Experiment #3 and Experiment #4, Standardization of NaOH Solution and Standardization of

0.1M of HCl Solution

Jordan Fiedor

CH 111-04 Thursday 9:00 AM

October 5, 2017
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I. Title: Experiment #3 and Experiment #4, Standardization of NaOH Solution and

Standardization of 0.1M of HCl Solution

II. Objectives: The goal of the experiment is to standardize a self-prepared NaOH

solution using a 0.1M Sodium Hydroxide solution with standard KHP while practicing

titrations to learn about the acid-base reaction that is occurring. It will determine

the exact or true concentration of a solution. The unit of concentration used in the

preparation of this solution is the molarity. Next, to standardize a 0.1 M stock

solution of HCl by performing a titration. Students will also learn about the

calibration and use of volumetric pipet. In the end, NaCl will be made and a percent

yield will be used to test how accurate the experiment went.

III. Theory: The Standardization of NaOH Solution and Standardization of 0.1 M HCl

Solution labs contain similar concepts. Both solutions are being standardized, which

means to find the true or exact concentration of a solution. The concentration of a

solution is finding the molarity, which is the moles divided by the total amount of

solution or the volume in liters. An analytical balance was used to measure the mass

of the solute which is very sensitive but accurate. All doors must be closed and

outside movement that creates vibrations must not be present or it can screw up the

weighing process. Then the tare button, which zeros the scale, is used after a

weighing boat is placed on the scale. A 500-mL volumetric flask is used to prepare

the 0.1 M NaOH solution. A volumetric flask has a bulb at the bottom to hold the

majority of solution, and a long neck with a mark of the exact amount of solution

being measured. It has been calibrated to that single, exact volume and no other

volume can or should be taken from that flask. To calibrate a piece of glassware, the
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mass of the volume of solution is found, then the mass to volume relationship is used

to calculate the true or exact volume of solution. A volumetric pipet is also calibrated

for a single volume reading. There is a bulb located in the middle of a long narrow

part and it is also open on both ends. A pipet bulb is placed on one end of the pipet,

and is used to suck water into the pipet, and dispose or release any water that is

currently contained inside the pipet. To suc water up into the pipet, press the “S”

button or part of the bulb, then press the “E” to empty the amount of water that is

needed. The pipet has to be measured to. In order to find the concentration of an

unknown solution, a titration is used. In a titration, there is two solutions: one of

known molarity and one of unknown molarity. A buret, which is a very long narrow

glass tube, is used to very accurately measure liquids. The measurements begin at the

top with zero or any number close to zero, then get higher towards the bottom of the

buret to measure the amount dispensed. The buret contains the unknown solution in

this lab, which is the titrant. An Erlenmeyer flask is placed directly under the buret

containing the titrand, which is the known solution. When performing a titration, find

the exact amount of titrant added when a solution goes from acidic to basic, or the

other way around. In the lab, phenolphthalein is used as the indicator because it is

clear in an acidic solution and pink in a basic solution. The goal is to add just the

right amount of titrant to turn the titrand solution to create a very light pink color. If

too much is added, the color will become very dark pink and other tests will have to

be done. In experiment 3, the chemical reaction used in the titration was:

KHP(aq) + NaOH(aq) KNaP(aq) + H2O(l)

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The KHP is the known, acidic titrand and NaOH is the unknown, basic titrant. KHP is a

primary standard, which means it is pure and has a high molar mass. They are commonly

used in acid-base reactions. NaOH is a strong base, but the salt is also hygroscopic. This

means that it can absorb water molecules from the air, leading to inaccuracy results when it is

weighed. The chemical reaction used for the titration in Lab 4 is:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

HCl is the acidic titrand and NaOH is the basic titrant. HCl is a very acidic solution.

When it is reacted with a strong base, salt and water are formed as the products of the

reaction.

IV. Procedure:

Exp. 3. Part A: Preparation of 0.1 M Sodium Hydroxide Solution

A clean 500-mL volumetric flask was used to prepare a 500-mL solution of 0.1 M

NaOH. There were calculations in order to determine the certain mass in grams of the

NaOH needed to make the solution, resulting in 2.00 grams of NaOH. The solid of

NaOH was calculated using a scale of 0.1 grams. A small dish was placed on the

scale before the NaOH was added to zero the scale. Next, 2.00 grams of NaOH was

weighed on the balance. The NaOH that was in the small dish was carefully dumped

into the volumetric flask. Around 100-mL of distilled water was poured into the flask

and then swirled until the majority of the NaOH was dissolved. Distilled water was

added again until the flask was about halfway full. The flask was swirled once again

until the NaOH was dissolved and the solution was clear. The volumetric flask was

then filled with distilled water to the fiducial line and checked at eye level. Parafilm

was put on top of the flask to seal it while the flask was held upside down several
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times to make sure there was a complete mixture. The solution of 0.1M of NaOH was

then poured into a plastic bottle and it was labeled with the name of the solution and

number of moles, the date, and the initials of the student and placed into the correct

lab drawer.

Exp. 3 Part B: Standardization with the Primary KHP

To do the titration of NaOH and KHP solutions, three KHP solutions were

created. A weighing dish was placed on a 0.1g balance, and the balance was zeroed.

The three measurements of the KHP that were weighed was, 0.8000 g (sample 1),

0.8001 g (sample 2), and 0.8001 g (sample 3). Three Erlenmeyer flasks were used

from the lab drawer and each were separately labeled with samples 1, 2, and 3.

Sample one of KHP was placed into the flask and labeled with a 1. The same

followed with samples 2 and 3. About 50 mL of distilled water was added to every

one of the Erlenmeyer flasks to dissolve the solid state of KHP. The solution of

NaOH that was made from Part A was poured into the buret. Three drops of

phenolphthalein were added to the solution of KHP in sample 1. The flask was put

underneath the buret and that was the titrand. The solution was titrated by pouring

NaOH from the buret into the flask. When the titrand could be swirled around for

about 15 to 20 seconds and stay pink, the titration had been completed. The same

titration took place for samples 2 and 3.

Exp. 4, Part A: Calibration of a 25 mL Volumetric Pipet:

The 25-mL volumetric pipet was filled with distilled water using the pipet bulb. If

any water was stuck in the inside of the pipet, it was cleaned out with soap and

distilled water multiple times. A clean and dry 50-mL flask with a cork on the top of
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it was weighed before each trial. The masses were recorded to the nearest 0.1 mg or

0.0001 g. In trial 1, the mass of the cork and flask was 35. 0375 g. 300-mL of

distilled water was then added to the 600-mL beaker, and the temperature of the water

was then record. The temperature of the water was 22.2 C. The pipet was filled to

the 25-mL mark and then the distilled water was delivered into the Erlenmeyer flask.

The cork was put into the flask and the mass of the flask, water, and cork were

collectively recorded. The value was 60.1044 g. This process was repeated for one

more trial. The mass of the flask and cork was 35.0575 g. The temperature was again

recorded at 22.2 C. The mass of the flask, water, and cork was 60.0711 g.

Exp. 4, Part B: Standardization of HCl Solution

To find the exact concentration of the stock solution of HCl, a titration was

performed similar to experiment 3. The 0.09757 M of NaOH solution found from

experiment 3 was used as the known titrant solution in this experiment. The buret was

conditioned similar to the way the instructor demonstrated and filled using the NaOH

from experiment 3. A clean and dry 250-mL beaker was weighed at 102.3000 mg

before the beaker was labeled. About 100-mL of HCl solution was put into a separate

250-mL beaker. The 25-mL volumetric pipet was used to transfer about 25.121-mL of

HCl solutions into each 250-mL flask. Once again, three drops of phenolphthalein

were added to the flasks before the titration took place. The solution would be titrated

until a light pink color in the solution stayed for about 15 to 20 seconds. Two more

titrations took place the exact same way as the first. The three “apparent” volumes

should agree within +/- 0.05-mL of each other. All three titrations were then poured

into a 250-mL flask where they were initialed and massed. Next, they were placed in
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the fume hood to dry. About three weeks later, the beaker with salt inside of it was

obtained and massed at 102.7013 g in order to find the total amount of NaCl that

remained in the flask.

V. Data:

Exp. 3: Data Table of Titration of KHP with 0.1 M NaOH

Tria Mass of KHP Initial Buret Reading Final Buret Reading Total Volume

l
1 0.8000 g 0.10-mL 40.23-mL 40.13-mL
2 0.8001 g 0.50-mL 40.75-mL 40.25-mL
3 0.8001 g 0.20-mL 40.28-mL 40.08-mL

Exp. 4: Data Table of Calibration of 25-mL Pipet

Trial 1 Trial 2

Water Temperature: 22.2 C 22.2 C

Mask of Flask + H2O 60.1044 g 60.0711 g
Mass of Empty Flask 35.0375 g 35.0575 g
Mass of H2O Delivered 25.0669 g 25.0136 g
Volume-Mass Relationship 1.0032 mL/g 1.0032 mL/g

Exp. 4: Data Table of Titration of HCl with 0.1 M NaOH

Trial Initial Buret Final Buret Total Volume Volume of

Reading Reading of NaOH HCl from

Buret
1 0.05-mL 24.30-mL 24.25-mL 24.22-mL
2 0.10-mL 24.29-mL 24.19-mL 24.22-mL
3 0.07-mL 24.28-mL 24.21-mL 24.22-mL

Exp. 4: Data Table of Mass of Empty Beaker and Beaker with Salt

Mass of Empty Beaker 102.3000 g

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Mass of Beaker with Salt 102.7013 g

VI. Calculations:

Exp. 3: Part A- We need to find the amount of solid NaOH needed to make 500-mL of 0.1 M

NaOH solution

First, convert the amount of NaOH solution to L.

500 mL
( ) (1L) = 0.5L
1000 mL

Second, is to calculate the moles of the solute (NaOH) to make .5L of 0.1 M NaOH solution

by multiplying the Molarity of the solution by the amount of L. The moles of the solute = the

molarity of the solution  the liters of the solution.

The moles of NaOH = 0.1 M  0.5 L = 0.50 moles of NaOH.

Third, is to convert the moles of NaOH to grams of NaOH by multiplying the number of

moles of NaOH by the molar mass of NaOH.

0.05 mol NaOH

( ) (39.997 g NaOH) = 2.0 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH

Exp. 3: Part B- We need to calculate the Molarity of NaOH for each trial.

Trial 1:

First, is to find the moles of NaOH in the titrated solution by taking the grams of KHP,

converting it to moles, and multiplying it by the ratio found in the chemical equation.

0.8001 g KHP 1 mol KHP 1mol NaOH

( )( )( ) = 0.003918 mol NaOH
1 204.23 g KHP 1 mol KHp
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Second, is to convert the mL of NaOH to liters by dividing the amount of the solution by

1000.

1 liter
(40.25mL) ( ) = 0.04025 L
1000 mL

Third, to calculate the concentration of NaOh by dividing the number of moles of NaOH in 1

by the liter of the solution in 2.

M NaOH = ¿) = 0.09734 M NaOH

Trial 2: Repeat the calculations 1, 2, and 3 for the second trial measurements from the

titration.

1. = 0.003917 mol NaOH

2. = 0.04013 L NaOH

3. = 0.9761 M NaOH

Trail 3: Repeat the calculations 1, 2, and 3 for the third trial measurements from the

titration.

1. = 0.003918 mol NaOH

2. = 0.04008 L NaOH

3. = 0.9775 M NaOH

Exp. 3: Part B- We need to calculate the average Molarity of NaOH from all three trials by

adding the calculated Molarity values together and dividing by 3.

(0.09734 M +0.09761 M + 0.09775 M )

= 0.09757 M NaOH
3
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Exp. 4: Part A- We need to calculate the volume of H2O in the pipet by multiplying the mass

of H2O in grams by the correct volume-mass relationship.

mL
Trial 1: (25.0669 g H2O) 1.0032 ) = 25.147 mL H2O
g

mL
Trial 2: (25.0136 g H2O) (1.0032 ) = 25.094 mL H2O
g

Exp. 4: Part A- We need to calculate the average volume of H2O by adding the trial values

and dividing by 3.

(25.147 mL H 2 O+ 25.094 mL H 2O)

= 25. 121 mL
2

Exp 4: Part B- We need to calculate the molarity of the HCl solution by multiplying the

molarity of NaOH from experiment 3 by the total volume of NaOH used to find the moles of

NaOH. Then, we use the ratio of the balanced chemical equation to find the number of

moles of HCl.

First, we need to find the number of moles of HCl by multiplying the molarity of the NaOH

from experiment 3 by the total number of NaOH in liters used to find the moles of NaOH.

1 L NaOH 0.09757 mol NaOH

(24.22 mL NaOH) (
1000 mL NaOH
¿ ( 1 L NaOH )
=0.002363 mol NaOH

Second, the ratio from the balanced chemical equation is used to find the number of moles

of HCl that reacted during the reaction.

1 L mol HCl
(0.002363 mol NaOH) ( ¿=0.002363mol HCl
1mol NaOH

Third, need to convert the amount of HCl in mL to liters by dividing the amount in mL by

1000.
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25.121mL HCl
( ¿ (1 L HCl )=0.025121 L HCl
1000mL HCl

Fourth, we must divide the moles by the volume in order to get the molarity.

0.002363 mol HCl

=0.09406 M HCl
0.025121 L HCl

Exp. 4: Part B- We use the percent error formula to calculate the percent error compared to

the class average.

% error = ([0.1019 M −0.09406 M ]¿¿ 0.1019 M ) ( 100 % )=7.69 % ¿

Exp. 4: Part B- We need to calculate the percent yield of NaCl by multiplying the volume in

liters by NaOH by the Molarity of the NaOH to find the moles of NaOH. We would do the

same with HCl so the reaction creates the NaCl. Also, it would show the limiting factor. Then

we use a ratio in the chemical equation to find the number of moles of NaCl. Next, we

multiply it by the molar mass of NaCl to get grams of NaCl. We multiply the NaCl by 3

because there were three trials. Then we subtract the dry beaker from the beaker with salt

to see the number of salt produced. Next, we would take the actual mass and divide by the

theoretical mass to get the total percent yield.

1 liter
¿)( )(24.22 mL) = 0.002363 mol NaOH
1000 ml

0.09406 mol HCl 1liter

(
1 liter
) (
1000 ml )
( 24.22 mL )=0.002278 mol HCl

1mol NaCl 58.44 gNaCl

(0.002278 mol HCl) ( )( ¿=0.1331 g NaCl
1 mol HCl 1 mole NaCl

(0.1331 g NaCl) (3) = 0.3993 g NaCl

102.7013 g NaCl – 102.3000 g NaCl – 0.4013 g NaCl

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0.4013 g NaCl
( ¿ ( 100 % )=100.5 %
0.3993 g NaCl

VII. Discussion

Overall, I feel that both experiments that I conducted were successful. My titration

Technique had very little error presented. My titrated solutions turned a dark pink once,

making me believe that the other 3 trials I performed were successful. My percent error

shows that my values were better than most of the class average’s, and my values were

close to the molarity of the HCl solution. My actual yield of NaCl, 0.4013 g was just litter bit

bigger than my theoretical yield at 0.3993 g. This may be because not all the water was

gone when the beaker was weighed. I feel that there is no need to change anything during

my experiments or perform anything else. They instructions were extremely easy and I liked

performing both experiments. Although some students may find titrations difficult because

they make the titration extremely pink, but I feel executing the experiment correctly is a big

part of chemistry, and every student needs to perform them the correct way and improve

themselves as a scientist.
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