Spring 2021 Name :-

ECE 5664 Id :-
Test#1
Time Limit: Submit by 2:00 PM, 04/19/2021 on canvas

This exam contains 11 pages (including this cover page) and 20 questions.
Check to see if any pages are missing. Enter all the requested information on
the top of this page.

 Type your answers under each question.

 Keep it to the point and do not provide lengthy and unnecessary
answers
 Please include any web reference you use to answer a particular
question.

Do not write in the table below.

Question Points Score Question Points Score

1 5 11 5
2 5 12 5
3 5 13 5
4 5 14 5
5 5 15 5
6 5 16 5
7 5 17 5
8 5 18 5
9 5 19 5
10 5 20 5
Total 100
1. (5 Points)
What is the difference between steady-state and quasi steady-state in
power systems?

Steady-state in power systems is the state on which electrical system is

operating normally. System parameters that is current, voltage, frequency
and power drawn are almost equal to nominal values or within the
capacity of power system. Quasi steady-state is operating condition in
which system voltage is with in tolerance of 10% and frequency is in
between 49.5 and 50.5. Means that system parameters are changing but
this change in voltage and frequency values is small and can be assumed
as constant.

2. (5 Points)
What is the difference between electromechanical transients and
electromagnetic transients?

Electromechanical transients arise due to mismatch between power

produced and power consumed due to which the generators of power
system will be slow down or speed up.
Electromagnetic transients involve electromagnetic fields under
dynamic conditions and would be restricted to events on and along the
transmission and distribution system such as faults, lightning, switching
harmonics power electronics and so on and even electromagnetic pulses
from solar radiation.

3. (5 Points)
Mention few examples for electromagnetic transients.

Electromagnetic transients are more commonly due to

 Lightning
 Switching harmonics power electronics
 Electromagnetic pulses from solar radiation
4. (5 Points)
Briefly subsynchronous resonance. Is it an electromagnetic transient or an
electromechanical transient?

Synchronous resonance is the phenomena in which electrical energy is

exchanged between generators and transmission systems below power
frequency. It can be caused due to interaction of a series compensated
transmission line with a generator; in addition, results in oscillation in
the shaft and power swing. Synchronous resonance causes increase in the
magnitudes of voltage and current consequently occurrence of ferro
resonance. It is a type of electromechanical transient.

5. (5 Points)
What is the reason for asymmetry in a short circuit current waveform?

Short circuit current waveforms are asymmetric due to presence of DC

component. Due to DC component the waveform is asymmetric at start but it
becomes symmetric about zero axis after some time. The DC component will
be shown as a decaying exponential during analysis of short circuit wave
forms.

6. (5 Points)
List out few examples for power system transient studies.

Transients studies include

 Impulsive Transients
 Oscillatory Transients
 Electromechanical Transients
 Electromagnetic Transients

7. (5 Points)
How do we validate the models built for power system transient studies?

We validate the models built for power system transient studies by

comparison of values obtained in calculations with simulated results in
PSCAD. We simply draw the equivalent circuits in PSCAD and simulate
that circuit.
8. (5 Points)
List out the fundamental principles from circuit theory that are required
for analyzing electromagnetic transients?

 Techniques to solve series and parallel combinations of

capacitors, resistors and inductors.
 Ohm law, KVL and KCL
 Thevenin theorem
 Laplace transform
 Handling differential equations
 Behavior of capacitors and inductors at t = 0

9. (5 Points)
Explain the primary reason for transient recovery voltage in a breaker.

Transient recovery voltage occurs across terminals of circuit breaker

due to current interruption in case of faults in power system. As the
inductive loads oppose sudden change in current so by interrupting the
current the breaker gets a voltage across it breaking terminals which
tends to assure continuous supply of current but even in severe condition
only the restrike occurs. Continuous supply is not possible.

10. (5 Points)
What is the range of frequency during subsynchronous resonance?

Resonance frequency depends upon the line compensation and

typically range of values of frequency is between 10Hz and 45Hz.

11. (5 Points)
How do we obtain capacitance data for transient analysis?

Shunt capacitance modeled during pi or T model of transmission lines

and capacitor banks used on bus bars and load ends are used for transient
analysis and the values of capacitors banks are mentioned physically and
lumped model is obtained by techniques used for modeling of transmission
lines.
12. (5 Points)
Explain the difference between particular solution and homogenous
solution from the point of view of transient studies.

Homogenous solution of differential equation obtained during analysis

of circuit is source free response of parameters and particular solution are the
values when lines are energized by a source. Both solutions should be
combined for total solution.

13. (5 Points)
How is the data for source impedance obtained for transient studies?

Source impedance is the value of internal impedance of generators

involved in power systems. The sub transient reactance and transient
reactance are mentioned on name plate of generators denoted by X” and X’
respectively. These values will be used for transient analysis. These can also
be obtained by X/R ratio of equipment.

14. (5 Points)
Why is it necessary to know about trapped charge in a capacitor for
performing transient studies?

Trapped charge in capacitors is used during transient analysis because

capacitor acts as a source for feeding transients. This initial value will be
accounted in homogenous solution of differential equation that is actually
source free response of the circuit.

15. (5 Points)
Is it possible to have zero transient current in the case of LC circuit
transient? Explain briefly.

Yes it is possible, Transient current will be zero when inductor has

zero initial current flowing through it because this act as an open circuit
upon sudden switching initially.
16. (5 Points)
What is the condition under which maximum transient current occurs in
the case of LC circuit transient?

Transient current will be maximum when both capacitor and inductor

are charged initially and the value of capacitive reactance and inductive
reactance are equal. They will cancel the effect of each other and impedance
of circuit will be very low allowing a very high transient current to flow
through the circuit.
17. (5 Points)
Why should we consider the fundamental frequency component while
analyzing transients?

We consider only the fundamental frequency component while

analyzing transient because major transient current flows due to original
signal produced by sources. Current due to harmonics is so small that we
can neglect it. This minute values doesn’t affect the calculations
considerably.

18. (5 Points)
Why does DC offset matter in the case of RL circuit transient?

Current cannot change instantaneously in an inductor and Current

must lag the applied voltage by an angle calculated by power factor.
The actual magnitude of the DC current is dependent on the point of the
voltage wave where the fault occurs and the circuit angle (X/R). So its
important to consider DC offset in RL circuits.

19. (5 Points)
What is the reason for decay in DC offset in the case of RL circuit
transient?

DC offset decays to zero over a period of time after fault or switching

occurs. The generators will be able to react and make the new system
conditions, and the DC Offset will decrease over a few cycles until the
waveform is back to its normal symmetrical condition.
20. (5 Points)
What is the recommended simulation time step for analyzing transients
using an EMTP software? What happens if the simulation time step is
very small?

Recommended time step during transient analysis is that time should

be greater than time of operation of circuit breakers and it should be
greater enough such that system gets stabilize in that time or at least
system is near to achieve a new condition. If time step is smaller than
time of operation of breaker then the EMTP will omit the waveform of
transient that is required.

References:

https://relaytraining.com/

https://epd.wisc.edu/

https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/

https://www.scirp.org/