GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Colligative Properties
Quarter 3-Module 3
General Chemistry 2
Senior High School
Locally-Developed Module
Quarter 3-Module 3: Colligative Properties
First Edition, 2020

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced or Books:

transmitted to any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system without written permission from the publisher and
authors. • Marissa F. Ayson, Rebecca S. De Borja. GENERAL
Published by the Schools Division Office (SDO) Dagupan City CHEMISTRY 2 Department of Education.
OIC, Schools Division Superintendent: Aguedo C. Fernandez
OIC, Asst Schools Division Superintendent: Ma. Criselda G. Ocang
Websites:
Development Team of the Module
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Reviewers: Salvacion Malanum ch15/colligative.php
Cherry A. Cayabyab • https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/
Renata G. Rovillos
colligative-properties-of-ionic-solutes-2/
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E-mail Address: dagupan.city@deped.gov.ph

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Solution:

Find the concentration of NaCl

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

The presence of solutes affects the properties of the solutions.

π = iMRT Some of these properties are not dependent on the nature of the dissolved
π = (2) (0.15793166 mol / L) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (298 K) substance but only on how many dissolved particles are present.
Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on
their identity are called colligative properties.
Answer: 7.72 atm This module aims to assist the learners to be able to:
1. Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties
2. One mole of table salt is dissolved in one liter of water. At a of solutions;
temperature of 27oC, what would be the osmotic temperature of
this solution? 2. Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte solution;
Given:
3. Calculate the boiling point elevation and freezing point
i = 2 (when NaCl dissolves, it separates into two ions ) depression from the concentration of a solute in a solution.
M= 1 mol
R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K
T = 27.0 °C + 273 K = 300 K

Required: π=? In doing this module, the following are some reminders:

Equation: π = iMRT
1. Take the pretest before answering the module.
Solution: π = (2) ( 1 mol / L) (0.08206 L atm / mol K) (300 K)
2. Read the instructions carefully before doing each
Answer: π = 49.26 atm task.
3. Answer all the exercises.
4. Take the posttest.
5. Use a separate sheet in answering all the
activities.

46 1
 Required:
Equation:

• Colligative property: A property of solutions that is directed by

the ratio of solute to solvent, regardless of the identity of the solute. Solution: This is a three-step problem. First, calculate the moles
of C6H12O6. Then, calculate the molality of the solution. Finally,
• Electrolyte is a compound that conducts an electric current calculate the freezing point depression.
when it is in an aqueous solution or melted.

• nonelectrolyte is a compound that does not conduct an

electric current in either aqueous solution or in the molten state.

• The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of

solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or
solution.
= 1.86 °C/ m x 1.11 m
• concentrated solution is one that has a relatively large
amount of dissolved solute. Answer: Tf = 2.06 °C
D. Osmotic pressure
• A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of
dissolved solute. 1. Isotonic saline solution, which has the same osmotic
pressure as blood, can be prepared by dissolving 0.923 grams
• Molality is a property of a solution and is defined as the of NaCl in enough water to produce 100.0 mL of solution. What
number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. is the osmotic pressure, in atmospheres of this solution at 25.0
°Celsius?
• Mole fraction (χ) = ratio of the number of moles of a given Given: mass of solute = 0.923 g NaCl
component to the total number of moles of present. Molar mass NaCl= 58.443 g mol
i = 2 (when NaCl dissolves, it separates into two ions )
• Raoult’s law: States that the partial vapor pressure of each R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K
component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor T = 25.0 °C + 273 K =298 K
pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in
the mixture Required: π=?
• vapor pressure: The pressure that a vapor exerts, or its partial Equation: π = iMRT
pressure if it is mixed with other gases.
• boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils, with the
vapor pressure equal to the given external pressure.

2 45
C. Freezing point depression • boiling point elevation: The temperature at which a
substance’s vapor pressure equals the external pressure
1. Calculate the freezing point depression of a benzene solution
increases when another compound is added.
containing 400 g of benzene and 200 g of the molecular
compound acetone (C3H6O). Kf for benzene is 5.12 °C/ m. • Ebullioscopic constant (Kb) is the constant that expresses
Given: mass of solute = 200 g C3H6O the amount by which the boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised
by a non dissociating solute.
mass of solvent = 400 g benzene
• freezing point depression: Adding a solute to a solvent
Kf for benzene = 5.12 °C/ m. decreases the temperature at which the liquid solvent becomes a
solid.
Required:
Equation: • van ‘t Hoff factor: A measure of the effect of a solute on
colligative properties.

Solution: This is a three-step problem. First, calculate the moles
of C3H6O. Then, calculate the molality of the solution. Finally,
calculate the freezing point depression.
• freezing point: The temperature at which a liquid freezes, and
the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium; normally the
same as the melting point.
• osmotic pressure: The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a
solution across a semipermeable membrane from a pure solvent;
the pressure needed to counteract osmosis.

• semipermeable membrane: One that will allow certain

molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion.
= 5.12 °C/ m x 8.63 m
• osmosis: The net movement of solvent molecules from a
Answer: Tf = -44. 2 °C region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent
potential through a partially permeable membrane.
2. What is the freezing point depression of an aqueous solution
of 10.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 50.0 g H2O? • ideal solution: A solution with thermodynamic properties
analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases.
Given: mass of solute = 10.0 g C6H12O6
mass of solvent = 50.0 g H2O
Kf for H2O= 1.86 °C/ m.

44 3

Directions: Encircle The correct answer.
B. Boiling Point
1. What is the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding
29.3 g of menthol (C10H20O) to 0.0590 kg of chloroform? The
boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.2 °C. The boiling point
constant for chloroform is 3.85 °C/m.

1. A property of solutions that is directed by the ratio of solute Given: mass of solute =29.3 g
to solvent, regardless of the identity of the solute. mass of solvent = 0.0590 kg
A. Percentage Composition C.Molarity
Kb for choloform = 3.85 °C/m.
B. Colligative property D. Molality
Required:
2. A solution with thermodynamic properties analogous to Equation:
those of a mixture of ideal gases.
A. Ideal solution C. Electrolyte solution Solution: This is a three-step problem. First, calculate the
B. Aqueos solution D.Non-Electrolyte solution moles of C10H20O. Then, calculate the molality of the solution.
Finally, calculate the boiling point.
3. It refers to the net movement of solvent molecules from a
region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent
potential through a partially permeable membrane.
A. semipermeable membrane C. Osmotic pressure
B. Osmosis D. Ideal solutioon

4. It is the one that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass

through it by diffusion.
∆Tb = 3.85 °C/m x 2.592 m
A. semipermeable membrane C. Osmotic pressure
Answer: ∆Tb = 9.98 °C
B. Osmosis D. Ideal solutioon
5. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a solution across a
semipermeable membrane from a pure solvent; the pressure
needed to counteract osmosis.
A. semipermeable membrane C. Osmotic pressure
B. Osmosis D. Ideal solutioon

4 43
 6. It is the temperature at which a liquid freezes, and the solid
and liquid phases are in equilibrium; normally the same as the
melting point.
Calculations involving colligative properties
A. freezing point depression C. freezing point
A. Vapor pressure
B. Van ‘t Hoff factor D. boiling point elevation
1. The vapor pressure of water at 25oC is 23.8 mm Hg. What
is the vapor pressure of a solution containing 5.50 grams of 7. It is the measure of the effect of a solute on colligative
non-electrolyte sucrose C12H22O11 (molar mass=342 g/mole) properties.
in 12.8 g of water (molar mass=18.0 g/mole) at 25 oC? A. freezing point depression C. freezing point
Given: mass of solute =5.50 g B. Van ‘t Hoff factor D. boiling point elevation
Molar mass of solute= 342 g
8. It is a compound that conducts an electric current when it is
mass of solvent= 12.8 g in an aqueous solution or melted.
mass of solvent= 18.0 g A. Electrolyte C. Covalent

Required: Psolution=? B. Nonelectrolyte D. All of the these

Equation: Psolution=Xsolvent Psolvent 9. It is a compound that does not conduct an electric current in
either aqueous solution or in the molten state.
Solution: A. Electrolyte C. Covalent
B. Nonelectrolyte D. All of the these
10. It is a property of a solution and is defined as the number of
moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
A. Mole fraction C.Molarity
B. Colligative property D. Molality

11. It is a ratio of the number of moles of a given component to

the total number of moles of present.
A. Mole fraction C.Molarity
B. Concentraion D. Molality
Answer: Psolution = 23. 3 mm Hg

42 5
12. It is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dis-
solved in a given amount of solvent or solution.
E. Arrange the following according to increasing boiling point,
A. Mole fraction C. Dilute Concentration freezing point, and vapor pressure. Explain your answer.
B. Concentration D. Concentrated Solution 1m NaCl, 1m CaCl2, 1m C6H12O6, 1m AlCl3.
13. It is one that has a relatively small amount of dissolved Increasing boiling point:
solute. 1m C6H12O6, 1m NaCl, 1m CaCl2, 1m AlCl3.
A. Mole fraction C. Dilute Concentration
Increasing freezing point:
B. Concentration D. Concentrated Solution 1m AlCl3. 1m CaCl2, 1m NaCl, 1m C6H12O6.

14. is one that has a relatively large amount of dissolved Increasing vapor pressure:
1m AlCl3, 1m CaCl2, 1m NaCl, 1m C6H12O6.
solute.
• All these properties may be explained in terms of the
A. Ideal solution C. Dilute Concentration amount of particles that forms when the given substances
B. Concentration D. Concentrated Solution are dissolved in water. They have equal concentration 1m,
but the number of particles they dissociate into can
15. It is the constant that expresses the amount by which the multiply their effects to the properties of solution.
boiling point Tb of a solvent is raised by a non dissociating
solute.
A. Ebullioscopic constant C. Planck constant
B. Boltzmann Constant D. Avogadro constant

6 41
D. What is the osmotic pressure at 25oC when 72.5 mL of a
solution containing 4.25 grams of electrolyte CaCl2 (molar
mass=111 g/mole) is prepared?
Given:
Molar mass CaCl2 = 111 g mol
i = 3 (when CaCl2 dissolves, it separates into 3 ions )
R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K
T = 25.0 °C + 273 K =298 K
Required: π=?
Equation: π = iMRT
Solution: This is a three-step problem. First, calculate the
moles of CaCl2 . Then, calculate the molality of the solution.
Finally, calculate the freezing point depression.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES are the properties of solutions that
rely only on the number (concentration) of the solute particles,
and not on the identity/type of solute particles, in an ideal solution
(e.g., vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, boiling
point elevation and osmotic pressure). The magnitude of the
colligative properties depends on the molal concentration, m.
VAPOR PRESSURE
MAIN IDEA: Lowering vapor pressure depends on nonelectrolyte
solute concentration.
To understand why a nonvolatile solute changes the boiling point
and freezing point, you must consider equilibrium vapor pressure.
Vapor pressure is the pressure caused by molecules in the gas
phase that are in equilibrium with the liquid phase.

Answer: π = 38.8 atm

40 7
Experiments show that the vapor pressure of a solvent containing
a nonvolatile solute is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure C. What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by
solvent at the same temperature, as shown in Figure 2. As the adding 22.0 g of Lithium Nitrate to 0.0620 kg of water? The
number of solute particles increases in a given volume of boiling point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.
solution, the proportion of solvent (water) molecules decreases.
Given: mass of solute = 22.0 g
Fewer water molecules will be available to escape from the
liquid. As a result, the tendency of water molecules to leave the mass of solvent = 0.0620 kg
solution and enter the vapor phase decreases. Thus, the vapor i= 2
pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of pure
water. Kb for water = 0.52 °C/m.
Required:

Equation:

Solution: This is a three-step problem. First, calculate the

moles of Lithium Nitrate (LiNO3) . Then, calculate the molality
of the solution. Finally, calculate the boiling point.

∆Tb = (2) 0.52 °C/m x 5.1466 m

Answer: ∆Tb = 5.35 °C

8 39
 Vapor-Pressure Lowering

B. Calculate the vapor pressure caused by the addition of Ionic solutes that dissociate have greater effects on vapor
pressure than does a nondissociating solute.
100.g of sucrose, C12H22O11 to 1000.g of water if the vapor
pressure of the pure water at 25°C is 23.8 torr. •Three moles of sodium chloride
Given: mass of solute =100 g dissolved in water produce 6 mol
of particles because each formula
Molar mass of solute= 342 g unit of NaCl dissociates into two
ions.
mass of solvent= 1000 g
Molar mass of solvent= 18.0 g
Required: Psolution=?
Equation: Psolution=Xsolvent Psolvent

Solution: This is a two-step problem. First, calculate the mole

fraction of C12H22O11 and water . Then, calculate the vapor
pressure of a solution using Raoult's Law.

•Three moles of calcium chloride

dissolved in water produce 9 mol
of particles because each
formula unit of CaCl2 dissociates
into three ions.

Psolution=0.994 x 23.8 torr • The decrease in a solution’s vapor pressure is proportional to

Answer: Psolution = 23.675 torr the number of particles the solute makes in solution.

38 9
Electrolyte Solutions
A simple example of an electrolyte solution is sodium chloride in
water. In the presence of water, solid sodium chloride dissociates LEARNING ACTIVITIES
as it is dissolved, forming an electrolyte solution:

NaCl(s)→Na+(aq)+Cl−(aq)NaCl(s)→Na(aq)+Cl(aq)− A. What is the expected change in the freezing point of water

in a solution of 62.5 g of barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, in 1.00
Strong Electrolytes Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and kg of water?
hydrogen iodide are 100% ionized in dilute aqueous solution. A
Given: mass of solute = 62.5 g Ba(NO3)2
strong electrolyte is any compound whose dilute aqueous
solutions conduct electricity well; this is due to the presence of all mass of solvent = 1.0 kg water
or almost all of the dissolved compound in the form of ions.
Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen iodide are Kf for water = 1.86 °C/ m
all acids in aqueous solution. These acids, several other acids, Required:
and all soluble ionic compounds are strong electrolytes.
Equation:
All electrolytes that yield only ions when they dissolve are strong
electrolytes. This includes all soluble ionic compounds, like NaCl,
and a limited number of molecular compounds , like HCl.
Solution: This is a three-step problem. First, calculate the
Weak Electrolytes moles of Ba(NO3)2. Then, calculate the molality of the solution.
Finally, calculate the freezing point depression.
Some molecular compounds form aqueous solutions that contain
dissolved ions and some dissolved molecules that are not ionized.
A weak electrolyte is any compound whose dilute aqueous
solutions conduct electricity poorly; this is due to the
presence of a small amount of the dissolved compound in
the form of ions. This is in contrast to a nonelectrolyte, such as
the molecular compound sucrose, which dissolves but does not
produce any ions in solution. Example of a weak electrolyte is Ba(NO3)2(s) → Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3 -(aq) Each formula unit of barium
acetic acid, CH3COOH. Only a small percentage of the acetic nitrate yields three ions in solution.
acid molecules ionize in aqueous solution. Another example of a
weak electrolyte is Hydrogen fluoride.
= (3)1.86 °C/ m x 0.239 m
Answer: Tf = -1.33°C

10 37
 List of some electrolytes:

NaNO3 Sodium Nitrate

NaCl Sodium Chloride
LiCl Lithium Chloride
KCl Potassium Chloride
CuSO4 Copper Sulfate
KNO3 Potassium Nitrate
CaCl2 Calcium Chloride

Nonelectrolyte solutions are those in which the solute does not

dissociate into ions when dissolved; sugar does not dissociate, for
example. The number of moles of dissolved particles is greater for
15. B 10. D 5. A electrolyte solutions, so there will be a greater impact on
colligative properties.
14. B 9. A 4. B
13. C 8. C 3. C List of some nonelectrolytes:

12. B 7. B 2. A
H2 O Water
11. B 6. A 1. A
CH3OH Methanol
POSTTEST
C2H5OH Ethanol

C12H22O11 Sucrose

C6H12O6 Glucose
15. A 10. D 5. C
NH2CONH2 Urea
14. D 9. B 4. A
CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane
13. C 8. A 3. B
CH3H8O3 Glycerol
12. B 7. B 2. A
11. A 6. C 1. B
PRETEST

36
15 11
 13. Water’s vapor pressure at 20 °C is 17.5 torr. The tempera-
ture was held constant while adding NaCl, resulting
XNaCl=0.300. Determine the change in vapor pressure.

A. 3.25 torr C. 5.25 torr

B. 4.25 torr D. 6.25 torr
14. Calculate the freezing point of 25% mass ethylene glycol in
water.
A. -5 °C C. –15°C
B. -10 °C D. -20°C
15. Gasoline contains two or more volatile substance. Given for
the example, benzene (94.6 torr) and toluene (29.1 torr) mixture,
with 1.00 and 2.00 moles, respectively, compute for the total
vapor pressure.
A. 31. 5 torr C. 19.4 torr
B. 50.9 torr D. 12.1 torr

Vapor pressure: The picture shows the transition, as a result of

the vapor pressure, from particles in liquid phase to gas phase
and vice-versa.

The vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is always lower than

the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. The vapor pressure
lowering is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solute.
Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solvent above a
solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the
same temperature scaled by the mole fraction of the solvent
present:

12 35
6. What is the Kf molal freezing point constant of water. Psolution=χsolvent Pºsolvent
A.1.86 °C/ m C. 5.12 °C/ m
where Pºsolvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
B. 3.90 °C/ m D. 7.00°C/ m
and χsolvent is the mole fraction of the solvent. Since this is a
7. What is the Kf molal freezing point constant of acetic acid. two-component system (solvent and solute).
A.1.86 °C/ m C. 5.12 °C/ m
B. 3.90 °C/ m D. 7.00°C/ m Note: There are several methods/strategies in solving
any colligative properties. Ask your subject teacher
8. What is the Kf molal freezing point constant of benzene. on what method you will use whether it is gresa, guesa,
A.1.86 °C/ m C. 5.12 °C/ m 3 step etc.

B. 3.90 °C/ m D. 7.00°C/ m

Example : Non-electrolyte Solutions
9. What is the Kb molal boiling point constant of ethanol.
A.1.19 °C/ m C. 5.32 °C/ m 1. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by dissolving
50.0 g glucose,C6H12O6, in 500 g of water. The vapor pressure
B. 2.79 °C/ m D. 5.95°C/ m of pure water is 47.1 torr at 37°C
10. What is the Kb molal boiling point constant of Acetic acid. Given: mass of solute =50.0 g
A.1.19 °C/ m C. 5.32 °C/ m Molar mass of solute C6H12O6= 180.2 g/mol
B. 2.79 °C/ m D. 3.07°C/ m mass of solvent (water) = 500 g
11. It is an example of a weak electrolyte. Molar mass of solvent= 18.0 g
A. NaCl C. HCl Required: Psolution=?
B. HF D. HBr Equation: Raoult's Law Psolution=Xsolvent Psolvent
12. This law states that the partial pressure of a solvent over a
solution is given by the vapor pressureof the pure solvent, Solution: This is a two-step problem. First, calculate the mole
multiplied by the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution. fraction of C6H12O6 and water . Then, calculate the vapor
A.Hess’ Law C. Boyle’s law pressure of a solution using Raoult's Law.

B. Raoult’s Law D. Henry’s Law

34 13
 Directions: Choose the correct answer from the given options
and encircle the letter of your choice.

1. It occurs when water molecules move through a semiperme-

able membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a
region of higher solute concentration.
A.Osmosis C. Dilluted concentration
B. Vapor pressure D. None of the mentioned
Answer: 46.29 torr
2. On increasing the temperature of a liquid, its vapour
Example : Electrolyte Solutions pressure ____________ .
A. Increases C. Remained constant
2. What is the change in vapor pressure when 52.9 g of Cu-
Cl2 is added to 800 mL of H2O at 52.0 °C. B. Decreases D. None of the mentioned
The vapor pressure of pure H 2O at 52.0 °C is 102.1 torr 3. The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at
The density of H2O at 52.0 °C is 0.987 g/mL.
Step 1 which it boils when the external pressure is ____________ .

Determine the mole fraction of solution A. 5 atm C. 1 atm

CuCl2 is a strong electrolyte. It will completely dissociate into
ions in water by the reaction: B. 4 atm D. 2 atm
CuCl2(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2 Cl- 4. At 1 atm pressure, the boiling point of water is _______ .
This means we will have 3 moles of solute added for every
mole of CuCl2 added. A. -100ºC C. 0ºC
From the periodic table:
Cu = 63.55 g/mol B. 100ºC D. None of the mentioned
Cl = 35.45 g/mol 5. Which of the following 0.10m aqueous solutions will have the
molar weight of CuCl2 = 63.55 + 2(35.45) g/mol
molar weight of CuCl2 = 63.55 + 70.9 g/mol lowest freezing point?
molar weight of CuCl2 = 134.45 g/mol A. Al2(SO4)3 C. KCl
moles of CuCl2 = 52.9 g x 1 mol/134.45 g
moles of CuCl2 = 0.39 mol B. C6H12O6 D. C12H22O11

14 33
 Total moles of solute = 3 x (0.39 mol)
Total moles of solute = 1.18 mol

• Colligative properties have practical applications, such as molar weightwater = 2(1)+16 g/mol
the salting of roads in cold-weather climates. By applying salt molar weightwater = 18 g/mol
to an icy road, the melting point of the ice is decreased, and the densitywater = masswater/volumewater
ice will melt more quickly, making driving safer. masswater = densitywater x volumewater
• Nonelectrolyte solutions are those in which the solute does masswater = 0.987 g/mL x 800 mL
not dissociate into ions when dissolved; sugar does not masswater = 789.6 g
dissociate, for example. The number of moles of dissolved moleswater = 789.6 g x 1 mol/18 g
particles is greater for electrolyte solutions, so there will be moleswater = 43.87 mol
a greater impact on colligative properties.
Χsolution = nwater/(nwater + nsolute)
• Vapor pressure is a colligative property, so the vapor Χsolution = 43.87/(43.87 + 1.18)
pressure of solutions is directly proportional to the amount Χsolution = 43.87/45.08
of solute present in a solution.
Χsolution = 0.97
• When a solute is present in a solvent, the vapor pressure is Step 2
lowered because fewer solvent molecules are present at
the top of the solution. Find the vapor pressure of the solution
Psolution = ΧsolventP0solvent
• Raoult’s law details the calculations for acquiring the vapor Psolution = 0.97 x 102.1 torr
pressure of an ideal solution. Psolution = 99.0 torr

• freezing point depression: The difference in temperature

Step 3
between the freezing point of the pure solvent and that of the
solution. Find the change in vapor pressure
Change in pressure is Pfinal - PO
• The freezing point of a substance is the temperature at Change = 99.0 torr - 102.1 torr
which the solid and liquid forms are in equilibrium. change = -3.1 torr
Answer
• Osmotic pressure is of vital importance in biology as the The vapor pressure of the water is reduced by 3.1 torr with the
cell's membrane is selective toward many of the solutes found addition of the CuCl2.
in living organisms. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic
solution, water actually flows out of the cell into the surrounding
solution thereby causing the cells to shrink and lose its
turgidity.

32 15
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
Directions: Solve the following problems involving
MAIN IDEA: A solution with a nonelectrolyte solute will have a colligative properties.
higher boiling point than the pure solvent.
The boiling points of solutions are all higher than that of the pure A. Vapor pressure
solvent. Difference between the boiling points of the pure solvent
1. The vapor pressure of water at 25oC is 23.8 mm Hg. What
and the solution is proportional to the concentration of the solute is the vapor pressure of a solution containing 5.50 grams of
particles: non-electrolyte sucrose (molar mass=342 g/mole) in 12.8 g
of water (molar mass=18.0 g/mole) at 25 oC?
B. Boiling Point

where ΔTb is the boiling point elevation, i = van’t Hoff factor = # of 1. What is the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding
ions formed in soln. Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, 29.3 g of menthol (C10H20O) to 0.0590 kg of chloroform? The
and m is the molality (mol/kg solvent) of the solute. boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.2 °C. The boiling point
constant for chloroform is 3.85 °C/m
 Boiling occurs when vapor pressure equals atmospheric
C. Freezing point
pressure.
1. Calculate the freezing point depression of a benzene
 The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of
solution containing 400 g of benzene and 200 g of the
the pure solvent. molecular compound acetone (C3H6O). Kf for benzene is
 Dissolving substances increases (elevates) the boiling point of 5.12 °C/ m.
a solvent. 2. What is the freezing point depression of an aqueous
 Ex. Adding salt to water solution of 10.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 50.0 g H2O?
allows the water temp. D. Osmotic pressure
to exceed 100°C,
1. Isotonic saline solution, which has the same osomotic
thereby cooking food
pressure as blood, can be prepared by dissolving 0.923
faster. grams of NaCl in enough water to produce 100.0 mL of
solution. What is the osmotic pressure, in atmospheres of
this solution at 25.0 °Celsius?
2. One mole of table salt is dissolved in one liter of water. At a
temperature of 27oC, what would be the osmotic
temperature of this solution?

16 31

Directions: Read and answer the following questions.
A. What is the expected change in the freezing point of water
in a solution of 62.5 g of barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, in 1.00
kg of water?
B. Calculate the vapor pressure caused by the addition of
100.g of sucrose, C12H22O11 to 1000.g of water if the vapor
pressure of the pure water at 25°C is 23.8 torr.
C. What is the new boiling point of a solution prepared by add-
ing 22.0 g of Lithium Nitrate to 0.0620 kg of water? The boiling
point constant for water is 0.52 °C/m.
. ΔT = i Kb m
D. What is the osmotic pressure at 25oC when 72.5 mL of a
solution containing 4.25 grams of electrolyte CaCl2 (molar
mass=111 g/mole) is prepared?
E. Arrange the following according to increasing boiling point,
freezing point, and vapor pressure. Explain your answer.
1m NaCl, 1m CaCl2, 1m C6H12O6, 1m AlCl3.
30
Examples:
A. Seawater is about 3.5% (by weight) dissolved solids, almost
all of which is NaCl. Calculate the normal boiling point of
seawater.
Solution
Some comments prior to starting:
a) 3.5% means 3.5 grams of solids per 100 grams total of
solution. So that means 3.5 grams of solids are dissolved in
96.5 grams of water. since we know most of the solids are
NaCl, we can't go too wrong is we assume NaCl is 100%.
Some error is introduced, but not too much.
Kb is expressed in °C/m and m is expressed in mol of solute/kg of
solvent, Δtb is the boiling-point elevation in °C.
1) Calculate moles of NaCl:
3.5 g / 58.5 g mol¯1 = 0.0598 mol
2) Calculate molality of NaCl:
m = 0.0598 mol / 0.0965 kg = 0.612 m
3) use boiling point elevation constant:
x = (2) (0.52 °C /m) (0.612 m) = 0.64 °C
Answer-the water boils at 100.64 °C
B. What is the boiling point elevation when 147 g of lactic acid
(C6H10O5) is dissolved in 647 g of cyclohexane (C6H12)? The
boiling point constant for cyclohexane is 2.79 °C/m.
Solution:
1) Determine the molality of the lactic acid solution:
(147 g / 162.14 g/mol) / 0.647 kg = 1.40127 m
2) We utilize this formula:
Δt = i Kb m
x = (1) (2.79 °C kg mol¯1) (1.40127 mol/kg)
x = 3.91 °C
17
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION .
A solution freezes at a lower temperature than does the pure
solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression.
The freezing point depression of a solution is a colligative property
of the solution which is dependent upon the number of dissolved
particles in the solution. The higher the solute concentration, the
greater the freezing point depression of the solution. The freezing
point plot of a pure solvent and a solution are shown below:
The freezing point of the pure solvent is at constant temperature
but the freezing point of the solution slowly decreases. The
decrease caused by the increase in solute concentration as the
solvent freezes. The dissolved solutes can be non-electrolytes or
electrolytes. Non-electrolytes are molecules that remain intact
when they dissolve in water. Electrolytes are solutes that
dissociate into ions when dissolved in solution to give an
electrically conducting solution.
18
Step 2, Find absolute temperature
Remember, absolute temperature is always given in Kelvin. If
the temperature is given in Celsius or Fahrenheit, convert it to
Kelvin.
T = °C + 273
T = 25 + 273
T = 298 K
Step 3, Determine the van 't Hoff factor
Sucrose does not dissociate in water; therefore the van 't Hoff
factor = 1.
Step 4, Find the Osmotic Pressure
To find the osmotic pressure, plug the values into the equation.
Π = iMRT
Π = 1 x 0.16 mol/L x 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K x 298 K
Π = 3.9 atm
Answer:
The osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution is 3.9 atm.
Tips for Solving Osmotic Pressure Problems
The biggest issue when solving the problem is knowing the
van't Hoff factor and using the correct units for terms in the
equation. If a solution dissolves in water (e.g., sodium
chloride), it's necessary to either have the van't Hoff factor
given or else look it up. Work in units of atmospheres for
pressure, Kelvin for temperature, moles for mass, and liters for
volume. Watch significant figures if unit conversions are
required.
29
Osmotic pressure is expressed by the formula:
The proportionality
Π = iMRT (note how it resembles the PV = nRT form of the constant, Kf, is called
Ideal Gas Law) the molal freezing-point
depression constant. It is
where a constant that is equal to
Π is the osmotic pressure in atm the change in the freezing
i = van 't Hoff factor of the solute point for a 1-molal solution
M = molar concentration in mol/L of a nonvolatile molecular
R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K solute. For water, the value
T = absolute temperature in K of Kf is −1.86° C/m.

Step 1, Find the Concentration of Sucrose

To do this, look up the atomic weights of the elements in the
compound:
From the periodic table:
C = 12 g/mol
H = 1 g/mol
O = 16 g/mol
The proportionality
Use the atomic weights to find the molar mass of the com- constant, Kb, is called
pound. Multiply the subscripts in the formula times the atomic the molal boiling-point
weight of the element. If there is no subscript, it means one elevation constant. It is a
atom is present. constant that is equal to
the change in the boiling
molar mass of sucrose = 12(12) + 22(1) + 11(16) point for a 1-molal solution
molar mass of sucrose = 144 + 22 + 176 of a nonvolatile molecular
molar mass of sucrose = 342 solute. For water, the val-
ue of Kb is 0.512°C/m. So
nsucrose = 13.65 g x 1 mol/342 g
the boiling temperature of
nsucrose = 0.04 mol a 1-molal aqueous
Msucrose = nsucrose/Volumesolution solution of any nonvolatile
molecular solute
Msucrose = 0.04 mol/(250 mL x 1 L/1000 mL) is 100.512°C.
Msucrose = 0.04 mol/0.25 L
Msucrose = 0.16 mol/L

28 19
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION .
When a substance starts to freeze, the molecules slow down due
to the decreases in temperature, and the intermolecular forces
start to take over. The molecules will then arrange themselves in
a pattern, and thus turn into a solid. For example, as water is
cooled to the freezing point, its molecules become slower and
hydrogen bonds begin to “stick” more, eventually creating a solid.
If salt is added to the water, the Na+ and Cl–ions attract to the
water molecules and interfere with the formation of the large
network solid known as ice. In order to achieve a solid, the
solution must be cooled to an even lower temperature.
The freezing point depression can also be explained in terms of
vapor pressure. Adding solute to a solvent will essentially dilute
the solvent molecules, and according to Raoult’s law, this leads to
a decrease in vapor pressure. Considering the fact that the vapor
pressure of the solid and liquid forms must be the same at
freezing point, because otherwise the system would not be at
equilibrium, the lowering of the vapor pressure leads to the
lowering of the temperature at which the vapor pressures of the
liquid and frozen forms of the solution will be equal.
The equation describing the change in freezing point from pure
solvent to solution is:
Tf = Kf m (non-electrolytes)
Tf =i Kf m (electrolytes)
Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent
(1.86 °C/m for water).
m = molality = moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
i = the number of dissolved particles (Van’t Hoff Factor).
20
Applications of Osmosis:
Dialysis— a phenomenon in which a semipermeable
membrane allows transfer of both solvent molecules and small
solute molecules and ions.
• occurs in walls of most plant and animal cells
• kidney dialysis is one of most important applications –
waste molecules move into the “wash” solution and filter
the blood
• isotonic solution –solutions that have the same osmotic
pressure (Ex. IV fluids)
• hypertonic— solution has higher osmotic pressure (cells
bathed in a hypertonic solution would shrivel–crenation)
Treating the surface of food with salt causes this to happen
to bacteria, thus protecting or preserving the food.
• hypotonic – solution has lower osmotic pressure (cells
bathed in a hypotonic solution would burst—hemolysis)
• reverse osmosis— the process occurring when the high
external pressure on a solution causes a net flow of solvent
through a semipermeable membrane from the solution to
the solvent-used in desalination (the membrane here acts
as a “molecular filter” to remove solute particles) The need
for this process will probably increase as the need for
drinkable water increases.
Osmotic Pressure Problem
What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by adding
13.65 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) to enough water to make 250
mL of solution at 25 °C?
Solution:
Osmosis and osmotic pressure are related. Osmosis is the flow
of a solvent into a solution through a semipermeable
membrane. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the
process of osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a colligative
property of a substance since it depends on the
concentration of the solute and not its chemical nature.
27
 Freezing-point depression depends on the concentration of the
solute. The molality of the solution is a measure of
concentration and is defined as:

What is the Van’t Hoff Factor?

The Van’t Hoff factor offers insight on the effect of solutes on

the colligative properties of solutions. It is denoted by the
symbol ‘i’. The Van’t Hoff factor can be defined as the ratio of
the concentration of particles formed when a substance is
dissolved to the concentration of the substance by mass.
The extent to which a substance associates or dissociates in a
solution is described by the Van’t Hoff factor. For example,
Figure : Osmotic Pressure. (a) A dilute solution of glucose in when a non-electrolytic substance is dissolved in water, the
water is placed in the right arm of a U-tube, and the left arm is value of i is generally 1. However, when an ionic compound
filled to the same height with pure water; a semipermeable forms a solution in water, the value of i is equal to the total
membrane separates the two arms. Because the flow of pure number of ions present in one formula unit of the substance.
solvent through the membrane from left to right (from pure water For example, the Van’t Hoff
to the solution) is greater than the flow of solvent in the reverse factor of CaCl2 is ideally 3, since
direction, the level of liquid in the right tube rises. it dissociates into one Ca2+ ion
and two Cl– ions. However, some
(b) At equilibrium, the pressure differential, equal to the osmotic of these ions associate with each
pressure of the solution (Πsoln), equalizes the flow rate of solvent other in the solution, leading to a
in both directions. decrease in the total number of
particles in the solution.
(c) Applying an external pressure equal to the osmotic pressure of
the original glucose solution to the liquid in the right arm reverses This factor is named after the
Dutch physical chemist Jacobus
the flow of solvent and restores the original situation. Henricus Van’t Hoff, who won
the first Nobel Prize in chemistry.

26 21
 Osmotic Pressure
Effects of Association/Dissociation
In 1784, the French physicist and clergyman Jean Antoine
• Association is the joining of two or more particles to form Nollet discovered that a pig's bladder filled with a concentrated
one entity. solution of alcohol in water expanded when it was immersed in
• An example of the association of two particles is the water. The bladder acted as a semipermeable membrane,
which allowed water molecules to enter the solution, but kept
dimerization of carboxylic acids when dissolved in benzene.
alcohol molecules from moving in the other direction.
• Dissociation refers to the splitting of a molecule into multi- Movement of one component of a solution through a
ple ionic entities. membrane to dilute the solution is called osmosis, and the
• For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) dissociates into pressure this produces is called the osmotic pressure ( ).
Na+ and Cl– ions when dissolved in water.
 Osmotic Pressure: a special use of PV=nRT
The effects of the association or dissociation of a solute on the
solution, its colligative properties, and the Van’t Hoff factor are
tabulated below. • Semipermeable or selectively permeable membrane –
membrane which allows solvent but not solute molecules to
pass through (small molecules can pass but large ones
cannot)
Association Dissociation
• Osmosis—a special case of diffusion; water travels along a
concentration gradient. Osmosis occurs when water
The observed value of molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from
Observed molar mass is greater a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher
molar mass is lesser than
than the predicted value solute concentration. Is driven by the need nature has to
the normal value.
establish an equilibrium
The value of the Van’t Hoff factor The value of i is greater Osmosis can be demonstrated using a U-tube like the one
is less than one. than one. shown in Figure, which contains pure water in the left arm and
a dilute aqueous solution of glucose in the right arm. A net flow
of water through the membrane occurs until the levels in the
Higher values of colliga- arms eventually stop changing, which indicates that equilibrium
The values of the colligative
tive properties are ob- has been reached. The osmotic pressure (Π) of the glucose
properties are lower than ex- solution is the difference in the pressure between the two
served. For example,
pected. Example: reduced boiling sides, in this case the heights of the two columns. Although the
higher osmotic pressure
point and freezing point. semipermeable membrane allows water molecules to flow
and boiling point.
through in either direction, the rate of flow is not the same in
both directions because the concentration of water is not the
same in the two arms. The net flow of water through the
membrane can be prevented by applying a pressure to the
right arm that is equal to the osmotic pressure of the glucose
solution.
22 25
Required: Sample Problem:
A. 1.60 g of naphthalene (C10H8) is dissolved in 20.0 g of
benzene. The freezing point of pure benzene is 5.5 oC, and the
Equation: freezing point of the mixture is 2.8 oC. What is the molal
freezing point depression constant, Kf of benzene?
Strategy:
Step 1: Calculate the freezing point depression of benzene.
Tf = (Freezing point of pure solvent) - (Freezing point of
solution)
Solution: (5.5 oC) - (2.8 oC) = 2.7 oC
Step 2 : Calculate the molal concentration of the solution.

moles of naphthalene = (1.60 g) (1 mol / 128 g) = 0.0125 mol

molality of solution = (0.0125 mol) / (0.0200 kg) = 0.625 m
Step 3: Calculate Kf of the solution
Tf = (Kf) (m)
(2.7 oC) = (Kf) (0.625 m)
Answer:
Kf = 4.3 oC/m

Sample Problem: Freezing Point of a Nonelectrolyte

B. Ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6 O 2 ) is a molecular compound that is
used in many commercial anti-freezes. A water solution of
ethylene glycol is used in vehicle radiators to lower its freezing
point and thus prevent the water in the radiator from freezing.
Calculate the freezing point of a solution of 400. g of ethylene
glycol in 500. g of water.
Given:
mass C 2 H 6 O 2 = 400. g
molar mass C 2 H 6 O 2 = 62.08 g/mol
mass H 2 O = 500.0 g = 0.500 kg
Kf(H2O) =-1.86 oC/m

24 23