PROCESS ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS A

CHMT 2021A/2025A
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND,
JOHANNESBURG

DR Diakanua Nkazi
 Non-Reactive Balance – Single Unit
Monday 10 February Friday 14 February

■ Content ■ Content
1. General material balance 1. Degree of Freedom Analysis
equation 2. Non-Reactive balance
2. Balance equation for Steady involving unit conversion
and Non-steady state
processes
3. Overall and Component
balances
 General material balance equation
Conservation law
In a given system, a material balance (or inventory) equation Examples:

may be written in the following general way: 1. 2nd year CHMT 2021A/ 2025A class

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
= 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
− 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎
+ 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − [𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏] 2. Bank account

Rate of Mass, Rate of Moles, Rate of Energy,…..

Eg. Rate of mole accumulated in the system =
Rate of mole Entering the system + ….
 General material balance equation
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
Simplifications
Input + Generation – Consumption – Output = Accumulation

– Input: material that enters through the system boundaries

– Generation: material produced within system boundaries
– Consumption: material consumed within system
– Output: material that leaves through system boundaries
– Accumulation: material that builds-up within system

Steady state: Accumulation = 0

Nonreactive system: Generation = 0, Consumption = 0
Steady state – Non-reactive balance: Input = Output
 General material balance equation
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
Steps to solve steady state non-reactive
balance equation

1. Draw a fully labelled block flow diagram

2. Write the balance equation
a. Total or overall balance equation
b. Components balance equation
c. Stream balance
 Overall and Component balances
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
Overall Examples:
1. workshop test:
Mass total in = Mass total out
2. A stream 1 containing 30 wt% salt and 70%
water is mixed with a stream 2 containing 60%
salt and 40% water. The product stream 3
contains 35% salt. What is the mass ratio of
Component balances Stream 1 to Stream 2
3. Three streams fed an evaporation chamber as
follow
Mass of component i in = Mass of component i out a. Stream 1: Air (21.0 mole% O2, 79.0 mole% N2)
b. Stream 2: pure oxygen
c. Stream 3: pure water (20.0 cm3/min)
෍ 𝑿𝒊 𝒊𝒏 × 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊 𝒊𝒏 = ෍ 𝑿𝒊 𝒐𝒖𝒕 × 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊 𝒐𝒖𝒕
Additional information:

Stream balance The flow rate of the pure oxygen stream 2 is 20%
of the flow rate of the air stream 1.

𝒎𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍,𝟏 = ෍ 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊 ,𝟏 The emerging gas stream 4 (product stream)

contains 1.5 mole% water vapour (density of water
1 g/cm3 and molecular weight 18.016 g/ mol).
 General material balance equation
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
Examples: 3
1

2 4
 Degree of Freedom Analysis
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
■ To solve a mass balance problem, Example,

number of independent equations = number m1 = m2 + m3

of unknowns mA,1 = mA,2 + mA,3
mB,1 = mB,2 + mB,3

Independent equations: equations that cannot Only 2 indep. Equat

be derived from the others.

Note that different cases will be discussed on

Monday (Eg. Splitting point – Multiple unit)
 Degree of Freedom Analysis
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
■ DOF Eg. Perform DoF analysis on the above
lecture’s examples

𝑫𝒐𝑭 = 𝒏𝒖𝒏𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏𝒔 − 𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒑 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

− 𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒑 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑𝒔
1. DoF = 0: The problem is solvable (unique
solution)
2. DoF > 0: The problem is underspecified
(underdetermined). There is not enough
information. There are an infinite number of
solutions.
3. DoF < 0: The problem is overspecified
The problem is inconsistent with all equations
(cannot be solved to be consistent)
 Degree of Freedom Analysis
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
Eg. Three streams fed an evaporation
chamber as follow
a. Stream 1: Air (21.0 mole% O2, 79.0
mole% N2)
b. Stream 2: pure oxygen
c. Stream 3: pure water (20.0 cm3/min)
Additional information:
The flow rate of the pure oxygen stream
2 is 20% of the flow rate of the air
stream 1.
The emerging gas stream 4 (product
stream) contains 1.5 mole% water
vapour (density of water 1 g/cm3 and
molecular weight 18.016 g/ mol).
 Mass balance involving unit conversion
Steady state – Non-reactive balance
1. Develop a relation between mass % and Eg.
molarity Class test Topic 2 - 2017