Bemess 1

BEMESS
Design of Plates and Shells
SOFiSTiK | 2020
BEMESS
Design of Plates and Shells
BEMESS Manual, Service Pack 2020-6 Build 289
Copyright © 2020 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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new editions of this manual.
The manual and the program have been thoroughly checked for errors. However, SOFiSTiK does not claim that
either one is completely error free. Errors and omissions are corrected as soon as they are detected.
The user of the program is solely responsible for the applications. We strongly encourage the user to test the
correctness of all calculations at least by random sampling.
Front Cover
Project: Queensferry Crossing | Photo: Bastian Kratzke
Contents | BEMESS
Contents
Contents i
1 Task Description 1-1
2 Theoretical Principles 2-1

2.1 Principles, compare of different design strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Bending Design of Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2.1 General Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2.2 Reinforcement Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.3 Concrete compression stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.4 Compression reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2.5 Minimum reinforcement of the pressed cross sections . . . . . 2-4
2.2.6 Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.2.7 Procedure of design according to Baumann (CTRL LAY 0) . . 2-5
2.2.8 Procedure of the layer design (CTRL LAY 1) . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.2.9 Other Design Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.3 Service Load Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.3.1 Minimum Thickness Check of the Compression Zone . . . . . 2-10
2.3.2 Crack Width Control without Direct Calculation . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.3.3 Crack Width Control with Direct Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
2.3.4 SLS stresses, stress range, fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
2.4 Shear Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
2.5 Punching Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.5.1 General Informations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
2.5.2 Column Input and Control Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.5.3 Inner, Edge and Corner Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
2.5.4 Shear and Bending Design at the Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.5.5 Special Features at Wall Ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
2.5.6 Special Features at Wall Corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
2.5.7 Punching at Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
2.5.8 Consideration of the Prestress during Punching Check . . . . 2-21
2.5.9 Punching Check at a Three-Dimensional System . . . . . . . . 2-21
2.5.10 V-Ed analysis out of MAXIMA superposition loadcases . . . . 2-23
2.6 Linear Stress Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
2.7 Volume elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
3 Input Description 3-1

3.1 Input Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
SOFiSTiK 2020 i
BEMESS | Contents
3.3 NORM – Default Design Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

3.4 CTRL – Control of the Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
3.4.1 CORE Parallel computation control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
3.5 BEW – Title of the design case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
3.6 CRAC – Control of the Service Load Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30
3.7 MREI – Minimum Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32
3.8 SHFT – Offset Value for Shift Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34
3.9 NSTR – SLS Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
3.10 MAT – Input of Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
3.11 GEOM – Input of the Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41
3.12 DIRE – Definition of Orthogonal Two-course Reinforcement . . . . . . . . 3-43
3.13 THRE – Definition of Skew 2- and 3-course Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . 3-45
3.14 DI3D – Definition BRIC Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47
3.15 LAY – Definition of Multi Layer Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
3.16 PARA – Design Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
3.17 PUNC – Punching Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-53
3.18 LC – Selection of Design Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56
3.19 GRP – Selection of Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-57
3.20 ELEM – Selection of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58
3.21 NODE – Selection of Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-59
3.22 SELE – Selection of Punching Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-60
3.23 S – Input of External Forces and Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-61
3.24 EXPO – Export of the Design Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-62
3.25 ECHO – Control of Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63
ii SOFiSTiK 2020
Task Description | BEMESS
1 Task Description
The program BEMESS is used to design forces of the analsis programs ASE or superimposed
forces of MAXIMA according to various codes.
It is also capable to extract extreme stresses from a set of loadcases according to the linear
elastic theory.
When the design is performed for several load cases, the result of the design calculation repre-
sents the maximum reinforcement amount which is calculated from these load cases. BEMESS
does not perform any load case superpositions. This is the task of the program MAXIMA.
Additionally to the ultimate limit design, serviceability checks can be done. This can be crack
width control, minimum reinforcement, stress and fatigue checks.
The compression reinforcement for shells and disks is calculated according to the stress state.
The appropriate parameters are preset according to each code.
For circular plates, cylinders or similar structures a circular reinforcement can be defined.
The program performs a punching check at point supports (columns) as well as at wall corners
and wall ends.
SOFiSTiK 2020 1-1

BEMESS | Task Description
1-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

Theoretical Principles | BEMESS
2 Theoretical Principles
2.1 Principles, compare of different design strategies

Special effects in a concrete shell design were published by SOFiSTiK on the Munich Concrete
Seminar 2017. A short video shows the subject and different design strategies, see:
YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIzO8YNLCn4
The following design strategies have been compared:
• Baumann design (SOFiSTiK since 1987)

• Wood-Armer method (uniaxial design in 2 directions)
• Capra Maury (uniaxial design every 5 degree)
• Sandwich-Modell according EN-1992-2 attachment LL
• SOFiSTiK Layerdesign (consistent iteration of strain)
2.2 Bending Design of Reinforced Concrete

Three design cases are distinguished: Disks, plates and shells.
Also BRIC volume elements can be designed.
2.2.1 General Comments

In slab and shell elements the direction of the main forces usually does not fit to the direction
of the reinforcement. The main stresses often load the reinforcement mesh with a skew angle.
So a shear force appears in the reinforcement mesh. In case the concrete fails due to tension,
the reinforcement allone cannot carry this shear and would deform to a rhomb. Only with
an additional compression strut in the concrete the reinforcement mesh can carry the skew
tension force, see the following figure:
n-I
n-I
Figure 2.1: Reinforcement mesh on skew tension, deformation to an rhomb, compression strut
You can use an otogonal mesh or a three-course and/or skew two-course reinforcement mesh
(record THRE). For circular plates a radial and a tangential orthogonal reinforcement can be
selected through the input of a centre point.
The program ASE determine the internal forces and moments in the local coordinate systems
of the plane finite elements (see appropriate manuals). In BEMESS both the directions of
the reinforcement layers and the terms ’upper’ and ’lower’ are oriented at the local coordinate
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-1

BEMESS | Theoretical Principles
systems; ’lower’ is at the side of positive z axis. Particularly in spacial systems the user should
realize the characteristics of the local coordinate axis definition.
The design of the necessary reinforcement cross sections occurs according to the material
strengths and laws of the respective code.
2.2.2 Reinforcement Meshes

In most stress situations the orthogonal two-course reinforcement mesh is the optimum solution
of the design task.
Skew two-course reinforcement meshes are chosen mostly due to constructive considerations.
They are static generally less effective than orthogonal nets. The steel requirement increases
more than linearly with the skewness of the reinforcement mesh. A two-course reinforcement is
only allowed for 90 up to 60 degree skewness. For higher skewness a third layer is necessary
to avoid large crack width.
Three-course reinforcement meshes are the best statical solution for the case of an elliptic
stress state (universal tension or compression): The required steel amount is minimal, i.e. it
corresponds to the required cross section of an orthogonal reinforcement mesh laid parallel
to the principal stresses. On the other hand there is no three-course solution for the case
of the hyperbolic stress states (simultaneous tension and compression). For this a radically
minimised two-course solution is sought. This is done via breaking off of this reinforcement
layer which is used least statically. The stiffening compressive concrete force which generally
must be assigned to another direction, however, is set at this place.
Figure 2.2: stiffening compression strut (red) on 45 degree tension on the reinforcement mesh
The loading of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete continuum is transformed according to

the compliance of the internal force equilibrium along the reinforcement directions (tension or
compression) and the stiffening compression strut of the concrete (Figure 2.2).
2.2.3 Concrete compression stress

In case the permissible compressive concrete stress is exceeded, a compression reinforce-
ment is inserted if possible. The permissible compressive concrete stress is reduced in case
of transverse tension - EN 1991-1-1 6.5.2(2). For lateral compression 100% are approved. In
the region of 0.0 to 0.1 N/mm2 transverse tension the compressive strength is reduced linearly
from 100 % to 80 % (or 75% according to the code). This reduction can be switched off with
CTRL TENS 0.
2.2.4 Compression reinforcement

If the principal compressive force can not be carried by the concrete alone, the possibility of
compression reinforcement must be checked.
If reinforcement is available with a smaller angle, for example an angle with a 10 degree de-
viation to the principal compressive force, then this reinforcement can take up a compressive
2-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

force. The transverse reinforcement then gets a tensile force which can be interpreted as a
splitting force. For the equilibrium of the external loads nx, ny, nxy with the inner forces of the
concrete compressive force and the forces in the reinforcement directions it is now necessary,
that the concrete compressive force is set a little bit skew (from the compression reinforcement
away). Now the concrete compressive force is not in line with the external principal normal
force. If the angle reaches 45 degrees between the new concrete compressive force and the
principal compression reinforcement, then no further loads can be taken up anymore. Now it is
not possible to design the cross section. Then the error message ’Angle between compressive
force and compression reinforcement too large’ is printed.
CTRL PFAI 2 can be used to alleviate this mechanically exact procedure and therefore to avoid
the error message. The non absorbable concrete compressive force is then fully taken up by
reinforcement without further checks of compatibility and it is assumed, that the compressive
force of this inserted compression reinforcement is transferred to the neighbouring elements.
Usually this is possible at singular points and at re-entrant corners, but not possible at free
edges!
To clear this effect following a column that is loaded uniaxially over βc . If only a reinforcement
mesh on 45 degrees is available, also a high reinforcement can not hold the uniaxial principal
compressive force, since the reinforcement mesh is deformed stressfree to a rhombus, see
Figure 2.3 middle. To brace the reinforcement mesh a stiffening tensile force would be nec-
essary but the concrete cannot carry that. On the right side the behavior with CTRL PFAI2 is
shown. Here the same load can be carried because the force not be carried by concrete is just
transformed inco compression reinforcement with the assumption that the neighbour elements
can support this reinforcement compresssion.
P P > βc
P > βc
CTRL
PFAI 2
Figure 2.3: Column with 45 degree reinforcement mesh, right process with CTRL PFAI 2
After this theoretical example now two practical ones. In Figure 2.4 a window opening is shown
on the left. In case the concrete compression strength is exceeded in the element right above
the corner, the reinforcement can help and carry a part of the loading. A compression force
in the reinforcement in this element can be transfered to neighbouring elements and anchored
there. So in this example an input CTRL PFAI 2 can help to design this singularity at the
re-entrant corner using compression reinforcement.
But in general this method is not allowed. E.g. at the support of a wall girder, the support
compression would point to the support under 45 degree and the ortogonal reinforcement
mesh could not carry additional compression. The horizontal bars point to a free boundary
where a bar compression (D) could not be anchored. In this example the input of CTRL PFAI
2 would be wrong or at least problematic.
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-3

σ > βc D
(D)
D
Figure 2.4: left: window opening (PFAI 2 useful) - right: wall girder (PFAI 2 problematic)
2.2.5 Minimum reinforcement of the pressed cross sections

Walls designed with BEMESS are considered always as ”reinforced walls”.
A minimum reinforcement can be demanded, e.g. 0.8% of the statically necessary cross sec-
tion (see record MAT ... AM3) . The minimum reinforcement calculation occurs in the direction
of the principal stresses. The skew reinforcement is considered with the square of the cosine
of the angular deviation.
2.2.6 Tendons
For bonded tendons the stress increase in the tendons is taken into account where the tendons
are smeared over a certain width, see CTRL SIGZ and WTEN. With CTRL SIGZ 0 the tendons
can be switched off totally in the bending design.
The decompression strain is only calculated in real hit quad elements. But in the element
design also neighboring elements without real hit tendons get an effect of the smeared tendon
area.
Using CTRL LAY 0 (version 2016) tendons are only taken into account in ULS and only by
reducing the necessary longitudinal reinforcement (no effect on lever arm...).
Using CTRL LAY 1 bonded tendons are taken into account in the anylsis of the strain state in
all SLS and ULS checks. A separate output table informs about the strain and stress state in
the tendons. In ULS the element with the maximum loading is plotted showing the maximum
concrete compression strain at the right cube face. In SLS the right cube face points into the
direction of the (major) tendons to better check decompression (check area in blue).
Figure 2.5: Tendons in decompression check
The maximum tendon stress in the cracked section can only be stored for WINGRAF, if a cor-
responding ASE run is given with LC ... PERC ’PERM’, usually the 4000-LC of CSM for traffic
2-4 SOFiSTiK 2020

opening, see created csm32_slab_design_desi.dat file in example csm32_slab_design.dat.
In case the loadcases include pk-inf and pk-sup, please notice in the tendon stresses:
- the storage of the max. tendon stress for WINGRAF is done without pk-sup in the static
determined part NP0, that means:
- the permanent tendon stress from LC 4000 PERM does not include a change due to pk-
inf/pk-sup, only the little stress part from traffic includes a pk-inf/pk-sup part!
Different bond behaviour of prestressing and reinforcing steel are implemented in the crack
design EN 1992-1-1 7.3.3 and 7.3.4 and fatigue 6.8.2 (6.64).
With CTRL SIGZ 999 V2 0.45 the value xi (Ratio of bond strength between tendons and rein-
forcing steel 6.8.2 table 6.2) can be set e.g. to 0.45. With CTRL SIGZ 999 V2 0 the increase
of reinforcement stress due to tendon bond can be switched off.
V Vy
Figure 2.6: Tendon duct reduction in the shear design according EN 1992-1-1 6.2.3 (6)
Figure 2.6 explains the tendon duct reduction in the shear design. Teh shear check is alqays
done in the main shear force direction. In case the direction of the main shear force points in
lokal x, at side Vx the width bw is reduced according EN 1992-1-1 6.2.3 (6). For a direction of
the main shear force in lokal y, BEMESS reduces the width according a beam section with an
opening by a factor duct-diameter/d.
For a skew direction the two parts are added with sinus2 und cosinus2 .
With CTRL BTEN 2 V2 0 this reduction can be switched off.
2.2.7 Procedure of design according to Baumann (CTRL LAY 0)

This reinforcement design is based on the method described by Baumann (Der Bauingenieur
47 (1972), pages 367-377). It looks a little bit similar to the sandwich-modell of EN-1992-2
annex LL.
The moments m-xx, m-yy and m-xy as well as the membrane forces n-xx, n-yy and n-
xy are converted to effective membrane forces acting on fictitious disks with a thickness of
0.35·construction element thickness at the outer shell side, see figure. The loading consists
of force pairs divided up into bending moments and halved membrane forces. The lever arm
of the internal forces required for the decomposition of the bending moments is not assumed
according to BAUMANN. It is calculated at the basis of full utilisation of the compressive zone.
For this the lever arm is determined for two characteristic directions (the principal bending mo-
ment direction and the principal normal force direction). The smaller lever arm is used then for
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-5

DB
0.35 D
0.30 D z
0.35 D
Z
Figure 2.6: Fictitious disks and lever arm in the baumann design
Figure 2.7: Fictitious disks and lever arm in the baumann design
the segmentation of the moment into membrane forces.
For approximately centrically pressed shells the cross section could not be used completely
due to the limit of the equivalent thickness of 0.35·h. Therefore in this case the equivalent
thickness is increased for centrically pressed shells up to the value 0.5·thickness·SC1/SC2.
The 0.35·thickness is applied from an eccentricity e/d >0.20. For a smaller eccentricity it will
be interpolated.
The mesh reinforcement design occurs separately for the two fictitious disks at the shell/slab
outer sides.
Here once more the whole process: for each reinforcement layer aseparate lever arm is used:
1. In the direction of the main bending moments as well as in the direction of the main
normal forces the lever arm is calculated separately. The unfavorable laver arm is taken
−→ leverarm z
2. With this leverarm z the fictive disc forces Ax,Ay,Axy are calculated on the considered
shell side:
Ax =Nx/2 + Mx/z
Ay =Ny/2 + My/z
Axy=Nxy/2 + Mxy/z
3. For these disc forces the main forces AI and AII are computed.
4. Then the angle deviation alpha of these main forces to the reinforcement directions are
calculated.
5. With this angle deviation the increase factors fx/f1 are calculated according to Baumann.
This leads to the disc forces in the reinforcement directions f_as1 (fx) and f_as2 (fy).
These forces can be printed in BEMESS with ECHO DMOM.
6. As the reinforcement can only carry uniaxial tension, a concrete force Db is necessary to
2-6 SOFiSTiK 2020

brace the reinforcement mesh for shear forces −→ concrete” in the design moment table.
Normal compression forces are also included in the output concrete”.
It is checked if the concrete can carry this compression. Otherwise a compression
reinforcement is calculated if possible (−→ CTRL TENS and CTRL PFAI).
7. In case of tension these disc forces are just divided by the allowable steel fyd stress to
get the necessary reinforcement: required.as1 = f_as1/fyd
8. In case of a slab analysis the design moments (moments in the direction of the re-
inforcement) are directly stored for graphical plots. For spacial shell sytems with the
CTRL DMOM 8000 (offset 8000) loadcases can be stored with the so called ’woodarmer’
design-forces:
mxx = mxx +- mxy sign +- depending on sign of mxx
nxx = nxx +|nxy|always positive to get max. reinforcement tension
Of course the same procedure is done for myy and nyy:
myy = myy +- mxy sign +- depending on sign of myy
nyy = same procedure - but the loadcase title is for both cases only mxx +- |mxy|
These comparison forces are rather similar to the ’Baumann’ method but cannot indicate
a concrete compression failure. This is done much more precisely in BEMESS in the
main compression direction, taking into account also an additional compression force
stiffening the reinforcement mesh. In general the reinforcement mesh has not the same
direction as the main compression stress.
9. On CTRL SLS V2 0 these disk forces are also used for checks and stresses in SLS. On
CTRL SLS V2 1 the strain state is iterated uniaxial, see chapter Service Load Checks -
CAPRA-Maury.
2.2.8 Procedure of the layer design (CTRL LAY 1)

See also YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3dVC6tCSH8
This method was completely new implemented in version 2018 and works with an exact itera-
tion of the strain state. This method is called ’layer design’ in SOFiSTiK. It can also be used in
the ULS design but it is not the default because it requires much more calculation time.
In the layer design the 6 strain parameter (3 strains εx, εy, εxy and 3 curvatures κx, κy, κxy)
are calculated iteratively to achieve equilibrium between the 6 inner forces and the 6 external
forces nx,ny,nxy,mx,my,mxy. Thereby nonlinear work laws are taken into account for concrete
and steel. Inside the reinforcement area no concrete stress is applied. On biaxial compression
of concrete the poisson ratio is used. On uniaxial compression with transverse tension the
poisson ratio is not taken into account, because the concrete only works uniaxial parallel to
the crack. A further crack opening happens without poisson ratio effect. A concrete tensile
strength is not taken into account - not even in the crack design as we are interested in the
calculated crack width in the crack section.
As all components are taken into account using the strain and curvature tensor, also the com-
patibility is observed as in the Baumann design. So a tension force acting under 45 degree on
a reinforcement mesh causes a necessary compression strut in the concrete.
For the stress plot of the most forced element in a first check the maximum main concrete
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-7

Figure 2.8: Real stress distribution as a result of the layer design (kink due to mue analysis)
compression strain is searched (top or bottom). The stresses in this direction are shown at
the right face of the plot cube. At the left face the maximum of the corresponding concrete
transverse stress and a possible skew compression is plotted. This is favorable to recognize a
skew compression strut stiffening the reinforcement mesh as the direction of main compression
may turn over the height. The left concrete stress plot may also have a kink due to the effect
that the poisson ration is only taken into account in case of biaxial compression!
In case enough reinforcement is already defined coming from the ULS, the SLS procedure is
relatively clear: with 6 target forces the 6 variable strain parameter are tuned. The iteration is
controlled using a Chrisfield iteration method based on residual forces.
In the ULS design the procedure is much more complex because a starting reinforcement is
missing. In the beginning of the iteration the strains increase significantly, the cracked concrete
cannot carry the loading. Then the program inserts reinforcement using panelty functions. An
additional target appears to meet strain limits. If reinforcement is increased usually a strain
limit of 25 Promille is the optimum. In case of compression problems at the compression face
the tensile strain must be reduced. On further loading also compression reinforcement can be
inserted to achieve equilibrium.
Summary: Using the consistent strain iteration, the layer design can replace the up to now
successful Baumann design. Mainly in the limit range of ULS design the layer design can
deliver more accurate results.
In the SLS the layer design delivers more accurate results than the up to now used uniaxial
Capra-Maury method. Especially in post tensioned structures the Capra-Maury method cannot
well map the real biaxial stress state.
Tendons can now be integrated realistic in the strain analysis also in the analysis ot the lever
arm (waste-product of the iteration of the strain state) - see tendons.
2.2.9 Other Design Codes

Special features for modern codes based on EN-1992
Depending on the country, different boxed values are set. Important is the factor α -cc (fcd =α -
cc*fck /γc ). Please check the BEMESS material output!
Special features of the BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

- Special values for v1 acc. 6.2.3(3) (6.10.aN)
2-8 SOFiSTiK 2020

Special features of the Swedish BBK 04

Important is here the additional safety coefficient gamma-n in dependence on the safety class
(1,2 or 3). The safety class is defined in program AQUA via record NORM at CAT:
NORM S BBK-04 CAT 1: gamma-n=1.00

CAT 2: gamma-n=1.10
CAT 3: gamma-n=1.20
To change the safety class, an AQUA run with only an input for record NORM can be set in
front of the BEMESS.
Special features of the Danish DS 411

- Bilinear material curve for reinforced concrete according to
3.1.2-(3)P + 3.1.4-(3)P
Special features of the Italian Decreto Ministeriale per le Costruzioni 2005

Concrete safety factor 1.90 [ with alfa-cd = 1.0]
Special features of the Swiss SIA 262:2013

Crack check: in 4.4.2 it is recommended to reduce the steel stress accordning figure 31.
This can be done in BEMESS with an input of PARA-SSO and a check with CRAC WK
TAB. If the user inputs a specific crack width (e.g. CRAC WK 0.15), the analysis of crack
width according EN-1992 7.3.4 is done. If this is not possible, shear reinforcement is in-
serted. According SIA 262:2013, 4.3.3.4.3 the compression strud angle is analysed between
25 − 45◦ .
Hint
Please note that in BEMESS, β = 90◦ → snβ = 1.0
Special features of the Russian SNiP SP 63.13330.2012

The concrete strength FC (Rb ) and FCTK (Rbt ) (see program AQUA record CONC) are re-
duced with an additional factor for short term/long term loading that can be set with CTRL
SNIP, default is 0.9 (long term loading). Steel is only used bilinear up to FY, for shear FP is
used for Rs .
Special features according to American Standard ACI

According ACI 318-14 a strength reduction factor of 0.65-0.9 according Tabelle 21.2.1 is used,
depending on the situation bending, bending+compression or compression alone.
Special features of the Australian AS 5100 and AS 3600

The strength reduction factor SRF is taken into account according to the table 2.3 AS 3600.
bending SRF=0.6 - 0.8, shear SRF=0.7
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-9

2.3 Service Load Checks

If requested with the input, the following checks are performed after each other. If necessary
the reinforcement is increased which is requested statically by the appropriate amount.
2.3.1 Minimum Thickness Check of the Compression Zone

The check for a compression zone height can be done specially on slabs. In spacial systems
with tensile normal forces the check usually failes in many elements because in the region of
zero bending moment the sections are fully tension stressed.
Therefore the check is done using a simple slab without normal force. Then the check gives a
minimum reinforcement out of geometrical restrictions:
Assuming a strain at the compression face, a well defined strain in the reinforcement appears
using XMIN
- With this strain in the reinforcement and the E-modulus of steel we get an allowable steel
stress
- With the concrete strain and the concrete E-modulus we get a compression force on XMIN
- The reinforcement must carry this force with the allowable steel stress
- The first assumed strain is cut away
So the necessary minimum reinforcement is independant of the first assumed strain and only
depending on the Geometrie and the ration of E-moduli.
(Only CTRL LAY 0 uses the old method of BEMESS version 2016 - see manual of 2016)
The check is requested with an input XMIN in the record CRAC.
2.3.2 Crack Width Control without Direct Calculation

The check limits the available steel stress in the serviceability state to a permissible value.
The permissible value comes from a code depending table depending on the bar diameter or
can be input directly in PARA-SSU! With PARA-SSU a check can be done for the table of bar
spacing! Usage:
If a permissible steel stress is input via PARA-SSU, this value is taken. Otherwise the permis-
sible steel stress is calculated based on the tabel bar diameter.
If the check for the bar diameter table is not implemented vor a specific code, the check can
always be done by direct input of the steel stress in PARA-SSU.
It is assumed a crack formation through load. A crack internal force e.g. for a minimum rein-
forcement must be requested in MREI.
For thick plates the limit diameters are increased according to the standard. For arbitrary crack
widths an interpolation inside the table is done.
In the Baumann design CTRL LAY 0 tendons are not taken into account in the crack design.
In the layer design a stress increase of bonded tendons is taken into account in the iteration of
the strain state (can be switched off with CTRL SIGZ 0).
In case a stress increase in bonded tendons occured in the tensile zone in the effective tension
area Ac,eff, in the german DIN EN 1992-1-1 the steel stress of the reinforcement in this direc-
tion is increased according (NA.7.5.3) - in all other codes not! In the crack design itself, for all
2-10 SOFiSTiK 2020

codes bonded tendons in Ac,eff are taken into account according EN 1992-1-1 7.3.4 (7.10), in-
dependant of 150mm rule of 7.3.2(3). This rule is written for the minimum reinforcement but for
the minimum reinforcement tendons are not taken into account in BEMESS. The bond values
are taken from 6.8.2 table 6.2.
The check is requested with the input WK TAB in the record CRAC. Example see be-
mess6_design.dat
2.3.3 Crack Width Control with Direct Calculation

If the simple check according to the tables is not sufficing, a direct calculation can occur with
the default of the permissible crack width. For EN codes also equation 7.14 of EN 1992-1-
1 7.3.4(3) is taken into account (except Germany and Austria). If the check is not explicitly
programmed in BEMESS for a specific code, the check is done based on eurocode. For this
please check the protocol of the design parameters in the output.
The method of direct calculation of crack width should be used especially in bridge design. For
normal buildings, the limitation of the crack width without direct calculation according to the
tables is recommended.
In case of a LAY multilayer reinforcement, the layers are averaged with their force component.
May be the most outer layer with as1=20 cm2/m has a steel stress of 200 N/mm2 und the next
inner layer with same direction with as3=10 cm2/m has a steel stress of 140 N/mm2, we apply
27 cm2/m (20 cm2/m + 10*140/200 = 27 cm2/m, as3 reduced due to lower steel stress). In the
same way the center of the tension force in d-eff (effective height) is here calculated to 50.4mm
(40*20+80*7 / 27). The crack width is then calculated according to the crack formulars with the
(in the same way) averaged bar diameter using the averaged steel stress of 184.4N/mm2
(200*20+140*7 / 27). ac-eff is usually taken as 2.5*d-eff.
ε σ
c − eƒ ƒ
s3 = 10cm2/ 2 σ3 d3 = 80mm
s − eƒ ƒ
s1 = 20cm2/ 2 σ1
deƒ ƒ = 50.4mm
d1 = 40
Figure 2.9: Crack width design on multilayer reinforcement
The direct analsis ot crack width is requested with an input WK PARA in the record CRAC.
2.3.4 SLS stresses, stress range, fatigue

With NSTR various SLS stress checks can be done.
Without input to CTRL LAY the SLS stress analysis uses the layer design with the mechanically
consistent approach of the iteration of the biaxial strain state. This method does not use sim-
plifications or modified analysis methods like Baumann or Capra-Maury but is based only on
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-11

structure mechanical basics and the material work laws. Then all 6 forces nx,ny,nxy,mx,my,mxy
are brought to equilibrium with the corresponding 6 strains in one iteration.
With CTRL SLS V2 also the old methods can be set:
V2=0 : SLS with substitute forced according Baumann

V2=1 : uniaxial design every 5 degree according Capra-Maury
In each element the stresses in concrete and steel are calculated for all loadcases with a
uniaxuial iteration of the strain state in 36 directions (all 5 degree)
V2=2 : mechanically consistent layer design (default)
1
2
3
4
Figure 2.10: Capra-Maury design
In the Baumann and Capra-Maury method tendons are not taken into account in the stress
analysis. In the layer design a stress increase of bonded tendons is taken into account in the
iteration of the strain state (can be switched off with CTRL SIGZ 0).
In the layer design also the different bond behaviour of prestressing and reinforcing steel is
taken into in the steel stress range according EN 1992-1-1 6.8.2 (6.64). For this tendons are
taken into accound inside 2.5*d1 with d1=axis surface distance of the bar.
With CTRL SIGZ 999 V2 0.45 the value xi (Ratio of bond strength between tendons and rein-
forcing steel 6.8.2 table 6.2) can be set e.g. to 0.45. With CTRL SIGZ 999 V2 0 the increase
of reinforcement stress due to tendon bond can be switched off.
2.4 Shear Checks

A shear check is performed for plates and shells. The critical shear force V is determined from
the shear forces VX and VY via a geometrical addition. This shear force, divided by the lever
arm of the internal forces (see bending design), results in the effective shear stress τ0 .
The output includes the shear zone, the existing shear stress τ0 and possibly the shear stress
τ which has to be considered. Perpendicular links are assumed during the calculation of the
required shear reinforcement. The shear reinforcement can be output in reference to an area
(cm2 /m2 ) or to the elements (cm2 ).
The shear design according to EN-1992 and most modern codes is based on two design values
of the sustainable shear force:
• VRd,c :
Design value of the sustainable shear force without shear reinforcement
• VRd,m :
2-12 SOFiSTiK 2020

Maximum design value of the sustainable shear force with shear reinforcement, which can
be sustained without failure of the fictitious compression concrete strut. If this value is
exceeded by the existing shear stress Vsd , the cross section can not be designed.
If shear links are necessary, a minimum shear reinforcement is calculated according to the
code.
In BEMESS the method with variable compression strut inclination is implemented. The com-
pression strut inclination is determined in this case according to the utilization degree.
As VRd,c depends on the longitudinal reinforcement, for first V>VRd,c there are two possibilities
- either compute shear reinforcement or increase longitudinal reinforcement to increase VRd1 .
This can be controlled with CTRL ro_v for the overall slab or with PUNC ro_v for punching
regions. Example of an input ( bemess6_design.dat ):
CTRL RO_V 0.5 $ The program attempts not to use any shear reinforcement
$ up to this bending reinforcement ratio. The shear check
$ increases perhaps the bending reinforcement up to this value.
PUNC ro_v 1.50 $ for punching desing
During the calculation of VRd,c and the compression strut inclination the available longitudinal
tensile and longitudinal compressive reinforcement as well as the normal force to be included in
the principal shear force direction are considered. Reinforcements are considered in this case
with the square of the cosine of the angular deviation to the principal shear force direction.

Special features for codes based on EN-1992:
Following boxed values are used depending on the code:
- 6.2.2(1) Shear VRd,ct analysis

- 6.2.3(2) max. compression angle cot0

- No minimum shear reinforcement.
- Minimum value for vrdc : vmn +k1*σcp according to 6.2.2(1) (6.3N)
in normal shear design
The shear design according to the old British Standard (not BS-EN1992) occurs like the check
according to old EC2. The from the concrete alone sustainable shear stress v-c is determined
in this case in dependence on the bending reinforcement in principal shear force direction
according British Standard Table 3.9.
Special features OENORM B 4700 - difference to EC2

Unlike the original EC2 the standard method in the shear design which shows a smaller shear
reinforcement at weak loaded cross sections may not be employed here. The compression
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-13

strut inclination beta is limited to 0.6 (according to B4700 equation 23).
Special features French Design Code BAEL 91 Revision 99 - difference to EC2

Shear design ass = γs · (τ -u-0.3ftj · k)/(0.9fe )
max. shear stress 0.2fcj /γb or 5 MPa (compression strut)
Special features Italian Design Code D.M.9 genniao 1996 - difference to EC2
Plates without shear design are allowed to
VSd ≤ 0.25 · ƒƒ cd · r · (1.0 + 50 · ρ) · b · d · δ
otherwise shear design with VSd ≤ Vcd + Vd

with Vcd = 0.60fctd · b · d · δ
max. shear force 0.3fcd · b · d
minimum shear reinforcement min-Vd = 0.5 · Vsd
Special features Swiss Code SIA 262

In shear design, without increase of longitudinal reinforcement it is possible that bending rein-
forcement plastifies, so an increased epsv acc. 4.3.3.2.3 (39) is used. Dmax is set to 32 mm.
Value kc is set to 0.55 (4.2.1.7).
In case the shear check needs longitudinal reinforcement up to ro_v (see ctrl ro_v) , equations
4.3.3.2.2 (38) and 4.3.3.2.1 are used. Then an elastic behavior of the longitudinal reinforce-
ment is assumed as more than necessary longitudinal reinforcement is present. If this is not
possible, shear reinforcement is inserted. According 4.3.3.4.3 the compression strud angle
is analyzed between 25-45 degree. If shear reinforcement is necessary, a minimum shear
reinforcement is used according 5.5.2.2 (110) (see 5.5.3.3). The maximum shear strength is
checked acc. 4.3.3.4.6.

For shear check of plates no shear reinforcement is used up to Qb according to equation (8.57).
For this c is taken to 1.0·h0 . On higher shear force, links are provided according to (8.58) with
variable compression (c = 2.0·h0 , controllable with CTRL COTT). The minimum shear links
are considered with qs ≥ 0.25·Rbt ·b. The maximum shear capacity is limited with equation
(8.55).

The shear check is done according to the alternative model which is described in BBK
04-3.7.3.7. As for DIN-Fachbericht a minimum value vmin is used for the concrete bearing
capacity. For the shear check the program attempts to increase the member resistance VRdc
via an increase of the longitudinal reinforcement up to RO_V (see CTRL RO_V) in order to
refuse a shear reinforcement. If a shear reinforcement is necessary, an optimal inclination
compression strut is determined according to 3.7.4.3d. However, this compression strut
inclination becomes not smaller than cot-teta≤1.5 due to BBK 04-figure 3.7.4.3b. If shear links
necessary, they are designed to fs =fst according to 3.7.4.3f. A minimum shear reinforcement
is not checked.
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In the shear design according ACI 318-14 a strength reduction factor of 0.75 for shear is used
(ACI 318-14 Table 21.2.1). A minimum shear reinforcement is taken into account if necessary
according ACI 318-14 Table 9.6.3.3.

For shear design BEMESS tries to avoid, if possible, the shear reinforcement by increasing the
longitudinal tension reinforcement up to CTRL RO_V.
If this is not possible, for V>0.5*SRF*Vuc the shear reinforcement is designed with a variable
concrete compression angle according to AS 3600 8.2.10. The minimum shear reinforcement
is taken into account according to AS 3600 8.2.8. SRF is here the strength reduction factor (for
shear SRF=0.7).

- Without shear reinforcement: if τSd < β * τ0d according to 6.2.2(1) similar to EC2-vrdct
- Otherwise full shear design with optimum compression angle via compression capacity acc.
6.2.2.1(14)P - (17)P
- Minimum compression angle cot-theta: according to 6.2.2.1(9)(a):
2.0 for curtailed reinforcement = default in BEMESS MAT-K1S
2.5 if not curtailed: input in BEMESS-MAT-K1
- Without minimum shear reinforcement for slabs (6.4.3.1 (4)P only for beams)
2.5 Punching Checks

2.5.1 General Informations
Precondition
Load cases with support reactions have to be contained in the indicated load cases. If the
internal forces and moments from the program MAXIMA are designed, the program BEMESS
has to be informed also about the load case of the extreme support reactions (record LC).
The use of boundary elements for linear wall support is the precondition for the automatic
identification of wall ends and wall corners. An elastic edge support is recommended. The
stiffness of this linear edge support results to c=E·D/h (with h=wall height) in this case and can
be input generally with approximate 500000 kN/m for the usual building constructions. Indeed
a PZ support with an additional output edge element is possible, however, high singular corner
moments which depend on the element mesh strongly are calculated then at the re-entrant
corners!
Processing
The program searches then single support nodes (single columns) and wall ends as well as
wall corners and performs a punching check for these points.
The punching force at single support node uses the technique of connecting forces according
Figure 2.17. At wall corners or edges a perimeter cut is analyzed, see section wall ends.
Nodes with less than 5 kN support reaction are not considered! This has to be considered for
the control of the punching points (with program WING ”QUAD ASPS SCHH 0.20”)!
Within the punching area the plate shear design is replaced then by a punching check. The
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-15

elements lying within this area get then at least the for the punching check necessary upper
longitudinal reinforcement. If the bending design shows a higher longitudinal reinforcement,
this becomes determinent. A normal plate shear design occurs outside of the punching area.
Studrails: see PUNC KPU.
In case of a column head the program verifies the punching in the inner and outer part. Exam-
ple see bemess7_columnhead.dat.
With ECHO PUNC EXTR a plot ot the punching sitiuation can also be requested if no shear
reinforcement is necessary.
So that a necessary shear reinforcement will not forget in the graphics, all points have the
shear reinforcement in the punching area, also the points directly about the column!
If no column dimensions are input, BEMESS uses a rectangular column with d=b=plate thick-
ness (however, not larger than 30 cm) as default. Column dimensions possibly defined in the
data base are accepted (Slabdesigner).
With ECHO PUNC FULL a detailed output is printed per column.
2.5.2 Column Input and Control Parameters

Usually the column parameters are set in the graphical input of a structural point in SOFIPLUS.
These parameters are used in BEMESS.
In special cases they can be modified in a manual input PUNC where the columns can be
assigned by means of the supporting coordinates X and Y (mesh-independent). But also a
node number can be input on TYPE.
The program attempts to perform first of all the punching check without shear reinforcement.
If bending reinforcements more than REIN (default 1.5 %) results, so the program changes to
punching check with shear reinforcement.
Control parameters on punching can also be input in a separate TEDDY task in front of a SSD
Task design, example see SELE
2.5.3 Inner, Edge and Corner Columns

For edge and corner columns the effective perimeter is reduced based on a sector method. In
addition the punching force is increased by a beta factor.
BEMESS determines itself the effective round cut automatically, when it is controlled whether in
individual sectors around the column blockouts or edges are to be found. It applies in this case
individual sector areas like for the block load analysis. If for a sector area plate elements are
used with 100%, the sector is considered as effective for the punching. Currently 72 sectors are
arranged with 5 degrees per sector. The search sectors extend from dS/2 to dS/2+6·effective
depth.
In fig. 2.11 the sectors 1,2+4 are not covered completely. Sector 1+2 finds the boundary, sector
4 finds the opening. The program can not differ between boundary and opening but the fact
that two active segments u occur indicates that there must be an opening. Then the catched u
is taken as the active perimeter. Without opening the active perimeter may be elongated up to
2-16 SOFiSTiK 2020

the real boundary according EN 1992-1-1 figure 6.15. You find this in the full punching listing
marked with ”+ boundary spacing”.
Sector Method:
1
2
Boundary
of slab
u 3
u
Search sector 4
outer radius
6* dS
Search sector Opening
inner radius d
Figure 2.11: Sector method to find the active perimeter
The sector method delivers the effective perimeter u of the punching round cut. The ratio u/u0
is output in % in the result list.
A column is considered as an inside column from 1.00·u0 to 0.80·u0., as an edge column from
0.80·u0 to 0.50·u0, as a corner column smaller 0.50·u0.
In case a point lies exactly on the boundary we assume that this is only done to simplify the
analysis model and the outer column face is alligned with slab boundary in reality. So the
perimeter is elongated by 2*half column width in that case, see EN 1992-1-1 figure 6.15. In
case the point lies a little bit inside the slab, the length of an exact perimeter at distance 2d is
used.
According to the standard the shear stress in the perimeter cut determined with u is increased
with a beat factor for the rough consideration of not axisymmetric bending loading. Using
CTRL WINT 0 the program calculates this eccentricity value beta according EN 6.4.3 (6.39).
BEMESS extracts a restraint column bending moment also in case of a simple pz-supported
slab using the shear force distribution around the punching node. If the column is really restraint
with a rotational spring or a column beam the real restraint moment is used to calculate the
beta value according EN 6.4.3 (6.39). The loadcase with the maximum product of Vz*beta will
be designed for punching. This beta method is performed for all design codes - even if they do
not note it explicitely.
Usually we have a biaxial bending moment MX+MY. Thus also for international codes the
extended german formula (NA 6.39.1) is used to combine both Mx and My. The function W1
according (6.40) is analyzed for the active part of the perimeter, also for edge and corner
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-17

columns. In general the beta value is limited to 1.80 to avoid unrealistic high values. At edge
and corner columns often high beta values are computed. But as the perimeter is already highly
reduced at these columns, BEMESS uses the flat (approximate) values according EN 6.4.3(6)
Figure 6.21N for edge and corner columns (by default). This behavior can be controlled with
CTRL BETA.
The beta value can also be set manually for every punching node with PUNC ... BETA but for
security on edge and corner columns at least the flat value is used.
2.5.4 Shear and Bending Design at the Column

Within the punching area the regular plate shear design is omitted and replaced by the punch-
ing check.
The high node moment in a singular supported node is reduced with delta-m = A/8·bmin/bmax
(A = maximum support reaction, bmin, bmax = smaller, larger column dimension). It is con-
sidered, that for biaxial moment loading (mI=mII) the support pressure can be determined only
in each case to a half for a mI and a mII support moment reduction, therefore delta-mI= A/16
and delta-mII= A/16 for bx=by. The moment reduction is limited to max. 20 %. This reduction
also works on switched off punching PUNC NO. With PUNC NO D 0.01 B 0.01 the moment
reduction can be switched off. With SELE this can be switched off for specific nodes.
d d-support node
Figure 2.12: Design thickness in the central node
In addition a larger thickness is used during the bending design of the central column node. In
this case the thickness is increased from the column edge with 1:3. With the default of a plate
thickness in the record GEOM as well as at wall ends and wall corners this increase does not
occur. The increased thickness is printed in the case of ECHO REIN FULL per node.
2.5.5 Special Features at Wall Ends

There are two methods to analyze the punching force at wallends and corners. Default is the
integration of the slab shear force along the critical perimeter (CTRL WINT 0). WITH ECHO
PUNC FULL the distribution of the slab shear force is plotted qualitatively. As we found out that
the result varies depending on the distance to the wall, BEMESS analyzes four distances and
takes the maximum punching force - for an ionfo checkable in WINGRAF after a BEMESS run
with ECHO PUNC 5.
Alternatively the old method of SOFiSTiK Version 2014 can be used with CTRL WINT 1.5.
Then not the slab shear force is used but the support reactions at the wall are integrated along
a specific length. This length was preset to 1.5*a1/2 in version 2014. With CTRL WINT 1.0
also a shorter integration length can be selected for wall ends (not acting at wall corners). In
this method the reaction forces are first changed to smeared line reactions and the integrated.
2-18 SOFiSTiK 2020

The old method caused problems on stiff supports due to the singular high point force at the
wall end. Often at the second suppurt node a (negative) tension occured. The new method
integrates the shear force in a distance to the singularity and gives better results in most cases.
The punching at wall ends uses a fixed β factor according to the code. At end of walls the side
length of the punching perimeter is set to s=a1 /2 (with limitations according to codes). With
CTRL WEND this can be controlled:
With a positive input for CTRL WEND the side length of the design perimeter is set to
WEND*wallthickness. With a negative input for CTRL WEND an additional factor to the side
length according the code (a1 /2) can be defined: s=(-WEND)·a1 /2, default -1.0).
2 1
b1
2
b
1,5d
b1
2
1 1
2 2
 ≥ 2b
bildung 2.11: Maßgebende Abschnitte des kritischen Rundschnitt

Figure 2.13: Determinant sections of the critical round cut
Legend 1 Load area Aod

2 determinant sections of the critical round cut






1 ≤ 2b




5, 6d − b
1

b
b1 ≤
2, 8d

The values 5,6 and 2,8 are depending on design code.
If two wall ends are direct side by side, u is limited to 0.6·u0 in order to prevent an overlap of
the round cuts.
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-19

b1
2
b
b1
2
1
1 2
Figure 2.14: Wall end
The design moment is reduced at wall ends. An increase of the plate thickness in the central
node does not occur, however, because in the rule it is supported onto a masonry wall.
2.5.6 Special Features at Wall Corners

The punching at wall corners was improved according EN-1991-1-1 and is also valid for other
codes.
At wall corners the side length of the punching perimeter is set to 1.·d (depending on the code).
The wall width has no effect now! The analysis of the punching force used the same method
than at wall ends.
b
1
2
1 1
2
Figure 2.15: Wall corner
Legend 1 Load area Aod

1
= 1.5 · d
2
(a1 /2 independent of b)
2-20 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.5.7 Punching at Foundations

For EN-1991-1-1 codes the critical perimeter distance is searched iteratively. Other codes
often use a distance 1.0·d . The distance to the slab boundary is not valued as critical as
for normal slabs (the critical distance to the boundary is taken to 1.2-1.8·d depending on the
slab thickness (6·d for normal slabs/openings). A higher boundary β value is then taken for a
relation u/u0 < 0.95 (0.80 for normal slabs).
Reduction of the soil pressure according EN-1991-1-1 is allowed with 100% area of the critical
reduced design cut. PUNC LC_P reactivated to input a fixed loadcase for soil pressure reduc-
tion. Futhermore now at least 90 % of the maximum soil pressure is taken for the reduction,
also in case of lower minimum soil pressure, because usually the maximum punching force
corresponds with maximum soil pressure (is not clear in priory).
2.5.8 Consideration of the Prestress during Punching Check

Depending on the code prestress normal stresses are taken into account for punching design,
but only the part of real defined slab tendons crossing the punching zone. Normal forces of a
normal 3D analysis without tendons are not taken into account!
The vertical component of tendons is considered for the analysis of VED in all design codes.
BEMESS searches for each punching perimeter the tendons which cross this perimeter. For a
horizontal deviation of the tendon to the perimeter greater than 60 degree a tendon is not taken
into account for this perimeter. Up to 40 degree the cosine is used, between 40 and 60 the
contribution is interpolated. Creep and shrinkage are considered with a constant loss of CTRL
VPDC - default VPDC=0.12 (=12%). With ECHO PUNC EXTR all used tendons are listed with
their single effect.
Instead of the automatic calculation of Vpd , Vpd can also be input manually for each punching
node with PUNC...VPD (positive = relieving effect). The input value is then taken constant for
each punching perimeter.
2.5.9 Punching Check at a Three-Dimensional System

In increasing measure high-rise buildings are analysed according to the Finite Element Method
also for three-dimensional systems. The singular column points and wall end points are a
problem in the design especially for the shear design. The decisive punching points of column
connections and wall ends are identified automatically also at inserted slabs and checked.
Within a round cut the normal plate shear check can be omitted then. The bending moments
are reduced at the columns. The decisive shear force results from the difference of the column
forces over and under the slab. Because these parts are not anymore understandable from
the column forces after a superposition with the partial safety factors, the punching force is
integrated about the shape functions at the punching node from the bordering plate elements.
The punching dimensions are extracted automatically from the column cross sections and the
wall thicknesses.
In the same manner a punching check is performed for columns and wall ends at elastic bedded
foundation plates with deduction of the minimum soil pressure.
In the illustration the automatically determined critical punching round cuts are plotted in red.
Some punching points require multiple shear reinforcement perimeters. Here this is the case
particularly in the foundation slab. The in each case reduced round cut is recognizable at the
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-21

Figure 2.16: Critical punching and shear reinforcement perimeters
wall ends.
The following Figure 2.17 shows how BEMESS calculates the punching force:
Figure 2.17: Connecting forces to calculate the punching force at columns
Procedure: at the column node in the slab here 4 quad elements attach to the node. The
connecting forces of these 4 quad elements are summed up and give the punching force.
These connecting forces are much more precise that the quad shear forces that could be
integrated in a perimeter around the column. Furthermore this method also works in case the
column forces of a higher level are only applied as single loads. A problem is that usually only
the MAXIMA superposed loadcases are used - see problemm of Figure 2.19
2-22 SOFiSTiK 2020

A differnce of the column force above and below the slab is not used in BEMESS as the Max-
Min column forces are separate results and sometimes not even analyzed.
Punching is only performed on horizontal slabs but not at vertical walls!
2.5.10 V-Ed analysis out of MAXIMA superposition loadcases

In the design of a normal slab or shell structure BEMESS only gets the MAXIMA superposition
loadcases. The superposed support reactions don’t help because in a 3D system they do not
give an information at the punching node. Lets now study an example, showing a slab on a
column with dead load and wind. In a manual calculation you would check the combination
γ ∗ g + γ ∗  and design punching with β ∗ V − Ed = 512kN:
γ∗g γ∗ γ∗g+γ∗
200kN 200 70 −70 270 130

V − Ed = 400kN
M = 60kNm
β = 1.28
β ∗ V − Ed = 512kN
Figure 2.18: Slab on a column with dead load and wind
But the combination loadcase γ ∗ g + γ ∗  does not exist as a single loadcase in a normal
analysis. There you only have the single loadcases and the MAXIMA superposition quad
forces, e.g. min-mxx. From this BEMESS must extract a punching force and gets:
γ∗g γ∗ MAXMA − mn − m
200kN 200 70 −70 270 200

V − Ed = 470kN
M = 30kNm
β = 1.08
β ∗ V − Ed = 508kN
Figure 2.19: Punching force, extracted from MAXIMA quad superposition forces
The force V-Ed= 470 kN does not really exist but the design controlling value β ∗ V − Ed =
508kN is quite close to the manual value.
Conclusion: the superposed MAXIMA quad forces can contain results from actions that cannot
occur in parallel (left of the column force with wind, right of the column force without wind), but
the design controlling value β ∗ V − Ed = 508kN is OK.
Remark: by default BEMESS uses a minimum β of 1.15. So BEMESS would be on the save
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-23

side here. To use the value β =1.08 you must input CTRL BETA -2.

Special features of EN-1992
Punching design is done with the critical perimeter at 2.0*d. An additional check at the column
face is added depending on the country code.

- Minimum value for vrdc according to 6.4.4(1) (6.47) for punching
- In punching design the effective steel stress value fyd _ef is taken into account.
- According to 6.4.5(3) (6.53) a maximum punching resistance is taken into account.
Special feartures OENORM B 4700

The original EC2 equation with 40·ro1 is used for VRdc for punching and not the equation (44)
of B 4700, because the span l in the case of FE plates is in general unknown. VRds is limited
to 1.4·VRdc . The punching reinforcement is approximately twice so large as with the original
EC2 due to the effective coefficient ks!

Punching occurs with marking (without precise particularization) of possible necessary shear
arms according to ACI 318-14 22.6.4 and 22.6.5. Like for the shear check a strength reduction
factor of 0.75 is used also here.
In a first step v < vc with vc according table 22.6.5.2 ist checked.

If v < vc no shear reinforcement is necessary.
Otherwise a smaller vc according table 22.6.6.1 is used to design a shear reinforcement.
Special features French Design Code BAEL 91 Revision 99 - difference to EC2

Punching form: rectangle around the column
Check of the shear stress in distance d/2
If not possible without shear reinforcement, then a warning is printed with reference to manual
determination of punching reinforcement.
Special features Italian Design Code D.M.9 genniao 1996 - difference to EC2
Punching is only checked according to EC2. If not possible without shear reinforcement, then
a warning is printed with reference to manual determination of punching reinforcement.

According SP 63.13330.2012 it is only checked if the punching design is fulfilled without shear
reinforcement. Otherwise the node is marked with an error.

Punching is checked at a perimeter 0.5·d. The punching eccentricity factor η is set to 1/1.15
for inner supports, 1/1.40 for boundary supports and 1/1.5 for edge supports, according to
common EC2 regulations. A design with punching shear reinforcement is not allowed in BBK
04. Also a check for the for column heads is not done.
2-24 SOFiSTiK 2020


The punching design according to AS 3600 does not allow an increase of the shear capacity
with longitudinal reinforcement or shear reinforcement. Thus, the punching design is performed
according to the new Eurocode EC 2 1992-1-1:2004(E). With the printed punching force V-ED
a manual check according to AS 3600 9.2 can be added easily.

Punching in designed without influence of longitudinal reinforcement. The shear stress τSd =
VSd/ / h is limited:
τSd < 0.12 * μ* fcd : punching check OK.
τSd < 2 * 0.12 * μ* fcd : shear reinforcement required
τSd > 2 * 0.12 * μ* fcd : punching failed
Special features Swiss Code SIA 262:2013

In BEMESS two LoA (level-of-appoximation) are implemented:
• LoA I (first step)

• LoA III (third step)
The punching shear strength for member without shear reinforcement is calculated acc. SIA
262:2013, 4.3.6.3.1, Eq.(57):
VRd,c = kr · τcd · d ·  (2.1)
The control perimeter  is calculated according to SIA 262:2013, Fig.(21) and Fig.(22):
2a
2b
2s
0d,4/ 26
0,46
d / 2
 = 2 ·  + 2 · b + d · π  = (s + d ) · π
Figure 2.20: Control perimeter 
The effect of the shear forces at the corners of large supported areas is implemented as well.
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-25

 = 8 · 1.5d + d · π
0,69
0,23
1.5 · d
d / 2
0,69
1.5 · d
Figure 2.21: Reduced control perimeter 
BEMESS takes into account the reduced basic control perimeter (1,red ) when  > 12 · d as
shown in Fig. 2.21.
Hint
Columns: please note that only rectangular and tube sections are calculated correctly. T
and L cross-sections aren’t supported.
BEMESS can also reduce the control perimeter in case of punching near the edge of plate
(refer to SIA 262:2013 Fig.(21-d)), the program checks the edges and openings around the
punching point. For walls the control perimeter can be calculated as shown in Fig. 2.22.
1,1
1.5 · d
0,5
1,23
1.5 · d
b
1,1
1.5 · d 1,23
1.5 · d 
d d
 = 2 · 1.5 · d + b + ·π  = 2 · 1.5 · d + ·π
2 4
Figure 2.22: Reduced control perimeter 
According to SIA 262:2013 the control perimeter can be reduced by multiplying the length of
basic control perimeter by the coefficient of eccentricity ke . BEMESS takes the minimal value
2-26 SOFiSTiK 2020

of the two definitions as defined in the norm (on the safety side):
 
ke = 0.9 ƒ or nner comns
 
 ke = 0.70 ƒ or edge comns 1
 
ke = mn  ; (2.2)

 k = 0.65 e 
 e ƒ or corner comns 1 + 

b
ke = 0.75 ƒ or corners oƒ s
The value of kg (DMAX) is set to 32 mm, for high strength and lightweight concrete, the ag-
gregate particles may break, resulting in reduced aggregate interlock. In that case, the value
kg = 0 (DMAX=0). Value kc is set to 0.55, according to SIA 262:2013 (4.2.1.7).
The parameter kr is calculated by using SIA 262:2013, Eq.(58):

1
kr = (2.3)
0.45 + 0.18 · ψ · d · kg
where for LoA I (refer to SIA 262:2013, Eq.(59)):

rs ƒsd
ψ = 1.5 · · (2.4)
d Es
and for LoA III:

3
rs ƒsd msd

ψ = 1.2 · · · 2 (2.5)
d Es mRd
For punching in a first step the perimeter is reduced. Then approximation step 1 according
4.3.6.4.2 with msd / mRd = 1 is tried. The distances rs and rsy in radial direction are extracted
from the real bending moment line. If this step 1 fails, in approximation step 3 the bending
moments in the supporting strip are extracted from the Finite Element results according to SIA
262:2013, 4.3.6.4.8. Then BEMESS tries to increase the longitudinal reinforcement (up to
PUNC RO_V) to increase the bending capacity msd and reduce the slab rotation ψ.
In case this is not possible, the longitudinal reinforcement is set to PUNC RO_M and the necessary
punching shear reinforcement is calculated according SIA 262:2013, 4.3.6.5).
The contribution of the shear reinforcement is calculated as
Vd,s = Vd − VRd,c (2.6)
VRd,s has to satisfy (SIA 262:2013, 4.3.6.4.5.4, Eq.(66))
Vd,s ≥ 0.5 · Vd (2.7)
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-27

The shear reinforcement is calculated as in (SIA 262:2013, 4.3.6.5.4, Eq.(67)):

X Vd,s
As · snβ = (2.8)
ke · σcd
Hint
Please note that in BEMESS, β = 90◦ → snβ = 1.0
σcd is calculated according to SIA 262:2013, 4.3.6.5.4, Eq.(68).
The stress in the punching shear reinforcement is calculated using the maximum diameter of
table 20 (SIA 262:2013, 5.5.3.12). If you want to use a smaller diameter you can manually
adjust the reinforcement with a higher steel stress.
The maximum punching resistance is checked according SIA 262:2013, 4.3.6.5.7 and longi-
tudinal reinforcement increased if necessary:
VRd,c,m = 2 · kr · τcd · d ·  ≤ 3.5 · τcd · d ·  (2.9)
The collapse check according SIA 262:2013, 4.3.6.7.1 is done with kβ = 0.37 but without
additional condition 1.7 · τcd · dnt · nt as the necessary dimensions are not known. This must
be checked separately.
Foundation / Footing: The design concept for the punching shear of footings can be calculated
via BEMESS as well. The applied shear force Vd is reduced by the upward soil pressure inside
the critical perimeter. The distances rs and rsy in radial direction are extracted from the real
bending moment line, if BEMESS can not find md = 0 then the value of rs = 3 · d is used.
2.6 Linear Stress Determination

Linear stresses of the single load cases or of the single load cases from superposition may be
printed directly without the program BEMESS with the program WinGRAF at cuts or isolines.
The option of the stress determination CTRL STRE in BEMESS is used for the search of
extreme stresses from a series of load cases. In this case BEMESS selects itself the maximum
stress from the indicated load cases for each element. Then a plot of this extreme stresses
shows in general results of different load cases like a moment envelope.
The analysis of stress range on the surface is done every 3 degree similar to the Capra Maury
technique. The maximum stress range is printed with the angle where it was found. If a
permante loadcase is defined (LC PERm) the stress in this direction is printed as well.
2-28 SOFiSTiK 2020

1
2
3
4
Figure 2.23: Analysis of stress range on the surface every 3 degree (rosette technique)
The normal stresses are determined according to the formula:

N M
σ = ±
A W
This is done separately for the two sides of the plate or the shell for σ , σy and σy . These
can be used for the calculation of the principal stresses σ and σ and the angle α .
The shear stress at the plate centre or shell centre is calculated according to the formula:
V
τ = 1.5 ·
A
The design shear force V is the maximum shear force determined at the design point by means
of geometric addition of the shear forces VX and VY :
1/ 2
V = (V2 + Vy2 )
Also van mise stresses on top, on bottom and as maximum values are calculated. To get the
maximum van Mise stress also inside an element, the elements are cut into 10 layers for the
sigv analysis.
The stress determination with BEMESS must not be used after a material non-linear calculation
with ASE, because the formula σ = N/A M/W is not valid anymore for the structure thickness
of a non-linear stress distribution! Non-linear stresses after a non-linear ASE calculation e.g.
a1_introduction_example.dat can be requested with the program WING in a separate way.
2.7 Volume elements

With RI3D also BRIC elements can be designed - see RI3D and example bric_design.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 2-29

2-30 SOFiSTiK 2020

Input Description | BEMESS
3 Input Description
3.1 Input Language

The program BEMESS uses the CADINP input language, see general manual SOFiSTiK: ’FEA
/ STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics’. Three categories of units are distinguished:
mm Fixed unit. Input is always required in the specified unit.
[mm] Explicit unit. Input defaults to the specified unit. Alternatively, an explicit as-
signment of a related unit is possible (eg. 2.5[m] ).
[mm] 1011 Implicit unit. Implicit units are categorised semantically and denoted by a cor-
responding identity number (shown in green). Valid categories referring to the
unit ”length” are, for example, geodetic elevation, section length and thickness.
The default unit for each category is defined by the currently active (design code
specific) unit set. This input default can be overridden as described above. The
specified unit in square brackets corresponds to the default for unit set 5 (Eu-
rocodes, NORM UNIT 5).
3.2 Input Records

The following records are defined:
Record Items
CTRL TYPE RMOD SYST WALL AUGM THIC
TENS LCR PFAI RO_V COTT FACH
WARN LCRI VF70 SNIP WINT WEND REDN
RADP BUBB REDM VPDC SIGZ LCRP WTEN
CRAC MUEZ XMIN DDES STAN WK BETA BOND
BET1 BET2 K1 DDEB WKB
MREI FFCT KC K ROBU PARA
SHFT TYPE
NSTR SIGS SIGT CHKC CHKR FATC LS_U LS_L
LS_V LS_P FACU FACL FACV FACP SIGP
LOCP
MAT CONC STEE K BETZ N MINC MSTA
T011 T02 T03 AM3 FC FY TU0
TUGR TRD SC1 SC2 SS1 SS2
GEOM H HA DHA HB DHB DDHA DDHB
HPRE
DIRE UPP LOW TYPE X Y Z
THRE ABEX ABMI ABIN BEEX BEMI BEIN
Table continued on next page.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-1

BEMESS | Input Description
Record Items
DI3D OAL OAF X Y Z
LAY POS Z DIRE D AS ASMA BS
WK SS
PARA NOG NOEL DU DU DU3 DL DL2
DL3 WKU WKU2 WKU3 WKL WKL2 WKL3
SSU SSU2 SSU3 SSL SSL2 SSL3 ASU
ASU2 ASU3 ASL ASL2 ASL3 BSU BSU2
BSU3 BSL BSL2 BSL3 TYPE
PUNC TYPE X Y Z D B HEAD
DHEA RO_V MREI P LC_P REIN L
VPD RO_M RO_L MMOM HRED BETA
LC NO PERC FACT
GRP NO ENVA ENVB WKU WKL SIGU SIGL
ELEM FROM TO DELT WKA WKB
SIGA SIGB
NODE FROM TO DELT GROU WKA
WKB SIGA SIGB
SELE NO TYPE
S NO NO1 MX MY MXY VX VY
NX NY NXY
EXPO OPT TO PASS
ECHO OPT VAL
The input sequence of the input records is arbitrary. However, END must always be the last in-
put record. Each ELEM or NODE record causes a design with the already defined parameters
(possible as the default values). An input of GEO or DIRE or THRE after ELEM/NODE refers
thus always to the next design specifications.
The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual SOFiSTiK: ’FEA /
STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics’.
A reasonable analysis is possible even without data. The default values are activated in each
case.
3-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.3 NORM – Default Design Code
NORM
Item Description Unit Default
DC Design code family LT EN

EN Eurocodes
DIN German Standard
OEN Austrian Standard
SIA Swiss Standard
AS Standard
BS British Standard
IS Indian Standard
US US Standards (ACI etc.)
GB Chinese Building Codes
NF French Standard
UNI Italian Standard
UNE Spanish Standard
SS Swedish Standard
DS Danish Standard
NS Norwegian Standard
SP Russian Standard
NZS New Zealand Standard
SFS Finnish Standard
NEN Netherlands Standard
NBN Belgian Standard
NBR Brazilian Standard
ZA South African Standard
NDC Designation of a specific design code Lt16 -

COUN Country code for boxed values within EN − *
CAT Category or Class Lt4 -/!
LON Geographic longitude ◦ 0

LAT Geographic latitude ◦ 45
G Gravity acceleration m/ sec2 *
ALT Altitude above sea level m 0.0
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-3

WIND Wind zone Lt4 *

SNOW Snow zone Lt4 *
SEIS Seismic zone Lt4 *
WCAT Terrain category for wind Lt4 *
UNIT Selection of a set of units − *

LANG Selection of a output language default − *
Many defaults for materials, superposition and design are selected according to the selected
design code and an optional country code and all the other data provided with this record. It is
therefore requested to specify this data with the beginning of the project.
A redefinition of the design code after the definition of actions or load cases have been
defined or the editing of the INI-File to include ”missing” materials does not comply with
the provisions of SOFiSTiK for a proper use of the software.
It is possible to redefine the design code NORM temporarily for the design (eg. concrete / steel)
if the parameters of the actions remain the same. As this might have some special risque, the
user should use this option thoroughly.
Although there are still explicit code fragments in the software unavoidable, many of the defaults
are specified in so called INI-Files located in the SOFiSTiK directory. The name of the matching
INI-file is derived from the given data as DC_NDC.INI.
Some properties (e.g. Eurocode) are dependant on national variants (boxed values). Corre-
sponding INI-files to EN 1992-2004 and EN 1993-2005 and the country code may be used to
select those values, as far as we have got notice of them. The country code for example is valid
for deviations in Hong Kong to the British Standard 8110, 5400, 5950 or similar. Examples for
the country code:
00 General EN
HK / 852 Hong Kong
The ”boxed values” can be modified manually with the record TVAR.
Some codes require or allow the selection of a category or class. This can then be specified
with CAT. The possible items are given in the INI-File. For evaluations with historic design
codes not available with an INI-file, the definition of CAT USER allows to specify any name of
the design code.
In the case of a subsequent modification of these classes or categories the input which
depends on the design code has to be checked and adapted if necessary.
The extend to which the specified latitude, altitude, wind/snow or earthquake zone definitions
are accounted for is described in the program manuals of the modules using those values. The
user should never assume that all regulations of the design codes are automatically fulfilled
when selecting such a value. The possible items and defaults are given in the matching INI-
3-4 SOFiSTiK 2020

File. The resultant values which result from the altitude or the wind/snow/earthquake zones
have to be checked in the corresponding programs in the case of a subsequent modification.
E.g. for some design codes the combination coefficients of the snow depend on the altitude.
In the case of a modification of the altitude combination coefficients have to be adapted by the
user if necessary.
If the user wants to suppress such a value completely he may specify it with ”NONE”. The
load case of self weight is always accounted for following the definitions of the design codes,
an explicit definition of G has to be done only in those cases where the true local value should
be applied.
The item UNIT or d LANG will be processed only in AQUA or TEMPLATE. With a definition of
UNIT a set of units will be selected globally for all input and output data in all other modules.
The default is specified in the INI-file. Definitions with record PAGE will be active only within
the current module.
The following design codes are available as INI-Files and/or special program code has been
created to cope with special regulations. The marks A and B indicate if this code has been
implemented in AQB and BEMESS. For more detailed information, especially which provisions
of the codes have been implemented, please check the manuals and the HTM-files of the
design programs. In many cases it is possible to add some clauses within short time within the
program or with CADINP.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-5

EN - Eurocodes
Description UNIT Design
EN 1992-2004 EN 1992-1-1 (2004) 5 A,B

EN 1992-2:2008
CAT AN/AP Buildings for default combinations accord-
ing to Table 7.1N EN 1992-1-1 and design values
(boxed values)
Buildings / Buildings with bonded tendons
CAT B/C/D Road bridges / Footbridges / Railroad
bridges for default actions and design values for
bridges (boxed) values)
COUN country code Israel for load trains only
IL/972
EN 1993-2005 EN 1993-1-1 (2005) 5 A
EN 1993-2:2009
CAT A Buildings for default combinations and design
values (boxed values)
CAT B/C/D Road bridges / Footbridges/ Railroad
bridges (boxed values)
EN 1994-2004 EN 1994-1-1 (2004) 5 A
EN 1994-2:2008
CAT AN/AP Buildings for default combinations accord-
ing to Table 7.1N EN 1992-1-1 and design values
(boxed values)
Buildings /Buildings with bonded tendons
EN 1995-2004 EN 1995-1 (2004) 5 A
CAT 1/2/3 Service class
EN 1992-1991 EN 1992-1 (1991) 5 A,B
CAT N/P Building construction
DIN - Deutsche Norm
DIN EN1992-2004 DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA:2013 5 A,B

DIN EN 1992-2/NA:2013
3-6 SOFiSTiK 2020

CAT AN/AP/AV Hochbau für voreingestellte Kom-

binationen nach Tabelle 7.1 DE und Bemes-
sungswerte (boxed values)
Hochbau / Hochbau Spannbeton sofor-
tiger Verbund / Hochbau Spannbeton
nachträglicher Verbund
CAT B/C/D Straßenbrücken / Fußgängerbrücken/
Eisenbahnbrücken für Einwirkungen und Be-
messungswerte für Brücken (boxed values)
DIN EN1993-2005 DIN EN 1993-1-1/NA:2010-12 5 A
DIN EN 1993-2/NA:2014
CAT A Hochbau für voreingestellte Kombinationen
und Bemessungswerte (boxed values)
CAT B/C/D Straßenbrücken / Fußgängerbrücken /
DIN EN1994-2004 DIN EN 1994-1-1/NA:2010 5 A,B
DIN EN 1994-2/NA:2010
binationen nach Tabelle 7.1 DE und Bemes-
sungswerte (boxed values)
DIN 1045-2008 DIN 1045-1 (2008) 0 A,B
CAT -/A/B/C/D/E/F (Tab. 18)
Klassifizierung von Nachweisbedingungen
DIN FB102-2009 DIN Fachbericht 102 (2009) 0 A,B
CAT A/B/C/D/E (Tab. 4.118) Klassifizierung von
Nachweisbedingungen, keine Voreinstellung
von Kombinationen
DIN FB103-2009 DIN Fachbericht 103 (2009) 2 A
DIN 18800 Stahlbau (Nov. 2008) 2 A
CAT A/B
A voreingestellte Überlagerung DIN 18800
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-7

B voreingestellte Überlagerung DIN 1055-100

DIN 1052-2008 Holzbau (2008) 0 A
CAT 1/2/3 Nutzungsklassen
DIN 1045-1 DIN 1045-1 (2001) 0 A,B
CAT -/A/B/C/D/E/F (Tab. 18) Klassifizierung von
Nachweisbedingungen
DIN FB102-2003 DIN Fachbericht 102 (2003) 0 A,B
CAT A/B/C/D/E (Tab. 4.118) Klassifizierung von
Nachweisbedingungen
DIN 1045 Alte Norm (1988) 0 A,B
DAfStb hochfest.Beton (1995) A
DIN 4227 Alte Spannbetonnorm + Anhang A1 (1995) 0 A
CAT A/B/C/D/E (Tab. 4.118 des FB 102), Klassi-
fizierung von Nachweisbedingungen
DIN 18800-1990 Stahlbau (1990) 2 A
DIN 1052-1988 Holzbau (1988) 0 A
OEN - Österreichische Norm
OEN EN1992-2004 OENORM B 1992-1 (2011) 5 A,B

OENORM B 1992-2 (2008)
binationen nach Tabelle 4 B 1992-1-1 und
Bemessungswerte (boxed values)
OEN EN1993-2005 OENORM B 1993-1-1 (2007) 5 A
OENORM B 1993-2 (2008)
CAT A Hochbau für voreingestellte Kombinatio-
nen und Bemessungswerte (boxed values)
3-8 SOFiSTiK 2020


OEN 4700 Stahlbeton OENORM B 4700 (2001) 0 A,B
OEN 4750 Spannbeton OENORM B 4750 (2000) 0 A
OEN 4300 Stahl OENORM B 4300 (1994) 0 A
For the old design codes OEN 4200, OEN 4250, OEN 4253 no INI files exist. The program
AQB is so programmed that the appropriate design is done with input of the design code. As
materials BOE is input for concrete and BSOE for steel.
SIA - Schweizer Norm
SIA 262 Schweizer Betonbaunorm (2013) 0 A,B

SIA 263 Schweizer Stahlbaunorm (2003) 2 A
SIA 265 Schweizer Holzbaunorm (2003) 0 A
CAT 1/2/3 Service class
BS - British Standard
BS EN1992-2004 NA to BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 (2005) 6 A,B

NA to BS EN 1992-2:2005
CAT AN/AP Building construction for default combi-
nations according to Table 7.1N EN 1992-1-1
and design values (boxed values)
bridges for default actions and design values
for bridges (boxed values)
BS 8110 British Standard Concrete (1997) 6 A,B
COUN country code Hong Kong
HK/852
BS 5400 British Standard Concrete Bridge (1990) 6 A
CAT 0 without Prestress
CAT 1/2/3 Prestress for Class 1/2/3
HK/852
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-9

COUN country code Israel

IL/972
BS 5950 British Standard Steelwork (2001) 6 A
HK/852
US - American Standards and Unified Building Code
US ACI-318-14 American Standard ACI / UBC (2014) 9 A,B

US ACI-318-08 American Standard ACI / UBC (2008) 9 A
US AASHTO-2014 American Highway (2014) 8 A
US AISC-2005 American Standard AISC (Steel) 2005 9 A
SP - Russian Standard
SP 63-13330 SP 63.13330.20112 (Concrete) 0 A,B

SP 16-13330 SP 16.13330.2011 (Steel) 2 A
IS - Indian Standard
IS 456 Indian Standard (2000) (Concrete) 6 A

IS IRC112 Indian Roads Congress: Code of Practice for Concrete Road 6 A
Bridges (2011)
AS - Australian Standard
AS 3600 Concrete Structures (2009) 6 A,B

AS 4100 Structural Steel (1998) 6 A
AS 5100 Bridge Design (2004) 6 A
UNE - Instrucciones Espaniola
3-10 SOFiSTiK 2020

UNE EHE Instrucion de hormign estructural 0 A,B

Nivel de control de ejecucin:
EHE Normal
EHE_INTENSIO Intensio
EHE_REDUCIDO Reducido
UNI - Decreto Ministeriale Italiane
UNI DM-2018 Decreto Ministeriale 2018: Norme Tecniche per le 5 A,B

Costruzioni
CAT A Costruzioni Civili
CAT B/C Ponti Stradali / Ferroviari
UNI DM-2008 Decreto Ministeriale 2008 0 A,B
CAT A1 Costruzioni Civili
CAT A2/A3 Ponti Stradali / Ferroviari
NF - AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation
NF EN1992-2004 Annexe Nationale la NF EN 1992-1-1 5 A,B

NF EN 1992-2/NA:2007
CAT AN/AP Bâtiments for default actions according
to Tableau 7.1NF NF EN 1992-1-1/NA and de-
sign values (boxed values)
CAT B/C/D Ponts routiers / Passerelles / Ponts fer-
roviaires for default actions and design values
NF EN1993-2005 Annexe Nationale la NF EN 1993-1-1 5 A
NF EN 1993-2/NA:2007
CAT A Bâtiments for default combinations and de-
sign values (boxed values)
CAT B/C/D Ponts routiers / Passerelles / Ponts fer-
roviaires for default actions and design values
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-11

NF BAEL Règles techniques de conception et de calcul des ou- 0 A,B

vrages et constructions en béton armé suivant la méth-
ode des états limites.
BAEL/BPEL 91 revises 99
CAT B/P Bâtiments / Ponts-routes
SS - Swedish Standard
SS EN1992-2004 National Annex to Eurocode 2 5 A,B

SS-EN 1992-1-1:2004/NA:2018,
SS-EN 1992-2:2005/NA:2019
according to Boverkets författningssamling - BFS
2019:1 EKS 11
and Transportstyrelsens författningssamling - TSFS
2018:57
CAT
A1 byggnader & säkerhets"-klass 1
A2 Byggnader & säkerhets"-klass 2
A3 Byggnader & säkerhetsklass 3
B1 Vägbroar & säkerhets"-klass 1
C1 Gangbroar & säkerhets"-klass 1
D1 Järnvägsbroar & säkerhets"-klass 1
- buildings with default combinations and design values
(boxed values)
- bridges with default actions and design values for
SS BBK-04 Boverkets Handbok om Betongkonstruktioner 0 A,B
3-12 SOFiSTiK 2020

CAT 1/2/3 (Säkerhetsklass lg/normal/hög)

SS BRO-2004 Vägverket BRO 2004 0 A
CAT 1/2/3 (Säkerhetsklass lg/normal/hög)
DS - Danish Standard
DS EN1992-2004 National Annex to Eurocode 2 5 A,B

EN 1992-1-1 DK NA:2011
CAT
LE low safety & extended control
NE normal safety & extended control
HE high safety & extended control
LN low safety & normal control
NN normal safety & normal control (default)
HN high safety & normal control
LR low safety & reduced control
NR normal safety & reduced control
HR high safety & reduced control
- safety according to EN 1990 DK NA:2011
consequences classes
- control according to EN 1992-1-1 DK NA:2011 in-
spection level
DS EN1993-2005 National Annex to Eurocode 3 5 A
EN 1993-1-1 DK NA:2007
CAT
- safety according to EN 1990 DK NA:2011
consequences classes
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-13

- control according to EN 1993-1-1 DK NA:2007 in-

spection level
DS 411 Norm for betonkonstruktioner 0 A,B
CAT
DS 411-bro Norm for betonkonstruktioner 3 A,B
Default for superpositions for bridges
CAT
NS - Norsk Standard
NS EN1992-2004 National Annex to Eurocode 2 5 A,B

NS-EN 1992-1-1:2004/NA:2008,
NS-EN 1992-2:2005/NA:2010
CAT
A1 Bygninger & palitelighetsklasse 1
3-14 SOFiSTiK 2020


B Vegbruer (palitelighetsklasse 3)
C Gangbruer (palitelighetsklasse 3)
D Jernbanebruer (palitelighetsklasse 3)
- buildings with default combinations and design values
(boxed values)
- palitelighetsklasse according to NS EN 1990/NA
NS 3472 Prosjektering av Stalkonstruksjoner 0 A
CAT 1/2/3/4 (Palitelighetsklasse) Liten / Middels /
Stor / Saerlig stor
NS 3473 Prosjektering av Betongkonstruksjoner 0 A
CAT 1/2/3/4 (Palitelighetsklasse) Liten / Middels /
Stor / Saerlig stor
SFS - Finnish Standard
SFS EN1992-2004 National Annex to Eurocode 2 5 A,B

SFS-EN 1992-1-1 NA:2007
CAT
A1 Buildings & safety class 1
B1 Road bridges & safety class 1
C1 Footbridges & safety class 1
D1 Railroad bridges & safety class 1
- buildings with default combinations and design val-
ues (boxed values)
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-15


- safety class according to SFS EN 1990/NA
NEN - Netherlands Standard
NEN EN1992-2004 NEN-EN 1992-1-1+C2/NB:2011 5 A,B

NEN-EN 1992-2+C1/NB:2011
CAT AN1/AN2/AN3 Buildings & safety class 1/2/3
CAT AP1/AP2/AP3 Buildings with bonded ten-
dons & safety class 1/2/3
for default combinations according to Table
7.1N EN 1992-1-1 and design values
CAT B1/B2/B3 Road bridges & safety class 1/2/3
CAT C1/C2/C3 Footbridges & safety class 1/2/3
CAT D1/D2/D3 Railroad bridges & safety class
1/2/3
ues (boxed values)
- safety class according to NBN EN 1990/NA
NBN - Belgian Standard
NBN EN1992-2004 NBN EN 1992-1-1 ANB:2010 5 A,B

NBN-EN 1992-2 ANB:2014
CAT AN1/AN2/AN3 Buildings & safety class 1/2/3
CAT AP1/AP2/AP3 Buildings with bonded ten-
dons & safety class 1/2/3
for default combinations according to Table
7.1N EN 1992-1-1 and design values
1/2/3
3-16 SOFiSTiK 2020


ues (boxed values)
NBN EN1993-2005 NBN EN 1993-1-1 ANB:2010 5 A
NBN-EN 1993-2 ANB:2011
CAT A1/A2/A3 Buildings & safety class 1/2/3 for
default combinations and design values
1/2/3
ues (boxed values)
NZS - New Zealand Standards
NZS 3101 Concrete Structures Standard (1995) 6 A,B
GB - Chinese Standard
GB 50010-2010 Chinese Standard for Concrete Structures (2010 Edition 0

2015)
for default combinations according to GB 50009 - 2012
CAT A1 Buildings service life 5 years
GB 50010 Chinese Standard for Concrete Structures (2002) 0 A
NBR - Brazilian Standard
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-17

NBR 6118-2003 Norma Brasileira, Projeto de estruturas de concreto - 5 A,B

Procedimento
CAT A Edifcios
CAT B Pontes rodovirias
CAT C Passarelas de pedestres
CAT D Pontes ferrovirias
ZA - South African Standard
ZA TMH7 Code of Practice for the Design of Highway Bridges and Cul- 6 A
verts in South Africa (1989)
CAT 0 without Prestress
CAT 1/2/3 Prestress for Class 1/2/3
The following table describes the implemented features for the concrete design:
Design Code DESI PUNC CSIG CT CW

EN 1992-1991 X X X X X
EN 1992-2004 X X X X X
EN 1994-2004 → EN
1992-2004
DIN 1045 (1988) X X X X X
DAfStb hochfest.Beton
DIN 4227+A1 (1995) → DIN 1045
(1988)
DIN 1045-1 (2001) X X X X X
DIN 1045-2008 (2008) X X X X X
DIN FB102-2009 (2009) → DIN
EN1992-2004
DIN FB102-2003 (2003) → DIN1045-1
(2001)
DIN FB104-2009 (2009) → DIN
EN1992-2004
DIN FB104-2003 (2003) → DIN1045-1
(2001)
DIN EN1992-2004 X X X X X
DIN EN1994-2004 X X X X X
OEN 4700 (2001) X X X X X
3-18 SOFiSTiK 2020

Design Code DESI PUNC CSIG CT CW

OEN 4750 (2000) → OEN 4700
OEN EN1992-2004 X X X X X
SIA 262 (2013) X X X - -
BS 8110 (1997) X X X - -
BS EN1992-2004 X X X X X
BS 5400 (1990) → BS 8110
SP 63-13330 (2012) X X X - -
UNE EHE (1999) X X X - -
UNI DM-2008 X X X - -
UNI DM-2018 X X X - -
NF BAEL (1999) X X X - -
NF EN1992-2004 X X X X X
SS BBK 04 / BRO 04 X X X - X
SS EN1992-2004 X X X X X
NS 3473 → EC 2 EN
NS EN1992-2004 X X X X X
DS 411 X X X X
DS EN1992-2004 X X X X X
SFS EN1992-2004 → EN
1992-2004
NEN EN1992-2004 X X X X X
NBN EN1992-2004 X X X X X
US ACI 318-08 → US ACI
318-14
US ACI 318-14 (2014) X X X - -
US AASHTO-2004 → US ACI
318-14
318-14
318-14
AS 3600 (2009) → AS 5100
AS 5100 (2001) X → EC2 EN X - -
NZS 3101 (1995) → EC 2 EN
GB 50010 → BS 8110
IS 456 (2000) → BS 8110
NBR 6118-2003 X → EC2 EN X - -
ZA TMH7 (1989) → BS 8110
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-19

where
DESI Bending and shear design

PUNC Punching check
CSIG Crack width by permissible stresses
CT Crack width by table values
CW Crack width by calculation of crack width
3-20 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.4 CTRL – Control of the Design
See also: MREI, CRAC, NSTR, MAT, PUNC

CTRL
TYPE Design task LT *

ULTI Reinforced concrete design for load cases
on ULS level
For load cases on SLS level an averaged
safety factor can be input in LC FACT
ACCI Reinforced concrete design
accidental design situation
EARQ Reinforced concrete design
earthquake design situation
SLS SLS design checks
→ MREI, CRAC or NSTR
STRE Linear stress calculation according
to theory of elasticitiy
default: in dependence on the system
RMOD Save mode for reinforcement or stresses: LT *

SING Single analysis, no save
SAVE Save, does overwrite already stored values
SUPE The maximum of the calculated and the al-
ready stored reinforcement is saved.
DELE delete see CTRL LCR
default: SAVE in ULS, SUPE in SLS
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-21

LAY Design procedure − -

0 ULS: Baumann method, SLS Capra Maury
1 Layer design (iteration of strains)
default: 0 in ULS and crack design (1 in pre-
stressed slabs)
1 in stress checks
LCR Reinforcement distribution number − 1

(delete LCR’s possible with e.g. CTRL RMOD DELE
LCR 31,32)
LCRI Determination of the reinforcement maximum from − -
some design calculations
LCRP Incorporation of punching results from another design − LCRI
DMOM Storage of ’woodarmer’ design forces (offset) [see − -
Theoretical Principle - bending - procedure of design]
TENS Reduction of the permissible concrete compressive % 25

stress at transverse tension - default: 25%
(bigger reductions (EN 1992-1-1 6.5.2(2)) are not
applied for general slabs+shells because 6.5.2 is a
chapter for beam struds design)
25% comes from a reasonable german annex in case
the cracks are perpendicular to the compression and
this is the case for the main forces is a finite element
quad.
PFAI Compression failure method for shells and disks − *
1 mechanical correct analysis (default for
ULTI design)
2 does always transform into compression re-
inforcement (refer to Basics-Bending De-
sign of Reinforced Concrete) (default for
serviceability checks)
RO_V Maximum reinforcement for shear for normal slab re- % 0.2
gion (see also PUNC ro_v for punching region).
Value V2 for upper reinforcement, e.g. CTRL RO_V
0.4 V2 0.3
COTT Limitation of the cotangents theta for shear design − *
input permissible between 1.00 and 3.00
BOUN Shear design at supports − *
further information: see below
VMIN Minimum value for vrdc acc. EN 1992-1-1 6.2.2(1) − *
e.g. value=0.233 (=0.34/1.5) -> vmin=0.233*fck1/2
3-22 SOFiSTiK 2020

WINT Integration of punching force at wall corners and ends − 0

0: Integration of slab shear force
1.0 or 1.5: Integration of support force
(see. theoretical principles)
WEND Length of perimeter leg at wall ends − -1.0
default: -1.0 (see. theoretical principles)
BETA Use eccentricity value beta EN 6.4.3 − *
0: exact for corner, edge and interal columns
1: exact only for edge+interal columns
2: exact beta only for interal columns,
flat beta for corner+edge
3: always use flat beta value
according EN 6.4.3(6) Fig. 6.21N
10: Germany+Austia: if (6.39)gives higher beta for
boundary or edge columns, use this higher
beta also if e/c<1.2 acc. (NDP) 6.4.3(6) as
span difference >25%
-0.1 , -1 , -2: exact beta even when it is smaller than
sweeping one (-0.1 means -0)
+0 , +1 , +2: not smaller than sweeping one
exact means: calculated acc. (6.39)ff
( CTRL BETA works only with CTRL WINT 0)
default: 0 for Eurocode codes
2 for non-Eurocode and Denk´mark a,d Spain
RADP Factor for the check radius in punching − 6.0
VPDC Consideration of creep and shrinkage during punch- − 0.12
ing check, default 12% loss of prestress
Input 0.0 : no loss
SIGZ SIGZ 0 = switching off the influence of tendons N/ mm2 *

WTEN Distribution width W for QUAD tendons, − 2.0
Input as factor of the element thickness:
tendon area AZ distributed triangle wise on 2.0*ele-
ment thickness right+left
BRIC Design of volume elements − -

see DI3D : 0 = no BRIC design
BUBB Design of bubble decks − 0.55
REDN Factor for design with reduced normal force − 1.0
REDM Factor for design with reduced bending moment − 1.0
FACH 1= use ’DIN Fachbericht’ settings also for DIN-EN − 0
1992-1-1
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-23

SNIP Short term/long term loading safety factor russian − 0.9

code, default 0.9 (long term loading)
VF70 Factor for increase of the load bearing capacity for − 1.0
accidental loading situation
WALL Deep beam LT *
(see also record MAT AM3)
YES Requirements for minimum reinforcement
0.075% per side for EN and DIN 1045-1
0.10% per side for Austria B 4700
0.15% per side for old EC2, old BS, ACI
(Default for disks)
NO No minimum reinforcement
(=Default for shells, system 3D)
CORE CORE Parallel computing control
WARN Special error messages can be switched off if speci- − *
fied in the error message.
V2 second value - e.g. RO_V or CTRL SLS V2 1 − -

see Theortical Principles: SLS stresses
V3 third value - e.g. CTRL BOUN − -
With CTRL TYPE ULTI can be defined, that the load cases contain internal forces and moment
in the ultimate limit state. The default for CTRL ULTI is defined in the following manner: If the
superposition occurs with actions for the design state in program MAXIMA, this is recognized
by BEMESS. The program uses the load cases as load cases with ultimate limit loads also
without an input CTRL ULTI.
In an SLS design with CTRL TYPE SLS no shear design and no punching check is done. The
function CTRL TYPE SLS is only possible or senseful in combination with option CTRL RMOD
SUPE to complete a previous ultimate limit design. As data about punching is also necessary
for the service load check, e.g. support moment reduction over the column, this information is
used from the ULS design (see CTRL LCRP).
For shear checks according to EN 1992-1-1 and a lot of other codes it is possible to input a
maximum percentage of reinforcement RO_V. If the normal shear check without shear rein-
forcement is not possible with the reinforcement determined from the bending, the program
attempts to increase the bending reinforcement ratio without an use of a shear reinforcement.
This succeeds mostly, particularly in the area of the moment zero points. In this case the
bending reinforcement is increased up to a maximum reinforcement ratio RO_V in percent.
BETA The original eurocode writes equation (6.44) and (6.46) for boundary and edge columns.
These equations are used in all EU countries except Germany and Austria and give relative
moderate beta values. In Germany and Austria these equations shall not be used and equa-
tion (6.39) must be used. There W1 and the moment M shall be used around the center of the
perimeter. But this results in high beta values especially when the moment around the column
is nearly zero and e/c=0.0, because a high moment occurs around the center of the perimeter
3-24 SOFiSTiK 2020

(center of the perimeter lies far inside the slab). Now comment on german (NDP) 6.4.3 (6)
comes:
"Für Randstützen mit großen Ausmitten e / c 1,2 ist der Lasterhöhungsfaktor genauer zu er-
mitteln (z. B. nach Gleichung (6.39))."
With default BETA=0 this comment is interpreted that the flat values can be used if e/c<1.2
also if you cannot make any comment on the span relation factor.
On e/c>1.2 and high beta acc. equation (6.39) ina ddition the sector method is applied. For
this beta is the highest shear force in a sector divided by the average shear force. So it is
extracted from the distribution of the shear force in the active perimeter (plot to max. VZ*beta).
At least the flat eccentricity factor is used. On inner columns, the active perimeter is divided
into 8 sectors, on boundary columns into 6, on edge columns into 4.
On BETA=10, for boundary and edge columns always the beta value acc. equation (6.39) is
used.
Design case title
Using a free load case number for CTRL LCR (without normal static load cases), a design case
title is stored for WiNGRAF.
Superposition of various design calculation with LCRI
With CTRL LCRI ... it is possible to determine the reinforcement maximum (incl. punching rein-
forcement) from some previous design calculations. This maximum can be used then as basis
for the current calculation. The current calculation is saved with the reinforcement distribution
number which is defined with CTRL LCR. CTRL RMOD SUPE is activated automatically.
If LRCI and LCR are input with the same number and this number is > 1, BEMESS first calcu-
lates a new stress and then stores the maximum of this stress and the pervious one. Usage
see CSM-DESI in the fatigue check using multiple permanent parts.
If LRCI is not equal LCR, BEMESS only stores the SLS stress of the actual design, not the
maximum of LRCI and LCR, so the last LCRI SLS stress are deleted! Nevertheless the LRCI
reinforcement is taken into account! For a maximum of SLS stresses you can use a pure
superposition run without design as follows:
prog bemess
head
CTRL LCRI 1,2,3,4
CTRL LCR 11
end
With this also the maximum reinforcement can be generated in a BEMESS run without further
analysis.
VF70 - Factor for increase of the load bearing capacity for accidental loading situation
For power plant design the shear capacity according to DIN 1045-1 equation 70 and
105 or EN 1992-1-1 can be increased by a factor with CTRL VF70, e.g. VF70=1.15. to take
into account a reduction of the partial safety factor for these checks
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-25

REDN - Factor for design with reduced normal force and

REDM - Factor for design with reduced bending moment
A design with reduced normal forces or reduced bending moment is possible with CTRL
REDN or REDM . To design also maximum tension and maximum pressure, in any case a
previous run without REDN or REDM is necessary! Thus this option is only allowed with
parallel CTRL RMOD SUPE! To study the influence of REDN in LCR1-LCR2, the best way is
to use:
PROG BEMESS
HEAD Design without reduction
CTRL LCR 2
...
END
PROG BEMESS
HEAD Design with reduced normal forces
CTRL LCR 1 LCRI 2 RMOD SUPE
CTRL REDN 0.8 or STEU REDM 0.8
...
END
It is also possible to processed both BEMESS parts with LCR 1 (without input for LCR).
RADP - Factor the modification of the check radius for punching
The check radius for punching perimeters can be modified with CTRL RADP. Sectors
with openings or boundaries closer than 6·d to the column edge do not act in the perimeter
by default. With RADP this factor can be changed (default 6.0 for thin slabs, intern already
reduced for thick slabs).
BUBB - Design of bubble decks
In bending design, the compression zone is limited to the thickness of the outer material
layers. In shear design, the shear capacity is reduced to CTRL BUBB of the shear capacity
of a full section. (Default CTRL BUBB 0.55). The longitudinal reinforcement is taken into
account in shear design [ please refer to RO_V] . Shear links are not allowed. So the external
shear force VED must be lower than VRDbbbe = 0.55*VRDc of a full section. The output
VED/VRDm then means VED/VRDbbbe and can be checked in WINGRAF-VED/VRDm .
Additionally, within punching perimeters, also the normal shear check will be performed for
bubble elements.
Example: see bubble_deck.dat
BOUN - Shear design at supports
Without further input now the shear force in case of direct support is linear reduced from the
face of the support up to xVED *d = controlling shear cut at xVED *d (see. DIN 1045-1 10.3.2(1)
and EN 1992-1-1 6.2.1(8)). The value xVED is set according to the design code and is proto-
colled in the output. It it set to 1.0 for EN, DIN 1045-1 and all new EC codes, otherwise 0.5.
With CTRL BOUN V3 ... the value xVED can be changed.
To satisfy EN-1992 6.2.1(8) ’Any shear reinforcement required should continue to the support’
the shear force it not reduced linear to 0 % (Version 2016) but to 70 % at the support face. This
factor can be input with BOUN V2 - default Voreinstellung CTRL BOUN 1+2+4 V2 0.7.
3-26 SOFiSTiK 2020

For the check of VRd,m the shear force is linear reduced only from the support axis up to the
face of the support = check at the face of the support (DIN 1045-1 10.3.2(3) and EN 1992-1-1
6.2.1(8)). From the face of the support up to the controlling shear cut VRd,m is checked with
the unreduced shear force.
CTRL BOUN can controll:
BOUN 0 no reduction - shear design also over the support

BOUN +1 at supported edges the shear force is reduced from the face of the sup-
port up to xVED *d (direct support)
BOUN +2 also at shell edges with walls below (slabs in 3D-high-rise building)
BOUN +4 also at vertical shell edges (wall corner in 3D-systems - mostly indirect
support)
BOUN +8 also at all other shell edges (slaps hanging on walls ... - indirect supports)
(shell edge = intersection of two parts, e.g. wall/floor or wall corner)
At shell edges of type +4 and +8 indirect support is assumed and the shear force is reduced
only in the intersection zone (support axis up to the face of the support). T beams in slabs gen-
erally are takes as a direct slab support (support width = beam cross section web thickness).
Default:
1+2+4 = at direct supports and vertical edges.
3.4.1 CORE Parallel computation control
CORE Description Unit Default
VAL Number of used threads − *
SOFiSTiK supports parallel computing for selected equation solvers. Additionally, some pro-
grams offer parallel element processing capabilities – independent of the chosen equation
solver (CTRL SOLV).
Activation of parallel computing

By default parallel computing is triggered automatically where it is feasible.
Parallel computing requires corresponding harware and operation system support. In addition,
availability of an adequate SOFiSTiK license is obligatory.
Hint
Parallel computing requires availability of a HISOLV license (ISOL granule).
Number of available threads for parallel computing

If parallel computing is active, the number of adopted threads is determined as follows (listed
with increasing priority):
a) The software retrieves the information about the number of available physical processor
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-27

cores on the system. This number defines the default number of threads that are used
when a parallel computation is activated.
b) This default can be modified via the environment variable SOF_NUM_THREADS, which is
also available as sofistik.def parameter.
c) Finally, an explicit statement CTRL CORE NN (or as relative input CTRL CORE NN[%])
temporarily assigns the number of available threads for the respective run.
Hint
Neither option b) nor option c) state an explicit parallel computation request. The deci-
sion if a parallel computation is triggered, depends on the actual analysis option (parallel
processing must be supported for the specific task) and the availability of an adequate
license. Parallel computing can be suppressed by explitly setting the number of available
threads to 1 (or 0).
Parallel options for equation solvers
License
Solver CTRL SOLV Serial Parallel
Skyline Gauss/ Cholesky 1 – n.a.
Iterativ 2 HISOLV HISOLV
Sparse LDL (default) 3 – n.a.
Sparse Parallel (Pardiso) 4 HISOLV HISOLV
3-28 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.5 BEW – Title of the design case
See also: CTRL

BEW
TITL Title of the stored design case LT32 *
The number of the design case must be input in CTRL LCR.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-29

3.6 CRAC – Control of the Service Load Checks
See also: CTRL, MAT, GRP, ELEM, NODE

CRAC
XMIN Minimum thickness of compressive zone [mm] 1024 0.
WK Computed crack width value [mm] 1026 -

TAB check of diameters with tables LIT
via GRP + ELEM + NODE
>0 direct analysis of crack width
999 only analysis of crack width
PARA using definition in PARA
BOND Indicator of exterior surface quality: LT RIB

RIB for ripped concrete steel
PROF for shaped concrete steel
PLAI for smooth concrete steel
BET1 Coefficient Beta1 in the crack formula for wk, factor − *

which considers the bond properties
Defaults corresponding to the BOND definition:
1.0 for RIB
0.75 for PROF
0.5 for PLAI
Any numerical value can be input otherwise.
BET2 Input for load duration LT STAT

DYN for short time loading: implies BET2=1.0
(Heft 400)
or kt=0.6 acc. EN 1992-1-1
STAT for long term loading: implies BET2=0.5
(Heft 400)
or kt=0.4 acc. EN 1992-1-1
WKB Computed crack width value for lower side →WK WK
The simple crack width check with the limitation of the steel stress with tables is controlled
with DDES and WK=TAB via the environmental conditions or the crack width in PARA or the
records GRP, ELEM or NODE. An input of a steel stress in PARA-SSU can be used for a check
according the table bar spacing (you look into the table, extract your necessary steel stress and
input this in PARA-SSU). Elements without defined steel stress are designed with the table bar
3-30 SOFiSTiK 2020

diameters!
The ”precise” crack width check with a direct calculation (DAfStb-Heft 400 or EN 1992-1-1) is
activated via the input of PARA or a value for WK in the record CRAC. The concrete tensile
stress BETZ of the record MAT has not to be defined then to zero. The parameters WK to K1
are used only for the ”precise” check.
This record remains effective until another CRAC record is input. Without a CRAC input, no
service load checks occur!
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-31

3.7 MREI – Minimum Reinforcement
MREI
FFCT Factor for effective tensile strength −

KC Coefficient for stress distribution during first cracking −
K External constraint - for bending constraint usually in- −
put K=1.0 is required
ROBU Robustness reinforcement −

PARA Minimum reinforcement from PARA −
YES apply min. reinforcement
NO do not apply ” of PARA
A manual minimum reinforcement of PARA...ASU will be taken into account for MREI PARA
YES. In a nonlinear analysis in ASE it will be taken always!
The minimum reinforcement according to EN 1992-1-1 7.3.2 is defined with the record MREI
FFCT, KC and K. In Germany the increase of hc,ef acc. figure 7.1d is taken into account.
The factor of the effective tensile strength results as follows:
ƒct,eƒ ƒ = FFCT · ƒctm
Minimum 3.0 N/mm2 (leightweight concrete) are used for FFCT = 1.0.
Without an input for KC the coefficient is determined from the axial force for three-dimensional
systems. Reasonable inputs are:
MREI FFCT 1.0 KC 0.4 K 1.0 for bending constraint

MREI FFCT 0.5 KC 1.0 for centric constraint from hydration heat
The item K is calculated in dependence of the depth. For external constraint (column settlement
or bending constraint) it should be input with k=1.0.
The determination of the minimum reinforcement requires an input of the crack width WKU
and WKL in record GRP respectively in the design parameter dialog! For a parallel explicit
crack width input in CRAK WK (EN 1992-1-1 7.3.4), this is used also for the minimum rein-
forcement. If the limitation of the crack width according to tables (EN 1992-1-1 7.3.3) is desired
simultaneouslywith CRAK WK TAB, WKU and SIGU can be input in record GRP (or the design
parameter dialog)! Then WKU is used for the minimum reinforcement and SIGA is used for
the limitation of the crack width without a direct calculation according to tables (EN 1992-1-1
7.3.3).
Example: see bemess6_design.dat
3-32 SOFiSTiK 2020

ROBU: the check of a minimum reinforcement for the safety of a ductile member behaviour (ro-
bustness reinforcement) occurs with an input for ROBU. With MREI ROBU FCTM the check is
performed with the concrete tensile strength fctm , with MREI it is performed with fctk . However,
a different tensile strength may be input with ROBU, e.g. MREI ROBU=2.50 (N/mm2 ).
The minimum reinforcement is then calculated according EN 1992 9.2.1.1(1) equation (9.1N).
Only for german design codes a crack moment is calculated and designed with a fixed lever
arm value kz =0.9 and the steel yield strength fyk according (NDP) 9.2.1.1 (1).
The robutsness reinforcement is always applied at the bottom of a section. On top only in case
of appearing tensile stresses. To recognize this it is necessary to define a permanent loadcase
for this check may be with a little factor only, e.g. LC (2721 2726 1) FACT 0.001.
Usually the robustness reinforcement on the top has to be placed over a length of up to a
quarter of the span length.
Varying MREI input is possible with multiple input. A MREI input defines the values for the
following GRP selection.
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3.8 SHFT – Offset Value for Shift Rule
SHFT
TYPE Consideration of the offset value for shift rule − 0

0 does not consider
1 Consideration according to EC 2 method
With the input SHFT 1 an additional normal force is applied and leads to a shifts in the bending
reinforcment. Near supports up to 0.5·z·cot-theta, the shear force is reduced respectively.
To avoid an unnecessary increase of longitudinal reinforcement in midspan, the minimum com-

pression strut angle is reduced with a default CTRL COTT 7/4.
Example see (german) versatz.dat
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3.9 NSTR – SLS Checks
See also: ECHO, CTRL, MAT, LC

NSTR
SIGS Stress range of longitudinal reinforcement N/ mm2 -

Reinforcement will be increased if necessary.
NSTR SIGS 999 only checks the stress range.
SIGT Stress range for shear reinforcement. N/ mm2 0.454*

Default 0.454*SIGS due to small bending diameter. SIGS
Reinforcement will be increased if necessary. Punch-
ing shear reinforcement will not be increased.
Spezial input negative SIGT see below
SIGP Stress range for prestressing steel N/ mm2 -

BEMESS tries to reach this by increasing longitudinal
reinforcement. If this is not possible a warning occurs.
CHKC Maximum concrete compression stress −, N/ mm2 0

0.45 Check to 0.45 fckl
0 No control
>1.5 input directly in N/mm2
In the layer design (default on NSTR) reinforcement
will be increased if necessary.
On CTRL LAY 0 (Baumann) reinforcement will not be
increased - check only.
On CTRL LAY 1 a pure check without increase can
bei made with NSTR CHCK -0.45 (negative value).
CHKR Maximum steel stress −, N/ mm2 0

0.8 Check to 0.8 fyk
0 No control
>1.5 input directly in N/mm2
Reinforcement will be increased if necessary.
DECO check distance decompression check [mm] 1011 -
FATC Fatigue age of concrete FATC. No longer used, please - -

define fcd-fat in the material, see AQUA CONC FFAT.
Also possible as AQUA-Restart see AQUA CTRL
REST
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-35

Correction coefficients λs according to:

DIN-FB 102 Anhang A.106.2 or:
1992-2 NN.2.1(NN.101)/NN.3.1(NN.106)
LS_U upper reinforcement − -
LS_L lower reinforcement − -
LS_V shear reinforcement − -
LS_P prestressing steel − -
LC14 concrete produkt λc1*λc2*λc3*λc4 − -
λc0 is calculated by the program and used
Without LC14 input the check is done according EN
1992-1-1 6.8.7 (6.77), e.g. with NSTR SIGS 999
LS_U 1 1, with LC14=0 no concrete fatigue check is
done at all,
with LC14 input the check is done with sigma-c-perm
according EN 191992-2 NN.3.2(NN.112)
Increase factors axle load of load model 3

FACU upper reinforcement − 1.0
FACL lower reinforcement − 1.0
FACV shear reinforcement − 1.0
FACP prestressing steel − 1.0
LOCP Local directions of tendons on CTRL LAY 0 − -

In the layer design, tendons are analyzed exactly. So
an input LOCP is only allowed for CTRL LAY 0 and
then means:
0 Stress range, determines with maximum of
the stress range of the main and transverse
reinforcements (default)
1 Stress range, determines with the stress
range of the main reinforcement
2 Stress range, determines with the stress
range of the transverse reinforcement
Attention: Using SIGS, SIGT, CHKR, LS_U, LS_L, LS_V, FAKU, FAKL or FAKV, the reinforce-
ment will be increased to fulfil the check.
The stress range of the reinforcement may be verified with the input NSTR SIGS. At first a
normal design occurs with possible additional serviceability checks. Then a possible already
saved reinforcement is considered at CTRL BMOD SUPE. For each load case the reinforce-
ment stress in computed. The minimum and maximum value of all load cases then give the
stress range. To avoid misunderstanding, only an input of 100 % permanent factor (LC...PERC
3-36 SOFiSTiK 2020

used for other checks) is allowed using NSTR. The set of load cases with/without live load part
has to be produced with MAXIMA in advance. If the stress range is to large, the reinforcement
is increased correspondingly.
Also the elements that do not require any reinforcement increase are printed with ECHO NSTR
FULL. ECHO SIGS NSTR produces the stresses of the single load cases as well as the used
updated lever arms. If a further calculation is started with CTRL BMOD SUPE after a BEMESS
calculation with a stress range check, smaller stress range are determined in this second
calculation, because the reinforcement increased in the previous calculation is used for the
stress determination (= control of the reinforcement increase).
At first a design in the ultimate limit state should be performed usually. Then an separate
BEMESS stress range check occurs with CTRL BMOD SUPE for possible other serviceability
load cases from the program MAXIMA.
For the shear link stress range (SIGT) the square route of the strut inclination is used according
to EN 1992-1-1 6.8.2(3) (6.65). It is also checked whether the direction of the shear force
alternates in the different load cases, because it is an indication for decompression: E.g. if LC
1 has Vx=+100 and LC 2 has Vx=-100, then both load cases have the same shear stress but
the shear force changes through zero from LC 1 to LC 2!
With spezial input of a negative SIGT e.g. -120 always a stress range in shear reinforcement is
calculated. This automatically causes shear reinforcement in every element. With this feature
you can check if the then necessary shear reinforcement is smaller than an anyway placed
minimum shear reinforcement (that you cannot input up to now).
A stress range is not considered for the punching check! Over punching nodes no shear rein-
forcement will be increased due to SIGT! For graphical checks, the link stress range computed
from the real slab shear force is calculated and stored for WinGRAF.
DECO: for the decompression check according EN 1992-1-1 7.3.1 the check distance (default
100mm) is taken from the .ini file and thus adjusted to the design code. Via input e.g. NSTR
DECO 120[ mm] the check distance can be changed individually (without h/10 limitation). In
every stress check with NSTR (also pure input NSTR) the maximum decompression strain in
the direction of tendons in the check distance above and below the duct surface are calculated
and stored for WINGRAF.
Example prestressed_slab.dat or in CSM DESI: csm32_slab_design.dat
Fatigue check
The fatigue check for concrete according to DIN-FB 102-(4.188) or EN-1991-1-1 is con-
trolled via an input for FATC. With additional input to LC14 and a permanent loadcase the
check is done with sigma_c,perm. λc0 is calculated by the Programm. The simple check is
then done in addition for comparison reasons.
A fatigue check for steel is realized, if at least an input for LS_U, LS_L, LS_V, FAKU, FAKL or
FAKV is done. Here SIGS means according to 4.3.7.5 DIN-FB 102 or EN-1991-1-1:
SGS = ΔσRsk (N∗)
Example for fatigue check:
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-37

prestressed_slab.dat or in CSM DESI: csm32_slab_design.dat
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3.10 MAT – Input of Material Properties
See also: CTRL, CRAC, NSTR

MAT
CONC Concrete and steel class must be defined − -

STEE in AQUA or the SSD − -
K Control parameters for the shear check LT K1S

K1 Span reinforcement is continuous. (>50%)
K1S Span reinforcement is in steps
MINC Minimum transverse reinforcement − 0.2

The transverse reinforcement is at least MINC times
the main reinforcement.
MSTA Character of the loading LT YES

YES mainly stationary loading
NO not mainly stationary loading
AM3 Minimum reinforcement of pressed cross sections (in % *

percentage of the statically required cross section)
Default: (see also CTRL WALL)
0.8 for DIN1045-1988
0.0 for DIN 1045-1,EN1992,
BS,ACI, OENORM
FC Effective concrete design strength MP *

FY Steel yield limit MP *
FC and FY can be changed up to 30% from their de-
fault values.
FYS Yield limit shear aud punching shear reinforcement MP *
SC1 Concrete material safety bending − *

SC2 Concrete safety compression members − *
SS1 Steel material safety tension and bending − *
SS2 Steel safety compression reinforcement − *
default depending on CTRL REIN/ULTI and the code
C1 Maximum concrete compression strain o/ oo *

S2 Maximum reinforcement tensile strain o/ oo *
C1 and S2 are only allowed in the layer design
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-39

Input of the material properties from the database:
The materials of the database are used as default, if they are concrete and steel mate-
rials. They can be changed, mainly FC, FY and the safety factors.
MSTA controls the computational reduction of the shear stress in the shear zone 3 for the shear
design according to DIN1045-1988.
Defaults of the safeties:
SC1 SC2 SS1 SS2

DIN 1045-1 (REIN+ULTI) 1.50 1.50 1.15 1.15
DIN-1045-1988 (REIN) 1.75 2.10 1.75 2.10
DIN-1045-1988 (ULTI) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
OENORM (REIN+ULTI) 1.50 1.50 1.15 1.15
EN 1992-1-1 (REIN+ULTI) 1.50 1.50 1.15 1.15
British Standard ” 1.50 1.50 1.05 1.05
American ACI ” 1/0.9 1/0.65 1/0.9 1/0.65
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3.11 GEOM – Input of the Cross Section
See also: DIRE, THRE, MAT, PARA

GEOM
H Plate thickness [mm] 1011 *

Default: as available in the database
HA Centre distance of the upper main reinforcement from [mm] 1024 35
the upper plate edge
DHA Centre distance of the upper transverse or middle re- [mm] 1024 10
inforcement from the main reinforcement
HB Centre distance of the lower main reinforcement from [mm] 1024 HA

the lower plate edge
DHB Centre distance of the lower transverse or middle re- [mm] 1024 DHA
inforcement from the main reinforcement
DDHA Centre distance of the upper inner reinforcement from [mm] 1024 DHA
the middle reinforcement
DDHB Centre distance of the lower inner reinforcement from [mm] 1024 DHB
the middle reinforcement
HPRE Limitation of the compression zone thickness [mm] 1024 -
The values HU - DDHB are usually input in a separate BEMESS run or the SSD design pa-
rameter dialog.
An input H or HPRE cannot be done in a parameter definitiion run (PARA). An input H or HPRE
is only allowed in a separate design run. Without input to HU-DDHB then H and HPRE can be
used in combination with the PARA values for an individual design run. If HU-DDHB is input
then no values are taken from a previous PARA run or the SSD design parameter dialog.
The inputs for HA, DHA, HB, DHB, DDHA and DDHB have no effect for disk structures.
This record remains effective until another record GEOM is input. More explanations are to be
found in the description of the records DIRE and THRE.
Note
The design of orthotropic plates by BEMESS requires additional effort. A different thickness
should be defined for each load case and each direction of the principal moments. In such
cases BEMESS prints a warning; the user should specify the thickness explicitly with GEOM
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-41

D.
HO
DHO
DDHO
DDHU
DHU
HU
1: Geometry of the reinforced concrete cross section (O=upper side U=lo

Figure 3.1: Geometry of the reinforced concrete cross section (O=upper side, U=lower side)
The used compression zone thickness may be limited for the design of hollow plates with the
input possibility GEOM...HPRE. In this way the hollow plates or the bouble-deck plates can
be calculated. However, a shear design does not occur. The shear force has to be checked
separately.
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3.12 DIRE – Definition of Orthogonal Two-course Reinforcement
See also: GEOM, THRE, MAT, PARA

DIRE
UPP Angle between the upper main reinforcement direc- degrees 0

tion and the local x axis
(between 0 and 180)
LOW Angle between the lower main reinforcement direction degrees 0
and the local x axis
(between 0 and 180)
X Centre for a circular plate design [m] -

Y The angles defined with UPP and LOW [m] -
Z refer to the direction vector from the input centre to [m] -
the design point. The axis is defined in the case of
three-dimensional structures.
An orthogonal steel mesh can be laid both at the upper (support reinforcement) than also at
the lower side (span reinforcement). The direction of the main reinforcement is specified and
the transverse reinforcement is perpendicular to it. Clockwise angles are positive and they are
defined in degrees. They are relative to the x axis of the local coordinate system, which is in
the case of plane problems identical with the global coordinate system. The location of the
coordinate system in three-dimensional cases can be defined in SOFIMSHA/SOFIMSHB.
Any input for LOW is ignored in the case of disk structures; the reinforcement directions are
the same at both sides.
A design in ultimate limit state can be done with a symmetrical and centric reinforcement for
shell systems (SYST SPAC):
DIRE LOW SYM defines a symmetric reinforcement

DIRE LOW CENT defines an (upper) centric reinforcement
(without lower reinforcement)
For hight concrete cover, the upper and lower reinforcement often are close together. Defining
a symmetric reinforcement it is now taken into account that the reinforcement at the concrete
compression side also gets tension and helps the tension side reinforcement. An increase of
lever arm is taken into account.
Example file: symmetric.dat
A special option allows the design of a circular mesh reinforcement by defining a reference
circle centre and the items UPP/LOW equal to 0 or 90 degrees. Then the radial or tangential
reinforcement lies at the outer side.
In the case of three-dimensional systems, Z=0 defines a Z axis through the point X,Y. If Z is not
equal to 0, then X=0 defines a X axis through Y,Z, and Y=0 a Y axis through X,Z. The tangential
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-43

direction has priority against the radial direction in the case of diagonally cut elements. At DIRE
0 0 the 2nd layer lies then tangential, while the 1st layer can deviate perpendicularly to the radial
direction.
In the normal case of the spiral stair the input DIRE 0 0 - 0 0 0 is correct for all elements.
The stair links lie then as principal direction outside in radial direction, the structural bars are
tangential in the 2nd layer (with X=Y=0 = spiral axis).
This record remains effective until another record DIRE (or THRE) is input.
upper side transverse reinforcement

lower side
main reinforcement
Y
Figure 3.2: Geometry of the reinforcement layers for DIRE
Figure 3.3: Definition of a two-layer circular reinforcement
3-44 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.13 THRE – Definition of Skew 2- and 3-course Reinforcement
See also: GEOM, DIRE, MAT, PARA

THRE
ABEX Angle between the upper outer reinforcement direc- degrees 0.

(between 0 and 180)
ABMI Angle between the upper middle reinforcement direc- degrees 90.
(between 0 and 180)
ABIN Angle between the upper inner reinforcement direc- degrees -

(between 0 and 180)
BEEX Angle between the lower outer reinforcement direc- degrees 0.

(between 0 and 180)
BEMI Angle between the lower middle reinforcement direc- degrees 90.
(between 0 and 180)
BEIN Angle between the lower inner reinforcement direction degrees -

and the local x axis
(between 0 and 180)
The upper reinforcement mesh (support reinforcement) and the lower reinforcement mesh
(span reinforcement) are selected independently of each other; thus two- and three-course
reinforcement is simultaneously possible. An orthogonal two-course reinforcement laid at both
sides should be specified, however, by means of the record DIRE. The angles of the reinforce-
ment directions are defined in degrees and they are positive in the clockwise direction. They
are relative to the x axis of the local coordinate system. The terms main and transverse rein-
forcement in THRE are used analogously, e.g. in reference to the percentage parameter MINC
of the input record MAT.
Any input for the parameters BEEX, BEMI and BEIN is ignored in the case of disk structures.
The reinforcement directions are the same at both sides.
An SLS check of minimum compression height cannot be performed for skew two- and three-
course meshes.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-45

This record remains effective until another THRE (or DIRE) record is input.
ABMI or BEMI
ABEX
or ABIN
BEEX or
BEIN
Outer Layer Middle Layer
Inner Layer
Figure 3.4: Geometry of the reinforcement layers for THRE
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3.14 DI3D – Definition BRIC Reinforcement
See also: PARA

DI3D
OAL Meridian angle degrees 0

Definition see AQUA-MATE manual ”Geology”
OAF Descent angle degrees 0
X Centre for a circular reinforcement [m] -

Y [m] -
Z [m] -
The design of volume elements is based on a tension force covering of the stress tensor
according a paper of P.C.J. Hoogenboom and A. de Boer: ”Computation of reinforcement for
solid concrete” Heron Heft 53 2008 no 4. In tension, the reinforcement steel is used up to
the trilinear limit. With the new input DI3D a reinforcement direction can be defined for BRIC
elements.
Example see bric_design.dat
Possible definitions:
DI3D 0 0
1. reinforcement direction = global-X 2.=global-Y 3.=global-Z
DI3D OAL...OAF... without input to a centre:
first rotation OAL around global-Z
then rotation OAF around new 1. reinforcement direction
DI3D with input to a centre:
X and Y are allowed in addition to OAL+OAF.
Input Z only allowed with OAL=OAF=0
- circular reinforcement around X,Y (without Z input):
Standard case OAL=OAF=0:
e.g. wind power plant foundation or tank:
DI3D OAL 0 OAF 0 X 0 Y 0
1. reinforcement = radial
2. reinforcement = tangential
3. reinforcement = global z
Spezial case with OAL+OAF:
Additional rotation OAL around global-Z
then rotation around new 1. reinforcement direction
e.g. tank with 30 degree cone:
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-47

DI3D OAL 90 OAF 30 X 0 Y 0

Special input additional Z: only allowed with OAL=OAF=0:
input Y,Z without X: rotational axis = X around point Y,Z
input X,Z without Y: rotational axis = Y around point X,Z
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3.15 LAY – Definition of Multi Layer Reinforcement
See also: GEOM, THRE, PARA

LAY
POS Position of the reinforcement LT !

UPP Z = distance to upper face
CENT Z = distance to center
LOW Z = distance to lower face
Z Centre distance of the reinforcement [mm] 1024 !
DIRE Angle to the local x axis (between 0 and 180) Atgrd 0.
D Diameter, 0=do not design these elements [mm] 1023 -

can also be set in PARA with PARA...DU 0
AS Minimum reinforcement [cm2/ m] -
ASMA Maximum reinforcement. When this is reached the [cm2/ m] -
next inner layer will be filled. Do not input ASMA for
most inner reinforcement!
WK Crack width [mm] 1026 -
SS Steel stress in SLS crack check (for CRAC WK TAB [MP] 1092 -
alternative to WK)
For an element maximum 40 layers can be defined.
Example see bemess8_multi_layer_design.dat:
Figure 3.5: 4 upper layer, 6 lower layer (3 in x + 3 in y = 6)
All SLS checks can be done.
The crack width design is done for the most outer layers, but the inner layers participate on the
reinforcement ratio and the effective height as shown in Figure 2.9.
Multilayer reinforcement can also be used in a nonlinear ASE analysis.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-49

3.16 PARA – Design Parameter
See also: GEOM, DIRE, THRE, LAY, PUNC, MREI

PARA
NOG Group number −/ LT *

* no input: default for all groups.
SAR (or GAR): structural area number
Secondary groups: are allowed, see be-
mess6_design.dat
NOEL Element number − -
or for SAR - structural area number
DU Reinforcement diameter upper 1st layer [mm] 1023 10

DU=0: do not design this group
DU2 Reinforcement diameter upper 2nd layer DU*
DU3 Reinforcement diameter upper 3rd layer DU2*
* no default in case of TYPE MOD!
DL Reinforcement diameter lower 1st layer DU*
DL2 Reinforcement diameter lower 2nd layer DL*
DL3 Reinforcement diameter lower 3rd layer DL2*
WKU Crack width upper 1st layer [mm] 1026 -

WKU2 Crack width upper 2nd layer WKU*
WKU3 Crack width upper 3rd layer WKU2*
WKL Crack width lower 1st layer WKU*
WKL2 Crack width lower 2nd layer WKL*
WKL3 Crack width lower 3rd layer WKL2*
SSU Steel stress upper 1st layer [N/ mm2] -

SSU2 Steel stress upper 2nd layer 1092 SSU*
SSU3 Steel stress upper 3rd layer SSU2*
SSL Steel stress lower 1st layer SSU*
SSL2 Steel stress lower 2nd layer SSL*
SSL3 Steel stress lower 3rd layer SSL2*
ASU Minimum reinforcement upper 1st layer [cm2/ m] -

ASU2 Minimum reinforcement upper 2nd layer 1021 -
3-50 SOFiSTiK 2020

ASU3 Minimum reinforcement upper 3rd layer -

Usage of minimum reinforcement
please refer to MREI PARA
ASL Minimum reinforcement lower 1st layer -
ASL2 Minimum reinforcement lower 2nd layer -
ASL3 Minimum reinforcement lower 3rd layer -
BSU Maximum reinforcement upper 1st layer [cm2/ m] -

BSU2 Maximum reinforcement upper 2nd layer 1021 -
BSU3 Maximum reinforcement upper 3rd layer -
The maximum reinf. is not used in
BEMESS but only for nonlinear analysis
in ASE. Please refer to ASE ->REIQ
BSL Maximum reinforcement lower 1st layer -
BSL2 Maximum reinforcement lower 2nd layer -
BSL3 Maximum reinforcement lower 3rd layer -
TYPE Modification of individual design parameters − -

MOD overwrites only in this input line defined val-
ues, defaults inactive. Does not work in
combination with DIRE+GEOM!
The design parameter should be input only once in a separate BEMESS run of the SSD task
design parameter. Then they are available in the database for all following calculations.
All inputs from DIRE, THRE and GEOM (except for GEOM-D) can be done. A following PARA
input is necessary to close a group or element selection. The first PARA input has a special
meaning. It is always also a predefinition for all elements, also for all following PARA inputs.
Manual inputs for PUNC are saved also in the database. They have to be defined only in one
BEMESS input.
With PARA ... TYPE MOD only defined values of this input line are used for special groups or
elements. Previous global data to DIRE or GEOM are not changed. So no (DIRE) or (GEOM)
input is allowed directly before a PARA-MOD line! Also defaults e.g. for DU2=DU are not set.
All values that shall be modified must be set! Usage e.g.:
GEOM - HA 25 DHA 10 HB 25 DHB 10 $ Exposition XC1

PARA NOG - DU 10 WKU 0.40 $ class F
GEOM - HA 40 DHA 10 HB 40 DHB 10 $ Exposition XC4
PARA NOG 3 DL 20 WKL 0.30 $ class E
$
PARA NOEL 20710,20711 DU 16 DL 14 DL2 14 TYPE MOD $ does not change du2 !
This type of input is only allowed in the ASCII input and is not supported via the SSD reinforce-
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-51

ment dialogue.
Example: see bemess6_design.dat
With PARA NOG ... DU=0 a group can be switched off from design.
3-52 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.17 PUNC – Punching Design
See also: ECHO, CTRL, LC, PARA, MREI, SELE

PUNC
TYPE Design mode - punching type LT *

NO No punching design
CHEK only check punching (reinforcement in-
crease only by minimum reinforcement
MMOM)
YES Input for column nodes (default)
COL as YES: Input for columns
WALL Input for wall ends and corners
FOUN Input for foundation slabs
No Node number for following data
X Coordinates of the punching node [m] 1001 -

Y (if number unknown (assigned free)) [m] 1001 -
Z [m] 1001 -
D Column or wall thickness [mm] 1011 -

only in special case, usually defined in SOFIPLUS
B Column width B = 0 defines a circular column with the [mm] 1011 -
diameter D
HEAD Column head or necessary check LT -

- column head, normal punching design
CHEK only check punching: input for individual
nodes e.g. PUNC 37 HEAD chek
OFF node is not a punching node (see also
SELE ... 0)
DHEA Total thickness in the zone of the enlarged column [mm] 1011 0
head (usually from SOFIPLUS)
RO_V Maximum bending reinforcement ratio due to shear in % 1.5

the punching area
If a design without shear reinforcement would require
a higher bending reinforcement than RO_V, BEMESS
switches to the check with shear reinforcement
LC_P Load case of the corresponding maximum soil pres- − -

sure (foundation plate)
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-53

The soil pressure inside the punching circle dK re-

duces the maximum column load P for the punching
check, only allowed for TYPE=FOUN
VPD Shear force component of tendons [kN] 1102 -
RO_M Maximum reinforcement ratio for increase of longitu- % -

dinal reinforcement. See below
RO_L Minimum longitudinal reinforcement if the punching % *

check requires links
MMOM Factor on minimum design moments according to DIN − 1.0

1045-1 10.5.6 table 14 or EN
0.0 minimum moments + kollaps reinforcement
switched off
default: 1.0
HRED Reduction of thickness: minimum of quad thickness [mm] 1011 -

and HRED will be used
BETA Excentricity factor, see also CTRL BETA - -

beta can only be increased, the flat value is always
taken. Without input TYPE this BETA is only used for
columns (not for walls).
KUP Factor on VRD,max for studrails, see below - -
The punching check is performed with the maximum support reaction. If no support reaction is
found or the shear stress is too low, no punching check occurs.
Individual nodes can be deactivated for punching, either with PUNC no. HEAD OFF or with
SELE no. 0
Effect on a SSD design task see SELE.
Without input of a node number or X,Y,Z the following data are used for all punching nodes of
type TYPE COL/WALL/FOUN.
If punching shear links are necessary (if check without links and RO_V fails), not RO_V is
taken for longitudinal reinforcement but only the minimum reinforcement necessary including
links. As sometimes then too high shear reinforcement would be necessary, RO_L can be
used to define a longitudinal reinforcement that is used if shear reinforcement is necessary.
With RO_V=RO_M=RO_L a fixed reinforcement can be set.
3-54 SOFiSTiK 2020

The check directly at the column head sometimes can require a high longitudinal reinforcement.
To avoid this an input RO_M can be set. If that check would require a higher longitudinal
reinforcement the punching check i set to undesignable (without increase of reinforcement).
So PUNC RO_V controls to switch to shear studs, PUNC RO_L which longitudinal reinforce-
ment shall be taken in that case and PUNC RO_M controls if a very high longitudinal reinforce-
ment is senseful at all.
A collapse reinforcement according to EN 1992-1-1 9.4.1(3) is considered automatically (also

on PUNC NO or PUNC CHEK, can be switched off there with MMOM=0). In this case the
reinforcement Ved /fyk is distributed at the effective column circumference. No collapse rein-
forcement is used at wall ends.
Studrails: with the input PUNC KPU a factor for VRD,max can be input. Then the check in the
critical perimeter u1 is done with VRD,max = kpu,sl * VRD,c. Most ETA technical reports allow
a factor of 1.96. It is only checked if VRD,max is OK, the design then must be made extern
with the spezifications of the studrail producer. For codes that do not have a check VRD,max
at perimeter u1, input KPU is not allowed.
In WINGRAF a reinforcement of 9999[cm2] is plotted to mark that a separate studrail design
must follow.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-55

3.18 LC – Selection of Design Load Cases
See also: ECHO, CTRL, PUNC, S

LC
NO Load cases, for which a design is to be performed − -

or
Input of a design combination from program MAXIMA
DESI or (D) Design combination
ACCI or (A) Accidental combination
EARQ or (E) Combination for earthquake
PERM or (P) Quasi-permanent combination
RARE or (R) Rare or characteristic combina-
tion
FREQ or (F) Frequent comb.
NONF or (N) Non-frequent comb.
ULTI after superposition on ULS level without ac-
tions
SERV after superposition on SLS level without ac-
tions
PERC Factor of the permanent load for SLS checks (only old %/ LT 100
design codes)
For tendons or EN-1992 fatigue, literal PERC ’PERM’
defines the permanent load case (level)
FACT Factor for single load cases − -

SELE Only for CSM DESI superposition loadcases: − -
’M’ only use mami bending moment loadcases
e.g. LC ’rare’ SELE M, so that in the crack design the
mami-Vz loadcases must not be designed
With LC DESI/ULTI the load cases which were superpositioned with program MAXIMA for the
design with ultimate limit loads are selected automatically. For codes with actions, LC DESI
has to be taken, for codes without actions, LC ULTI is more correct. Please check the selected
load cases in the BEMESS output.
Using LC ACCI/EARQ please check the material safety factors (see record MAT).
The input of the load cases with maximum support reactions is also necessary for punching
checks.
3-56 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.19 GRP – Selection of Groups
See also: LC, ELEM, NODE

GRP
NO Group number or secondary group literal −/ LT *

Default: all groups
or:
SAR structural area number − *
CS construction stage for tendon activation − *

an input with only CS (GRP CS 12) only sets CS
All elements and nodes of the defined groups are used for the checks with the record GRP. In
this way GRP replaces the records ELEM and NODE.
In case a group shall not be designed, a group can also be switched off from design with PARA
NOG ... D0=0.
With the default CS 9998 all tendons are active, tendons with ICS2=0 or ICS2=9999 are treated
as unbonded.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-57

3.20 ELEM – Selection of Elements
See also: LC, CRAC, GRP, NODE

ELEM
FROM Start element number −/ LT *

or ’GRP’ for input of a group number or a secondary
group in TO
To select a group better use GRP because then also
the nodes of the group are selected.
TO End element number (or group) −/ LT FROM

INC Increment − 1
A design or a stress analysis for the load case LC is carried out for all elements from FROM to
TO in increments of INC.
In case a group shall not be designed, a group can alse be switched off from design with PARA
NOG ... D0=0.
In input ELEM can bei used especially to check the design in one element with ECHO FULL
EXTR.
Alternatively to ELEM you can also work with ECHO ELEM, then all elements are designed
but the output only prints the selected elements. Then automatically an extended output is
started, the layer design stress plot is only done for the first element of the ECHO ELEM list.
See example bemess.dat/english/bemess8_multi_layer_design.dat
3-58 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.21 NODE – Selection of Nodes
See also: LC, GRP, ELEM

NODE
FROM Start node number − *

Default: Smallest saved node number
TO End node number − FROM
INC Increment − 1
GROU Node groups − *

Default: all groups
To select a group better use GRP because then also
the elements of the group are selected.
A design for the load case LC is carried out for all nodes from FROM to TO in increments of
INC.
In input NODE can bei used especially to check the design in one node with ECHO FULL
EXTR.
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-59

3.22 SELE – Selection of Punching Points
See also: PUNC

SELE
NO Node number − -
TYPE Use of the selection − 1
0 is not used
1 is used
Individual nodes can be deactivated for punching,

e.g. node 17 either with PUNC 17 HEAD OFF or with SELE 17 TYPE 0
The advantage of SELE is that you generally define the possible nodes for the automatic punch-
ing node search. If only individual nodes shall be excluded from punching the input PUNC no.
HEAD OFF is better (more clear).
The advantage of PUNC no. HEAD OFF is: this input can also be made in a separate TEDDY
task in front of a SSD Task design and will be used there (but not SELE). Possible SSD TEDDY
Task:
PROG BEMESS
HEAD
PUNC 16,317,712 HEAD OFF
END
Examples for SELE:
SELE (1 9999 1) 0 $ first switch off all nodes

SELE 14,253,402 1 $ take only these nodes
or:
SELE (1 999 1) 1 $ first switch on all user defined SOFIPLUS nodes

SELE 251,255 0 $ except these
(automatically created nodes have numbers > 1000)
3-60 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.23 S – Input of External Forces and Moments
See also: LC
S
NO Element number − 1
NO1 Additional number used for distinction of several input − 0
records
MX Bending moment m-xx [kNm/ m] 0.

MY Bending moment m-yy 1113 0.
MXY Bending moment m-xy 0.
VX Shear force v-x [kN/ m] 0.
VY Shear force v-y 1112 0.
NX Membrane force n-xx [kN/ m] 0.
NY Membrane force n-yy 1111 0.
NXY Membrane force n-xy 0.
For the input of external forces and moments the information which are saved in the database
may be ignored possibly. This means that an element thickness has to be input in GEOM. Only
an old Baumann design (CTRL LAY 0) is done - no layer design, no shear design is done. Also
serviceability checks can not be made with extern forces S.
But you can achieve a complete design with manually forces with a little one quad system:
See example bemess.dat/english//special]design_of_external_forces.dat
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-61

3.24 EXPO – Export of the Design Parameters
EXPO
OPT reserved − -
TO Name of a file to write to Lt96 *

PASS Password of the CDB to be exported Lt16 -
With the record EXPO you may export the design parameters in the database to an input file
for BEMESS. This may be useful in special cases.
If the filename is not specified the data will be appended to the most recently defined file or a
file with the name project_BEX.DAT is generated.
3-62 SOFiSTiK 2020

3.25 ECHO – Control of Output
See also: NSTR, PUNC, LC, CTRL

ECHO
OPT A literal from the following list: LT FULL

PARA Design parameter
MAT Material (default=PARA)
REIN Reinforcement design results
NSTR Strains, stress range and concrete stress in
SLS
PUNC Punching checks
RTAB Reinforcement compilation
DMOM Internal forces of the design
STRE Linear Stress determination with CTRL
STRE
ELEM Outprint only for these elements
NODE Outprint only for these nodes
RVT switch for REVIT output (shorter PARA
lists)
FULL All above the options
VAL Value of output option −/ LT *

- without input = default
Only elements with maximum results (with-
out nodes)
- element or node number for ELEM or
NODE
NO No output
YES Regular output, no plots
Only elements and nodes with maximum
results
FULL Extensive output, (all elements + nodes),
plots
EXTR Extreme output
Also all single loadcases and details on
concrete strain
The default is activated without an user input:
PARA FULL
PUNC YES (FULL for the maximum loaded point)
STRE YES
RTAB+DMOM NO
SOFiSTiK 2020 3-63

REIN+SIGS+NSTR only elements with maximum results
On input of single elements with ELEM or NODE (design test) ECHO REIN und ECHO NSTR
is set to EXTR.
Alternatively to ELEM you can also work with ECHO ELEM no, then all elements are
designed but the output only prints the selected elements. Then automatically an ex-
tended output is started, the stress plot is only done for the first element of the
ECHO ELEM list. To select a node please input ECHO NODE. See example be-
mess.dat/english/]bemess8_multi_layer_design.dat
In the stress range check with ECHO NSTR FULL only elements that require a reinforcement
increase are printed. ECHO NSTR EXTR generates the maximum stresses of all load cases
and elements. Better use WINGRAF to check the stress range.
3-64 SOFiSTiK 2020

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BEMESS

Design of Plates and Shells

BEMESS Manual, Service Pack 2020-6 Build 289

Copyright © 2020 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.

HQ Oberschleissheim Office Nuremberg

T +49 (0)89 315878-0 T +49 (0)911 39901-0

1 Task Description 1-1

2 Theoretical Principles 2-1

3 Input Description 3-1

3.3 NORM – Default Design Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

SOFiSTiK 2020 1-1

1-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.1 Principles, compare of different design strategies

YOUTUBE Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIzO8YNLCn4

The following design strategies have been compared:

• Baumann design (SOFiSTiK since 1987)

2.2 Bending Design of Reinforced Concrete

Also BRIC volume elements can be designed.

2.2.1 General Comments

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-1

2.2.2 Reinforcement Meshes

The loading of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete continuum is transformed according to

2.2.3 Concrete compression stress

2.2.4 Compression reinforcement

2-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-3

2.2.5 Minimum reinforcement of the pressed cross sections

Figure 2.5: Tendons in decompression check

2-4 SOFiSTiK 2020

opening, see created csm32_slab_design_desi.dat file in example csm32_slab_design.dat.

With CTRL BTEN 2 V2 0 this reduction can be switched off.

2.2.7 Procedure of design according to Baumann (CTRL LAY 0)

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-5

the segmentation of the moment into membrane forces.

2-6 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.2.8 Procedure of the layer design (CTRL LAY 1)

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-7

2.2.9 Other Design Codes

Special features of the BS EN 1992-1-1:2004

2-8 SOFiSTiK 2020

Special features of the Swedish BBK 04

NORM S BBK-04 CAT 1: gamma-n=1.00

Special features of the Danish DS 411

Special features of the Italian Decreto Ministeriale per le Costruzioni 2005

Special features of the Swiss SIA 262:2013

Special features of the Russian SNiP SP 63.13330.2012

Special features according to American Standard ACI

Special features of the Australian AS 5100 and AS 3600

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-9

2.3 Service Load Checks

2.3.1 Minimum Thickness Check of the Compression Zone

The check is requested with an input XMIN in the record CRAC.

2.3.2 Crack Width Control without Direct Calculation

2-10 SOFiSTiK 2020

2.3.3 Crack Width Control with Direct Calculation

Figure 2.9: Crack width design on multilayer reinforcement

2.3.4 SLS stresses, stress range, fatigue

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-11

With CTRL SLS V2 also the old methods can be set:

V2=0 : SLS with substitute forced according Baumann

Figure 2.10: Capra-Maury design

2.4 Shear Checks

2-12 SOFiSTiK 2020