Chapter 1: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TRAVEL

MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL

1.Escape
2.Relaxation
3.Relief of tension
4.Sun lust
5.Physical
6.Health
7.Family togetherness
8.Interpersonal relations
9.Roots or ethnic
10.Maintaining social contacts
11.Convincing oneself of one’s achievements;
12.Showing one’s importance to others;
13.Status and prestige;
14.Self-discovery
15.Cultural
16.Education
17.Professional/business
18.Wanderlust
19.Interest in foreign areas
20. Scenery

BASIC TRAVEL MOTIVATORS

1. Physical
Motivators – includes those related to physical rest, sports participation, beach
recreation, relaxing entertainment and other motivations directly connected with
health

2. Cultural motivators – desire to know about other countries; their music, arts,
folklore, dances, paintings and religion.

3. Interpersonal motivators – desire to meet other people, visit friends or relatives

and escape from daily routine.

4. Status and prestige – concern ego needs and personal development. Included in
this group are trips related to business, conventions, study, and pursuit of hobbies
and education. Travel would enhance one’s recognition and good reputation.

TRAVEL AS A MEAN TO SATISFY

A NEED AND WANT

The key to understand tourist

motivation is to viewvacation travel as
a vehicle to satisfy one’s needs and
wants. Tourists do not go on
vacations just to relax and have fun,
to experience another culture, or to
education themselves and their
children; they take vacations in the
belief that these vacations will satisfy, either completely or partially, various needs
and wants.

PUSH/ PULL MODEL

According to the push/pull model, there are push and pull forces in human
motivation. Internal factors or personal needs “push” people to travel, while external
forces or attractions “pull” them to certain destinations.

For example, a college student has begun to feel the “push” to get away from college
for rest and relaxation and the “pull” to travel to a sunny beach for escape.
Self-discovery and scenic beauty.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

 Physiological Needs – hunger, thirst, rest, and activity.

 Safety Needs – safety and security, freedom from and anxiety.
 Social Needs – love, affection, giving, and receiving.
 Self – esteem – self – respect, and esteem from others.
 Self – actualization – personal self – fulfilment

Need                                                     Motive                      Tourism Literature

References
Psychological                                       Relaxation                           Escape

                                                                                                      Relaxation

                                                                                                  Relief of Tension

                                                                                                         Sun lust

                                                                                                        Physical

                                                                                           Mental relaxation of tension

Safety                                                   Security                               Health

                                                                                                     Recreation

                                                                                                Keep oneself active 

                                                                                            and healthy for  the future

Social                                           Love and Affection                   Family togetherness

                                                                                                 Enhancement of Kinship
                                                                                       relationships

                                                                           Companionship
                                                                                     Facilitation of social interaction

                                                                                          Maintenance of personalities
                                                                                                Interpersonal relations
                                       Ethnic roots
Show one’s affection for
family members
Maintain social contacts

Self-esteem                       Achievement Status   Convince oneself of one’s

achievement
Show one’s importance to others
Prestige
Social recognition
Ego enhancement
Professional/business
Self-actualization PERSONALFULFILLMENT

WHY PEOPLE TRAVEL?

The Need for Escape or Change – the greatest reason for travel is to escape from
the dull daily routine, from the familiar, the common place, the ordinary, escape from
the job, boss, the customers, the house and the accelerated pace of modern life.

Travel for Health – development in the field of medicine have influenced travel for
centuries,
giving rise to the concept of health tourism.

Sports – interest in sports, either as a participant or a spectator is attracting large

segment of the population. People demand excitement and activity during their
leisure hours to relieve then from boredom of their work.

Social Contact-human beings are social animals. They need contact and
communications with others. They feel comfortable in a group tour.

Status and Prestige – Travel provides the means for ego and self-enhancement.
Travel to a poor country can provide the traveler with a feeling of superiority. Being
well traveled enhances one’s status in society.

Travel for Education – the search for knowledge and truth is inherent in every
individual. Travel offers an opportunity to satisfy the urge to learn.

Personal Values – the notion of personal values is an important travel motivator.

Many people are urge to travel to satisfy personal values such as the search for
spiritual experiences, patriotism and wholesomeness.

Cultural Experience – experiencing how people live and fostering international

understanding are some of the reasons to satisfy curiosity about other cultures,
lifestyles and places.

Shopping and Bargain Hunting – Joys derived from buying certain goods. Bargain
hunting or being able to get special merchandise at low cost is a travel motivator.
Search for Natural Beauty – travel can satisfy one’s search for beauty in the
environment and in the scenery. Most people are inspired by the beauty of the
nature.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELER BASED ON PURPOSE OF TRAVEL

1. Business Travelers

Categories:

a. Regular Business travelers

Among business travelers, the cost of the trip is shouldered by a company  
Travel is not influenced by personal income
Women business travelers are slightly younger
Men tend to stay longer at their destination
They are more likely to book through a travel agent.

1. Business Travelers

b. Business travelers attending meetings and conventions

20% of all business travel trips are for the purpose of attending meeting, conventions
and congresses.

c. Incentive travelers

It is a special type of business travel

It is given by a firm to employees as a reward for some accomplishment or to
encourage employees to achieve more than what is required.

2. Pleasure/Personal Travelers

Categories:

a. Resort Travelers – are better educated, have higher household income and are
more likely to have professional and managerial positions.

b. Family Pleasure Travel

Junior Families – families with parents aged 20-34 having pre-school and/or grade
school children

Mid-range Families – families with parents aged 35-44 having grade school and/or
high school children

Mature Family – families with parents aged 45 and over with children who are of
high school aged and older

c. The Elderly – active affluent generally search for learning experiences, cultural
enrichments, socialization and activities which lead to self fulfilment.

d. Singles and Couples – they take their vacations to fulfil their psychological,
intellectual and physical needs by giving them the opportunity to rest, escape the
routine of pressures of daily living, enjoy the naturalness of life and to express total
freedom.

TRAVEL CONSTRAINTS

Travel Constraint
The main constraints to travel are:

Lack of money-It is the major travel constraints. Less money means less
travel. The wealthy members of society are the ones who travel most. People
with more disposable income will be able to travel more than those just earn
enough to live on.

Lack of time-Lack of availability time is another inhibiting factor to tourist

travel. The desire to travel and the financial ability to travel are insufficient if
one does not have the time to travel. A senior company executive may have
plenty of money to spend but very little time available. A combination of time
and money must be present for travel and tourism to take place.

Lack of Safety and Security- Lack of security in public places, hotels and
travel centers cause people to prefer to remain in the security of their
neighborhood and home. Areas may acquire the reputation of being
dangerous and thus become less desirable travel destinations as what has
happened in the Philippines where there have been a sharp increase in the
number of thefts, robberies, shootings and assaults among the local people.

Physical Disability- Physical disability in the form of bad health or physical

handicap may keep people at home. The elderly who are more susceptible to
illnesses such as heart trouble, hypertension, arthritis and bronchitis travel
less. After the age of 70, very few travel because for most of them, long trips
are tiring, changes in food are upsetting and a strange bed may cause
sleeplessness.

           Family Commitments- Family commitments inhibit travel. Parents with young
children find it inconvenient and expensive to go on holiday. During the childrearing
period, family obligations increase significantly for women and to a similar but lesser
degree, for men. Travel is curtailed and more time is spent at home.

Lack of Interest in Travel- This is mainly due to a preference to simply stay

at home.
This condition may be due to a variety of factors such as dislike of travel, shyness in
meeting people, dislike of changing routine and many more.

            Fears- Some people do not want to travel because of fears of travel. Fear of
lying is quite common and accounts for many people who insist on driving to a
vacation area instead of boarding a plane. Fear of the unknown keeps many people
from leaving their own countries or even their own city. Many travelers are afraid to
go to countries where they cannot understand the language. Some potential travelers
are afraid of the unfamiliar decisions they will have to make in a strange place such
as how much to tip and how to get around a strange city.
 CHAPTER 2: SOCIOLOGY OF TOURISM
-SOCIOLOGY

This is the study of the development structure and functioning of human society 

-the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture
of everyday life. Study about kung saan or ano yung madalas na ginagawa ng isnag tao, ano
ba yung ginagawa niya everyday of his/her life, mga kinasanayan na trabaho ng isang tao
-a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to
develop a body of knowledge about social order, acceptance, and change or social evolution.
Kung meron siyang mga changes na ginagawa niya raw-araw paano inaacept ng isang tao
yung situation na yun, paano niya nababago, paano siya nakakaform ng bagong pattern

The social nature of travel

 Travel is brought about by the social nature of man., 

 Human beings = social animals 
 Group travel = more enjoyable, less anxiety

The Socio Nature of Travel

In some subcultures, travel is the accepted way of spending one’s vacation. 

Sabbatical leaves and foreign assignments make it possible for university
faculty members and employees to travel and develop a passion for it.

Tourism involves a mutual trust and respect for one another and the dignity
of life on earth. According to Pope John Paul II, “The world is becoming a
global village in which people from different continents are made of feel like
next door neighbors. 

In facilitating more authentic social relationships between individuals,

tourism can help overcome many real prejudices and faster new bonds of
fraternity.”
Tourism is concerned with the movement of and contact between people in
different geographical locations. In sociological terms this involves:
1. Social relations between people who would not normally meet.
2. The confrontation of different cultures, ethnic groups, life – styles,
languages, levels of prosperity, and the likes.
3. The behavior of people released from many of the social and economic
constraints of everyday life.
The degree to which conflict will occur between host and guest depends
upon the similarity in their standards of living, the number of tourists at any
time, and the extent to which the tourists adapt to local norms.

Socioeconomic Variables and their Effect on Travel

1. Age
There are several differences between patterns of travel based on age.
Younger people tend to select more active recreational activities than older
people. 
The elderly (those in the late sixties and upward) prefer more passive forms
of recreation such as fishing, sight – seeing and playing golf. 

Older tourists tend to travel to farther destinations, prefer ship travel, travel
more in spring than do younger tourists and spend less than middle age
tourists but more than younger tourists

2. Income and Social Status

  Income and social status have a great influence on travel. Rich persons as
well as persons with higher social status travel more than those with lower
income and social class status. Higher income tourists stay longer and
spend more per day than those with lower incomes.
3. Education
There is a strong correlation between education and travel. Generally
speaking, the better educated members of the population have a greater
desire to travel. Researchers have found that the more educated the travelers
are, they tend to be more sophisticated in their tastes.
They prefer activities which require the development of interpretative and
expressive skills such as attending plays, concerts, art museums, reading
books, playing golf, tennis, and skiing.

4. Life Stages of the Family

The presence of children in the family limits travel. More leisure time is
spent at home. As the children grow up and leave home, the married couples
renew interest in travel. Couples in this life stage usually have more
discretionary income and are more financially capable to travel.
The Rise of New Travel Patterns

1. Travel Clubs
In this group travel plan, a club member enjoys travel opportunities and
vacation destination facilities at a much cheaper price than the paid by a
non – member.
The accommodations offered by the club range from deluxe to very modest.
There is also a wide choice of locations, climate and other vacation features.
2. Airline Group and Arrangements
Another development in group travel is the introduction of different types of
tour fares promoted by airline. These are the following:
1. Groups of 15 or more are given reduced fares.
2. Charter service is given by some airlines to affinity group tours which are
intended for those affiliated to a legitimate group for a period of six months
or longer.
3. Public charter in which an entire airplane is made available to a group of
persons who travel to the same destination.

4. Incentive tours which are given by firms to employees as a reward for a

special achievement or as a motivation for achievement.

3. Special Interest Tours

Special interest group travel is becoming more popular at present. These are
tours arranged for those who are interested in a particular activity such as
 bird watching, festivals, hunting, scuba, diving, photography, flower
arrangement, golf, skiing, mountain climbing, etc.
Preferences of the International Tourist
The preferences of the international tourist are divided into four categories
namely:
1. Relaxation versus Activity
2. Familiarity versus Novelty
          3. Dependence versus Autonomy
          4. Order versus Disorder

1. Relaxation versus Activity

Before, the work week for most people including the middle class was long and
exhausting. Thus, they demanded holidays that offered relaxation and rest.
At present, the work week has been shortened and the annual holiday leave
has been lengthened Work has become less tiresome and people have become
used to greater leisure. Relaxation has become possible throughout the year. So,
people have started to use their no holiday – time leisure to experience new activity
skills such as sailing, climbing, horse riding, and sports. The demand for activity –
oriented travel has greatly increased
2. Familiarity versus Novelty
In general, most tourists, on their first trip abroad, tend to seek familiarity rather than
novelty. They search for something that will remind them of home, whether it is food,
newspaper, living quarters or another person from their own country.As soon as they
find a place where they feel at home, these tourists will go back to the same place for
a number of times. Not until they have gained more experience in travelling will they
want to go to new environment – to see customs and cultures different from their
own, to mix with people who speak differently, eat differently, and dress differently.
At present, there is an increasing positive attitude for novelty, for change. People accept
innovations in industry, education, family life, the arts, and social relationships,
among others. Tourists move away from traditional resorts to new tourist destination.
3. Dependence versus Autonomy
In the past, tourists joined package tours in which transportation, lodging, food,
sightseeing, entertainment were fixed in advance by the tour agency. At present,
there is the emergence of a group of tourists who would like to acquire a sense of
personal autonomy regarding their leisure time.
They would like to travel on their own and not part of a group. They would like to feel
independent; in complete control of what they do and how they do it.

4. Order versus Disorder

In the past, the tourists sought holidays which enforced the traditional concept of
conformity – set meals at fixed times, guide books which told them the right places to
visit, resorts where their fellow tourists were tidy, well – behaved, properly dressed.
They avoided situations where their adult – imposed sense of orderliness might be
offended.
Now, the new generation of tourists is not very much concerned about what to wearand
how to behave when on holiday. Informality in behavior, a greater tolerance toward
the differences of others, freedom from institutionalized regulations is now the
characteristics of the modern traveler.
Because of social and economic changes in modern society, the demand for travel will be
based less on familiarity, relaxation, dependence and order but more on novelty,
activity, autonomy and informality.
Types of Tourist Roles
The continuous combination of novelty and familiarity forms the basic variable for the
sociological analysis of the phenomenon of modern tourism. This combination leads
to the four types of tourist behavior. The first two types – the organized mass
tourist and the individual mass tourist. Second type is the explorer and the
drifter.

1.The Organized Mass Tourist

least adventurous. 

buys a package tour in which the itinerary of his trip is fixed in advance
seldom makes decisions for himself. 

prefers a familiar environment rather than a new environment.

1. The Individual Mass Tourist

 similar to the organized mass tourist except that the individual mass tourist has a
certain degree of control over his time and itinerary
 not bound to a group

3. The Explorer
 arranges his trip by himself and looks for comfortable and reliable means of
transportation. 
 tries to associate with the people he visits and to speak their language

4. The Drifter
 goes farthest away from the accustomed ways of life his own country. 
 almost totally immersed in his host culture. 
 tries to live the way the people he visits live and to share their shelter, food, and
habits.

Chapter 3: TOURISM AND CULTURE

THE EFFECT OF CULTURE ON TRAVEL
CULTURE can be defined as a “set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and form of
behavior that are shared by a society and are transmitted from generation to
generation.”
Lack of understanding and inability to communicate with the host culture
might result in a CULTURE SHOCK for the tourist.
CULTURE PATTERNS are changed by internal forces. Within a group, there are
people who are more willing than others to try new things.
“MASS FOLLOW CLASS” suggest that a destination first attracts a small number of
high-status individuals whose actions are eventually copied by a large number of
persons with lower social status.
CULTURE PATTERNS are also change by external forces. Contact with
other environments may change previous attitudes and behavior.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL TOURISM

Cultural tourism includes all aspects of travel in which people learn about each
other’s way of life. Thus, tourism is an important means of promoting cultural
relations and internal cooperation. Louis D’ Amore, the past president of the
Canadian Travel Research Association, once said, “These millions of daily person-to-
person encounters are potentially a powerful force for improved relations among the
people and nations of the world, relations which emphasize a sharing and
appreciation of cultures rather than the lack bred by isolation.”

CULTURAL FACTORS WITH TOURIST APPEAL

Cultural factors that appeal greatly to tourists:
Art               Literature and Language
Music and Dance Science
Handicraft Government
Industry and Business Religion
Agriculture Food and Drink
Education History

A. ART
Generally, the arts include performing arts and fine arts. The former refers to
live theater, music, and dance, and the latter includes painting, sculpture,
graphic arts and architecture.
Philippine Stagers
Foundation: “a league of their own”
Tondo Art: “Sculpture of the New Century: Seb Chua’s Art”
The Manila Central Post Office is a neoclassical building built during the American
period.
There have been proposals to have Whang-od as one of the National Artists of the
Philippines or as one of the National Living Treasures due to her status as the last
mambabatok of her generation. She has been tattooing headhunters and women of
the indigenous people of Butbut in Buscalan, Kalinga, since she was 15 years old,
but the Butbut warriors who used to earn tattoos through protecting villages or killing
enemies no longer exist.
B. MUSIC AND DANCE
In several countries, music is a major source of enjoyment and satisfaction to tourist.
Resort hotels, in particular, can give visitors many opportunities to enjoy the best
local music. Records and tape recording which the guest can buy to use in his home
provide another effective means of keeping in touch with the culture of a particular
country and a reminder of the country’s music.
Dancing, in its native ethnic forms, is one of the most appealing aspects of a
country’s culture and can be presented as a tourist attraction . The color, costumes,
music, setting and skill of form and execution add to the attraction. The best place for
such entertainment are resort hotels.
KABUKI DANCE JAPAN
THE BALLET FOLKLORICO OF MEXICO
PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCE

C. HANDICRAFTS
To satisfy tourist, gifts and souvenirs for sale should be manufactured in the
country where the purchase is made. Usually a tourist is dissatisfied when he
buys a particular souvenirs then discovers later that the article he bought he
bought was made from other country. There is no substitute to genuineness.
The locally produced article is useful and attractive; it should be made
available in conveniently local shops. A visit to shops where handicrafts are
actually being made by the craftsman is an effective form of tourist
entertainment.
PHILIPPINE SOUVENIR REF MAGNET
CEBU SEASHELL HANDICRAFT
D. INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS
Most travelers, particularly international travelers, are usually curious about the
country’s industry, commerce, manufactured products, and in economic situation. 
Industry tours are very effective way of developing and interest in the culture of a
country, as well as providing potential market for the product being made.
Business or industrial group often conduct tours to become familiar with the markets
and processors in other countries in order to develop more interest in their product
and to increase sales in several market areas. Best example are shopping centers
near destination areas where tourist can find the product and services they want.
DUBAI
MALL,DUABI UAE
NEAR BURJ
KHALIFA (TALLEST BUILDING IN THE WORLD)
MALL OF ASIA or simply MoA, is a large shopping mall in Bay City, Pasay,
Philippines, near the SM Central Business Park, the Manila Bay, and the southern
end of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
E. AGRICULTURE
The agriculture of a country maybe interesting to a large segment of tourist. Dairy
undertakings, fresh fruits and vegetables, crops and poultry and livestock are types
of farming which are important elements of culture. An important aspect of tourist
services in rural areas is the farmer’s market in which local agriculture are sold to the
travelers. Examples of this are the roadside stands selling fresh fruit, vegetables, and
products from nearby farm which are enjoyed by travelers.
Local tours should include agriculture developments and services so that tourist can
see the agricultural products of the country and perhaps try some of them.
MACADAMIA PLANTATION HAWAII
DEL MONTE PINEAPPLE PLANTATION
BUKIDNON

F. EDUCATION
The inhabitants of one country are usually anxious to know the education system of
another country. The campus of the colleges and universities of a country are
particularly appealing to tourist. Many of them have beautiful landscapes and are
ideally situated for an enjoyable and enlightening visit. Famous universities such as
Oxford, or Cambridge in England, Harvard in the US, and the University of Sto.
Tomas in the Philippines are tourist attractions.
Several universities conduct adult programs within the university’s continuing
education service. These educational opportunities attract students from many
countries around the world. Thus, students are motivated to travel. International
conferences of business and industrial associations, as well as scientific and
educational organizations are often held on the campuses of colleges, universities,
and other educational institutions.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND
G. LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE
The literacy achievement of a country form an important part of travel motivation.
Books, magazines, newspaper, booklets, pamphlets, and other printed literary works
are significant expressions of a culture of a country Libraries are a favorite cultural
institutions for the tourist.
A highly motivated person is likely to speak or at least have studied more than one
language. Interest in the language of another country is an incentive for travel. This is
true for students who travel to a particular country to practice the language or to
become more familiar with its colloquial use.
Most traveler like to learn the language of the country they visit. They usually start
learning the common expressions used in ordering food in a restaurant or in talking
with hotel or other tourism employees. Language classes should be therefore
included in the activities program of a tourist.
KOREAN LANGUAGE
H. SCIENCE
Tourist are interested to know the scientific activities of a country, especially those in
technical industries, education, or scientific research. Tourist promotion organizations
would be rendering a great service to the scientific community by providing facilities
for the exchange of scientific installations, and other activities which provide scientific
information to visitors.
The most popular scientific attractions are museums of science and industry,
planetariums and visit to unusual scientific installations such as atomic power plants
and space explorations centers. Zoos and aquarium are likewise popular.

Notable examples are Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Texas, and the
John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The John F. Kennedy Space
Center is one of ten National Aeronautics and Space Administration field centers.
Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been NASA's primary launch
center of human spaceflight.
ART SCIENCE MUSEUM MARINA BAY SANDS, SINGAPORE
I. GOVERNMENT
 Countries differ in their system of government. Visit to the center of government,
such as capitals, are very motivating to individuals interested in political science and
government. When a person visits another country, he or she becomes aware of the
type of government in operation and compares it with the government in his or her
country.
Lawmakers often visit another country to observe the lawmaking process. A visit to
Washington D.C. can show visitors the process of making laws in the House of
Representatives and in the Senate. Hearings on different proposed regulations or
statutes are usually open for visitors.
LONDON CITY HALL
WASHINGTON D.C.
J. RELIGION
The religious pilgrimage is another motivation to travel. The most popular among the
Muslims is the pilgrimage in Mecca. Many people go to the different headquarters of
their church organizations and to places that are well-known in their religious
literature. These people usually travel in groups. Visits to famous churches are also
an incentive for Travel.

EXAMPLE OF PILGRIMAGE
VATICAN CITY
JERUSALEM
MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA
EXAMPLE OF CHURCHES
ST. PETER’S IN ROME
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH MANILA
K. FOOD AND DRINK
Food and Drink is an important part of the culture of a country. Tourists usually enjoy
native food especially those which are local or ethnic in culture.
Restaurants and hotels can make a good impression to the tourists if they serve local
dishes and explain the menu – what the dish consist of and how it is prepared. The
type of restaurants where the atmosphere is conducive to the types of food being
served is particularly appealing to visitors. Very good examples are the seafood
restaurants at the Fisherman’s wharf in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California,
and Cabalen Restaurant and Barrio Fiesta in the Philippines.
FISHERMAN’S WHARF
PHILIPPINE STREET FOOD
L.HISTORY
The history resources of a country reveal its cultural heritage. The preservation of
history and the quality and management of museums are very important to the
success of tourism. To be familiar with the history and archeology of an area is a very
important travel motivation. One of the weaknesses observed in historical museums
is that the explanations of the exhibits are given only in one language. Hence, most
tourist do not enjoy the historical exhibit because they do not understand the
language used in explanations.
Tourist should be provided with literature that describes the points of interest,
admission fees, hours of operation, special events, and other information they need
to visit historical attractions. Examples of museums are the British museum in
London, the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, the Smithsonian
Museum in Washington D.C., and the Museum and San Agustin Museum in the
Philippines.
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN MEXICO CITY
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES

Chapter 4: TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL EVOLUTION

Pre-Industrial Travel System Era

This was the period before the widespread industrialization in Europe and North
America. It was before the development of railways in the two continents. There was
little travel. Only few people had the money and the reason to travel.

Early-Industrial Travel System Era

During the era, road improvements such as railways, canals, and steamship services
were brought about due to rapid industrialization and advances in transportation
technology. Travel increased because more people who had money traveled.

Mature-Railway System Era

This era was characterized by railways which expanded their operations by running
hotels and providing other travel-related services. Travel agencies and tour
companies were formed.

Thomas Cook was, an innovator in this field during this era, began his
company’s activities in the United Kingdom in 1840.

Express-Travel System Era

During this era, express service increased. Trains and other forms of transportation
did not stop at every station or terminal but only at the major ones. This increased the
speed of travel and encouraged more travel than before.

Automobile-Based Travel System Era

This influence of the privately owned automobilewas enhanced in North America and
Europe from the 1920s. Car ownership boomed in North America. Motorways,
interstate highways, and other trunk highways were developed in the latter half of this
era which was from 1920 to 1974. The automobile was predominant over the travel
modes from 1920 to 2945.

Modern Tourism Travel System Era

The period from 1945 to 1974 is known as the modern-tourism travel system era. Car
ownership continued to grow at fast rate, mainly at the expense of long distance rail
travel. The “mass tourism” philosophy and marketing approaches were prevalent
during the 1950s and 1960s.

Post-Mobility Adjustment Era

This era began in 1973 to1974 as a result  of the oil embargo generated by the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the resulting increase in
fuel prices.

Historical Development of the Transport System

The desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in transportation. Before
WWI, it took seven days for travelers to go from coast to coast by steam locomotive.

The development in transportation has made the world a smaller place. It is now
possible to take one to two weeks of vacation in distant places like Europe, the
United States, the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America. Now, travelers can go to
any place in the world due to fast and efficient means of transportation.

SELECTION OF TRANSPORTATION MODE

The mode of transportation chosen depends on several factors, namely: cost, time
spent in traveling, safety, convenience, comfort, availability, frequency of trips,
ground services, terminal facilities and location, status and prestige, and departure
and arrival times.

Travel by train

Tourism became organized in later years of the 19th century and the travel
organizers emerged. The first and most famous of these was Thomas Cook, his
first excursion train trip was between Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with
570 passengers at a round-trip fare of one shilling. In 1866, he organized
American tour. In 1874 he introduced “circular notes” which were accepted by
banks, hotels, shops and restaurants.

The negative factors of rail travelers are slowness in reaching the destination,
inflexible departure times, and lack of quality, in food services.

Travel by ship
Travel by ship preceded travel by train but it was not until the middle of the 19th
century that travel by ocean liners began to become prominent. At present, water
transport has two major roles in travel and tourism ferrying and cruising.

The steamship era began in 1840 when Sir Samuel Cunard pioneered the first
transatlantic scheduled liner tips. However, the introduction of the jet aircraft led to
the rapid decline in the ships as scheduled passenger transportation mode.

Cruise Ship
Short-duration cruisesare more popular because they require less vacation time and
are less expensive. A cruise ship is both a floating hotel and resort because the
guests are housed, fed, and entertained.

Travel by automobile
 The real inventor of automobile was Carl Benz of Mannheim, Germany. The
introduction of the automobile brought about the decline of the train’s popularity in
most developed countries. The advent of the automobile spread the benefits of
tourism more widely and enabled people to travel individually or in private smaller
groups.

Travel by Bus/Motor Coach

Bus travel is the most flexible and economical form of transportation.The main
reason for selecting bus travel over other modes of travel are convenience and
economy. Few people choose the bus for business travel. Bus riders tend to be
older and have less income.

Travel by Air
World War II also led to increased interest in travel. Air travel had become more
comfortable, safer, faster and cheaper in comparison with other forms of transport.
The introduction of the Boeing 707 jets in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses
arrived, hastening declined of sea travel.

History of the Accomodations/ Lodging Industry

 Early road side inns were mentioned in several instances in both the Old and
New Testaments
 The early reference to the inn is found in the Bible, when Joseph, was told
“There is no room at the inn”
 Excavations in Pompeii reveal that the Romans had developed the concepts of
inn into parade.
 The history of the hotel in its present form goes back to the Middle Ages.
 In the 13th and 4th centuries, German and English literature made frequent
reference to the inn.
 Late medieval period: the development of the inn was due to the improvements
in security in many European cities
 During the height of the Industrial Revolution (1700s and early 1500s): - - -
greater demand for accommodation as people migrated to the cities to work.
 The emerging middle class could afford accommodations when traveling away
form home
 The industrial revolution and the development of spas helped the growth of the
hotel industry
 By 1750, Brighton, Blackpool, Southern, and other English seaside resorts were
attracting bathers.
 Seaports inn (America’s first hotels)
 Manhattan’s Fraunces Tavern example of early American inn.
 By the middle of the seventeenth century, the public stagecoach had appeared.
 In the next 200 years, the lodging industry was influenced by the development of
road transport.
 Coach service was established by innkeepers to attract business.
 In the 1820s and 1830s, a different kind of hotel developed
 In Europe, large hotels were built next to or across the downtown railroad
station.
 In the US, hotels were constructed along the railroad network.

Ellsworth Statler was the first hotel chain pioneer in the US. Hotels bearing his
name had been built in Buffalo Cleveland, St. Louis, Detroit, Boston and New York

E. M Statler
A middle-western giant in the hotel business. The story of his rise is inspiring. It
simply shows again that opportunities lie everywhere for men of normal brains,
providing they get hold is of a good idea and will not be downed. Statler was well
past forty before things began to “break big” for him. Today he is getting ready to
operate the biggest hotel in the world. 

History of the Accomodations/ Lodging Industry

In the history of deluxe hotels, the most famous name is that of Hilton Corporation.
Conrad Hilton built an empire that includes the Waldorf Astoria in New York.

Sheraton Hotels and Resort

Among the first-class hotel, the fastest growing group was the Sheraton chain
founded by Ernest Henderson
In 1952, Kemmons Wilson founded the Holiday Inn chain

The popularity of the sun vacation in the 1960s brought about the development of the
resort hotel

It provides a wide range of special services and its targeted group such as:

Sun enthusiasts
Golfers
Tennis players
Scuba divers
Honeymooners

Hotels changed in appearance as extra features were added such as:

Glass-covered elevators
Atrium lobbies
Variety of restaurants and bars
Functional meeting rooms
Full array of recreational opportunities
The atrium concept in hotels, introduced by architect John Portman, boosted
popularity of Hyatt.

TYPES OF ACCOMODATIONS
HOTEL
Hotels can be a 10-room boarding house or a building that has a thousand or more
rooms.

MOTEL OR MOTOR HOTELS

Normally, offer rooms only and free parking for guest.

Resort hotels

Intended for vacation travelers.Usually located near beaches and offer more
amenities, shops and recreation opportunities

Pensions

Found principally in Europe.Usually family-owned Accommodations

facilities.Called “Gasthaus” in German.

Paradors
unique to Spain.Old castles, convents, or monasteries that have been converted into
hotels

Condominium Hotels
- often hotels with apartment instead of basic rooms.m Generally appeal to families
because of the apratments.

Campgrounds
-usually appear to families who travel in recreation vehicles RV’s.
Campgrounds and RVs stopping spot often found in government park and forest

Bed and Breakfast

Originated in Europe. Provides beds for the night and breakfast the next day

Tourist Inns
Lodging establishment that cater transient
Do not normally meet the minimum requirements of economy hotel

Apartment-hotels
-Apartels
-Contain several independent and furnished or semi-furnished apartments

Health Spas
Are hotels and resorts which cater to people who go to spas and mineral spring for
medical treatment or weight reduction.

Private Homes
-Earliest form of overnight lodging for travelers.
-Provides lodging to tourist who cannot be accommodated in hotels and motels
during peak season.
Time-sharing
- most recent unique type of accommodation.
-Selling of vacation lodging, for a specific week or weeks over a given number of
years

Hostels
Provide basic amenities such as bunk bed and commonly shared toilet and bathroom

Classification of Hotel
The hotel star rating system 
5 star-
Five-star hotels are properties that offer their guests the highest levels of
luxury through personalized services, a vast range of amenities, and
sophisticated accommodation
A 4 Star Hotel is a hotel that provides above average, deluxe service and
experience for the guest. First Class (****) A 4 Star hotel has a larger range
of facilities available and the design is high quality. All service standards are
aimed towards pleasing the guest accommodations
One-Star: A one-star rating often means a property has no frills and only offers basic
accommodations. A one-star rating doesn’t necessarily mean a hotel is dirty, unkept
or in a bad location. It simply means you’ll have a place to sleep, and that’s pretty
much it.
Two-Star: Like one-star hotels, two-star properties are typically more affordable than
hotels that have a higher rating — they are also usually quite comfortable.
Three-Star: Three-star hotels ordinarily have some unique amenities and provide
quality service.
Four-Star: Four-star hotels are often noted for their upscale quality and extraordinary
comfort.
Five-Star: A five-star property provides flawless guest services in a state-of-the-art
facility. As a five-star property, such as premium dining options and personalized
services to its guests. With no detail being overlooked, these hotels commonly even
provides high-end, luxury toiletries for guests.
 
1star-Has limited facilities and services. Appeals to "budget minded" tourists.
2star-Appeals to tourists looking for more than basic accommodation. Has expanded
facilities and "higher level" of comfort.
3star-Accommodation is deemed "very good". More spacious public areas and higher
quality facilities and a greater variety of services.
4star-"Up-scale in all areas" and accommodation is "refined and stylish". Service is
deemed responsive, and has an extensive array of facilities.
5star-Reflects characteristics of "luxury and sophistication". Facilities are deemed "world
class in every manner" and services are deemed meticulous and "exceeding all guests'
expectations"