Transformer MVA Sizing

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes

 Transformer MVA Sizing
• Based on ANSI C57 and IEC 60076 standards
• Considers multiple cooling stages and transformer
types (3-phase & 1-phase)
• Considers altitude correction factors
• Considers temperature correction factors
• Load variation
• Considers short-circuit impedance requirements
• Use connected load or operating load to size the
transformer
© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 2
 MVA Sizing Page

Transformer
MVA Loading
Short-Circuit
Impedance
Correction limits
Factors & Load
Variation

Sizing Results Consider

Section Growth Factor
for Max. MVA
•Larger
•Required
•Smaller
•Impedance

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 3

 Temperature Correction
• Ambient temperature in degree Celsius
• For air cooled transformers use the air
ambient temperature
• For water cooled transformers use the water
temperature
• Based on C57.92-1981 and IEC 76-2

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 4

 Altitude Correction
• Derate the transformer capacity based on
altitude of the installation
• Derating starts above 1000 m or 3300 ft
• Based on C57.92-1981 and IEC 76-2

800 900 1000 1100 1200

meter meter meter meter meter

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 5

 Load Variation
• Growth Factor
– Allowance for future load growth
• Load Factor
– The ratio of the average load to the peak load
over a designated period of time
– Load Factor = 100 x ( kWi x Ti ) / ( kWp x Tt )%
– Load Factor = 100 x E / ( kWi x Tt )%

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 6

 Where:
I = interval of time when the load is non-zero
kWi = load at interval i
Ti = number of hours of interval i
kWp = peak load
Tt = Ton + Toff
Ton = total hours when the load is on
Toff = total hours when the load is off
E = energy (kWh) consumed by load over the
interval

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 7

 Short-Circuit Impedance
Size Requirement
• Use Primary Short-Circuit kA and FLA to
Calculate Impedance
• Primary 3-Phase FLA = MVA / (kVLL * 3)
• Primary 1-Phase FLA= MVA / (kVprimary)
• Zcalculated =100*(FLAprimary / ISC_primary)

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 8

Connected or Operating Load
• Connected Load
– Determine the radial load connected to the transformer
secondary
– Can include spare loads for conservative results
• Operating Load
– PowerStation’s load flow program determines the power
flow through the transformer
– Automatically updated in the transformer required MVA
field (load flow study case info page option)
– Can determine loading in radial or looped systems

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 9

 Sizing Results and
Automatic Updating
• Sizing results include MVA and % Z for
– Required Size (Actual calculated Size)
– Next Standard Larger Size
– Next Standard Smaller Size
• Automatically Update the calculated rated
MVA, Max MVA and % Z into the Rating
page of the transformer

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 10

 Transformer MVA Sizing Page

Update automatically
when you press these
buttons

Transformer Rating Page

Transformer Rating Page

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 11

 Unit Transformer Sizing

Presented by Farrokh Shokooh

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes
 Unit Transformer Sizing
• Based on IEEE C5F-116 Standard
• Optimize unit transformer turn ratio
• Consider system voltage variation
• Consider generation station auxiliary load
• Automatically detect generator, cable
impedance and bus nominal kV
• Generator reactive vs. capacitive plots
• Optimization reports
© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 13
 Transformer Tap Optimization
Page
Transformer
Impedance
Section System kV
Information
Primary / Secondary
Cable Impedance

Generator
Information

Auxiliary Load
Information

Optimization
Results Section

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 14

 Automatic System Parameter
Update

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 15

 Primary Fixed Tap Editor
• Use 0.1% Tap Step to obtain best
Optimization results
• Set the maximum/minimum fixed tap range

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 16

 MVAR Delivery Curve

© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 17

 Unit Transformer Tap
Optimization Reports
• Input Data
• Optimal Tap Position
• Transformer Power Input and output at
different system voltage levels (system
voltage variation)
• Generator Power Output at different system
voltage levels
• Generator and System voltage at different
system voltage levels
© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 18
© 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. – ETAP Workshop Notes Slide 19