Handout

WIND WEBINAR SERIES #3:
ASCE 7 10 Wind Loads for Signs, Other

Structures, Roof Top Structures &
Equipment, and Other Special Conditions
Robert Paullus, P.E., S.E., SECB

Paullus Structural Consultants
BPaullus@PaullusConsulting.com
26 February 2013
Wind Webinar #3 Page 1 of 126
26 February 2013
Wind Loads for Solid Signs,
Other Structures, Roof-Top
Structures & Equipment, and
Other Special Conditions
Bob Paullus, P.E., S.E.
Paullus Structural Consultants

26 February 2013
Outline
1. 1. Chapter 29– Other Structures (MWFRS
Directional Method)
a. Conditions
b. Limitations
c. Solid Freestanding Walls or Signs
d. Solid Attached Signs
e. Design Wind Loads on Other Structures
f. Design Wind Loads on Rooftop Structures
and Equipment on Buildings
g. Parapets
h. Roof Overhangs
i. Minimum Design Wind Loadings

26 February 2013
Outline
1. 2. Chapter 30 – Part 6 - Components &
Cladding for Building Appurtenances
and Rooftop Structures and Equipment
(Directional Procedure)
a. Parapets
b. Roof Overhangs
c. Rooftop Structures and Equipment for
Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)
2. 3. Examples

26 February 2013
Section 29.1.2 - Conditions
• 1. The structure is a regular-shaped
structure as defined in Section 26.2.2.
• Section 26.2.2 - BUILDING OR OTHER

STRUCTURE, REGULAR-SHAPED: A
building or other structure having no
unusual geometrical irregularity in spatial
form.

26 February 2013
Section 29.1.2 - Conditions
• 2. The structure does not have response
characteristics making it subject to across-
wind loading, vortex shedding, or instability
due to galloping or flutter; or it does not
have a site location for which channeling
effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.

26 February 2013
Section 29.1.3 – Limitations
• 1. This chapter DOES consider: load
magnification effect caused by gusts in
resonance with along-wind vibrations of
flexible structures.
• 2. This chapter DOES NOT consider:

Unusual shapes or configurations that lead
to effects listed in Section 29.1.2 –
Conditions.

26 February 2013
Section 29.1.3 – Limitations
• 3. If your structure does not fall within the
listed limitations, it should probably be the
subject of Wind Tunnel Study.

26 February 2013
Section 29.1.4 – Shielding
• 1. No reductions allowed for apparent
shielding by buildings, other structures, or
terrain features.
a. Individual hills
b. Individual trees or small groves of
trees
c. Individual levees and similar
features.
• 2. Reductions are afforded for Terrain
Features in determining Exposure
Categories in Chapter 26.

26 February 2013
Steps

26 February 2013
Steps to Determine Wind Loads
• 1. Steps 1-4 are the same as in Chapters
26-30.
a. Chapter 29, like Chapters 26-30, has its
own table, Table 29.3-1, for Kh and Kz
b. Step 5: Eq. 29.3-1
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
• 2. Be careful to use qz or qh, as directed

under each section.

26 February 2013
Section 29.4.1 – Solid Freestanding Walls
and Solid Freestanding Signs
• 1. Hollow Signs and Walls are not covered.
a. Signs which have openings that can be
pressurized
1) Boxed signs
2) Signs made from sea containers
3) Signs with large internal areas for lights
with translucent panels
2. Research is being conducted at Texas
Tech University by Douglas Smith, PhD

26 February 2013
• 3. Solid Signs can have openings up to
30% of the Gross Area.
a. Reduction factor can be applied to solid
signs with openings.
b. Reduction factor (1 - (1 - ε)1.5)
c. ε = ratio of solid area to gross area
4. If the area of openings exceeds 30% of
the gross area, it is an open sign.
– Proceed to Section 29.5 - Design Wind
Loads—Other Structures

26 February 2013
• 5. Basic Equation: (Eq. 29.4-1)
F = qhGCfAs (lb)
• a. qh = the velocity pressure evaluated at
height h (defined in Fig. 29.4-1) as
determined in accordance with
Section 29.3.2
» h = top of the wall or sign
» Note: qh is at the top of the sign or wall
and Kd in Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of Solid
Freestanding Walls and Solid Free-
standing and Attached Signs in Table
26.6-1

26 February 2013
• b. G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9
c. Cf = net force coefficient from Fig. 29.4-1
d. As = the gross area of the solid free-

standing wall or freestanding solid sign, in
ft2 (m2)

26 February 2013
Figure 29.4-1

26 February 2013
Figure 29.4-1

26 February 2013
Figure 29.4-1

26 February 2013
• Load Cases to Consider
• Case A – Load applied to the centroid of
the area
• Case B – Load applied with an
eccentricity of 0.2*B (width of the wall or
sign)
• Case C – Stepped application of reduced
wind pressures as the distance decreases
from the windward edge.

26 February 2013
• Case C
– Reduction in loads for walls or signs with
returns at the ends
» Up to 40 % reduction
– For Elevated Signs or walls: where s/h > 0.8,
force coefficients shall be multiplied by the
reduction factor (1.8 - s/h)
» Accounts for reduced wind pressures
when free air flow under the wall or sign
is reduced.

26 February 2013

26 February 2013
Section 29.4.1 2 - Solid Attached Signs
a.1. Requirements to use method in Section
29.4.1
a. The plane of the sign is parallel to and in
contact with the supporting wall
b. Edges of the sign do not extend past the
supporting wall
c. Use Component & Cladding Wall pressures
calculated in Chapter 30
d. Set the Internal Pressure Coefficient (GCpi)
equal to 0

26 February 2013
Section 29.4.1 2 - Solid Attached Signs
a. 2. Procedure can also be used for
signs attached to but not in contact
with the supporting wall.
a. Sign must be parallel to the supporting wall.
b. Sign must not be more than three (3) feet
from the wall.
c. Edges of the sign must be at least (3) feet in
from the free edges of the supporting wall:
a. Top of the supporting wall.
b. Bottom of the supporting wall
c. Side Edges of the supporting wall

26 February 2013
Section 29.5: Design Wind Loads—Other
Structures

26 February 2013
Structures
Basic Equation: (Eq. 29.5-1)
F = qzGCfAf (lb) (N)
a. qz = velocity pressure evaluated at height z as
defined in Section 29.3, of the centroid of area Af
» Note qz is at the centroid of the area and Kd in
Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of the structure type in
Table 26.6-1
b. G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9 (these
structures may often be flexible)
c. Cf = force coefficients from Figs. 29.5-1

26 February 2013
Structures
d. Af = projected area normal to the wind except
where Cf is specified for the actual surface area,
in ft2 (m2)

26 February 2013
Figure 29.5-1

26 February 2013
Figure 29.5-1

26 February 2013
Figure 29.5-2

26 February 2013
Figure 29.5-2

26 February 2013
Figure 29.5-3

26 February 2013
Figure 29.5-3

26 February 2013
Section 29.5-1 – Rooftop Structures and
Equipment For Buildings with h ≤ 60 feet
1. No guidance is given for rooftop
structures on buildings > 60 feet.
2. Research in the ASCE 7 committee
suggests that it is probably acceptable to
use loads from this section for rooftop
structures on buildings > 60 feet, but this
has not been confirmed yet.
3. Equation 29.5-2 gives lateral pressure
on the rooftop structure.

26 February 2013
• Lateral Wind force on Rooftop Structures
– Basic Equation: (Eq 29.5-2)
Fh = qh(GCr)Af (lb) (N)
» (GCr) = 1.9 for rooftop structures and
equipment with Af less than (0.1Bh). (GCr)
shall be permitted to be reduced linearly
from 1.9 to 1.0 as the value of Af is
increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh).
» qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean
roof height of the building

26 February 2013
• Lateral Wind force on Rooftop Structures
» Note, qh is at the mean roof height and Kd
in Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of the building, in
Table 26.6-1, on which the rooftop
structure sits.
» Af = vertical projected area of the rooftop
structure or equipment on a plane normal
to the direction of wind, in ft2 (m2)

26 February 2013
• Vertical Wind force on Rooftop Structures
– Basic Equation: (Eq 29.5-3)
Fv = qh(GCr)Ar (lb) (N)
» (GCr) = 1.5 for rooftop structures and
equipment with Ar less than (0.1BL). (GCr)
shall be permitted to be reduced linearly
from 1.5 to 1.0 as the value of Ar is
increased from (0.1BL) to (BL).
» qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean
roof height of the building

26 February 2013
• Vertical Wind force on Rooftop Structures
» Note qh is at the mean roof height and Kd in
Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of the building, in Table
26.6-1, on which the rooftop structure sits.
» Ar = horizontal projected area of rooftop
structure or equipment, in ft2 (m2)

26 February 2013
Section 30.11 – Component & Cladding
Loads for Rooftop Structures and
Equipment for Buildings with h ≤ 60 feet
• Lateral C & C pressure (psf) shall be equal
to the lateral force (Lbs) calculated with
equation (29.5-2) DIVIDED BY the
RESPECTIVE WALL Surface area of the
Rooftop Structure considered.
– Forces (psf) shall be considered to act inward
and outward

26 February 2013
• Vertical C & C pressure (Lbs) shall be
equal to the vertical force (Lbs) calculated
with equation (29.5-3) DIVIDED BY the
Horizontal projected area of the roof of
the Rooftop Structure considered.
– The pressures are ONLY required to be

considered to act in the UPWARD direction.

26 February 2013
• Comment: If the Rooftop Structure is
large (10’x20’ or larger), consider looking
at the downward pressures from the
building C&C loading figures and make
some judgment about downward wind
loading rooftop structures that resemble
small buildings (penthouses for instance).
– Vertical Wind Load would act in addition to
Dead and Roof Live Loads or Snow Loads.
– Use appropriate load combinations.

26 February 2013
Other Resources

26 February 2013
Other Resources
• Prepared by: Task
Committee on Wind-
Induced Forces of the
Petrochemical Committee
of the Enginery Division of
ASCE
• Several of those on the

Task Committee are on
the ASCE 7 Wind
Subcommittee
• Based on ASCE 7-05

26 February 2013
Section 29.6 – Parapets (MWFRS)
• “Wind loads on parapets are specified in
Section 27.4.5 for buildings of all heights
designed using the Directional Procedure
and in Section 28.4.2 for low-rise
buildings designed using the Envelope
Procedure.”
• Method presented is the Directional
Procedure

26 February 2013
Section 29.6 – Parapets (MWFRS)
• Chapter 28 – The Envelope Method, is
exactly the same.
– Chapter 28 uses the velocity pressure
determined with the Envelope Method,
rather than the velocity pressure in Chapter
27 using the Directional Method.

26 February 2013
Section 27.4.5 - Parapets
• MWFRS pressures due to parapets
– Rigid or Flexible Buildings
– Applies to Flat, Gable, or Hip Roofs

26 February 2013
Section 27.4.5 – Parapets (MWFRS)
• Basic Equation: (Eq 27.4-4)
pp = qp(GCpn) (lb/ft2)
– pp = combined net pressure on the parapet
due to the combination of the net pressures
from the front and back parapet surfaces.
Plus (and minus) signs signify net pressure
acting toward (and away from) the front
(exterior) side of the parapet

26 February 2013
– qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of
the parapet
» (GCpn) = combined net pressure
coefficient
– = +1.5 for windward parapet
– = –1.0 for leeward parapet

26 February 2013
• FIGURE C29.7-1 Design Wind Pressures on Parapets

26 February 2013
Section 30.9 – C & C Loading on Parapets
• Applicable to All Building Types
• Applicable to All Building Heights

– Except Where the Provisions of Part 4
are used (Simplified Method for
Buildings with h ≤ 160 feet)

26 February 2013
• Basic Equation: (Eq. 30.9-1)
p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi))
– qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of
the parapet
– (GCp) = external pressure coefficient given in
» Fig. 30.4-1 for walls with h ≤ 60 ft (48.8 m)
» Figs. 30.4-2A to 30.4-2C for flat roofs,
gable roofs, and hip roofs
» Fig. 30.4-3 for stepped roofs

26 February 2013
– (GCp) = external pressure coefficient given in
» Fig. 30.4-4 for multispan gable roofs
» Figs. 30.4-5A and 30-5B for monoslope
roofs
» Fig. 30.4-6 for sawtooth roofs
» Fig. 30.4-7 for domed roofs of all heights
» Fig. 30.6-1 for walls and flat roofs with h >
60 ft (18.3 m)
» Fig. 27.4-3 footnote 4 for arched roofs

26 February 2013
– (GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from
Table 26.11-1, based on the porosity of the
parapet envelope.
• Consider Two (2) Load Cases when

evaluating C & C pressures on parapets
– Case A – Pressures on the surfaces of the
Windward parapet
– Case B – Pressures on the surfaces of the
Leeward parapet

26 February 2013
• Specifics of Case A:
– Windward Parapet shall consist of applying the
applicable positive wall pressure from Fig. 30.4-1
(h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)) or Fig. 30.6-1 (h > 60 ft (18.3
m)) to the windward surface of the parapet while
applying the applicable negative edge or corner
zone roof pressure from Figs. 30.4-2 (A, B or C),
30.4-3, 30.4-4, 30.4-5 (A or B), 30.4-6, 30.4-7, Fig.
27.4-3 footnote 4, or Fig. 30.6-1 (h > 60 ft (18.3
m)) as applicable to the leeward surface of the
parapet.

26 February 2013
• Specifics of Case B:
– Leeward Parapet shall consist of applying the
applicable positive wall pressure from Fig. 30.4-1
(h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)) or Fig. 30.6-1 (h > 60 ft (18.3
m)) to the windward surface of the parapet, and
applying the applicable negative wall pressure
from Fig. 30.4-1 (h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)) or Fig. 30.6-1
(h > 60 ft (18.3 m)) as applicable to the leeward
surface. Edge and corner zones shall be arranged
as shown in the applicable figures. (GCp)

26 February 2013
• FIGURE C29.7-1 Design Wind Pressures on Parapets
• If internal pressure
is present, both
load cases should
be evaluated
under positive and
negative internal
pressure.

26 February 2013
Table 30.9-1 – Steps to Determine C&C
Wind Loads on Parapets
• Step 1: Determine risk category of building,

see Table 1.5-1
• Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V,

for applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-
1A, B or C

26 February 2013
• Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
– Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6
and Table 26.6-1
» Use Kd for Buildings C&C (0.85)
– Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 26.7
– Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig.
26.8-1
– Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
– Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section
26.11 and Table 26.11-1
» Open, Partially Enclosed, or Enclosed (parapet or bldg)

26 February 2013
• Step 4: Determine velocity pressure
exposure coefficient, Kh, at top of the
parapet see Table 30.3-1
• Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qp, at

the top of the parapet using Eq. 30.3-1

26 February 2013
• Step 6: Determine external pressure
coefficient for wall and roof surfaces
adjacent to parapet, (GCp)
– Walls with h ≤ 60 ft., see Fig. 30.4-1
– Flat, gable and hip roofs, see Figs. 30.4-2A to
30.4-2C
– Stepped roofs, see Fig. 30.4-3
– Multispan gable roofs, see Fig. 30.4-4
– Monoslope roofs, see Figs. 30.4-5A and 30.4-5B
– Sawtooth roofs, see Fig. 30.4-6

26 February 2013
• Step 6: (Continued)
– Domed roofs of all heights, see Fig. 30.4-7
– Walls and flat roofs with h > 60 ft., see Fig. 30.6-1
– Arched roofs, see footnote 4 of Fig. 27.4-3
• Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, using Eq.

30.9-1 on windward and leeward face of
parapet, considering two load cases (Case A
and Case B) as shown in Fig. 30.9-1.

26 February 2013

26 February 2013
Figure 30.6-1
• Note 7 defines parapets > 3 feet as tall

parapets
• Reduced corner pressures on parapet
• Similar note on other figures

26 February 2013
Section 29.7 – Roof Overhangs (MWFRS)
• “Wind loads on roof overhangs are
specified in Section 27.4.4 for buildings of
all heights designed using the Directional
Procedure and in Section 28.4.3 for low-
rise buildings designed using the Envelope
Procedure.”
• Present Direction Method in Section 27.4.1
– Envelope Method in Section 28.3.1 is similar
– Uses different factor for Cp

26 February 2013
• The positive external pressure on the
bottom surface of windward roof
overhangs shall be determined using Cp =
0.8 and combined with the top surface
pressures determined using Fig. 27.4-1.

26 February 2013

26 February 2013
• From Figure 27.6-3
• Must consider cases with positive internal

pressure and negative internal pressure

26 February 2013
Section 30.10 – C & C Loading on Roof
Overhangs
• Applicable to All Building Types
• Applicable to All Building Heights

– Except Where the Provisions of Part 4
are used (Simplified Method for
Buildings with h ≤ 160 feet)

26 February 2013
Overhangs
• Basic Equation: (Eq. 30.10-1)
p = qh((GCp) – (GCpi))
– qh = velocity pressure from Section 30.3.2
evaluated at mean roof height h using
exposure defined in Section 26.7.3
– (GCp) = external pressure coefficients for
overhangs given in Figs. 30.4-2A to 30.4-2C
(flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs),
including contributions from top and bottom
surfaces of overhang.

26 February 2013
Overhangs
» The external pressure coefficient for the
covering on the underside of the roof
overhang is the same as the external
pressure coefficient on the adjacent wall
surface, adjusted for effective wind area,
determined from Figure 30.4-1 or Figure
30.6-1 as applicable
– (GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient
given in Table 26.11-1

26 February 2013
Figure 30.4-2A

26 February 2013
Figure 30.4-1

26 February 2013
Wind Loads on Roof Overhangs
• Step 1: Determine risk category of building,

see Table 1.5-1
• Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V,

for applicable risk category, see Figure 26.5-
1A, B or C

26 February 2013
• Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
– Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6
and Table 26.6-1
» Use Kd for Buildings C&C (0.85)
– Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 26.7
– Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig.
26.8-1
– Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
– Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section
26.11 and Table 26.11-1
» Open, Partially Enclosed, or Enclosed (overhang or bldg)

26 February 2013
• Step 4: Determine velocity pressure
exposure coefficient, Kh, see Table 30.3-1
• Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh, at

mean roof height h using Eq. 30.3-1

26 February 2013
• Step 6: Determine external pressure
coefficient, (GCp), using Figs. 30.4-2A
through C for flat, gabled and hip roofs.
• Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, using Eq.

30.10-1. Refer to Figure 30.10-1

26 February 2013
Figure 30.10-1

26 February 2013
Section 29.8 – Minimum Design Wind
Loading (MWFRS)
• The design wind force for other structures
shall be not less than 16 lb/ft2 (0.77 kN/m2)
multiplied by the area Af.
– 16 psf is 10 psf from ASCE 7-05 times 1.6 to bring
the load to a strength level load.
– Apply to the full projected area in each
orthogonal direction.

26 February 2013
Material in Chapters 29 Not Covered
• Loads on many shapes in industrial plants
– Tanks, Silos, Pipe racks, Partially Clad
Frames, etc.
– See ASCE report: “Wind Loads for
Petrochemical and Other Industrial
Facilities”
• Wind Loads on roof mounted Solar
Photovoltaic Arrays
– See new SEOC Guide

26 February 2013
Other Ressources

26 February 2013
Example
• Office Complex
• Location: Wichita, KS
• Freestanding Sign
• 3-Story Office
– 5-foot tall parapet
– Roof Top Unit
• Well Pump & Maintenance Building
– Roof Overhang
• Chemical Storage Silo

26 February 2013
Example
• Site Parameters Common to All Examples
• Exposure (Terrain Roughness): C
– Location: N 37.7500, W 97.1683
– Section 26.7.3 (Open Farmland)
• Risk Category II Structures

– Table 1.5-1
• Wind Velocity: 115 mph
– Fig. 26.5-1A
– http://www.atcouncil.org/windspeed/index.php
• Topographic Factor, Kzt: 1.00

– Section 26.8
• All Loads are Calculated to LRFD Levels

26 February 2013
Example

26 February 2013
Example-Freestanding Sign
• Solid Billboard Sign at Ground Level
• Dimensions: 30’ Wide x 10’ High
• Reference Figure 29.4-1 (MWFRS)
– s=10’
– B=30’
– h=10’
• Kh = 0.85 (Table 29.3-1)
• Kd = 0.85 (Solid Freestanding Walls & Signs)(Table 26.6-1)
• qh = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2 (psf)
• qh = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 24.46 psf
• B/s = 30’/10’ = 3.0
• s/h = 10’/10’ = 1.0

26 February 2013
• Enter Figure 29.4-1 for Cf
– Applies to Cases A & B
– For B/s = 2: Cf = 1.40
– For B/s = 4: Cf = 1.35
– Interpolating for B/s 3.0, Cf = 1.375
• G = 0.85 (Section 26.9 – Rigid Structure)
• F = qhGCfAs (Lb) (Eq 29.4-1)
• F = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(1.375)As = 28.59 psf*As
– As = Af = 30’x10’ = 300 ft2
– 28.59 psf*As > 16 psf * Af (Section 29.8 Min. Load)
• F = 28.59 psf(300 ft2) = 8577 Lbs
– For CASE A, Load is applied at the plan C.L. and at
– (s/2)+(0.05h) = 5.5’ above base

26 February 2013
» See Cross-Section View, Figure 29.4-1
– For CASE B, Load is applied @ 5.5’ above base and at 0.2B
offset, either side of plan C.L.
» 0.2B = 0.2(30’) = 6.0’ either side of plan C.L.
• Check to see if CASE C must be considered
– Note 3, Figure 29.4-1
– If B/s ≥ 2.0, CASE C must be considered
– B/s = 30’/10’ = 3.0 > 2.0, therefore consider CASE C
• Enter Figure 29.4-1 for Cf, under CASE C
– 0-s (0’-10’): Cf = 2.60
– s-2s (10’-20’): Cf = 1.70
– 2s-3s (10’-30’): Cf = 1.15

26 February 2013
– For CASE C, where s/h > 0.8, Cf may be multiplied by the
reduction factor (1.8 – s/h)
– s/h = 1.0 > 0.8
– (1.8 – s/h) = (1.8 – 1.0) = 0.8
– F = qhGCfAs (Lb) (Eq 29.4-1)
– F1 = (24.46psf)(0.85)(2.60)(0.8)(10’x10’) = 4324 Lbs
– F2 = (24.46psf)(0.85)(1.70)(0.8)(10’x10’) = 2828 Lbs
– F3 = (24.46psf)(0.85)(1.15)(0.8)(10’x10’) = 1913 Lbs
» Apply F1, F2, and F3 at plan C.L. of each plan length, s,
from each end of sign. See Figure.
» Apply F1, F2 and F3 at 5.5’ above base of each plan
length, s

26 February 2013

26 February 2013
Example-Parapet (MWFRS)
• Parapet (MWFRS) (Section 29.6)
• Office Building
– L = 200 ft., B = 100 ft.
– Roof Height: h = 40 ft.
– Parapet Height: hp = 45 ft.
– Roof Slope, Flat: 0.25:12
» Ridge parallel to 200’ side
– Exposure Category: C
• Section 29.6 references Section 27.4.5 for
directional procedure for MWFRS Parapet load
determination.

26 February 2013
Example-Parapet (MWFRS)
– pp = qp(GCpn) (psf)
– qp = 0.00256KhKztKdV2 (psf) (Eq 27.3-1)
– Kh @ hp = 45’, Kh = 1.065
– Kzt = 1.00 (for complex)
– Kd = 0.85 (Building MWFRS)(Table 26.6-1)
– V = 115 mph (for complex)
– qp = 0.00256(1.065)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 30.65 psf
– GCpn = +1.5 for windward parapet (Section 27.4.5)
– GCpn = -1.0 for leeward parapet (Section 27.4.5)
• Windward Parapet
– pp = (30.65 psf)(1.5) = 45.98 psf acting toward building
• Leeward Parapet
– pp = (30.65 psf)(-1.0) = -30.65 psf acting away from
building

26 February 2013
Example-Parapet (C & C)
• Parapet (C & C Loads) (Section 30.9)
• Office Building – same as previous
• qp = 0.00256(1.065)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 30.65 psf
– from parapet MWFRS, above
• p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
• Parapet can be pressurized along with building
– See Figure
• GCpi = ± 0.18 (Enclosed Building – Table 26.11-1)

26 February 2013

26 February 2013
• Studs @ 16” o.c. (both faces)
• Determine Effective Wind Area of Studs
– Greater of Tributary Area or Effective Width
» Effective Wind Area Definition (Section 26.2)
– Greater of 16”/12” = 1.33’ or
– Length/3 = 5’/3 = 1.67’ (governs)
» Effective Wind Area: l2/3 = 52/3 = 8.33 ft2
» If Effective Wind Area > 700 ft2, use MFWRS loads
• Determine which figure to reference from Table 30.9-1,
Step 6
– Figure 30.4-1 for wall pressures, h ≤ 60 ft.

26 February 2013
– Figure 30.4-2A for roof loads, h ≤ 60 ft. and gable roofs θ
≤ 7°
°
– Determine “a” distance (Figure 30.4-1 and 30.4-2A)
» Lesser of 10% of B = 0.10(100’) = 10’ and 0.4h =
0.4(40’) = 16’
– 10’ governs
» Not less than the greater of 4% of B = 0.04(100’) = 4’
or 3’
» a = 10’
– Entering Figure 30.4-1 for pressure coefficients on
exterior surfaces of the parapets:
» Zone 4 Positive Pressure: GCp = 1.0
» Zone 5 Positive Pressure: GCp = 1.0

26 February 2013
» Zone 4 Negative Pressure: GCp = -1.1
– Note 5 says that values of GCp may be reduced
by 10% when θ ≤ 10° °
» Zone 4 Positive Pressure: GCp = (0.9)1.0 = 0.9
» Zone 5 Positive Pressure: GCp = (0.9)1.0 = 0.9 Zone 4
Negative Pressure: GCp = (0.9)-1.1 = -1.0
» Zone 5 Negative Pressure: GCp = (0.9)-1.4 = -1.26
– Entering Figure 30.4-2A for pressure coefficients on
interior (roof side) surfaces of parapet:
» Effective Wind Area: A= 52/3 = 8.33 ft2
» a = 10 ft. as in Figure 30.4-1
» Zone 1, 2, and 3 Positive Pressure: GCp = 0.3

26 February 2013
– Note 5: “If a parapet equal to or higher than 3 ft
(0.9m) is provided around the perimeter of the
roof with θ ≤ 7°°, the negative values of GCp in
Zone 3 shall be equal to those for Zone 2 and
positive values of GCp in Zones 2 and 3 shall be
set equal to those for wall Zones 4 and 5
respectively in Figure 30.4-1.”
» Parapet height hp = 5’ > 3’
– Zone 3 Negative GCp is Not Applicable
– Zone 2 and Zone 3 Positive Pressure GCp are
those of Wall Zone 4 and Zone 5, respectively.

26 February 2013
• Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p using Eq 30.9-1 on
windward and leeward faces of parapet, considering two
load cases (CASE A and CASE B) as shown in Figure 30.9-1
– Note: As wind direction changes, each parapet with shift
from a windward parapet to a leeward parapet.
• CASE A – Windward Parapet
– Exterior Face Wall Studs
» p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
» With Positive Internal Pressure
– Zone 4 = Zone 5
– P = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(0.18)) = 22.06 psf
» With Negative Internal Pressure
– Zone 4 = Zone 5
– p = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(-0.18)) = 33.10 psf

26 February 2013
» Apply to Tributary Area, not Effective Wind Area
– 33.10 psf(1.33’) = 44.12 plf
– Interior Face (roof side) Parapet Studs
» p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
– Zone 2 (Zone 3 also treated as Zone 2)
– p = (30.65 psf)((-1.8)-(0.18)) = -60.69 psf
– Zone 2 (Zone 3 also treated as Zone 2)
– p = (30.65 psf)((-1.8)-(-0.18)) = -40.65 psf
– -60.69 psf(1.33’) = -80.72 plf

26 February 2013
• CASE B – Leeward Parapet
– Interior Face Parapet Studs (load toward parapet)
» p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
– Substitute Zone 4 and Zone 5 pressures for roof
Zone 2 and Zone 3 pressures, respectively. Zone
4 = Zone 5
– P = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(0.18)) = 22.06 psf
– Zone 4 = Zone 5
– p = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(-0.18)) = 33.10 psf
– 33.10 psf(1.33’) = 44.12 plf

26 February 2013
– Exterior Face Wall Studs (load away from parapet)
» p = qp((GCp) – (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
– Zone 4 pressure
– p = (30.65 psf)((-1.0)-(0.18)) = -36.17 psf
– Zone 5 pressure
– p = (30.65 psf)((-1.26)-(0.18)) = -44.14 psf
– Zone 4 pressure
– p = (30.65 psf)((-1.0)-(-0.18)) = -25.13 psf
– Zone 5 pressure
– p = (30.65 psf)((-1.26)-(-0.18)) = -33.10 psf

26 February 2013
– Zone 4
– -36.17 psf(1.33’) = -48.11 plf
– Zone 5
– -44.14 psf(1.33’) = -58.71 plf
– Summary
» Exterior Wall Studs extended past roof into parapet:
– Zone 4: 44.12 plf (toward building)
– Zone 4: -48.11 plf (away from building)
– Zone 5 is anything within 10ft of the corner
– Zone 5: 44.12 plf (toward building)
– Zone 5: -58.71 plf (away from building)

26 February 2013
» Interior (roof side) Parapet Studs
– Zone 4: 44.13 plf (toward parapet)
– Zone 4: -80.72 plf (away from parapet)
– Zone 5 is anything within 10ft of the corner
– Zone 5: 44.13 plf (toward parapet)
– Zone 5: -80.92 plf (away from parapet)

26 February 2013
Example-Rooftop Equip. (MWFRS)
• Rooftop Equipment for Buildings (MWFRS)
(Section 29.5.1)
• Office Building – same as previous
• Plan Dimensions: 10’ wide x 20’ long
• RTU Height: 4’ over 1’ tall curb
• Projected Height: 4’+1’=5’
• Lateral Force: Fh = qh(GCr)Af (Lb) (Eq 29.5-2)
• Vertical Force: Fv = qh(GCr)Ar (Lb) (Eq 29.5-3)
• qh calculated at mean roof height of building
• Kh @ h = 40’, Kh = 1.04 (Table 29.3-1)
• Use Kd for building NOT Kd for rectangular Other Structures

26 February 2013
• Kd = 0.85 (Table 26.6-1)
• Other parameters as previously defined for building
• qh = 0.00256(1.04)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 29.93 psf
• HORIZONTAL WIND FORCE
– Check projected area of side compared with least
projected area of building
» B*h = 100’(40’) = 8000 ft2
» Af (max) = 20’(5’) = 100 ft2
» Af <0.1Bh: 100 ft2 < 800 ft2
– GCr = 1.9
– Fh = (29.93 psf)(1.9)(Af) = 56.87 psf(Af) < 16 psf(Af)
» Minimum Load from Section 29.8
– Fh = (29.93 psf)(1.9)(100 ft2) = 5687Lbs(Eq 29.5-2)

26 February 2013
» Perpendicular to long side
– Fh = (29.93 psf)(1.9)(50 ft2) = 2843 Lbs (Eq 29.5-2)
» Parallel to long side
– Horizontal wind forces applied to geometric center of
vertical projected plane of unit
• VERTICAL WIND FORCE
– Check projected area of roof compared with that of
building
» B*L = 100’(200’) = 20,000 ft2
» Ar = 20’(10’) = 200 ft2
» Ar <0.1BL: 200 ft2 < 2,000 ft2
– GCr = 1.5
– Fv = (29.93 psf)(1.5)(200 ft2) = 8979Lbs(Eq 29.5-2)

26 February 2013
» Vertical Up
– Vertical wind forces applied to geometric center of
horizontal projected plane of unit
• Note: The UPLIFT pressure on the top of the rooftop
equipment acts SIMULTANEOUSLY with either the Lateral
pressure parallel to or perpendicular to the long edge of the
rooftop equipment or structure.
• The same procedure is used for a roof-mounted penthouse.

26 February 2013
Example-Rooftop Equip. (C & C)
• Rooftop Equipment for Buildings (C&C)
(Section 30.11)
• Loads for Designing the Equipment cabinet enclosure or the
wall components for a penthouse
• Lateral C & C pressures
• Fh = 5687 Lbs (from previous)
• C & C Lateral Loads: Fh/Af = 5687 Lbs/100 ft2 = 56.87 psf
– Load is applied toward or away from unit on all sides
• C & C Vertical Loads: Fv/Ar = 8979 Lbs/200 ft2 = 44.90 psf
– Load is applied only in the Upward direction, away from
the top of the unit

26 February 2013
Example-Rooftop Equip. (C & C)
• Personal Recommendation (Not in the Standard)
– If the unit is large (over 200 ft2), consider a minimum
downward wind load.
– C & C Loading from Figure 30.4-2A
» GCp = 0.2 (downward component)
» Fv = qhGCp = (29.93psf)(0.2) = 6 psf
» For higher wind loads and low snow loads,
particularly less than 10 psf, this may produce a
controlling load combination

26 February 2013
Example-Roof Overhang (MWFRS)
• Roof Overhang (MWFRS) (Section 29.7)
• Equipment Building
– L = 60 ft., B = 30 ft.
– Eave Height: 10 ft.
– Overhang Width: 3 ft.
– Roof Slope: 4.375:12 (θ = 20° °)
» Ridge parallel to 60’ side
– Exposure Category: C
– Average Building Height: h = 13.28’ < 15’
• Section 29.7 references Section 27.4.4 for
directional procedure for MWFRS Roof Overhang
load determination.

26 February 2013
– Use Cp = 0.8 in Eq 27.4-1 for determining roof and wall
loads over and adjacent to roof overhang
– p = qGCp-qi(GCpi) (psf) (Eq 27.4-1)
– G = 0.85 (rigid structure) (Section 26.9)
– Kzt = 1.00 (for complex)
– Kd = 0.85 (Building MWFRS)(Table 26.6-1)
– V = 115 mph (for complex)
– Kz @ z = 10’ for soffit, Kz = 0.85 (Table 27.3-1)
– qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (psf) (Eq 27.3-1)
– qz = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 24.46 psf
– GCpi = ± 0.18 (Enclosed building)(Figure 26.11-1)
– Transverse Wind Loading governs, by Inspection

26 February 2013
– Pressure on underside of roof overhang
» p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.8) – (24.46 psf)(0.18)
» p = 12.23 psf (positive internal pressure)
» p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.8) – (24.46 psf)(-0.18)
» p = 21.04 psf (negative internal pressure)
– Enter Figure 27.4-1 for pressures on windward roof
» h/L = 13.28’/60’ = 0.22 < 0.25
» Cp = 0.2 (Condition 1)
» Cp = -0.3 (Condition 2)
» Condition 1
– p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.2) – (24.46 psf)(0.18)
– p = 0.24 psf (positive internal pressure)
– p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.2) – (24.46 psf)(-0.18)
– p = 8.56 psf (negative internal pressure)

26 February 2013
» Condition 2
– p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(-0.3) – (24.46 psf)(0.18)
– p = -10.64 psf (positive internal pressure)
– p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(-0.3) –(24.46 psf)(-0.18)
– p = -1.83 psf (negative internal pressure)
» Combine Top & Bottom Pressures with Same Internal
Pressure Conditions
– Note: signs indicate pressure toward or away
from surface
– Change signs so (+) is up, globally
– Change signs so (-) is down, globally

26 February 2013
– Positive Internal Pressure
– povh = 12.23 psf - 0.24 psf = 11.99 psf
– povh = 12.23 psf + 10.64 psf = 22.87 psf
– overall povh is upward
– Negative Internal Pressure
– povh = 21.04 psf – 8.56 psf = 12.48 psf
– povh = 21.04 psf + 1.83 psf = 22.87 psf
– overall povh is upward
– Note: Net effect of internal pressures is zero so
that the total uplift on the overhang is the same.

26 February 2013
– Overall pressure on the Leeward Overhang is
calculated the same way, but uses the negative
pressure on the wall immediately adjacent to
the overhang for downward pressures on soffit.
– By inspection, total force on windward
overhang will control.

26 February 2013
Example-Roof Overhang

26 February 2013
Example-Roof Overhang (C & C)
• Roof Overhang (C & C) (Section 30.10)
• Equipment Building
– Unless otherwise listed, parameters are
identical to those for the MWFRS calculations
– Determine C & C loads for overhangs of roof
trusses, spaced at 2’-0” o.c.
• p = qh[(GCp) – (GCpi)] psf (Eq 30.10-1)
– Kd = 0.85 (Building C&C) (Table 26.6-1)
– All other parameters for qh are same as for
MFWRS

26 February 2013
– qh = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 24.46 psf
• Enter Figure 30.4-2B for Roof Overhang C & C coefficients
• Determine Effective Wind Area of Studs
– Greater of Tributary Area or Effective Width
» Effective Wind Area Definition (Section 26.2)
– Greater of 2.0’ or (governs)
– Length/3 = 3’/3 = 1.00’
» Effective Wind Area: 3’x2’ = 6.00 ft2
» If Effective Wind Area > 700 ft2, use MFWRS loads
– Determine “a” distance (Figure 30.4-1 and 30.4-2A)
» Lesser of 10% of B = 0.10(30’) = 3’ and 0.4h =
0.4(13.28’) = 5.31’
– 3’ governs

26 February 2013
» Not less than the greater of 4% of B = 0.04(30’) = 1.2’
or 3’ (3’ controls)
» a = 3’ (equal to width of overhang; therefore, Zone 1
pressures are not applicable to any part of the
overhang)
– Zone 2: GCp = -2.2
» p = (24.46 psf)[(-2.2) – (0.18)] = -58.21 psf
– with positive internal building pressure
» p = (24.46 psf)[(-2.2) – (-0.18)] = -49.41 psf
– with negative internal building pressure
– Zone 3: GCp = -3.7
» p = (24.46 psf)[(-3.7) – (0.18)] = -94.90 psf
– with positive internal building pressure

26 February 2013
» p = (24.46 psf)[(-3.7) – (-0.18)] = -86.10 psf
– with negative internal building pressure
» For the overhang portion of the truss:
– Tributary Width = 2’
– Upward force on the entire truss end is:
– Zone 2: (-58.21 psf)(2’) = -116.42 plf
(upward)
– Zone 3: (-94.90 psf)(2’) = -189.90 plf
(upward)
– These are NOT the loads on the soffit material .

26 February 2013
• Section 30.10 states that the external coefficient for the
covering on the underside of the roof overhang (soffit) is the
same as the external pressure coefficient on the adjacent
wall surface, determined from Figure 30.4-1 or Figure 30.6-
1, as applicable.
– Use of the GCp with negative internal pressure yields the
greatest upward load on the material on the underside of
the overhang on the windward wall.
– Use of the GCp with positive internal pressure yields the
greatest downward load on the material on the
underside of the overhang on the leeward wall.
– For this building, assuming effective wind area is the
same as for the truss overhang:

26 February 2013
» Windward Wall Soffit Material (Figure 30.4-1)
– Zone 4 and Zone 5: GCp = +1.0
– p = (24.46 psf)[(1.0) –(-0.18)] = 28.86 psf
– acting upward
» Leeward Wall Soffit Material (Figure 30.4-1)
– Zone 4: GCp = -1.1
– p = (24.46 psf)[(-1.1) –(0.18)] = -31.31 psf
(acting downward)
– Zone 5: GCp = -1.4
– p = (24.46 psf)[(-1.4) –(0.18)] = -38.65 psf
(acting downward)

26 February 2013
Example- Chemical SILO (MWFRS)
• Chemical Silo (Other Structure MWFRS)
(Section 29.5)
• Silo Dimensions: h = 20’, D = 5.0’
• Welded Steel Tank: smooth sides, no ladder
• Roof Slope: 1:12 (conical)
– Maximum rise: 2.5 inches (consider
contribution to wind load, negligible)
• Unless otherwise listed, parameters for
calculation of qz are identical to those for the
MWFRS calculations for equipment building.
• F = qzGCfAf Lbs (Eq 29.5-1)

26 February 2013

26 February 2013
– qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (psf)
– Kz = 0.90 (Building C&C) (Table 29.3-1)
– Kd = 0.95 (Circular Tanks) (Table 26.6-1)
– G = 0.85 (Rigid Structure) (Section 26.9)
– qz = 0.00256(0.90)(1.00)(0.95)(115)2 = 28.95 psf
– Go to Table 29.5-1
» D/√ qz = 5’/Sqrt(28.95psf) = 0.93 < 2.5
» Go to bottom row
» h/D = 20’/5’ = 4.0
» Must interpolate between h/D=1.0 and h/D= 7.0
» Cf = 0.75
– F = (28.95 psf)(0.85)(0.75) Af = (18.45 psf)Af
– F = (18.45 psf)Af < (16psf)Af

26 February 2013
– Af = 5’x20’ = 100 ft2
– F = (18.45 psf)(100 ft2) = 1845 Lbs
» This is conservative, OR calculate F for increase in
pressure as height increases
– q15 = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.95)1152 = 27.34 psf
– q(15-20)= 0.00253(0.90)(1.00)(0.95) (115)2 = 28.95 psf
» For 0-15’: D/√ qz = 5’/Sqrt(27.34psf) = 0.96 < 2.5
» Cf = 0.75
– F0-15 = (27.34 psf)(0.85)(0.75)Af = 17.43 psf Af > 16 psf Af
– F0-15 = (17.43 psf)(5’)(15’) = 1307 Lbs.
– F15-20 = (18.45 psf)(5’)(5’) = 461 Lbs.
– Total F on Silo: 1307 Lbs + 461 Lbs = 1768 Lbs

26 February 2013
– Conservative OTM: (1845 Lbs)(10’) = 18,450 ft-lbs
– More Detailed OTM: (1307 Lbs)(15’/2)+(461
Lbs)(15’+5’/2) = 17,870 ft-lbs
» The taller the structure is, the more important it is to
use the stepped wind force approach.

26 February 2013
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26 February 2013

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WIND WEBINAR SERIES #3:

ASCE 7 10 Wind Loads for Signs, Other

Robert Paullus, P.E., S.E., SECB

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• Section 26.2.2 - BUILDING OR OTHER

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• 2. This chapter DOES NOT consider:

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• 2. Be careful to use qz or qh, as directed

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c. Cf = net force coefficient from Fig. 29.4-1

d. As = the gross area of the solid free-

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– The pressures are ONLY required to be

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• Several of those on the

• Based on ASCE 7-05

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– Rigid or Flexible Buildings

– Applies to Flat, Gable, or Hip Roofs

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• Applicable to All Building Heights

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