of the
Borobudur Temple.
d. Stupa
 Main Stupa
It is bigger than other stupas and is located in the middle of the top which
is the crown of all the monuments of Borobudur Temple, the center line of the
main Stupa + 9.90 M, the highest peak is called Pinakel / Yasti Cikkara, is
located above Padmaganda and is also located on the Harmica line.
 Perforated / Terawang Stupa
The meaning of a hollow or terawang stupa is a stupa located on terraces
I, II, III where there is a Buddha statue inside. At Borobudur Temple there are a
total of 72 perforated stupas, the stupas are at the Arupadhatu level:
1) Terrace I there are 32 stupas
2) Terrace II there are 24 stupas
 3) Terrace III there are 16 stupas
4) Total 72 Stupas
 Small stupa
The small stupa is almost the same as the other stupas, the only difference
is that the difference is that it is smaller than the other stupas, as if it is a
decoration of the Borobudur Temple building where the stupa occupies the niches
in step II to step V while in step I in the form of Keben and some in the form of
small stupas, the number of small stupas is 1472 pieces.

D. Borobudur Temple Facilities

a. Park Area Facilities
1. Museum Karmawibangga / Borobudur
This museum displays a variety of information about Borobudur Temple
from the point of view of history, archeology, architecture, environment, etc.
Various artifacts found around Borobudur Temple are also actively displayed in
this museum.
2. Samudraraksa Ship Museum
Samudraraksa Ship is one of two museums in the Borobudur Temple area.
This museum is the last stop for the Samudraraksa Ship or the Borobudur Ship
which has sailed the Indian Ocean to Africa. The museum, which was
inaugurated on August 31, 2005 by President Susilo Bambang Yudhyono,
consists of three buildings. The first building is a place for information, photo
displays, posters, reliefs, and film screenings. The second building in the form of
a joglo house is where the Samudraraksa ship is on display. Apart from the ship,
in this second building the items used by the crew when sailing across the oceans
are stored, such as: cooking utensils, daily household utensils, books, tapes, cd,
vcd, and medicines. Meanwhile, the third building functions as an office and a
place for selling souvenirs.
3. Mini Train
Getting around the temple can also be done by riding a park train. You can
see the temple from all directions and also see the gardens and museums
available in the temple tourism park
 4. Visitor Center & Audio Visual
A place for visitors to get a variety of initial information about the temple.
Also information about the various facilities that exist in the Borobudur Temple
Tourism Park. Here there is also an audio visual that plays a documentary film
about Borobudur temple
5. Bicycles
By riding a bicycle, visitors will find it easier and more enjoyable to
explore the Taman Wisata Candi area, while breathing the fresh air around the
park.
b. Land Facilities
1. Lumbini land
 Location: Northeast of Borobudur Temple
 Size: 70m x 65m: 4,550m2 (flat and flat position)
2. Main clan land
 Location: East of Borobudur Temple
 Size: 40m x 50m: 2.000m2 (level and flat position)
3. Children's Playground
 Location: West of Borobudur Temple
 Size: 38m x 112m: 4.256m2 (flat and horizontal position)
4. Dagi Hill Land
 Location: North of Borobudur Temple
 Size: Radius 160 m, area 80,384m2
5. Samudraraksa land
 Location: West of Borobudur Museun Gallery / north of Samuderaraksa
Museum Gallery
 Size: 90m x 45m = 4,050m2
6. Land Of Karmawibangga
 Location: North of Borobudur Temple / in front of the Borobudur Museum
gallery
 Size: 60m x 60m = 3,600m2
7. Padma LAND
 Location: Northeast of Borobudur Temple / North of Lumbini Land
  Size: 50m x 40m = 2.000m2
Note: Land facilities including Parking, Toilets, Environmental Lighting,
5,000 Watt Max Electricity, Internal Security, Cleanliness
E. Factors that affect the damage to the Borobudur Temple
There are 2 main factors that affect the damage to parts of Borobudur Temple,
namely internal factors and external factors.
The internal factor is the amount of pressure between the rocks that make up
Borobudur Temple. Because Borobudur Temple is composed of a lot of stacked rocks, it
is certain that the rock on top will press the rock at the bottom. Little by little, the rock
will crack and over time it will become broken.
External factors that affect the destruction of the Borobudur Temple building
include climatic factors, moss and algae factors, and human factors.
 In climatic factors, the ones that influence are temperature and rainfall. Hot
temperatures during the day cause the rocks to expand, while cold temperatures at
night cause the rocks to shrink. Changes in temperature continue to occur, causing
rocks to experience cracks on the surface. However, the temperature factor only
affects the outside of the temple which is exposed to sunlight. Rainfall also affects
the damage to rocks. High rainfall in the rainy season, can erode the rock surface
little by little. Moist rock conditions due to rain, can also trigger the growth of moss
and algae, as well as scale fungi.
 Lichens, algae, and scale fungi will grow on sluggish rock surfaces, which can cause
weathering of the rock and reduce the strength of the rock. These three types of
plants usually live in places that are not exposed to direct sunlight, or on rocks that
are inside the temple. This is very worrying for Borobudur Temple.
 The last factor is Human. Because human nature is different, then a person's
behavior towards objects varies. Many human ignorant hands who visit Borobudur
Temple, take a small part of the rocks that make up the Borobudur temple, just as
souvenirs. Whereas even the slightest damage to the rock will affect the strength
quality of the other rocks that bind the Borobudur Temple which was built using the
dry masony system "without adhesive". There are also those who do not just take a
small part, but many parts, especially Buddhist statues at Borobudur Temple. The
high price considering it is a historical legacy, triggered the looters to get a large
profit.
F. How to Take Care and Preserve Borobudur Temple
The following are ways to maintain Borobudur temple based on each factor that
affects the damage to Borobudur temple. Based on the pressure factor of each rock and
the temperature factor, the only treatment that can be done is to repair the cracked rock
and replace the broken rock. Only this method can be done because of course we cannot
make every rock in Borobudur temple lighter so that the pressure between the rocks
decreases or blocks the sunlight hitting Borobudur temple, right? The way to repair
cracked rock is to patch the rock using a mixture of sand and cement. Meanwhile, to
replace the broken rocks used andesite stones that have been adjusted in shape and size
to the original ones.
For the treatment of moss, algae, and scale fungi, the manager has its own way to
eradicate moss, algae, and scale fungi that grow on rocks in Borobudur temple. So far,
the method of cleaning moss that is used in stone cleaning at Borobudur Temple is
chemical and mechanical cleaning. This method uses the Hivar XL chemical liquid. The
chemical cleaning method uses this material at a concentration of 1%. This chemical is
rubbed on every surface of andesite rock that is overgrown with moss, algae, or scale
fungus. Lichens, algae, and mold will die when scrubbed with Hivar XL.
Mechanical cleaning takes the form of scrubbing with a brush either dry or wet.
Rubbing with the brush causes the loss of lichen and scale mold that grows on the rocks.
However, cleaning in this way can result in the loss of the rock surface. Another method
used is physical cleaning using a steam cleaner. From the results of the studies that have
been carried out, it is clear that the cleaning method used has drawbacks, especially
mechanical cleaning and steam cleaner. Among these weaknesses is that it can cause a
loss effect on the rock surface.
Based on the research results, the method of cleaning moss by heating is more
effective than mechanical cleaning, but this method of cleaning with heating is less safe
for use on cultural heritage objects because of the direct contact between the surface of
the object and the fire. From microscopic observations, it can be seen that there are
changes in the rock surface that occur after the heating process is carried out.
The last one is how to treat
 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Borobudur must be cared for, and taken care of. So that future generations can
understand and know what Borobudur Temple is.

B. Suggestions
o We as the young generation must become the next generation of the nation, by
actively studying and practicing so that they become skilled and devoted students.
o We as citizens must protect and preserve the nation's culture by preserving historical
places as legacies of our ancestors.
o We, the authors of this paper, hope that with the development of western culture, it
is hoped that young generation colleagues will be able to choose and assess the
culture that enters and try to maintain their own national culture.
o We recommend that we as good citizens take part in caring for the Borobudur
temple. The first step is not to destroy parts of the Borobudur temple. The next step
is to introduce Borobudur temple to the wider community so that Borobudur temple
is widely known, in Indonesia and in the world
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http://devitaaristia.blogspot.com/2013/05/contoh-laoran-study-tour-ke-candi.html
Madhori. 2008. Borobudur Sepanjang Masa. Yogyakarta: Media Cipta Pustaka.
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 MoerTjipto, Drs Borobudur, Pawon Dan Mendut, Kanisus Yogyakarta 1993
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