RP Lecture 01 - Introduction To RP

*
QBB 4013
Rock Physics
Lc 01
-=Introduction to Rock Physics=-
Dr. Luluan Almanna Lubis
Geosciences Department
UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 2
* LEARNING OUTCOME
• At the end of this lecture the students should be able
to:
1. Describe the Seismic basics processes from Seismic data
acquisition to data processing
2. Able to determine Factors Affecting Seismic Amplitude
3. Able to understand the Significance of Amplitude
4. Identify the importance of elastic properties of Seismic
and their applications
5. Able to understand the depth variant model for
estimating DHI
1
What we really interested in?
• Porosity Can we get directly from Geophysical Survey?
• Pore Types
• Fluid Types Elastic Properties
• Lithology Borehole
Seismic
• Saturation Geophysics
• Permeability How rock properties and conditions affect the elastic

properties thus effect the data from Geophysical
• ……… Data?
Rock Properties
What we really interested in?
• Porosity How rock properties and conditions affect

the elastic properties thus effect the data
• Pore Types from Geophysical Survey?
• Fluid Types
• Lithology
Rock Physics study the relationship between the
• Saturation rock properties we are interested in and
estimation of elastic properties – measured data
• Permeability from geophysical survey
• Etc
Rock Properties
2
Rock Physics
• Rock Physics provides the link between what we measure and

rock properties which is our of interest
Seismic Elastic Properties Reservoir Properties

Borehole
Geophysics Vp Porosity
Vs Pore Types
Density Fluid Types
Lithology
Vp/Vs Saturation
LR-MR Permeability
………. ………
Rock Physics
• Normally we can extract only two elastic properties from seismic data,
but we want to know a lot of reservoir properties
• Some overlapping values of elastic properties on each or some
reservoir properties
• External factors which might not be counted
Elastic Properties Reservoir Properties
Vp Porosity
Vs Pore Types
Density Fluid Types
Lithology
Vp/Vs Saturation
LR-MR Permeability
………. ………
3
* 1.1 Seismic Basics
• Where your Seismic Data come from?
(sub-surfrocks.co.uk)
(http://www.geosociety.org/)
What Causes Reflections?
• Any interface between

Shot
bodies with different Receiver
acoustic properties
• Acoustic properties define
Impedance (I) , in which Layer 1
I = velocity * density Layer 2

Boundary
 Small change in impedance – small reflection

 Large change in impedance – large reflection
F W Schroeder
Courtesy of AAPG ‘04
10
4
* 1.1.1 Seismic Geometry and Gathers
Figure 2.6.1 Marine seismic geometry
• A shot gather representation of the recorded energy

• The amplitude on the gather is related to the rock contrast across the
boundary
• The decrease in amplitude due to wave-front divergence
(Courtesy Simm)
15
* 1.1.2 Stacks
Figure 2.6.2 Marine seismic geometry 2
• Apply gain function to remove effect of

wave-front divergence
• Remove noise and mute out unwanted
data
• Apply spatial geometric corrections
• Calculate velocities to flatten gather
Figure 2.6.2 The Processing of Seismic Gathers

(Courtesy Simm)
16
5
* 1.2 Factors Affecting Seismic Amplitude
• Wave Field Divergence or
Spreading
• Angle dependent Reflection
and Transmission losses
• Angle dependent Ghosting
in Marine situation
• Inelastic Absorption
• Internal Peg-leg Multiple
energy loss
• Geometric effect of
structures causing Focusing
/ Defocusing
• Scattering and non Specular Figure 2.7 Factors affecting seismic amplitude (after Sheriff)
reflection
• Mode Conversion (P->S)
17

Spreading
in Marine situation
energy loss
/ Defocusing
reflection
18
6
Spreading
in Marine situation
energy loss
/ Defocusing
reflection
19

Spreading
in Marine situation
energy loss
/ Defocusing
reflection
20
7
* 1.3 Significance of Amplitude
1. Quality of sand: Net-to-Gross.
2. Porosity.
3. Pore fill: gas, oil or brine.
4. Lithology, hard on soft shale, coal.
5. Thickness of bed.
6. Shale anisotropy.
7. Exaggerated by tuning.
8. Reduced by depth (compaction)
9. Hard streak. ( positive amplitudes )
21
* 1.4 Seismic Record and Polarity

Seismic record displays wiggles of seismic wave through the earth, propagating
from the source to the receivers. For interpretation purposes, Society Exploration
of Geophysicist (SEG) specified the type of seismic polarity and phase.
UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 1.22
22
8
* 1.4 Seismic Record and Polarity
(Courtesy Petronas)
(a) Reflection from a positive impedance contrast is a hard kick and is displayed as a kick to the right as a peak (American
Polarity).
(b) Gas sand displayed in different polarity and phase change. Carigali convention is American. In color a soft response is
red; or green/yellow as in above figure.
23
* Geosciences Key Focus

Geophysical Research Reservoir Modeling
Global Basin Analysis
(Integrated Seismic Technology) & Characterization
• Regional Basin Studies • EM Technology • Seismic Sedimentology

• Overpressure Studies • Seismic Imaging/ Velocity • Carbonate Depositional Systems
• Petroleum System Modeling • Time Lapse/4D/4C • Core description & Interpretation
• Stratigraphic Simulation • Hydrocarbon Prediction from • Field Scale Seq. Stratigraphy
• Biostratigraphic Studies Seismic Amplitude • Outcrop Analog Analysis
• Geochemical Studies • Attribute Research • Silliciclastic Depositional Systems
• Structural/Tectonic Studies • Rock & Fluid Properties • Reservoir Diagenesis
• Deepwater Depositional • Reservoir Geological Modeling
System
26
9
* Seismic Interpretation Value Chain
Structure & Strat.

Mapping
Geological Models
Concept
• Seismic Data
• Well Data Prospect Recommendation
• Rock Physics Evaluation To Drill
Resources
& Risks
Attribute Analysis
27
* 1.6 General Description

“SEISMIC-ROCK PHYSICS” discover and understand relations between:
“Quantitative Interpretation (QI)”
“Hydrocarbon Prediction”
Seismic attributes: Rock and Fluid properties:

•Velocity •Rock type, mineralogy
•Impedance •Porosity
•Reflectivity •Pore fluids and saturation
•AVO •Stress, pore type, pressure and temperature
•Attenuation
•Etc
Why:
•Quantify seismic interpretation
•Understand the link between geology UNDERSTAND, MINIMIZE
and seismic INTERPRETATION RISK
•Make smarter extrapolation
•Quantify uncertainty
Source: Rock physics lecture note by Garry Mavko
29
10
“(Seismic) ROCK PHYSICS addresses there relationship

between measurement of elastic parameter made from
surface, well and lab equipment; and intrinsic properties
of rocks, such as mineralogy, porosity, and pore shapes;
pore fluids; pore pressure; permeability; viscosity;
stress; and overall architecture such as laminations and
fractures. “ (Sayers and Chopra, Leading Edge 2009)
30

Rock Physics:
• Understanding relations between geophysical
measurement and rock properties;
• Emphasis on interpreting seismic, sonic and ultrasonic
data
Petrophysics:
• Interpretation of logs for formation evaluation
• Similar to rock physics, with emphasis on well logs,
and often ignoring sonic logs and seismic
Rock Mechanics:
• Emphasis on stress, faulting, fracture processes
Source: Rock physics lecture note by Mavko
31
11
* Why you need to learn QBB 4013?
What Controls Amplitude over this North Sea
Turbidite?
Good Quality Sands are
Acoustically Bright
Good Quality Sands

are Transparent
Lithology, porosity, pore fluids, stresses

… but also sedimentation and diagenesis
(Courtesy SRB)
32

Seismic Data Reservoir Geology
Rock Physics Analysis
(Courtesy Avseth)
33
12
* Reservoir characterization
* Fluid differentiation
* Hydrocarbon recovery monitoring - Physics
Natural - Mathematics
Phenomena
* Elastic wave propagation
* Physical properties of rock
Mathematical
Description
Physical Description
Observation - Physical model
- Model parameter
- Instrumentation
- Data acquisition * Seismic model * Geology model
* Seismic investigation - Numerical computation

* Wireline log - Geology constrain
Rock Physics: “Bridging between qualitative geology with

quantitative geophysics”
34

Rock Physics Concept
We have the answer at the well, what if it moves a way from the well??
Geology
-Sorting Rock physics Seismic:
-Cement volume -Amplitude
-Clay content -Velocity
-Fluid -Elastic properties
-Porosity
-Pressure
(Avseth et.al ., 2003)
35
13
Rock Physics Concept
We have the answer at the well, what if it moves a way from the well??
Geology
-Sorting Rock physics Seismic:
-Cement volume -Amplitude
-Clay content -Velocity
-Fluid -Elastic properties
-Porosity
-Pressure
(Avseth et.al ., 2003)
36

How to quantify the effect of porosity reducing in seismic display?
Avseth et.al ., 2007
37
14
Rock Velocity and Fluid
Gassmann’s Relations : What do the Equations Predict ?
30% porosity sandstone case
• Gas has the largest fluid effect.
• Importantly for gas, most of the reduction in

Vp occurs in the first 10% saturation.
• Density decreases with increasing

hydrocarbon saturation.
• Non intuitively Vs increases with increasing

hydrocarbon saturation. Gassmann’s
equations predict no change in shear modulus
so the increase is caused by the drop in
density.
Oil/Water Reuss mix

Gas/Water Reuss mix
38

Why do the amplitudes change?
39
15
GEOLOGICAL / PETROPHYSICAL MODEL
UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics and AVO Analysis 40
40
(Bacon et.al ., 2003)
41
16
42
SABAH OFFSHORE
GAS DISCOVERY
Near CLASS II AVO Far
Primary Target Rising AVO
Reservoir potential
43
17
SABAH OFFSHORE
GAS DISCOVERY
Near CLASS II AVO Far
Primary Target Rising AVO
Reservoir potential
44

Where is the gas-sand?
Stacked seismic display Fluid factor display
45
18
Determine gas-water contact!
“flat spot”
46

Rock physics template to recognize the fluid and lithology effect
Chi and Han., 2009
47
19
Below tuning thickness?
Seismic Inversion improves Resolution by incorporating External

constraints and removing Tuning
48
* Lab work in QBB 4013

Lab 1 – ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
Frequency: 700 kHz

Confining: 10000 psi
Pore Pressure: 7500 psi
Core plug Diameter: 1, 2, 3 inch
Temp: up to 50 °C
49
20
Lab 2 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT, IMPORTING DATA DAN WELL VIEWER
50

Lab 3 - BASIC X-PLOT AND VS PREDICTION
51
21
Lab 4 - BLOCKY OPERATION AND GASSMANN LOG FLUID SUBSTITUTION
52

Lab 5 - DOMAIN TRANSFORMATIONS AND SYNTHETIC GATHERS
53
22

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UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 2

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 4

• Porosity Can we get directly from Geophysical Survey?

• Permeability How rock properties and conditions affect the elastic

What we really interested in?

• Porosity How rock properties and conditions affect

• Rock Physics provides the link between what we measure and

Seismic Elastic Properties Reservoir Properties

Elastic Properties Reservoir Properties

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 9

What Causes Reflections?

• Any interface between

I = velocity * density Layer 2

 Small change in impedance – small reflection

Figure 2.6.1 Marine seismic geometry

• A shot gather representation of the recorded energy

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 15

Figure 2.6.2 Marine seismic geometry 2

• Apply gain function to remove effect of

Figure 2.6.2 The Processing of Seismic Gathers

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 16

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 17

* 1.2 Factors Affecting Seismic Amplitude

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 18

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 19

* 1.2 Factors Affecting Seismic Amplitude

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 20

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 21

* 1.4 Seismic Record and Polarity

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 1.22

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 23

* Geosciences Key Focus

• Regional Basin Studies • EM Technology • Seismic Sedimentology

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 26

Structure & Strat.

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 27

* 1.6 General Description

Seismic attributes: Rock and Fluid properties:

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 29

“(Seismic) ROCK PHYSICS addresses there relationship

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 30

* 1.6 General Description

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 31

Good Quality Sands

Lithology, porosity, pore fluids, stresses

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 32

* Why you need to learn QBB 4013?

Rock Physics Analysis

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 33

* Seismic investigation - Numerical computation

Rock Physics: “Bridging between qualitative geology with

* Why you need to learn QBB 4013?

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 35

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 36

* Why you need to learn QBB 4013?

Avseth et.al ., 2007

UTP Confidential QBB 4013 - Rock Physics 37

• Gas has the largest fluid effect.

• Importantly for gas, most of the reduction in

• Density decreases with increasing

• Non intuitively Vs increases with increasing

Oil/Water Reuss mix