GIS Primary Components

18
Peter Glaubitz, Carolin Siebert, and Klaus Zuber

Contents
18.1 Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
18.2 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
18.2.1 Three-Phase or Single-Phase-Enclosed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
18.2.2 Segregation of Gas Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
18.2.3 Insulating Spacers/Parts: Bushings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
18.2.4 Pressure Relief Devices: Rupture Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
18.3 Switching Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
18.3.1 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
18.3.2 Other Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
18.4 Current Transformers (CTs)/ Core-in-Air CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
18.5 Voltage Transformers (VTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
18.6 Nonconventional VTs and CTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
18.7 Surge Arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
18.8 GIS Cable Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
18.9 Air Bushings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
18.10 Connection to Transformers and Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
18.10.1 Direct Connection via SF6-Insulated Bus Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
18.10.2 Connection via Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
18.10.3 Connection with Short Overhead Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

P. Glaubitz (*)
GIS Technology, Energy Management Division, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany
e-mail: peter.glaubitz@siemens.com
C. Siebert
Energy Management, Siemens AG, Berlin, Germany
e-mail: carolin.siebert@siemens.com
K. Zuber
Energy Division, Gas Insulated Switchgear, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany
e-mail: zuber.scott@t-online.de

# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 389

T. Krieg, J. Finn (eds.), Substations, CIGRE Green Books,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49574-3_18
390 P. Glaubitz et al.

18.11 Connection Elements Within GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

18.11.1 Compensators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
18.11.2 Coupling Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
18.11.3 X-, T-, and Angle-Type Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
18.12 Nameplates/Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
18.13 Online Monitoring and Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
18.14 Integration of Protection and Control Devices into GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
18.15 Information to Be Given by the User and the Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

18.1 Conductors

The design of conductors, connections, and supports should ensure that thermal and
mechanical interaction due to normal currents or short-circuit currents do not worsen
the current conduction and dielectric performance of the GIS. Basic criteria and
suitable tests are specified in the relevant international standards.
The material normally used is aluminum or copper. Conductors are either
supported directly by single- or three-phase composite insulators or are connected
to live components or switching equipment. Generally these connections can be of
spring-loaded or bolted type. With bolted-type connections, the inner structure in the
enclosures is fixed, whereas spring-loaded contacts are used to compensate for
thermal expansion of the conductors and also for installation and manufacturing
tolerances. The connections should be designed in such a way that due to transpor-
tation and during installation and operation, the dielectric strength cannot deteriorate
(prevention of particle generation).
Certain GIS designs include removable conductor pieces which facilitate test-
ing, maintenance, and repair work and allow later extension. Especially in the case
of the on-site dielectric tests of GIS, the primary devices like cables, transformers,
and surge arresters have to be disconnected. A removable conductor is also useful
on bus bars to limit the impact during testing, maintenance repair work, and
extension.

18.2 Enclosures

Gas enclosures are usually made of aluminum or steel alloy chosen for a desirable
combination of mechanical strength, good electrical conductivity, resistance to
atmospheric corrosion, and reasonable price. They are required to meet certain
pressure design criteria generally covered by international standards. In some coun-
tries, however, statutory legal criteria still apply, and the requirements (e.g., gas
tightness, transportation restrictions for pressurized components) prevailing in a
specific country should first be ascertained. Cast, extruded, and wrought production
methods are used depending on the application. For example, a complex switch
enclosure may be cast aluminum, and a bus enclosure may be extruded. Enclosure
parts may be welded together.
18 GIS Primary Components 391

The method of bolting adjacent enclosures should ensure long-term electrical

conductivity and gas tightness over years to allow the flow of sheath-induced
currents and should ensure continuous impedance for transient switching overvolt-
ages. In order to compensate for thermal expansion, bellows or similar devices are
required. If electrical segregation is necessary for any reason, special precautions
(e.g., varistor shunting) will need to be taken into account to avoid sparking across
the flanges.
To prevent or reduce the flow of induced current in the earthing system, enclo-
sures of each phase should be linked by bonding circuits designed to withstand
circulating currents. These circuits, connected to the earthing system, are best
located near the connection of GIS with other items (bushing, cables, and trans-
former connections) and at the ends of the bus bars.
Gas compartments and their flange connections shall reach the leakage rate
prescribed in the valid standards (0.5% acc. to IEC 62271-1). Nevertheless some
manufacturers reach a maximum SF6 leakage rate of 0.1% per year per gas com-
partment. Design of the enclosure must be such as to limit gas leakage within the
anticipated equipment life span to very low levels. The lifetime of the gas-tight
sealings should be at least equal to the anticipated lifetime of the whole switchgear.
All gas zones are normally provided with means of safely releasing the overpres-
sure (like bursting disks) which might be generated in the event of an internal fault,
gas overfilling, or other causes of overpressure. Pressure coordination philosophy
should ideally allow a first-stage protection to clear a fault before pressure relief
device operation, in order to prevent SF6-emission.

18.2.1 Three-Phase or Single-Phase-Enclosed

The main components may be either three-phase-enclosed or phase-segregated. The

complete substation is often a mixture of both types. Generally, for higher-voltage
levels, switchgear tends to be single-phase-enclosed. From a user’s point of view, the
consequences of the three-phase to-earth fault, as may occur in three-phase-enclosed
GIS, must be considered. Transient stability problems of the associated circuits
and/or the system itself may be an overriding consideration.
The advantages of gas-insulated switchgear are its compact design and modular
system. The standardized modular structure is designed to match the various cus-
tomers’ specifications and allows almost all substation configurations to be realized
in compliance with them. Three-phase design requires relatively large aluminum
enclosures because it must house all three conductors. At higher-voltage levels, the
isolation distances between the phases and between the phases to ground enclosures
are getting larger. The cast aluminum technology limits the max. size of enclosures
on an economical basis. Over the last few years, the casting technology has
improved, and with this the voltage levels for three-phase insulated enclosures
have increased. At first, only voltages up to 123 kV were of a three-phase encapsu-
lation design; today the levels are at 170 kV and approaching 245 kV. A three-phase
392 P. Glaubitz et al.

encapsulation has fewer parts, less insulating gas, and less enclosure material than its
single-phase counterpart.
The single-phase encapsulated GIS has a high level of standardized enclosures.
Each module is basically used for only one function, for example, switching,
measuring, and connecting, with the main modules being circuit breakers,
disconnectors, ground/earthing switches, current and voltage transformers, bus
bars, extension modules with different angles, surge arresters, thermal expansion
joints, cable and transformer connections, and outdoor connections to overhead lines
or transformers.
The modular system of GIS components allows the creation of any SLD in a most
effective way corresponding to the specific conditions of each individual construc-
tion. In a short time, a new three-position type of integrated disconnecting and
earthing switch with a common moving contact and a common drive was also
introduced among the single-phase-enclosed constructions.

(a) If three-phase encapsulated bus bar with switching elements (active BB), then
bay-wise gas-tight sectionalization is required.
(b) If three-phase encapsulated bus bar without switching elements (passive BB),
then bay-wise gas-tight sectionalization is not required, but additional modules
for bus bar disconnectors are necessary.

If single-phase encapsulation is not required, three-phase encapsulation should be

used to obtain the below mentioned advantages (Figs. 18.1 and 18.2).

Fig. 18.1 145 kV high-voltage switchgear. (1) Integrated local control cubicle. (2) Current
transformer. (3) Bus bar I with disconnecting and earthing switch. (4) Circuit breaker interrupter
unit. (5) Bus bar II with disconnecting and earthing switch. (6) Spring-stored-energy operating
mechanism with CB control unit (common or single drive). (7) Voltage transformer. (8) Make-proof
earthing switch (high speed). (9) Outgoing module with disconnecting and earthing switch. (10)
Cable sealing end
18 GIS Primary Components 393

1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10

12

11

8
13

Gas-tight bushing
Gas-permeable bushing

Fig. 18.2 420 kV high-voltage switchgear. (1) Circuit breaker control unit with spring operating
mechanism. (2) Bus bar I. (3) Bus bar disconnector I. (4) Bus bar disconnector II. (5) Bus bar
II. (6) Earthing switch. (7) Circuit breaker. (8) Current transformer. (9) Earthing switch. (10)
Outgoing disconnector. (11) High-speed earthing switch. (12) Voltage transformer. (13) Cable
sealing end

Three-phase encapsulation Single-phase encapsulation

Less compartments, less quantity of sealings,
less moving parts
Less connection pieces
1/3 of number of compartment of a single
encapsulated design
Less volume of SF6
Erection work is fast and easy
In case of internal fault: pressure rise is less
due to bigger volume of gas compartment
Maximum reduction of size and weight is
possible
Building size can be reduced to a minimum
High degree in flexibility to adopt customer
layouts, e.g., transformer connection, cable
connection, OHL
Small compartments
High degree in flexibility of design of the
feeders by using of less compartments
High variety and small room requirements
Entrance of cable single phase
Only phase to ground faults are possible
In case of failure, remaining phases are not
affected, reduced repair efforts required
Easy access for erection and maintenance

18.2.2 Segregation of Gas Zones

Equipment should be segregated into sufficient independent gas zones to allow the
required degree of operational flexibility. The segregation of gas zones should
consider the rules described in ▶ Sect. 24.5.2.1.
394 P. Glaubitz et al.

In general, easy access to gauges and gas filling points should be provided. On the
other hand from the tightness point of view piping, work should be reduced – to
minimize the number of interfaces and risk of leakages. The final solution has to be
agreed between user and manufacturer.
It is now general practice for each gas zone where a switching arc can occur to be
fitted with desiccant material to assist in the absorption of water vapor and gaseous
breakdown products. With regard to the absorption of water vapor, this might be
done for each gas zone. Exception can be the voltage transformer connected to its
adjacent compartment via bypass.
Gas service connections should be of a uniform type throughout the substation,
and many users prefer the self-sealing type of connection. The diameter of gas
connections between different enclosures should be big enough to ensure a fast
evacuation.

18.2.3 Insulating Spacers/Parts: Bushings

Throughout the GIS, insulating spacers are used to support the inner conductor and
hold it central under normal operating and fault conditions and to provide separation
between two gas compartments. In principle, two types are used: gas-tight and
gas-permeable bushings. The design of gas zone barriers (only with gas-tight
bushings) should be such as to withstand the effects of the following pressure
differentials which may result during operation, depending on the GIS design:

• Rated filling density on one side and vacuum on the other

• Rated pressure on one side and controlled overpressure on the other
• Maximum pressure rise resulting from an internal arc on one side and atmo-
spheric air on the other side

Gas zone barriers should be capable of withstanding these pressure differentials in

both directions of stressing. This pressure requirement is tested as a routine test with
each insulator reaching the levels according to the pressure standard BS EN 50089
(1992) for cast resin insulators. If repair and maintenance work in an adjacent zone
of a pressurized bushing might be necessary, then this should be taken into consid-
eration in the gas zone barrier design. For maintenance aspects including safety
requirements, see ▶ Sect. 24.4.

18.2.4 Pressure Relief Devices: Rupture Disks

Pressure relief devices should ensure the protection of the enclosure against inad-
missible overpressure. It is advisable to install such a device in every gas zone. In
some countries, statutory legal criteria still apply, and the requirements prevailing in
a specific country should first be ascertained.
18 GIS Primary Components 395

Usually two different kinds of relief devices are applied: non-self-closing types
(Fig. 18.3 or bolt type) and self-closing types (Fig. 18.4). In the case of a non-self-
closing type, the disk can be made of metal (cast iron) or graphite.
In order to avoid endangering persons in the unlikely event of the pressure relief
device operation, the device aperture must be located at a non-critical point, and/or
the released jet of gas must be diverted in a non-critical direction with the help of
diverters.
A general philosophy is to limit any operation of a pressure relief device prior
to the operations of control or protection, thus limiting the possibility of substa-
tion pollution and contamination of associated equipment with decomposition
products in the unlikely event of an internal fault. This philosophy can generally
be achieved with state-of-the-art gas monitoring. Density monitors for gas
compartments filled with SF6 are designed with two or three threshold values
(filling pressure, minimum operating pressure, and maximum operating pressure)
(Fig. 18.5).

Fig. 18.3 Non-self-closing-

type pressure relief device

Fig. 18.4 Self-closing-type

pressure relief device
396 P. Glaubitz et al.

Fig. 18.5 Diverter directions to ensure personnel safety

18.3 Switching Devices

All GIS are equipped with various operational switching devices. The switches may
be fitted with one operating mechanism driving all three phases (common pole
drive), or alternatively they may have individual operating mechanisms per phase
(single-pole drive).

18.3.1 Circuit Breakers

The circuit breaker (CB) is usually in a separate enclosure because of the higher gas
pressure requirement for its arc extinguishing capability. The module may be
horizontally or vertically oriented and is the base module of a bay. Other modules
are connected to it. The compartment usually has a higher operational pressure
(0.5–0.8 MPa) than the other modules (0.4–0.6 MPa, except the voltage transformer
which normally has the same pressure as the CB) because of the need to extinguish
the switching arc for interruption of rated currents (typically 2000–5000 A) or in
case of short circuits (typically 25–80 kA).
Operating mechanisms of circuit breakers may be of the hydraulic, pneumatic, or
spring-operated type. In general, considerations concerning monitoring and control
circuits are the same as for conventional SF6-circuit breakers. If the circuit breaker is
18 GIS Primary Components 397

equipped with an individual operating mechanism for each phase, single-phase auto-
reclose operation is possible.
Where multibreak circuit breakers are used, capacitors are installed across the
breaks for voltage control purposes. These capacitors have to be taken into account
in combination with inductive voltage transformers for ferroresonance phenomena
and for other overvoltage considerations.
The circuit breaker is also the largest and heaviest physical part of the GIS and is
often the main physical attachment and fixed point in relation to environmental and
GIS thermal expansion forces. In this role, the CB is designed to have strong tanks,
nozzles, and support structures.

18.3.2 Other Switches

GIS switches are generally motor-driven, and the user may also require facilities for
locking the switches to make them both electrically and/or mechanically inoperative.

18.3.2.1 Disconnectors
The main purpose of a disconnector is to provide a safe isolation distance between
two parts of a circuit at all times. Any normal switching operation which the
disconnector may be required to perform should not cause reduction of the dielectric
integrity of the isolation distance. This is particularly pertinent, for example, when
load transfer currents are switched or when earthing switches might be incorporated
in the disconnecting chamber. Disconnectors must also be capable of switching the
bus bar capacitive currents, of withstanding the induced very fast transient switching
overvoltages, and of withstanding the DC trapped charge (with superimposed AC)
which may be left on the bus bars. Where disconnectors are associated with
generator circuits, they may be required to switch asynchronous no-load voltage
conditions.
In a double bus bar arrangement, a disconnector having a breaking and making
capability is required for bus-transfer currents depending upon the magnitude of the
load transferred and the size of the loop between the location of the bus coupling and
the disconnector to be operated.
Tests for many of the switching conditions described have now been incorporated
into international standards.
In some countries, devices to check directly the operating position of the
disconnector contacts, namely, inspection windows, are required. Many users now-
adays accept the principle of external position indication provided that it always truly
represents the state of the internal contacts (via a kinematic chain). In case of missing
accessibility between the bays, also the position indication can be located in front of
the bay (LCC – local control cubicle) via push-pull cable. Even camera systems for
inspection windows are available. The integrity of such external indication is
covered by IEC standards, and many users accept this philosophy.
398 P. Glaubitz et al.

18.3.2.2 Load Break Switches

Switch disconnectors were used in the past mainly in AIS substations and were
considered uneconomical for GIS. However, with modern interrupting techniques,
they are again becoming more economically feasible and can perform switching
duties located between those of a disconnector and a circuit breaker operating
nominal current. Protection triggered commands and opening of short-circuit cur-
rents have to be operated by a series connected circuit breaker.

18.3.2.3 Earthing Switches

Due to the encapsulated main conductor, the number of recommended earthing
switches is higher in the case of GIS. The principles for GIS earthing for mainte-
nance are described in ▶ Sect. 24.5.1.1 and may reflect three basic concepts:

• Permanently fixed power-driven or manual slow-operation-type devices

• Permanently fixed power-driven or manual (stored-energy) fast-operation types
capable of safely making onto a live circuit, of withstanding the associated fault
current, and of being opened satisfactorily afterward with no internal damage to
the GIS
• Portable earthing devices as an additional tool for inspection and maintenance
purpose

Short circuit making earthing switches are mainly used for earthing of incoming
lines or capacitive charged equipment. The permanently installed earthing switches
must be capable of switching on and off all no-load service conditions valid for the
specific installation, e.g., line-induced capacitive and inductive currents when par-
allel lines are in service (see IEC 662271-102).
Insulated earthing switches are used for maintenance purposes or in order to
allow primary circuit access for testing. With removed earthing link, they generally
need to be insulated to withstand voltages in the order of 1–10 kV between the
earthing switch contact and the enclosure. Dirt layer at the external located
insulation may reduce the withstand capability. Prior to testing, cleaning of the
earthing switch’s insulation is recommended. Under normal substation operation,
the earthing link has to be installed to avoid hazards to the equipment and
operator’s health and safety.

18.4 Current Transformers (CTs)/ Core-in-Air CT

Toroidal-ring-type current transformers are generally used in GIS where the con-
ductor forms the primary winding. Such CTs may be housed internally inside the
GIS enclosure (Fig. 18.6), in which case, a stress control sleeve is generally fitted
between the conductor and the CT secondary winding assembly. Such CTs may also
be fitted with an additional heavy current winding comprising a few turns, which
provides a facility for CT and protection testing.
18 GIS Primary Components 399

Fig. 18.6 Current

transformer internally fixed in
the GIS enclosure

Fig. 18.7 Current

transformer fixed externally to
the GIS enclosure

Alternatively in the case of single-phase-encapsulated GIS, the CTs may be fitted

externally to the GIS enclosure (Fig. 18.7), and there it is necessary for a disconti-
nuity (insulating ring) to be incorporated into the GIS enclosure to avoid a CT short-
circuit turn. However, such a discontinuity forms high surge impedance to VFT
voltages which may cause flashover of the insulation at this point. Varistor shunting
may be fitted to alleviate such breakdown. A further option is for external current
shunts to be provided, but these may not always limit very fast transients (VFT)
flashover of the insulated flange.
Depending on the requirements for metering and protection, the CTs may incor-
porate a variable number of cores (up to 5) which may have one or more current
ratios (taps). The number of cores, their arrangement, and their location may
influence the layout of the GIS because the size of the enclosure is variable.
Modern digital protection equipment requires much less input power. This
enables the use of alternative current transducers which will be more available
in the future (see Sect. 18.6). These transducers are covered by the standard
IEC 61869.
They are divided into two different groups depending on the interfaces between
protection equipment and transducers:

• Transducers with a low power analog output signal

The user should check the output power and the number of transducers in order to
be able to fit the CT to modern secondary equipment.
400 P. Glaubitz et al.

• Transducers with a serial digital data bus output signal

The bus system requirements will be covered by IEC 61850. The user should
check the compatibility of secondary equipment, bus system, and transducer.

18.5 Voltage Transformers (VTs)

Voltage transformers used in GIS are generally of the electromagnetic type. Trans-
formers of the capacitive type were used in early GIS but are rare today. The HV
winding of the electromagnetic voltage transformer comprises many kilometers of
wire which must be mechanically and thermally robust as well as being appropri-
ately dielectrically graded. Advantages of the electromagnetic voltage transformers
are the relatively large outputs and high measuring accuracies. In principle the
secondary winding can be directly connected to protection or metering devices. If
the electromagnetic voltage transformer is on a line termination, DC trapped charges
left on a disconnected line will be dissipated. Thus transient switching overvoltages
can be reduced, particularly for rapid auto-reclosing.
The inductance of the primary winding may be such as to cause resonance with
grading capacitors and/or with the capacitance of the associated GIS bus bar. Under
such conditions, high overvoltages may occur and thermal damage may result.
Measures to prevent resonance should be taken by the manufacturer based on
information given by the user about components connected to the GIS and the
intended burden. Appropriate measures can be the application of specially designed
voltage transformers or of additional burdens, e.g., ohmic resistors or inductances
and/or by proper switching sequence instructions.
The design of modern electromagnetic voltage transformers incorporates internal
shielding to limit the coupling of very fast transients into secondary (control)
systems to the value specified in IEC 61869.
As in the case of current transformers, voltage transformers used together with
modern microprocessor-based control and protection devices likewise need much
less input power and can be classified in the same way (see Sect. 18.4). Therefore,
more simple and economic voltage transducers (e.g., capacitive dividers or optical
systems) are likely to replace conventional transformers (see Sect. 18.6) and is
covered by the standard IEC 61850.

18.6 Nonconventional VTs and CTs

Transformers more compact and lightweight than those used in GIS today should
become practicable shortly. In power engineering, these so-called sensors or trans-
ducers depend on different fundamental principles. The following table gives an
overview of principles used and worked on today.
18 GIS Primary Components 401

Table 18.1 Principles of sensors and transducers for current and voltage measurement
Technology VTs CTs
Semi- Resistive (R) – Miniature iron core
conventional dividers
Capacitor (C) – Rogowski-type air core
dividers
Mixed (RC) – dividers
Optical Pockels effect sensor Faraday effect – parametric sensor
Inverse piezo effect
Interferometric sensor Faraday effect – interferometric sensor (Sagnac
type)

In the beginning, transducers on semi-conventional principles (see Table 18.1)

have been developed and utilized. For voltage measurements, the well-known
divider principles have been used in GIS for more than 20 years. This technology
never became an economic success due to expensive power amplifiers required for
supporting the standard 100 V interface and high burdens. However, nowadays
digital secondary equipment with small power demands have led to new activities
in the standardization of low power interfaces (IEC 60044, IEC 61869). This makes
semi-conventional transducers again promising candidates for simple and efficient
voltage measurement.
For current measurement, it is possible to miniaturize CTs with iron cores, if there
is no need for high burdens. These miniaturized CTs offer excellent accuracy and
standard transient response for protection applications. The miniaturization process
is limited due to saturation effects, or if there are very strong requirements for
transient response, it may not be applicable.
Rogowski coil-type transducers are free of saturation effects for current measure-
ment. However, this type of sensor requires sophisticated integration circuits and
compensation for effects of the electrical field component. If high accuracy is
required, temperature effects also need to be compensated.
Transient phenomena (e.g., very fast transients) have significant impact on the
response of all semi-conventional transducers. Therefore such systems often require
precautions against transients.
Because of recent notable advances in optical technologies, optical sensors now
appear so attractive that optical fiber instrument transformers using optical fiber
current or voltage sensors have been developed and utilized. Optical measurements
have the following merits:

• Insulation is easy.
• Signals are free of electromagnetic noise.
• Measurements are possible over a wide frequency range.
• Signals can be transmitted over long distances.
402 P. Glaubitz et al.

Optical current transducers are mainly based on the principle by which the
Faraday effect converts the strength of the magnetic field generated around a
conductor into an optical variation. If this measuring principle is applied to electric
power systems, it is advantageous for ensuring insulation integrity because there are
no electric circuits in the high-voltage components of the sensor. In the signal
transmission system, light can be used effectively for noise reduction. On the other
hand, where such optical fiber current sensors are put to practical use to measure
currents in electric power systems, some problems arise, including the effects of the
magnetic fields of other phases; variations in the light source (at the light emission
side); thermal characteristics of the photoelectric conversion circuit, noise, etc.
(at the receiver side); and particularly thermal characteristics and sensitivity of
Faraday elements. To compensate for these effects, sensor assemblies based on the
Sagnac interferometer may be used.
The voltage detection sensor (optical VT) mainly utilizes the Pockels effect to
measure the strength of the electric field applied to the Pockels element by
converting it into an optical variation. Several structures have been designed
depending on the modulation methods and the types of Pockels elements. For
optical fiber voltage sensors, like current sensors, the sensitivity of Pockels
elements and thermal characteristics are also important. Another optical voltage
sensor type uses the inverse piezoelectric effect. The change of the geometry
(thickness) of a piezoelectric crystal due to the electrical field is sensed by fiber
optics.
Research into and development of optical measuring techniques have made
positive advances, centering on the development of optical fiber sensors with higher
sensitivity and better thermal characteristics, so as to achieve a higher level of
reliability. Following field performance proof tests, they are expected to find wider
applications in GIS.
The wide application of new sensors and transducers for current and voltage
measurement in GIS depends also on the success of the standardization activities in
IEC 61850.

18.7 Surge Arresters

Surge arresters used to protect GIS can be either of the air-insulated type
or alternatively can be of the metal-enclosed type. Gapless metal-oxide
surge arresters are used in either case. Metal-enclosed surge arresters tend to
be expensive; air-insulated surge arresters are used to give protection at
line entries. Such arresters, however, may in some cases be inadequate for
protecting the whole GIS. It is relatively common practice for metal-enclosed
arresters to be installed to protect transformers or reactors (Fig. 18.8); they may
also be required to protect open points in a GIS substation where voltage
doubling may occur.
18 GIS Primary Components 403

Fig. 18.8 GIS surge arrester

with direct connection to the
transformer via SF6 insulated
bus duct

In the case of very fast transient overvoltages, their effect is limited due to the
very fast rising wave front. The transformer manufacturer’s and surge arrester
manufacturer’s guidance should be sought in such cases.

18.8 GIS Cable Connection

Cables represent a suitable possibility for connecting GIS to other power transmission
systems (in a very compact arrangement difficult to achieve with overhead lines). They
enable a variety of arrangements, e.g., underground installation or crossings.
GIS cable connections must be designed such that the insulation medium of the
cable and the SF6 gas of the GIS are separated and do not influence each other. In
order to ensure compatibility of GIS and cable systems from different manufacturers,
not only the cable sealing end is standardized, but also the limits of scope of supply
of both manufacturers for the different portions of the cable connection are defined in
IEC 62271-209. The limits of responsibility are comprised in the scope of the
commercial contract.
In addition, GIS enclosures have to be designed to take account of movement,
vibration, and expansion variations and of some aspects concerning on-site cable
testing. To allow testing of the cable separated from the GIS, the cable box and/or the
GIS itself shall be provided with an isolating link and a termination for a test power
supply if required by the user. If GIS parts are subjected to this test voltage, the user
and manufacturer shall agree upon the specific voltage to be used for cable tests. An
example for a GIS cable connection is shown in Fig. 18.9.
A separation between GIS and cable can be achieved also by a plug-in connection
providing independent handling of GIS and cable in its installation, commissioning,
404 P. Glaubitz et al.

Fig. 18.9 GIS cable

connection

Fig. 18.10 GIS cable plug system connection

and servicing (Fig. 18.10). As the contact socket is included at the GIS manufactur-
ing and routine tests, also the volume of SF6 gas works is reduced, and no site
precautions for cleanness at cable compartment are required.
The earthing systems of GIS and the connected cable must in some cases be
isolated from each other. In this case, the open connection must be protected against
overvoltages with nonlinear resistor/varistor.
18 GIS Primary Components 405

18.9 Air Bushings

Air bushings are provided to connect the overhead line to the GIS. They are supplied
by the GIS manufacturer. They form the only GIS component with insulation to
ground exposed to prevailing environmental conditions. Consequently, the creepage
distance must conform to the atmospheric conditions. Values of the nominal specific
creepage distance are specified in IEC 60815.
The insulator housing of the air bushings may be of porcelain or of composite
insulation (fiber-reinforced resin tube with silicone rubber sheds). The latter is
virtually rupture proof and safer for personnel and equipment in case of internal
(i.e., internal fault) or external influence.
The insulation between the inner conductor and the housing can consist of
compressed SF6 gas or resin-impregnated paper (RIP body). The space between
the RIP body and the housing can be filled with compressed SF6 gas or an insulating
foam compound.
Attention should be paid to the influence of atmospheric conditions and pollution
in particular if the bushings are mounted at an angle beyond 30 from vertical. The
forces from the line connection must not exceed the specified values.

18.10 Connection to Transformers and Reactors

Connection to transformers and reactors can be divided into three major categories.
In special cases, a combination of these categories is possible.

18.10.1 Direct Connection via SF6-Insulated Bus Ducts

The direct connection via bus duct has the advantage that no equipment is exposed to
environmental stress. In addition, the space requirements are minimized due to the
encapsulated system. In Fig. 18.11 such a connection to transformers via SF6-
insulated bus duct is shown. Special care has to be taken for direct connection of
GIS to transformers and reactors. The following points must be considered:

• Settlement of transformer platform

• Vibration of transformer
• Greater changes in length due to higher temperature of transformer
• Forces acting on GIS in case of an earthquake

The abovementioned points normally require additional expansion joints/bel-

lows close to the transformer and very careful coordination between the user and
the manufacturer of GIS and transformer, respectively. The SF6/oil bushing should
be supplied by the transformer manufacturer. It should be clearly indicated who is
responsible for coordinating the connection flanges between GIS and SF6/oil
406 P. Glaubitz et al.

Fig. 18.11 GIS with direct

connection to the transformer
via SF6-insulated bus duct

bushing. Standards determine the limits of scope of supply and the interface
arrangement in order to assure electrical and mechanical interchangeability (IEC
62271-211).
The earthing systems of GIS and the transformer must in some cases be isolated from
each other. In this case, the open connection must be protected against overvoltages.

18.10.2 Connection via Cable

The connection via cable covers the advantages of direct connection as described
above but ensures mechanical decoupling of GIS and transformer due to its flexi-
bility. For more details about GIS cable connections, see Sect. 18.8.

18.10.3 Connection with Short Overhead Lines

The GIS/transformer connection via short overhead lines has the advantage of
complete independence from transformer manufacturer and design. The use of
18 GIS Primary Components 407

conventional surge arresters as well as of spare transformers is consequently

facilitated.
On the other hand, the bushings are exposed to environmental stress. In addition,
the required clearance between the phases has to be ensured (requirement for
additional space).

18.11 Connection Elements Within GIS

18.11.1 Compensators

Compensators balance axial, lateral, and angular forces due to thermal expansion,
earthquake recommendations, or manufacturing tolerances. Compensators are also
often necessary to enable the dismantling of the GIS for maintenance or repair work.

18.11.2 Coupling Element

The coupling element is a component of the bus bar. It usually telescopes and
enables dismantling and insertion of bus sections without removal of other GIS
components for assembly, maintenance, repair, and extensions.

18.11.3 X-, T-, and Angle-Type Enclosures

With X-, T-, and angle-type enclosures and straight parts (bus ducts), the GIS
termination can be led to any spatial point necessary for connection to other
components. Such parts allow very versatile and complex arrangements. Sometimes
they are used as branch-off points or for attaching connection components, e.g.,
bushings.

18.12 Nameplates/Labeling

In view of the complexities of GIS and so as to minimize the possibilities of

operational errors, it is important that primary components are adequately identified.
The following indications are normal practice:

• Nameplates are provided on at least each GIS bay and the instrument
transformers.
• Each mechanical switching device has attached to it, in a noticeable position, a
label identifying the user’s operational reference.
• Phases of each GIS bay (and bus bars) are identified with appropriate phase
referencing.
• Each partition between gas zones is clearly marked.
408 P. Glaubitz et al.

• Each density monitor is provided with a label identifying the parameter it is

reading.
• Each valve carries a label identifying its gas zone.
• Each point of LV isolation is provided with a label identifying its function.
• Each cabinet, cubicle, or marshaling kiosk carries a label identifying its
corresponding primary equipment.
• The language and content of the labels must be agreed between user and
manufacturer.

In addition, a permanent gas schematic diagram showing all primary functional

devices within their SF6 gas compartments may be provided. This diagram should be
made to conform (as closely as possible) to the physical layout of the equipment and
should show all gas barriers, gas valves, piping, and/or gas monitoring locations. The
gas schematic diagram should be permanent and mounted in a convenient place for
the use of operating and maintenance personnel.

18.13 Online Monitoring and Diagnostics

It has been shown that GIS is very reliable and major faults are rare. Nevertheless, it
is the aim of development to further increase its dependability. In order to detect
incipient faults, detailed information about the operating condition of the GIS is
necessary. Intensive development has led to various possibilities in monitoring and
diagnostic systems. Online monitoring systems are able to obtain continuous infor-
mation about equipment conditions while it is in operation. Diagnostic systems
permit the location, identification, and evaluation of a fault which has already
occurred or a potential fault which has been detected. The application of such
techniques offers the user many advantages such as increased functionality and
performance enhancement. They can be used to indicate anomalies within GIS
offering the opportunity of planning and taking necessary measures while ensuring
continuing operation.
The monitoring systems can also be used to develop new maintenance philoso-
phies like condition-based or reliability-centered maintenance. In these events,
maintenance is not performed on a periodic basis but depending on operating
conditions including number of operations, amount of power flow, age, etc. The
information can support an end of life assessment of the GIS. This is of special
interest because experience has shown that the condition of the GIS is in most cases
better than predicted after several years in service, and an extended life time can be
expected. Most of the possibilities mentioned above have significant influence on the
reduction of the life cycle cost justifying in many cases a higher initial installed cost
for the GIS.
The choice of the parameters to be monitored and sensors to be used depends first
of all on the aim of the monitoring system application.
18 GIS Primary Components 409

18.14 Integration of Protection and Control Devices into GIS

Recent advances in electronics have enabled substation protection and control

systems to incorporate functions equivalent to or higher than conventional systems
using central processor unit (CPU)-equipped programmable modules, and such
systems are likely to be put into wider use. The size of such systems can be
sufficiently reduced to make it feasible to mount them individually in GIS cubicles.
Between the GIS and the substation control room, the use of electronics permits
signal transmission via a small number of optical fiber cables or electrical (serial)
cables eliminating the need for the large number of conventional multi-core cables,
which needed a lot of on-site labor to install. The use of electronics in the control and
protection of GIS will continue to expand along with the developments of various
sensors.

18.15 Information to Be Given by the User and the Manufacturer

Basic information necessary for specifying the primary components of GIS can be
drawn from ▶ Sect. 16.8. Detailed information which has to be exchanged between
user and manufacturer is described in the relevant standards of the individual
components. The application of the standards is similar to that in the case of AIS
design. Special attention should be paid to detailed specifications of all GIS interface
requirements.