Ramos John Carlo L.

CPE2A

1. Electricity 
 How do voltage and resistance affect electric current?
Voltage is energy per charge in a circuit. ... Current is the flow of electricity in a circuit and is
measured in amps. Resistance, which is measured in ohms, is the thing that
slows current down in a circuit. Ohm's Law is that more voltage creates more current and
more resistance creates less current.
 What are the safety precautions needed in using electricity?
1. Avoid water at all times when working with electricity. Never touch or try repairing any
electrical equipment or circuits with wet hands. It increases the conductivity of the
electric current.

2. Never use equipment with frayed cords, damaged insulation or broken plugs.

3. If you are working on any receptacle at your home then always turn off the mains. It is
also a good idea to put up a sign on the service panel so that nobody turns the main
switch ON by accident.

4. Always use insulated tools while working.

5. Electrical hazards include exposed energized parts and unguarded electrical

equipment which may become energized unexpectedly. Such equipment always carries
warning signs like “Shock Risk”. Always be observant of such signs and follow the
safety rules established by the electrical code followed by the country you’re in.

6. Always use appropriate insulated rubber gloves and goggles while working on any
branch circuit or any other electrical circuit.

7. Never try repairing energized equipment. Always check that it is de-energized first by
using a tester. When an electric tester touches a live or hot wire, the bulb inside the
tester lights up showing that an electrical current is flowing through the respective wire.
Check all the wires, the outer metallic covering of the service panel and any other
hanging wires with an electrical tester before proceeding with your work.

8. Never use an aluminum or steel ladder if you are working on any receptacle at height
in your home. An electrical surge will ground you and the whole electric current will pass
through your body. Use a bamboo, wooden or a fiberglass ladder instead.
 9. Know the wire code of your country.

10. Always check all your GFCI’s once a month. A GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit
Interrupter) is a RCD (Residual Current Device). They have become very common in
modern homes, especially damp areas like the bathroom and kitchen, as they help
avoid electrical shock hazards. It is designed to disconnect quickly enough to avoid any
injury caused by over current or short circuit faults.

1. What is the direction of the current? Explain. 

Conventional Current

Before starting with this, we associate the word “positive” with surplus of charges and
“negative” with deficiency of charges. This has been a label since Franklin first assumed
it.

Imagine a battery connected across the conductor. In the electrically stressed

conductor, electric charges move from positive terminal to negative terminal of the
battery. Positive terminal has surplus of electric charges and so these charges are
attracted towards negative terminal of the battery where there is a deficiency of
charges. This notation is used widely by the engineers and so it is said as conventional
flow notation.

Electron Current

As the name itself says, this notation is based on the movement of electrons. This
notation shows what actually happens inside an electrically stressed conductor. The
negative terminal of battery has high density of electrons. This electron travels from the
negative terminal of the battery where the density of electrons is high to the positive
 terminal where the density of electrons is less and that’s why they get attracted towards
positive terminal of the battery. Hence this type of current is known as electron current.

2. What makes the charges move in a closed circuit?

Whenever a battery is connected in a closed circuit, a chemical reaction inside the

battery produces electrons. The electrons produced in this reaction collect on the
negative terminal of the battery. Next, electrons move from the negative terminal,
through the circuit, and back to the positive battery terminal.

3. What is OHM's Law?

Ohm's law states that the voltage or potential difference between two points is directly
proportional to the current or electricity passing through the resistance, and directly
proportional to the resistance of the circuit. The formula for Ohm's law is V=IR.

4. Why do wires heat up when there is too much current?

The electrical current through the wires itself causes the home wiring to heat up. This is
because as the electrons flow, they come across the resistive forces of the medium's
material, releasing energy that is expended in the form of heat energy