FORMAT FOR THE NATURAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
This section presents the prevailing circumstances concerning the research problem. It
also discusses other similar interventions by others to address the same.
It is important to cite here that despite several researches done in past, there are still
problems or gaps in the technology, practice or information. This is where the statement of the
problem is embedded; hence, conduct of the study is justified.

Objectives of the Study

This presents the general and specific objectives of the study. The general objective is
stated in paragraph form, stating what the problem is all about, and what the researcher aims to
achieve in general. Next, the researcher enumerates the specific objectives. This covers the 1)
things he expects to generate based on the specific parameters considered; and
2) the relationships between variables (parameters), if any.

Hypothesis

A research hypothesis is a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about
the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of a population,
such as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable or relationships between
variables. Specifying the research hypotheses is one of the most important steps in planning a
scientific quantitative research study.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This sections explains the scope of the study. For example, the study will be
conducted to measure only the growth performance of the experimental plants and that the
experiment will be conducted during the dry months rather than during the months when rain is
evenly distributed. It also explains the limitations of the study such as if the plants will be grown
in 9”x16” polyethylene bags and not in the open field.

Significance of the Study

Here the significant contribution of the results of the study is explained, expounded or
elaborated. For instance, cite in what way the practitioners will benefit from the results.
 Similarly, if policymakers can make use of the results to create laws regarding the same, they
must also be explained.
Definition of Terms
This includes the operational definition of the variables (parameters) and other important
terms used in the study that may have different meanings and interpretations in other fields.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This presents all the related studies that the researcher has gathered. It contains a
brief introductory paragraph, the body a synthesis and conclusion. This will include what other
writers and researchers have published about the present problem, arranged according to the
subject matter discussed. Citations with more than one author-e.g. (Perez, 2004;Tiu, 2007;Reyes,
2008)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY
Materials
The materials used in the study, including their quantities, are explained in
paragraph form in this section.
Methods
The section explains the procedures followed in the conduct of the study. Because
there are many steps and tasks involved, they must be arranged in a subsection, this time, to be
identified as paragraph side-heads.

Experimental Design and Treatments

In this section, the appropriate experimental design is determined and explained. Then,
the different treatments as enumerated are described. If there is a need to expand the topics under
another paragraph head, then it must come as a subparagraph head. Which must be indented to
distinguish it from the head paragraph.
 Cultural Management and Procedures
Under this section, the cultural management and procedures to be used for the test
organisms (plants or animals) are described.
Statistical Tools and Analysis
This explains the appropriate statistical tool to be used in analyzing the data
gathered from the study.

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter includes the discussions of the results of the study. Such discussion
should not only cite the figures, but tie them up with the findings of other researches (i.e.
whether it conforms with or is inconsistent with the findings of other researches). It is best to
support the discussion with tabulated data and graphical materials. The table of data includes
values for the statistical analysis so it supports the claims for significant or non-significant
results.
After the discussion, the table is placed at the lowermost or uppermost portion of the
page, not in between paragraphs. If the discussion is not finished on the first page. The table is
placed at the top of the succeeding page, and the discussion continued below the table, with the
first line placed 3 single spaces from the closing line of the table. Constructing a table from the
title to headings should follow certain considerations and hierarchy for the headings. See below.
Table I. Only the first letter of the first word in the title, except for proper nouns, is in uppercase.
The title must be complete so that even if the table is detached from the entire manuscript, the
reader will understand what data in the table are all about. Put a period (.) after the title. See
below.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
This section summarizes the study from the problem, objectives, subjects,
methodology, findings and so on.
Conclusions
Included in this section are the conclusions drawn by the researcher based on the
findings of the study.
Recommendations
All recommendations must be based only on the objectives, and the conclusions
that the student has drawn from the findings of the study. This section must include related areas
and topics for future research.
REFERRENCES

APPENDICES
Here include other tables, graphs, pictures, etc. that carry information that are relevant
but do not necessarily deserve to be included in the text. Also include here the curriculum vitae
of the student or researcher.