CH I M N EY DESIGN

A N D T H E O RY

A B OO K FOR

E N G I N E E R S A N D A RC H I TE CTS

W I L L I A M W A L LA C E C H R I S TI E

S E CON D E D I TI ON , RE V I SE D AN D E N LA R GE D

N EW Y OR K

D V A N N O S TR A N D C O M PA N Y
.

1 90 2
 COPYRIGHT , 1 899 AN D 1 902, BY

WILL I A M WA LL A CE T
CH R IS I E

TROW D I RECTORY
PRI NTING AND BOOKB I N DI NG COMPANY
 PRE FA CE

U P t o th e pre s en t t ime t here has been bu t one b o o k on the

,

”
subj ect of Chimney s prin t ed in the United States that of ,

Arm s trong s revised by F E I dell and publish e d in the V a n

’
. .
, ,

”
N ostrand Science Serie s I t i s a treatment of chimney draft
.
-

only O ther than thi s the only bo ok of any pretension i s t hat

.
,

of B ancroft s an E ngli s h book , published in 1 88 5 and no

’
, ,

longer obtainable Thus it may b e s een that there is n o boo k

.

which contain s the latest practice in regard to the theory and

designing of chimneys a s buil t in the United State s .

The Tran sactions of the engineering s ocietie s and volumes

o f technical p eriodical s do no t give very m uch that i s of value

excepting however the

,
E ngineering N ew s
,
and En
”
gi ne e ri ng R ecord to whom with Mr H enry 0 Meyer Jr
, , . .
,
.
,

I am e s pecially grateful for c ourte s ies extended

W
.

henever any extract s are m ade u s e of they are credited

a s far as p os s ible to their s ourc e and y th ank s are tendered ,
m
for the use of s ame and t o Mr F E I dell f or many valuable
,
. . .

su ggestion s and criticisms .

The ab s ence of data on thi s imp ortant subj ect has induced
m e to prepare this treati s e and if it m eets with the same ,

succes s that attended my p amphlet Chimney F ormul ae ,

and Tables 1 897 and will prove t o be a sou rce of inform ation
, ,

and a ssi stance to de s igner s m y obj ect will be att ained , .

WILLI AM WALLACE CH RIS TIE .

PATE RSON , N J . .
, M a y, 1899 .

1 7 7 61
 PREFA CE TO THE S EC ON D E D I TI ON

For a s econd e di t ion the book has been revised throughout ,

some twenty five p ages of text and twel ve full page illustra
- -

t ions being added .

Radia l bric k chimney s Which were j u s t being intro d u c e d

,

in t he U nited St at es a s the fir s t edition went to pre ss a re now

,

t re a t ed of briefly .

I have t ried in a limited s pace to round out the work thus ,

meetin g s ome of the cri t ici s ms m ade by the reviewer s of the

original publication and I will be grateful for any su gg e s
,

tions tha t may be sent m e looking to the further improvement

of the work ,

Mechanical draft i s not enlarged upon it being a s ubj ect

,

by itself
.

I de s ire t o t han k t ho s e who by their intere st in the first

e dition have made thi s revi s ion now p o s sible .

WILLIAM WALLA CE CH RI STIE .

M a rch 1 902
, .
 CONTE NTS

C H A PT E R I .

I N TR OD U CT I ON AN D H I ST O R Y ,

C H APT E R II .

T H E OR Y OF C HI M N E Y DR AF T ,

CH A RT E R I I I .

C HI MN E Y F OR M U LJE ,

C HAPT E R IV .

C HI M N E Y TAB L E S , W IN D P R E SSUR E
-
, A I R S PA CE
-
IN G R A T E S,

C H APT E R V .

F OUN D A TI ON MA T E R I A LS B R I CK C HI M N E Y MA TE R I ALS
‘

.
,

C H A PT E R VI .

STE E L C HI MN E Y S— T H E OR Y P E R T A IN IN G To SAM E, AN D EX AM
P L E S F R O M E XI S T IN G S T R U C T U R E S ,

C H A PT E R VI I .

B R I CK C HI M N E Y S— T H E OR Y P E R T A IN IN G To S AM E , A N D E XA M
PL E S F R OM E XI S T IN G S T R UCT U R E S ,
 PA G E

C HI M N E Y A
P E R F OR M N CE S IAL
S PE C TYPE S S TR AIGH T E NI N G
C HI M N E Y S— F LU E S ,

C H A PTE R IX .

H OU S E C HI MN E Y S ,

C H A PT E R X .

L IGH TN I N G PR O T E CT I ON ,

C H A PTE R xi .

GE N E R A L I N F O R M A T I ON ,

IND E X ,
 I LLU STRATI ON S

3 . H ARTFORD ST REE T R AILWAY COM P ANY

5 WILME RDIN G PA 200 FOOT C HI MN EY

m
-
, .
,

6 ANH EU S E R B USC H B RE
-
Co S T L O U IS M o .
, .
,

7 G UGGE NHE IM S MELTING Co PER TH AMB OY N J .

, , .

8 S TE EL CH I M NE Y USE D I N AND AB OUT PHIL ADE L PHIA P A ,

9 MARYL AND STEE L COMP ANY

10 . GARFIE LD P ARK ELE CTRIC L IGH T POW ER COMP ANY CHI CAGO , ,

I LL
11 SEL F S USTAININ G
-
S TEE L C HIM NE Y ( WOOLSON)
12 .

13 . NASSA U E LECTRIC RAIL WAY COMP ANY B ROO KLYN N Y , , . .

14 . PHI LADE LP HI A S M E L TIN G RE FININ G Co PUE B LO C OL .

, , . . o
pposi te 87
15 . M IDV A LE S TEE L C OMP AN Y PHI L ADE LP HIA PA
, ,

16 D OB SO N BARLOW B OLTON E N G 88
'

.
, , . . opposz te

17 . PLUME ATW OO D MF G Co TH OM A STON CO NN

.
, opp osi te 90

18 . MANCHE STE R PUM PIN G S TATI ON MANCHES TE R N H , , . opposi te 92

19 QUEE N LANE PUMP ING STATION CH IM NEY S ECTION S qpposite 94

m
.
,

20 .
QUEE N L ANE PU I N G S TATIO N PHILADE LPHIA PA
>
, , 96

21 . 97

22 . TWEED V ALE MANUFACTURIN G COMP A NY 98

23 . THRE E BRI CK C HIMNEYS opp osi te 98

24 . EDISO N E LE CTRI C I LL UM I A T N G C OM ANY PA TE R SO N N J

N I P , , . 99

25 . EDISO N E LE CT R IC I LLUM INATIN G C OM PANY PATE RSO N N J ] p , ,

. . 0 ) osite 1 00
v ii i I LL U S T R A T I O N S
PA GE

NARRAGANSE I T E LECTR C
'
I LIGHTING COMP ANY PRov NCE R I , , . . 1 06

NARR AGANSE TT E LE CTRIC L IGHTIN G CO MP AN Y P ROV ID ENCE R I , ,

. . . 1 07

UNI ON DEPOT R AIL WAY C OMP ANY P O WE R H O USE 1 13

’

pp os t , . . o z e

OMAHA GR ANT S & R WO RKS DE NV ER C OL 1 14

'

. .
, ,

CHENE Y BR os S OUT H MANCHE STER CONN

.
, , 1 15

S TE IN WAY ELE CTRIC COMP ANY ASTORIA L I pp sit , , . o o e 1 18

I V ORYDALE OH IO, , 1 19

CAM BRIA I RO N COMP ANY 1 21

METROPOLITAN STREET R AILW AY COM PANY NEW YORK CI TY , . 1 23

BAR BOUR F LAX SPI NNI N G C OM PAN Y P ATE RSON N J opp si te , , . o 1 26

ORFO RD COPPE R C OMPAN Y . . 1 28

PA R IS E XPOSITION CHIMN E Y 1 29

P ARIS EXPOSIT ION CHI M NE Y H OISTIN G METH ODS , 1 31

ORFO RD C OPP R C O M A Y C O N ST A B LE H OO K N J
E P N
pp si t
, , . o o e 1 32

B L V ILL N J O COP E R WORKS

E LE E, . LD P . 1 35

PACIF IC C O A S T B O RAX C O M ANY CON S T A B LE H OO K N J P , , . .

I RO N FURNA CE S S TO CK HOLM N J, , .

WA TER TANK S UPPORTE D UP ON A BRICK CH IM N EY

CARNE GIE G AS COM PANY S BAGD AD PL AN T ’

CONCRET AN D S TEE L D US T F L UE
E

S CTIO N O F D U ST F LU
E E

ORM SB Y T XT I LE C O M PANY WA T RFO R D N Y

E ,
E ,
.

ORM S BY T XT IL C OM AN Y WA TE RFO R D N
E E P , ,
.

FLUE FO R V RTICA L B OIL R

E E S

HO RIZ ONTA L B OILE R F LU C ONNE CTI ON E

FLUE F OB H O RI ONTAL R TURN T UBUL AR B O ILER S

Z E

CHI M N EY S T R UCK BY LI G HT NIN G

S TEEL C HI MN EY S TRUCK B Y
 CH I M N EY DESI GN AND
“
THEORY

CH APTER I
I N TROD U C TI o N AN D HI S T ORY

INTROD UC TORY
THE m
o s t prominent feature to the world at large of every ,

s team or p ower plant and that by w h i ch the manufacturing

,

charact er of a villag e or cityis In o st ea s il

y di st inguish ed is
th e ch i m n
,

ey
I t i s an e n gi ne eI I ng work W
h i ch i S often gi ve n but little
t hou ght so far a S th e prO peI Si z e an

m
d pro po rtI o ns f o rth e be s t
ne d by thd se f o r W
n
,

res ul ts are c o nce r ,

ho I e built.

Nothing I na Sté a pl ant I s So c o nd uci eat Wa s

m
te of
fuel as a badly d esigne d ch I ne y and th e
m
means of assistin g or i ncre a s g a hi gh efficie n cy I n th é p l ant
W
,

if prop erly pro portioned for the quantit y of gases h i ch I s to

be passed through it

m
.

Chimneys are built of brick or stée l or s t o ne ; steel o h l In

m
neys being someti es staye d or gu
, ,

yed with I ro n rods or wire

rop e and s ometimes built Sel f sustaining in all cases chi neys
,

are set o n heavy m a s onry foundations .

m
I n the following pages the adj unct s and variou s typ e s o f
chi neys will be treated separately .

H ISTORICAL NOTES .

m
According to Tomlin s on chimneys were prob ably in use in
,

E ngl a nd before those of Padua , of which the earlie s t record is

the year 1 3 68 , when Carrara , L o rd of P adua , in t roduce d the
in R o m
e .
2 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AND TH E O RY

The u s e of the curfew bell in preceding ce nt urie s indicates -

their ab s ence as the ringing of the bell wa s the signal to

,

cover the fire s ( couvre few ) which were made in pit s for t he
-
, ,

night .

m
In V enice chimney s,
were common in th e fourteenth cen

tury a n u be r being overthrown by the earth quake of Ja nu

,

ary 25 1 347 , .

O f the nat ion s of anti quity little in this direction is known .

N o traces of chimneys h ave been found in the ruin s of

Pomp eii or H erculaneum .

Charcoal ha s been found it being us ed no doubt in the , , ,

p o rtable furnace s discovered in the rooms .

R oman houses were frequently heated by means of hot air ,

which wa s br o ught in pipes from a furnace below .

I n the dwellings of the Greeks there were no chimneys the ,

smoke esca ping through a hole in the ro of .

The Persian s still retain their a ncient cu s tom of mak ing

m
fires in a hole in their earthen floors in an iron vessel and thu s , ,

h eat their apart ent s whi c h plan i s said to give very sati s
‘

m
factory results A low table is pl aced over the heater with a
.
,

thick quilted cloth reach i ng to the floor and no pro vI S I o n 1 s ,

made for the escap e of the p roducts of co bustion .

There is no evidence of chimney shafts in E ngl and earlie r -

than the twelfth century .

wa s
f yni c h e d or Kynge R ichard the 2 dyed one th yng e I
much no tye d in the b awl e of B olton h o w c himneys were con ,

v e ye d by t unnells m ade in the syds of the wall s betwixt the

'

lights in the b awle and by this means and by n o covers i s

, , ,

the smoke of the harthe in the h a w l e wonder strangely con

’
v e ye d f
F or centurie s after w ard chimneys rem ained luxuri e s for
the hou s es of the great .

At the beginnin g of the sixteenth century chimneys were ,

almost unknown ; the fire was kindled against a h o b of clay

called the were d osse in the back or centre of the room which
, ,

was fille d with smoke from th e wood (which was the only fuel
,

used) that found it s way out by an op en i ng or lantern in the

'

roof
 IN T R O D U CT I O N AN D H IS TO RY . 3

Th e houses built at Amboy N J i n 1 68 3 are de s cribed ,

. .
,

m
u sually thirty feet lo ng sixteen fe et wide ten feet between , ,

j oint s with d ouble chimneys of ti ber and cl ay a s the m an

, ,

ner of this c ountry i s to build an d co s t about fifty p ounds -

,

each

m
The chimney in its pre s ent sen s e of a funnel from the
hearth or fi replace to the roof of t he hou s e i s a odern ,

invention .

I n 1 7 8 5 Mr Watt procured a p atent for obviat ing the

,
.

“
sm oke of s te am en g ine s by placing the coal in an upright
-

conical tube o r h Opper fixed in the brickwork of the boiler

im m edi ately beh ind the furnace door and ca using a stream of “ ,
'
,

air to rush through the furn ace door for m aintaining com
bu sti o n .

’
In Mr John B ourne s Treatise on the Steam engine p
.
-
, .

5 1 he shows a boiler a nd furn ace designed by John Smith of

, ,

Kin g ston n e ar D ublin which ha s a vertical chimney designed , ,

pro bably a bout 1 8 25 .

R ev D L ardner. The S t eam engin e p 1 28 spea k s of

.
,
-
,
.
,

the ga s e s passing about the boiler and in immediate contact

“
with it and finally issuing into the chimney ; but he says
,

nothing about th e de sign of the chimney .

m
’
I n the s am e book, in an illu s tration of Savery s S team e n -

gine 1 7 02 a brick chi ney i s s hown This is also the first

“
m
.
, ,

illu st ration in D r R H Thur s ton s Growth of the Steam . . .

’

”
engine of a chi ney S h aft i n c onn e c tio n wit h a s team
, ,
-
.

boiler

m
.

Th e following i s ab stra cted from B ish op s H istory of

’

m
A erica n M anufactures
G awen L a w e s ettler of E ast N ew Jers e y in 1 684 s ays
’

, ,

the country farm h ouses they build very cheap -

the ,
”
chimneys are stone B ricks were u s ed by som e — V olume I
. .
,

page 226 .

Stone and bricks of which la s t t en thousand were s ent ,

from L ondon to Massachu s etts in 1 629 were first u s ed in the ,

construction of the fireplaces which were usually of the most ,

m
”
a mple dim e nsio ns V olum e I I page 21 9 .
-
.
,
.

I n 1 789 the fir s t s tea engi ne for co tt on S pinning wa s -

 “
Eng-Av a l u ni -wkm .

I LL US . NO 1
. .

’
AM IN E A N D B OILE R
'

S AvERY s S TE
'

E NG 1 702
m m
.
,

F ro Th e S te a E ngi ne , ”
by R D i ny i L d n
e v. o s us ar er, LL D
. . , F R S
. . .

4
 IN T R O D U CT I O N A ND H IS TO RY 5

e rected
« at Manche s ter E ngland I t mu s t have been u s ed
,
.

wi t h a boiler and chimney —V ol um e I I page 1 9 . .

, .

B o o seve l d t in connection wi t h James Sullivan too k out

, ,

“
a U S Pat ent May 31 1 7 98 for a double s team engine and
. .
, , ,
-
,

soon after con structed pro bably the fir s t e ff ec t ive s team e n -

”—
gine after tho s e of F i t ch ever buil t in A merica
, V olume I I
, . .
,

p age 8 0 .

H e comple t ed one in 1 8 00 with a wo oden boiler through , ,

which long cylindrical fiue s or heater s wound s everal tim e s ,

before entering the chimney I t wa s for t he u s e of th e Phila.

delphia Pa Wat er work s

,
‘

.
,
‘
- .

A grea t many chimney s having bu t one thic kne ss of brick ,

and the ex t erior bonded together with hoop iron band s were -
,

erected at t he Pott erie s during t he year s 1 8 4 7—1 8 67 by M r .

S crivenor of H a wl ey , Engl a nd
, _
.
 CH APTE R I I

T H E ORY OF C H I MN E Y -
D RA F T

or chi mney draft i s produced by o n

F URNACE -
e of t he follow

ing method s
I B y a natural dra ft due t o the unbalanc e pre ss ure of a
. é .

col um n of he a ted ga s e s again s t a h e a v1 e r column of ou ts ide '

air .

II B y t he use of a st eam j e t in the chi mney inducing draft

.
-
, ,

u s ing either live or exhau s t s team from the engine .

I I I B y a forced draft from a steam bl ower in the f urnace

.

of a boiler s etting or a fan feeding through pip e s to the fur

nace .

I V B y induced draft from blower s placed be t ween boiler

.

s etting an d chimney flue blower s being u s ually p laced at the

,

base Of the chimney .

What follow s i s ab stracted from a p ap er by Profe ss or D e

V o l so n Wood in the Transactions of the Am erican Society of
,

M echanical E n gineers V o l XI ,
. .

’ ’
Pe cl e t s and R ankine s hypothe s e s are
1 A certain am ount of air m ust p ass through the gra t e and
.

t he body of the coal on the grate to se cure combustion .

2 Sin ce the Op ening s for the admi ss ion of air are fixed
.

m echanically the requi s ite am ount of air must be supplie d at

a definite vel ocity .

3 The required velocity may be p roduced by the pres s ure

.

of a column of atmospheric air which pre s sure will be the ,

di ff erence of the pressure of the extern al air and that within

”
the furnace The height of s uch a column is called a head
. .

4 That to the head described in the p recedi n g condition

.
, ,

a head mu s t be added su fficient to overcome the re s i st ance

o ff ered by the coal to the p as s age of the air t hrough it ; and
6
 T H E O RY O F CH I M N E Y- D RA F T 7

another head for the re s i st ance o ff ered by the fiue s and chim
ney t o the p as s age of the ga s e s produced by combu s tion .

Th e law repre s enting the s e condition s i s gi ven I n t he form

of a n e qu ation by Peclet thus

(1 ) h 1 + G +

m
which
u i s th e re quired velocity of ga s es i n th e ch i ney ,

G a constan t t o repre s ent the re si sta n c e t o the pa ss age of

'

air through the coal ,

m
,
l t he length of th e fiu e s and chimney ,

the me an hydraulic depth o r the area of a cro ss s ect ion

,
-

divided by the p erim eter ,

f , a c on s tant depen d ing upon the natur e of the s urface s

over which t he ga s es p ass whether s moo t h or s ooty, ,

and rough .

I f no w
A be t he s ect i on of the chimney in s quare fee t
, ,

H t he hei ght of the chimney in feet

, ,

4 61 F ahr absolute ( t emp erature of melting ice)

°
7 2 .
, , ,

"
1 the temperature of the ga s es in the chimney absolut e , ,
°
V the volume of air at the temperature 32 F ahr s up
,,
.
,

p l ied p er p ound of fuel burned on the grat e ,

w the p ounds of fuel burne d p er second

, ,

n the ratio of grate area to that of the Chimney area

, ,

S the area of the grate

,

( 2) w V, A nuS
’
N .

Th e po und s of coal or fuel burned per s quare foot of gra t e .

per hour will be

w nu T

( 3)
o
3 600 3 000 »

7 0

Peclet found that when 20 to 24 p ounds of coal i s burn ed

p er hour the value of G i s about 1 2 and f for sooty s urfaces
, , , ,

equals
Profe ssor Wood h a s a ss umed 1 2 for 0 excep t when 1 6 , .

p ounds I s bu rned When I I I S used

,
.

Neglecting the length of t he flue let f Then for ,

8 CH I M N E Y D E S I G N AN D T H E O RY

s quare or ro un d chimneys in which 6 i s the breadth or di am

,

eter w e hav e
,

G OGO6H
.

29 A
’
R ankine s determination of the heigh t wa s for the purpo s e
of deducing the head it H i s hyp otheses are

m
.

1 The gase s in the chimney are uniformly hot

.

2 The gase s
. ove in parallel s ections through the chimney
3 The d ensity of the gases in the chim ney i s uniform and
.
,

doe s no t di ff er s ensibly from that of air at the same temp era

ture and pressure in other words it is assumed that the d en ,

sity varies with the temp erature only the variation of pre ss ure ,

being neglected in determining the density .

4. The head producing the draft in the chimney i s e qui va

lent to the exce ss of the weight of a vertical column of cool
air out s ide the chimney and of the same height above that
, ,

of a vertical column of equal ba s e of the hot ga s e s wi thin t he

”
chimney .

5 Tha t the draft i s a m aximum when the weigh t of ga s e s

.

discharged is the greate st .

The fourth hypothesis is improp erly defined since t he ,

head is defin ed a s a weight W hereas it i s a height in feet

, .

Profes s or Wood defines it as s uch a height of hot gase s a s if ,

added to the column of gase s in t he chimney would p roduce ,

“
the s ame p re ss ure at th e f urna c e a s a column of outside air
'

of the s am e area of ba s e and a heigh t e qual to tha t of the

,

chimney .

I f 24 pound s of air be s upplied per p ound of fuel t he vol

ume of the ga s eou s p roduct will be 24 x 1 25 300 cubic fee t
( nearly) and one cubic foot will weigh st 0
, of a po und " -

°
at 32 F ahr which added to t he weight of a cubic foo t of air
.
, ,

m
°
at 32 F ahr give s .
, of a p o un d ; and if
2

f
,
be t he t emp erature of the ex t ernal air we h a ve a t o nce f ro ,

th e four t h p ri n ciple a s amended ,

H — H = ‘'
1 H,
l
10 CH I M N E Y D E S I G N AND T H E O RY

7 : 23l — a maximum and if the temp erature of the e xternal

T

a i r be 60 then will the t emp erature of the gases be 622 °

F rom the foregoing rule s Profe s sor Wood has calculated

t h e following table
TA B LE NO 1 . .

S H O WI N G TH E HE I GH TS OF CH I M N E Y AN D COR R E S P ON D I N G H E A D S F OR
B UR N I N G G I V E N A M OUN TS O F COA L .

24 l b s . c oa l pe r sq f t . . 20 l b s . co a l pe r sq f t
. . 1 6 l bs . c oa l per sq f t . .

gra te a rea .
gr a t e a re a .
gra t e a rea .

H ea d , 11 H eig t, H h ”
Hea d , h h
H e ig t, H H ea d , h H e ig t , H h
A b so l ute . ft . it . ft . ft . ft . ft .

°
5 20 600 1 207 5 7 . 52 76.

A b so l ute 700 1 57 61 . 67 76 .

or 800
°
5 9 Fa h r . 1 000
1 1 00
1 200
1 400
1 600
2000

It
will be s een that the re q uired head s equal the height of
the chimney when the temp erature in the chimney flue is about -

°
6 20 F ahr the external air being assum ed to be 60 F ahr
°
. .
,

The many diff erent conditions found in th e U nited States ,

a nd th e complexity of the above e quations prevent their use ,

t o a ny great extent .

Those who wish to investigate m ore thoroughly the theory

o f chimney —draft will find material in the Trans A S M E . . . . .
,

V o l XI. .

K Clark deduces the following formula for force of draft

D . .

in inche s of water :
( 1 0) 20 2 11 . 01 4 6

w force of draft in inches of water .

H : height of chimney in feet .

T ab s olute temp erature F ahr of hot ga s e s in chimney , .

I f H : 1 35 feet and T
' ° ° °
5 50 4 61 1 01 1 then
,
2
,

(1 1 ) w z 1 35
 TH E O R Y O F CH I M N E Y D RA F T
-
11

F o r ce o
f I ntensi ty
f this p articular case
o D r af t — I n
in ch draft has been observed The forc e of the draft is equal .

to the diff e rence betw e en the weight of th e column of hot

gases inside of the chimn ey and the weight of a column of the
ext e rnal air of the sam e height I t i s mea s ured by a draft .

gauge u s ually a U tube p artly filled with water on e leg con

,
-
,

ne c t e d by a pip e to the interior of the flue and the other open

.
,

to the external air .

I f D i s the den s ity of air outside d the den s ity of the ho t ,

ga s inside in p ounds p er cubic foot H the height of the chim

, ,

ney in feet and 1 92 the facto r f o r converting pressure in

'

.
,

p ound s per s quare foot into inches of water column the n th e ,

formula for the force of draft expressed in in ches of water i s

( 1 2) F 1 9211 ( D d) .

The den s ity varie s with the ab s olute temperature ( s ee Ra n .

k ine ) ,

( 1 3) d see foo t note -

.

( 1 4) D
°
where T i s the absolute temperature at 32 F ahr
o
493 7 th e .
,

ab s olute temperature of the chimney ga s e s and 7 that of th e , ,

external air .

F R Lo w in P ower F eb ruary 1 900 say s :The weight p er

. .
, , , ,

cubic foot of chimney gas will vary with its compo s ition .

Carbon dioxide is he avier than air nitrogen and aqueou s ,

vap or is lighter ; s o it is easily seen that the density of th e

gas es will depend up on the p roportion of carbon and hydro
gen which is being burned and with the excess of air used .

F or ordinary fuel and 1 9 p ounds of air to one of com bustible

( 20 p ounds of gas ) the ga s will weigh 08 5 p ounds p er cubic .

foot at 32 F ahr °
.

Substituting 1 3 and 1 4 in e quation 1 2 the formula for forc e

of draft becomes
( 1 5) F 1 9211

or knowing the force of draft in inches of wa t er it becomes ,

for obtaining the heigh t of a chimney ,

Ra nkine . Stea m Engi ne, " gives thi s d ec i m a l a s var i ng y f ro m to

12 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E OR Y .

(1 5 A .
) H
7 7
3 1

To find t he m aximum inten s ity of draft for any given chim

°
ney the heated column being at 600 F ahr and t he extern al
,
.
,
°
air at 60 F ahr m ultiply the height above grate in feet by
.
,

.0073 and the product i s the draft in inches of water

, .

TABLE N o 1 a . . T ABLE N0 1b . .

D E N SI TY O R WE I GH T
D E N SI TY OR W E I GH T PE R CU B I C F O OT OF CH I M N E Y
PE R CU B I C F OOT O F
GA S, B Y F OR M U L A 1 3
AI R , B Y F OR M U L A 1 4
.

t d t d t d
200 063335 430 . 046952 660 037302
21 0 062389 440 . 046429 670 036972
220 . 061 4 70 45 0 045 9 1 9 680 . 03664 7
230 0605 78 460 04541 9 690 036328
240 0597 1 1 47 0 . 04493 0 700 03601 5
25 0 . 05 8 869 48 0 04445 1 710 . 035 707
260 . 05 8 05 1 490 . 043983 7 20 . 035 404
270 . 05 7 25 5 5 00 043525 730 035 1 06
28 0 056480 51 0 . 043 07 6 740 0348 1 4
290 05 5 726 5 20 042636 7 50 0345 26
300 . 054992 5 30 . 042205 760 . 03424 2
31 0 . 054277 540 . 04 1 78 2 7 70 . 033964
320 0535 80 5 50 041 368 780 033690
330 052901 5 60 . 040962 790 033420
340 . 05 2239 5 70 . 0405 64 8 00 0331 55
35 0 05 1 594 580 . 0401 74 900 . 0307 1 5
360 050964 590 . 039791 1 000 . 02861 0
3 70 05 0349 600 03 941 5 1 1 00 . 02677 5
38 0 0497 50 61 0 . 039047 1 200 . 025 1 61
390 049 1 63 620 038685 1 300 . 023 73 1
400 0485 91 630 . 03 8330 1 400 . 02245 5
41 0 048032 640 03 798 1 1 500 . 021 308
420 047486 65 0 037639 1 8 00 . 01 847 9
2000 . 01 6976

F R L OW Power 1 900 . .
, , .

The reading s of all draft gauge s will vary somewhat from -

t he figures in Table N o 2 as the same condition of variation

.
,

in temp erature from bottom to top e xists to a greater or less

extent in all chimneys .

F or any other height of chimney than 1 00 feet the height ,

of water column i s found by s imple prop ort ion the height of

-
,

t he water column being directly prop ortional t o the height of

t he chimney .

The calculation s have been made for a chimney 1 00 feet

 T H EO R Y O F CH I M N E Y DR AFT
-
13

high with variou s temp era t ure s ou ts ide and in s ide of the flue
, ,

and on the s upp osition that t he t emp era t ure Of t he chimney i s

uniform from top to bottom .

TA B L E No . 2 .

HE I G H T OF WATE R-COL UM N D UE To U N B A L A N CE D P R E S SUR E I N CHI M NE Y

1 00 F EE T H I GH .

Te m
pe ra ture of e xt erna l a i r. —B a ro m
et er

This is the basi s on which all cal culation s re s pecting the

draft power of chimney s have been made by R ankine and
-

others but it is very far from the truth in most cas es

, .

The di ff erence will be S hown by c omp aring the reading of

the draft gauge with the table given I n one case a chimney
-
.

1 22 feet high showed a flue temp erature at the base of 320

°

°
an d at the top 230 F ahr while the table consider s the
.
,

temp erature uniform .

°
B ox gives this table internal air at 5 52 F ahr ext ernal air .
,

at 62 F ahr ; damp er nearly clo s ed

°
. .
14 CH I M N E Y D E SI GN AN D TH E OR Y

TA B L E Na

D R A F T-P OW E R S OF CH I M N E YS .

h y— f
h im
T eoreti ca l vel oci t eet per second .
h
Heig t of c n y e f
D ra t i n inc h e s of
f eet . wa ter .

Col d a i r ente ri ng. H ot a ir a t e x it .

TAB LE Na 4

V O LUM E , D EN SI TY, A N D P R E SS U R E OF A I R A T V A R I OU S TE M PE RA TU RE S .

V ol um m e at a t os. pre ssure . P ressure a t co nsta nt v ol u m e.

b
mm
D e nsi t
f
y lb s
.

oo t a t a t m
per cu i c
os .

m
Co pa ra t i v e pre ssure Co pa ra t i ve
In 1 1h L bs pe r sq n
.

cub i c ft l
V OI U
. . ' ‘ ‘

e c
pre ssure .
 TH E O R Y OF CH I M N E Y D RA F T
-
15

Wi d eni ng the Top of Ch i ney F l ue — The effect of widen m

i ng the chimney flue at the t op or mouth is according t o ,

D uboi s Weisbach a s follow s :s trictly s p eaking

-
,
acco rdi ng ,

to the principle s Of hydraulic s ( V o l . I .

,
in the formula
( t “t)hd we should in s ert for S not the mean
Q 303 0 o5h .

cros s s e ction but that at the mouth hence other thing s bein g
-
, ,

e qual a chimney which gradually w 1 d e ns toward the mouth o r

,

top can di s charge more gas a nd s m oke than one whic h dim in
i she s .

Q cubic feet of ga s per s econd

2
.

d diameter in feet ,
.

h height in feet .

t temperature of outer air .

t temperature of escaping gas e s in the flue

, .

F rom Wei s bach we find tha t Q i s a m aximum when,

t, t 27 3
°
Cen t ,
and we h ave 1) in feet ; S :
V 7i
°
in feet I f outer temp erature i s 3 2 F ahr then gases a re
. .

555 F ahr
°
.

E xcep t in ca s e s where the gases have a very high velocity ,

as in the locomotive chimney the writer fails t o find any a d ,

vantage in widening the m outh of chimneys ; in locomotiv e

p ractice it has been proven however that the tap er s tack with , ,

diverging s ide s is the m ost e fficient typ e .

I llu s tration N o 3 5 is of a chimney who s e flue widens tow

.

m
ard the top or mouth .

P yr o eter 3 — The high temperatures and p eculiar current s

.

of ga s es in the chimney make i t very di ffi cult to a s certain d efi

nite l y what the temp erature is The clock face pyrometer s .
-

made for general use and whose in dication s dep end on th e

unequal exp ansions of
,

etals in their stem are not considered m ,

very reliabl e p articularly a s the zero p oint 1 8 s ubj ect to chang e

,

during the handling of the instrument .

The m ost satisfactory typ e of pyrometer is that in which a .

thermo el ectric coupl e i s made use of bu t thi s typ e has n o t

-
,

come into general use ; the m etal p yrometers just de s cribe d

b e ing considered sufficiently accurate for commercial purp oses .
 CHAPTER I I I

C H I M N E Y F OR M ULZE

PROFESSOR H B GALE give s t hi s han dy rul e t hat th e se c

. .
,
.

t i o na l area of the chimney I n s quare fee t S hould be e q ual t o th e

n umber of pounds of f uel t o be burned p er m i nu t e Th i s .

would make the velocity of chimney gas e s be t w een 7 a nd 1 1

*
f eet per second .

M r G a le al s o s ugge sts t he f ollowing rul e s

.

i
( 1 7) Flue a rea in sq uare fee t A . 07 F

( 1 8 ) H eigh t of chimney in fee t H 1 00

W here may be con s idered 1 of grate area in square fe et

a .

K may be approximat ely tak en as

F p ound s of fuel burned per hour .

G grate area in s quare feet 3a .

t temp erat ure of chimney gase s .

( 1 9) H

( 20) F

( 21 ) a. l OF
HZ ,

w h ich enabl e s u s t o calculate t he op ening s in the grat e for th e

a dmi ss ion of a i r .

Profe ss or Gale has calculated Table N o 5 t he t emperature .

,
°
o f ga s e s in a chimney being taken a s 5 00 F ahr The heigh ts .

o btained by calculation are s aid t o agree fairly wel l wi th

A merican prac t ice
m m m
.

Onl y f or ch i neys o f s all di ensions.

16
18 TH EOR Y O F CH I M N E Y D RA F T
-

Tr an s ac t ion s of t he A merican
Society of M echanical Engi
”
neers V o l XV p 607 gi ve s
,
. .
, .
,

0
A 1 07 6
1 2 M1 1
. .

is constan t for a horizon

tal flue 50 fee t long .

N y s trom gi ve s
0 2

H ” 2 A

m
46

(E l )
2 1A .
2
sq uare f ee t of grat e sur G
20 VH
face
0 2
.

S square yard s of heat ing

J one s and L aughlin give s urface .

0 1 04H P 0 p ound s co a l per ho ur .

A
.

1 0 VH 1/ H H heigh t of chimney in
fee t
An other formula i s
.

A area of chimney flue in -

S q uare fee t:

H P : horse p ower o f boil ers

S
- .

M ole s
worth give s
HP 0
A
1 23 V H
. 12 V1?
Adam s , p 1 55 .
, H and boo k for -

”
M e c h an ic al En gin e ers ,
give s :
0
A
14 ME
0 1 4A VET
m
.

William K ent gives the followi n g a ss uming a co mercial ,

horse power to dem and the consumption of 5 p ound s

-

of coal p er hour
Let A actual s e ction of chimney flue in sq uare feet
2 -
.

Le t H P boiler horse p ower -

.
 CH I M N E Y F O RM ULE 19

A
'
( 22 ) E e ff ective section in s quare
feet .

( 23) HP 2 3 33 E
. VH horse power -
.

( 24) d 1/ 17 + 4
"
diam eter Of round flue in inche s
S
"
( 25) 2 1 2 1/ E 4 side of square flue in inches .

( 26) H height of chimney in feet .

m
After numerous example s and discu s sion, D K Clark , in . .

m
”
V o l I of
. The Steam engine , c on s tructs the f o l l o w g for
.
-

I ul ae

Work ing m aximum con s um ption of coal p er hour for a -

of a given height :diam eter at the top one thirt iet h

m
chimney
« ,
-

( of the height te perature in the flue 600 F ahr ,

.

( 27) 0: V717 .

0
coal consume d p er hour in pound s .

H
height of chimney in feet .

G
area of grate in square feet .

Taking as an average rate of combustion 1 5 p ound s of coal

“ per s q uare foot of grate p er hour we have :Total grate area

‘

for a chimney of a given height conditions as above

H 2
ME 25
( 28 ) (J H :
W or z
r -

Another form ula ha s been q uite W idely publi s hed which ,

applie s to about the s am e condition s a s were a s sumed by Mr .

’
K en t and agreeing well with I sh erwo o d s experiments on
,

anthracite coal is given by D r R H Thurston Subtract one . . . .

:
from twice the s quare root of the height and the result is the ,

r ate of combustion for anthracite F or l ow grade soft coal s .

-

the result i s to be multiplied by — for general use we m ay

use the mean of the figure s for best anthracite and low grade -

bituminous coal or a multiplier of ,

Mr N agle examined .

a good many chimneys varying from 300 t o horse p ower

,
-
,

to see if there existed any comm on ratio bet ween these two el e
me nts Where a smal ler ra tio than 1 5 square inche s of area to
.

1 p ound of coal burned p er hour existed much dissatisfaction ,

existed as to the draft of the chimney when it reached 2 square

inches very satisfa ctory r e sults wer e obtained
T ns ti ns f t h A mi n S i ty f M h ni l E ngi nee s
.

ra ac o o e er ca oc e o ec a ca r .
 CH APT E R I V

CH I M N E Y TAB LE S , WI N D -
P R E S S U R E , A I R- S PACE IN
G R A TE S

T
RA E OF C M BUS I O T ON
TH E result s of 45 te s t s of boiler s with anthracite and Wel s h
st eam coal give only 5 instance s where the rate of combu s tion
wa s greater than 1 3 pound s of coal p er s quare foot of grate
per hour and all of the tests showed the rate of evaporation
,

from and at 21 2 F ahr per poun d of combu st ible to be

°
.

pound s to pounds .

The same quantity of coal a s u s ed in the above test s burned ,

on a sm alle r grate evaporated more water per pound

,
.

Averages of 1 5 test s by I sherwood give the following data

Coa l per sq f t .

h
. of E va po ra tion ro
21 2 F per lb
°
f m a nd
’

coa l
a t
gra t e pe r o ur

m m
. . . .

Anth ra c i te c oa l

m
S e i b i tu i no us coa l
-

Bi tu i no u s coa l

Another case— Average of 1 5 boilers te sted gives

pounds of coal to square foot of grate p er hour while only 7 ,

“
tests exceed 1 3 pounds ( cap acity trials)

“
.

F or ec o nomy trials we have the average of 1 5 tests giving ,

pounds of coal p er square foot of grate p er hour ; none

being over 1 3 pounds — Clark V olum e I ,
.

Thurston —
Steam E ngine and B oiler Trials p 1 7 say s ,
.
,

t he efficiency of fuel falls o ff at 50 to 60 pound s of fuel burned

p er square foot Of grate ( per hour) .

I n the plotted tests of the writ e r PL A T E I all regu , ,

l a rity ceases after 3 7 p ound s of coal burned per square foot of

grate i s reached .
M
19
d M W fld fl h M fi Ou ww m

M a d M W N W d M N M

P LATE No 1 .
 RA E T OF C O M BU S T I O N 21

Th e following averages are from over 1 00 test s c ollat ed by

th e writer
Po und s o f
Po und s o f
P o und s of
co m
co a l h orse- pow er d evel oped per h our
pe r
b ustib l e per h orse po w er d evel oped per h o ur
-

co a l b urned per squa re f oot o f gra te per h o ur .

P rofe ss or R ankine s ay s : The rate of combu s tion in fac

t ory boiler s i s 1 2 to 1 6 p ounds of coal to the square foot of
gr a t e .

m
D r Thur s ton s ay s in
. Steam E ngine and B oiler Trials
,

In lan d boilers it is customary to keep the rate of c o bus

tio n p er square foot of grate down to about 8 p ounds p er
”
ho u r although i t frequently ri s es to 1 0 or 1 2 pound s
, .

Th e preceding diagram s hows that 1 3 p ound s of coal

b ur ned per s quare foot of grate p er hour of either anthracite
or b ituminous coal give s the greatest economy in evap oration .

Th e greate s t am ount of anthracite coal found to have been

burn ed p er square foot of grate per hour wa s pounds ;
the least p ound s
,
.

Th e greatest amount of bituminou s coal foun d to have

been burned p er square foot of grate per hour was 5 7 pound s
the lea st p ounds
,
.

lLa nd stationary boiler s are the only one s con s idered in

the se statements

“
.

A noticeable fea t ure of the plotted data i s that the mo s t

eco n omical boiler p erform ances are obtained when a mixture
of o ne part s oft coal to two part s anthracite dust is burned at -

quit e a high rate of combustion forced draught being used ,

.

Th e writer s O bj ect in giving combustible per square foot

’

m
of g rate is that the rating by combustible i s the best way of
co p aring the t e st s of a number of boilers under whic h diff er
e nt coals are burned and is a more reasonable criterion than
,

that of coal only .

I t Will be readily seen from the averages that les s than 4

p o u nds of coal in th e m aj ority of cases is that which is re
quir ed to be burned p er hour to produce one horse power ; and -

a s 1 3 pounds of coal burned p er square foot of grate i s a m ost

eco n omical rate of combustion 1 3 divide d by 4 or horse
, ,

po w er p er square foot of grate per hour is m ost economically ,

att a inable .
22 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D T HE O R Y

above is for anthracite coal F or bituminous co a l a s

m
Th e .
,

p ounds burned p er square foot of grate is an econo ica l

m
rate of combustion divided by 4 or , hor s e p ower ,
-

'

p er square foot of grate per hour i s e c o no i c a l l y attain ,

abl e .

The a verage of 1 3 and is which i s very nearly

the average of all the 1 08 te sts which confirm s t he cor
re c tne ss of common practice a s t o ra t e s of combu s tion ,
.

CHI MNE S Y .

The writer ha s found t hat a relat ion exi st s between the

coal burned per s q uare foot of grate with efficient chimney ,

draft for anthracite and bituminou s coal and by assuming

, ,

that
coefficient x A VH coal per h our in pounds ,

then c o e fli ci ent x A 1/ H G x coal per square foot of grate per

‘

hour we find that for anthracite coal the c o e fli c i ent equals the
,

c oal burned p er square foot of grate and that for bituminous ,

coal the coefficient equals the coal burned per square foo t of
grate divi d ed by
The foll owing tables figured by formul ae given will give
, ,

satisfactory results t o any who may use them ; should any

S p ecial m odification be needed the user mus t use his own ,

j udgment with regard to them .

Table No 6 Grate area for a rate of combustion of 1 3

. .

p ound s p er s quare foot of grate per hour ‘

Table N O 7 Grate area for a rate of combu s tion of

. .

p ounds p er square foot of grate per hour .

Table No 8 Coal c a pacity of chimney

. . .

Tabl e No 9 H orse —p ower of boilers

. . .

Table No 1 0 H orse power of chimneys when two pounds

. .
-
,

of co al p er hour burned furnishes one indicated horse p owe r at -

e n gine Should the engine horse pow er be known a nd th e

.
-
,

chimney size wanted great care should be exercised in d e ter

,

mining it .

The last table is intended only for the one case Th e writer .

has put him self on record as being decidedly in favor of rat

ing chimneys at th e ir coal capacity and not by hors e power -
.
TA B LE No . 7 .
 T AB L E No . 9 .

TA B L E No . 10 .

HEI GHT OF CHIMNEY .

Pound s f
o c oa l burned pe r Hour . 73 x G}
26 CH I M N E Y D E SI G N AN D T H E O RY

w
fl
mm
fl
mm
m mmmmmm« u o a
v fl
w
a
o
n
w
e
0
» n
a o
w
c
o mm
fi w fl
e
b
o
b
H m
w
a fi H fi

mmmm mmm
m m
b o o o 5 b c h o

mm m
e v w a w
a u w h p e w
w n » w o n h

mmm
m mm
mmm

“
m mm
b p o o o

mm m m
a a w u fi w
fi o w a w w w
a n v w w o

p mmm
mmmmm b b w o

m mmm
B b
o e w a v w w
a e c w v fi w o
n a a w w

m m
mg mm
n o A
n
e w a a w
w e

m@ w n m
mmmw
mmm m m
mh w h a fi w o

m
o o

mm
o

m m
p

m mm mm
A
n w n ~

mmmm m mm
o e b a v fi a p e
. .

¢ b w a w n w o o w
fi H ~ w n o k _

v —
I H M v i —
—vt v—
i
 RA TE OF O
C M BU S TI ON 27

Th is t able has been calculated by D . K Clark s rule s

.
’
.

TABL E NO . 12 .

f
h
H e ig t . D ia m e te r o f
F l ue .
To p sec t io na l a re a of fi ne in eet .

Co a l pe r h our . A re a of gra t e .

Pe r l b co a l pe r
h A re a
h q f
.

P o und s
.

Fee t . I nc es . o u r. . S ua re e et.

T
RA E OF C M B U S O TI O N D UE TO H EI G H T OF CH I M NEYH E ”

T r owbridge s H e at and H eat E ngines gives the follow

’

ing t able S howing th e heights of chimneys for prod uc i ng

certai n rate s of comb ustion per square foot of section of the
chim n ey fl u e I t is b est adapted to c h imneys where a good
-
.

grade of large sized a nthra cite coal is used

-
.
28 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E O RY
T AB L E NO . 13 .

Lb s f c o a l
o Lb s f c o a l
o
b b
. .

ur ne d pe r urned pe r
L bs o f q
c o a 1 s ua re oot of f Lb s o f c o a q
1 s ua re oo t of f
h b b
. .

h my
H eig t of urned pe r gra t e t h e urned pe r gra t e , t h e
h h q
.

c i ne i n o u r pe r sq ua re ra t i o of gra te ou r
pe r s ua re ra ti o of gra te
f f f
h my my h my m
ee t . oo t o f se c t io n a rea t o oo t o f sec t i o n a re a tn
of c i ne fl ue c h i. ne fi ne of c i ne fi ne . 0 h i n e y fl ue
a re a
b b
a rea
ei ng 8 to 1 . e ing 8 to 1 .

Dr R H Thur s ton s rule for the rate of combu s tion for a

. . .
’

given height of chimney ( Trans A S M E vol xi p 9 91 ) is : . . . . .

,
. .
,
.

Subtract one from twice the square root of the height a nd the ,

re sult is the rate of combustion in pound s p er s q uare foot of

grate p er hour for anthracite coal ; or rate
,
H 1 in ,

which H i s the height of chimney in feet .

This rule give s the foll owing table

H : 50 60 70 80 90 1 00 1 10 1 25 1 50 1 75 200
2 VH — 1 19

’
The resul ts agre e cl osely with Trowbridge s table given
above I n practice however the high rate s of combustion for
.
, ,

high chimneys given by the formul ae are seldom obtained for ,

the reason that wi th high chimneys there are l ong horizontal

fl ue s serving many boilers a nd the friction and interference
, ,

of the currents of gases from the di ff erent boil e rs diminish the

i ntensity of the draft at the boiler from what it was at the
chimney .

I n a battery of several boilers connected to a chimney 1 5 0

f e et i n h e ight there has been f o und 5 inch of w a ter draft at
}

the b oiler nearest the chimney and o nly 4 inch at the boil er ,

fa rt h est from it .

The fir st b o il e r was Wasting f uel from an excessive tem

pe ra ture of the chimn e y ga s es 9 00 F ahr having to o larg e a
° '

, ,
.
 RA TE OF C O M B U S I T ON 29

grat e s urface for the draft and the la s t boiler was work ing ,

bel o w its cap acity and with poor e conomy on account of poor
, ,

draft .

Theron Skeel gives the following relative amounts of coal

that can be burned in the s ame tim e with chimneys O f variou s
.

heig ht s
H eigh t i n
Re l a ti ve a m
f eet
o unt o f f uel .
1 20
1 00
1 00
90
80
80
60
70
40
57
20
40

J . J . finds t he best re s ults to b e obt ained by

D e Ki nd e r
usi n g chimn ey s of the following height s
7 5 feet for fr ee burning bituminou s coal-
.

1 00 fe et for free burning bituminou s slack -

.

1 1 5 feet for slo w burni ng bituminou s co al -

.

1 25 feet for anthracite p e a coal .

1 50 fe et for anthracite buckwheat coal .

w it h a dr aft for anthracite coal of to inch of water .

Thi s agrees w ith the con clusions of E mery and H a gue .

AI R —S ACE I N
P GRATE S .

Th e succe ss ful p erformance of a chimney dep end s up o n

very many local conditions am ong which and very imp ortan t , , ,

is th e amount Of air supplied to the burning fuel and allowe d

to p as s through it .

Th e following list give s th e p roper S ize of air space a nd -

thic k ness of m etal in the bar for diff erent fuel s .

1 inch O p ening and g inch I ron for screenings

- -
.

g inch o pening and inch iron for buckwheat coal

- -
.

5 inch Op ening and é inch iron for nut or p ea coal

7
- -
.

g inch opening and {y inch iron for s tove coal

- -
.

fZ in ch O pening and é inch iron for egg coal -

-
.

g inch opening and inch iron for broken coal

- -
.

l inch op ening and l inch iron for lump coal

-
i
-
.

i inch Opening and fi inch iron for s awdust

- -
.

inch O pening and g inch iron for s awdust

- - .

é inch Op ening and i inch iron for shavings

- -
.

g inch op ening a nd 1 inch iron for s havings

- - .

F o r bituminous coal 2 or { inch O p ening a nd J

, Z inch iron
t - -
.
30 CH I M N E Y DE SI G N AN D TH E O R Y

VOLUM E OF AI R PASSI NG TH RO UGH CH I M NE Y .

A ccording to Professor H B G ale the velocity for maximum

. .
,

draft in chimneys is between six and fourteen feet per second ,

depending on the height of the chimney and temperature of

the escaping gase s ; in brick stacks it sometim es i s as low a -

rate as three feet p er s econd The exact rate at which the best
.

draft is produced dep ends on s o many variabl es such a s flue ,

t emp eratures grate air sp ace k ind of conditions of fuel etc

,
-
, , .
,

t hat it is probably not the same in any two chimneys or power

plants .

VELOCI TY OF GASES .

L ang recommends f o r velocity of chimney ga s e s V” , ,

feet p er s econd ; in sheltered locations feet p er second .

I f prevailing W inds come over steep mountai ns and fall on

th e top of the chimney then V must be corresp ondingly i h
, 7.

creased from to feet per second ; or the top of the

chimney must be p rovided with proper covers for such un
favorabl e directions ( wind caps ,

With good wind caps V may be reduced from n to

feet a second .

Wind caps on account of their dangerous p osition are only

, ,

recommended in exceptional case s .

I f a number of boiler furnaces d ischarge their gase s in one

-

and the same chimney then V must be increase d for the full
, ,

working number so that in case there are less than the whol e
,

number of boilers under fire a sufficient exhaust velocity of the

gases will S till be obtained I n place of the average value of
.

r fee t per second the following values m ay be sub

s tituted
F or 3 boilers V , .. ft per sec . ft p er minute .

7 V,, 1 9 68
.

12 Vn
X X 32
more ,
12 4 X boilers V , ,
4 t a second
. .
 RA TE O F C O MB U S TI ON 31

W I N D PR E S S U R E
-
.

Th e s cale of the S mith s onian I nstitution at Washington for

the s tim ation and de s cription of the velocity and pressure of
e

W ind calcul ated by Smeaton s Rule is a s follow s

’
the , ,

D ivide the squ are of the velocity in miles per hour by 200
the q uotient i s the pre s sure in p ounds per square foot .

TABLE N O . 14 .

G ra d e .
V el ocit
T
m in
l OIl r .
il esper Pressure per s ua re
f
o ot i n l b s
q
.
Na m e .

Ca lm .

V ery l i gh t b reez e .

Gentl e b reez e .

F resh w i nd .

S tro ng W i nd .

H igh W i nd .

Ga l e .

S tro ng ga l e .

V io l e nt ga l e .

H urrica ne .

M ost v i o l ent h urrica ne .

the U nit ed States the general practice is t o a s sume fifty

In
po un ds W ind p ressure per square foot as the highest to be con
-

si d e re d .

No record of such a high pressure has been heard of ,or i s

likel y to be except in the extreme hurricane with cyclonic
, ,

con d ition s present as in the E ast St L ouis Mo to rnado of

,
.
, .
,

1 89 6 when the brick chimney of the E lectric L ight Sectio n

,

w a s partially destroyed and blown down .

F rom cal culations made since the occurrence the force of ,

the wind must have been about ninety pounds p er square foot .

D uring the G alveston Tex tornado of September 1 900

the barometer dropp ed to
,

inch e s and th e velocity of th e

.
,

,
“ , ,

wind was rep orted by a U nited States E ngineer to have been as

high a s 1 00 miles p er hour .
32
-
CH I M N E Y D E SI GN AN D TH E ORY .

The E ngineer Lo n don say s :

,
t he pre s sure of the wind on
,

p lane s urfaces has been found by experiments to be a ppro x i

m ately
2
v

430

v velocity of wind l n feet per s econd .

i angle between the normal to the p lane and the

direction of the wind .

9 pre s sure in pounds per s quare fo ot of plane .

Th e above of cour s e doe snot apply to curved surface s

, , .
 CH APTE R V

F OU N D A TI ON M A TE R I AL S . B RI C K C H I M N E Y M ATE R I A LS

L OGI CALLY
an d from an engineering stand p oint the first -

de t ail of chimn ey construction is the foundation .

B efore consid e ring this topic a brief statement of the q ual

iti e s and s trengths of various 8 0 1 18 w ith reference to their abil
,

ity to s upport fou ndation s is requisite ,

.

BE ARI NG POWE R OF S I O LS .

The building l aws of N e w Y ork City allo w 4 tons per square

”
fo o t as a s afe lo a d for good solid natural earth .

The laws of Ch icago S p ecify I i tons for pure clay fifteen ,

m
fe e t or m ore thi ck ; 2 tons for pure dry s and fifteen feet or ,

m
m o re thick and 1 , tons for a ixture of clay and sand of the
1

sa e depth .

O rdin a ry prac tice give s the following

200 tons p e r s quare foot for solid bed rock .

5 to 25 tons pe r square foot for rock broken but well com ,

pa c te d .

4 tons per S q uare foot for pure clay fifteen feet or more
thi c k .

1 ton p er squ a re foot for sof t wet clay .

8 tons p er s qu are foot for gravel well p ack e d and confine d .

4 tons p er s qu are foot for pure dry sand well packed and
co n fined .

2 tons pe r sq u a re foot for pu re d ry sand in its natural bed .

5 ton p er squ a re foot for q uicksands and m arshy soils .

PI LI NG .

P iling mu s t b e resorted to when the s oil i s very san d y or

loo se .
34 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N A ND T H E O RY

m
Pile s should be of s pruce not less than S i x inch e s in di ,

a e ter at the smaller end and S hould be driven by a drop

m
,

hammer weighing not less than p ounds .

The broo and splinters should be removed from th e head

o f the pile for the last blow .

The heads of the piles should be sawed o ff level a nd capp ed

with a n oak grillage or filled around with concrete
, .

There has been no satisfactory determinatio n made of the

safe load on piles and each engineer is obliged to use hi s own
,

j udgm ent .

A test reported in E ngineering N ews July 1 8 93 says , , ,

four piles 1 3 inches in diameter 80 square inches area held

, , ,

up tons each without settling .

We give the following formul ae for the benefit of t h o s e who ,

care to use them

Le t R weight of ram in p ound s
2 .

h fall Of ram in feet

2 .

8 depression at last blow in feet

1
‘

e average depression for 1 00 blow s — i n inche s .

P weight of pile in pounds .

L carrying cap acity of driven pile in p oun d s .

( 29) Safe l oad in pound s 6 ( D utch formula ) .

(P R)s
.

( 30) Safe load in pounds

1
1; ( E ng . N ews F e b ,
,
.

(31 ) L r: 1 ( L P Church in M ech a ni cs )

. . .

/ h
( 3 2) L 3 2R \ ( H aswell 1 8 94) e
.
,

where c is a co nstant having a value of from three t o

s ix according to the nature of the soil .

33
( 33 ) L 12 1 4 1
.
( Wellington )
V ii
f
x x 026
( 3 4) L (Tra utwine )
.

. .

12 + 1
As a factor Tra utwi ne recommends that for pil es thor
,

oughly driven in firm soils one half of the above l oad be ,

-

taken ; in river mud or m arsh ( piles not driven to rock bot

, ,

tom ) the safe load be restricted to one S ixth of L

,
-
.

’
H a sw e l l 1 900, gi ve s L
, 8R vh
 F O UN D A TI ON AN D B RI CK CH I M N E Y MA T E RI A L S 35

fall of hammer in inches x weight of ram in net ton s

depression at last blow in inches x 8
( Sander s )
Thi s formula app lie s to piles driven until penetrat i on i s small
a nd nearly e q ual for successive blows .

B ui lding laws of these cities give the following

P hiladelphia small end 5 inches head 1 2 inches sp aced not
, , ,

ove r 3 0 inches centre to centre 20 net tons per pile , .

N e w Y ork small end 5 inches S paced not over 3 0 inche s

, ,
'

cen t re to centr e 20 net to ns per pile

,
.

C hicago 25 net tons per pile d r1 ve n to rock or hardpan

, ,

bear ings .

B ufia l o s mall end 6 inches S paced not over 36 in che s cent re

, ,

to c e ntre 25 net t on s per pile

, .

O T C NCRE E .

C oncrete is largely used as a subsidiary foundation .

Th e Metropolitan Water B oard s sp ecifications for thi s ma

’
"

teri a l are as follows : Concrete S hall be comp o s ed of on e p a rt

m
by easure of Am erican natura l hydraulic cement two parts ,

of cl ean sharp sand and five parts of clean screened broken

, ,

m
s ton e or clean s creened gravel
, .

The stone for the concrete S hall be free fro clay dirt or , ,

oth e r obj ect ionabl e m aterial ; no stone shall be greater than

t wo a nd one hal f inches and but very few less than one quarter
-

,
-

inch in their greatest dime nsions .

The mixing S hall be done in proper boxes in a manner ,

sati sfactory to the engineer .

After the materials are wet the work must p roceed rap i d ly ,

unt i l the concrete i s in place and i s s o thorou g hly ramm ed that

,

wat e r flushes to the surface and all the interstices between the
,

sto n es are entirely filled with m ortar .

I t shall be allow e d to set a s ufficient time to be determined ,

“
\
by t h e e ngine e r before walking over o r w o rki ng up on it shall
, ,

be p ermitted .

Al l trenche s or foundations must be k e pt free of water

whil e concrete i s bein g placed therein .

Al l cement used in th e work shall be of the best quality of

A m e rican natur a l hydraulic cement and e qual i n quality to ,

the b est R os endale cement it must be made by manufacturers

36 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E O RY

of established r eputation and must be fre s h very fine gro und

, , ,

and put up in w e ll m ade ca sk s -

.

F or exp osed stone masonry Port land cement mi xed in the , ,

same proportions as the American cement concrete shall be ,

used all other stone m a s onry s hould be laid in American

cement concrete of s econd quality mixed in prop ortion by , ,

measure of one part of cement to two part s of sand for both

mortars .

The building law s of Chicago will not allo w more than four
ton s per s quare foot on concrete foundations .

B oston and N ew York S pecify a minimum thi ckness of

t w elve inches .

U s ing a factor of s afety of five the safe load per s quare ,

foot for concrete one month old i s three tons ; for concrete
, ,

S i x month s O l d i s twelve tons ; for concrete one ye a r O l d i s

, ,

sixteen to twenty tons .

Chimney foundations are s ometimes made of la rge s t ones

laid on a bed of c oncrete and in any case W hether of con crete
, , ,

stone or both they s hould be large en ough t o prevent une q ual

, ,

settling ; th e pres s ure on the foundation being largely c o nc e n

tra te d on the leeward side and the prevailing W ind s therefore
,

are apt to ha ve the e ff ect of canting the chimney to one side ,

unles s a broad founda t ion is furnished .

F or d imen s ion s of foundations and de s cription s of s everal ,

in particular see pages 36 to 1 1 6

,
.

Walls laid in lim e and cement mort a r :N e w York ,

p ou nd s p er s quare foot 1 60 p ound s per square inch

,
.

PI ERS

“
.

B uilding laws of B oston allow 6 to 20 times lea st diam eter

for the height also laid in 1 part cement 2 parts sand
, , ,

pound s p er sq uare foot ; laid in 1 p art cement 4 p a rts sand , ,

pounds per square foot ; laid in lime mort a r ,

p ounds per square foot for light hard brick two thirds of ,
-

the above loads are allowabl e .

Professor I ra 0 B aker *
s ays s afe loads for g oo d brick
.
, ,

in lime mortar p ounds p er square foot in cem ent

, ,

pounds per square foot .

Ex pa nd ed Meta l a nd it s Uses in Fire proo Construc ti o n

-
f .
38

A
T B yrne say s
. .
CH I M N E

“
Y D ES I GN

To secure the best results fire b ri c k

s hould be laid in the same clay from which they are manufact
AN D TH E O R Y

,
-

u re d
should be used in a thin pa s te a nd not a s a m ortar
It ,

the thinner the j oint the better the furnace wall The brick .

should be cl ipped in water as they are used so tha t when laid ,

they will not absorb the water from the clay paste .

They should then receive a thin coating of the p repared

fi re clay and be carefully placed in p osition with a s little of
-
,

the fire clay as possible

-
.

O rdinary re d bricks measure 81 x 4 x 2 inches or 26 bricks ,

-

to the cubic foot The average weight is 4 1 pounds

. .

An 8 1 inch wall requires 1 4 bricks p er superficial foot

-
.

A 1 21 inch wall re quires 21 bricks p er sup erficial foot

-
.

A 1 7 inch wall requires 28 bricks p er superfi cial foot

-
.

A 21 1 inch wall re quire s 35 brick s per superficial foot

-

m
m mm
.

S AFE L OAD S .Red bri ck — S u a r y of so e u nicip a l bui l d

i ng l a ws . N ew Yor/t , Ch i ca go, a nd B oston
Walls :H ard burned red brick laid up in a mortar com
-
,
~

p osed of one p art Of cement to two p arts clean sharp s and :

B oston lbs per s q f t
. . .
,
207 lbs p er s q in
. . .

N e w Y ork . lbs p er sq f t
. . .
,
207 lbs p er S q in
. . .

Chicago lbs p er sq f t
. . .
,
1 7 3 lb s per sq in
. . .

Walls laid in a m ortar compo s ed Of one part of cement t o

f our p arts of clean s harp sand :
B osto n lbs per s q f t . . .
,
1 66 lbs p er sq i h
. . .

Chicago lbs p er s q f t . . .
,
1 25 lbs p er sq in
. . .

Walls lai d in lime mortar

Chicago lbs per sq f t
. . .
,
9 0 lbs per sq in
. . .

B oston lbs p er sq ft
. . . 111 lbs p er sq in
. . .

Ne w Y ork lbs p er sq f t 1 11 lbs per sq in

m
. . . .
. .
,

E xpa nsi on
f F i re br i ck i n C
ohi n ey
-— En
g R ee , v o l xxix , . . .

p 4 00, H N Brinc ke rh o fl say s :I t varies from nothi ng to 2 to 3

'

. . .

in ches in 7 5 feet in height al s o that in lined ste el chimneys

,

4 inches in 200 feet is not likely to occur .

I nspe c to r s Pock et Bo ok
’
.
 F O U N DA T I O N AND B RI C K C H I M N E Y T
M A E RI A L S 39

Tw enty cubic feet bushels of s and 4 cubic feet 16 32 ,

s truck bushel s of quicklime will m ake 221 cubic feet of m or ,

tar and will lay 2 x 4 x 21 inch brick s w ith to 1 inch -

,
-

j oints .

A good bricklayer will in a day of ten hour s lay bric k

if provided with a laborer to keep him supplied with m aterials ,

but in chimney work the number of bricks laid will depend

-

on design of chimney and elevation above ground of s caffol d ,

from which they are laid .

John C Tra utwi ne E sq furnishe s the following direction s

.
, ,

for ce ment mortar

A b arrel of cem ent 300 pounds and two barrels of sand ( S i x
, ,

bushel s or 7 1 cubic feet ) mixed with ab out half a barrel of

water will make about 8 c ubic feet of mortar sufficient for
,

1 92 square feet of mortar j oint 1 inch thick ; ,

28 8 s q uare feet of mortar j oint 3 inch t h ick ; ,

.

38 4 square feet of mortar j oint 1 inch thick ; ,

7 68 square feet of mortar j oint 1 inch thic k ; ,

or to lay 1 cubic yard or 5 22 bricks of 8 1 x 4 x 2 inche s with

, ,

j oints 3 inch thick or a ciI bi c yard of rubble stone work The

4
,
-
.

q ri a nti ty of s a nd m ay be increa s ed to 3 or 4 m easure s for ordi

nary w ork
Two barrels of cement and tw
.

'

o barrels of s and will be suf

fic i e nt to lay bricks .

F ive pound s of salt added t o each 20 gallon s of water used

°
with cement will p revent its freezing at a temp erat ure of 1 0
,

belo w zero .

I t quickens the hardening and does n ot materially reduce

the ultimate strength .

LI NI NG .

If
the heat of the ga s es exce e d 300 C or 5 7 2 F ahr then °
.
°
.

the building of a so called lining of the shell of a thickness

- -

m eter inches) to meter in ches ) varying ,

accord ing to the chimney heat and degree of heat in the e u

tering gases is to be recommended , .

G a s es below 25 0 C ( 48 2 F ahr ) do not demand a fire brick

°
.
°
.
-

lining except up to a short di stance above where the flue e u

,

ter s the chimney ( G L ang ) . . .

40 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D T H E O RY
Th e lat t er is about all that is done in brick chimneys in the
U nited State s .

R arely being over 9 inches thick at the bottom f or 30 feet

in height or less and 4 1 inches thickness for 30 feet above it
, , ,

w e also seldom see any double shell brick chimney lined with -

fi re brick to a great er height than 20 to 30 feet above breech

-

ing or top of entering fine .

A single S h e ll brick chimney 225 feet 9 inches p 8 9 ha s

-

, .
,

5 6 fee t of 9 inch and 60 feet of 41 inch fire brick lining

- - -
.

S teel chimneys are f requently lined with hard b urned red -

bri ck sometimes with fire brick generally leaving an inch

,
-
,

s p ace between lining and shell to be filled with s and .

Al l fire brick lining s should have room for expansionand

-
,

for removal of a p ortion at one time .

FOUNDATI ONS .

Profe ss or L ang , of H anover Coll ege Germany say s :The , ,

bounding planes of the s ides of foundations Should be inclined ,

enlarging the body of ma s onry a s it deep en s I nstead of a .

pl ane the inclination may be made by use of a step c o nstruc

,

tion The proportions of the foundation should be s uch that

.

the permi ss ible load p er square foot on the earth or so il fo und

in the p articular locality shall not be exceeded and also that , , ,

the wind pre ssure agains t the chimney shaft s hall not unduly
- -

increase t he foundation load at any p oint The inclination of .

the bounding s ides with the horizontal should not be greater

than 60 degree s I t may be a s sumed that the s upp orting and
.

s u s taining cap acity of earth of uniform character increase s

gradually with its depth .

I n order that b oth the dead load and the e ff ect of th e w ind
pressure may be properly taken care of H o to p give s the s e ,

formulae

“
\ 7here H it depth of foundation below ground level ;
B breadth of the bottom of foundation
u

H h eight of chimney above the top of foun d a t i o n

,

and S thickne s s of bottom plat e of founda t ion

. ,

H . 192-P H
and Bu
H 8
 FO U N D A T I O N A ND B R I CK CHI M N E Y T
M A E R I A LS 41

Fo respeciall y wide chimneys the values of H and B , u ,,

S houl d
be enlarge d p roportionally .

Ga ping of j oints in chimneys is alm ost entirely avoid e d

wh en the greate s t pres s ure on th e foundation doe s not excee d
pounds per sq uare inch or 5 1 20 pound s p er square foot .

The b as e of the foundation or foundation p late should have a , ,

thickn e ss S u H , where all di men sions are in feet .

I f th e angle of the S ide s to b ottom of the foundation s hould b e

gre a t e r than 60 degree s it s houl d be strengt hened by stee l ,

beam s or railroad rails p laced cro s sw i se I n the concrete .

I n looking over s ome test s the writer finds that in com ,

press i on tests of cubes of cement concrete the corners of th e

cube s and their s ide s break o ff or s lough o ff leaving the angl e , ,

m
s ome w hat les s than 60 degree s thi s bear s out Profe ss or L ang s ’

state ent Thus when designing footings or foundations o f

°
.
,

c o ncre te w i th no metal in them it i s of no advantage t o hav e

, ,

t he angle of the bounding side s to the base much less than 60

degr e e s Again there i s no advan t age in enlarging the foun
.
,

m
dation plate beyo nd what that angle will give unles s metal re ,

i nf o rc e e nt i s u s ed .

Th e foundat ion of ma s onry for the brick lined steel chimney -

for th e Maryland Steel Work s wa s large di men s ioned stone

m
-
,

quarry faced with dressed arr ise s s et in a ortar of one p ar t

, ,

Po rt l a nd cement and three p arts of s and by measure .

Th e foundation of a brick chimney erected in 1 8 5 9 for th e

m
C hic a g o R efinin g Company 1 51 feet high 1 2 feet square at , ,

the b a s e is a s follows :The base two course s of heavy d i e n

, ,
-

si o ne d s tone i s bedded upon the surfac e gr avel near th e

,

mout h of the rive r there recently dep osited by t he lak e Th e

,
.

mort a r employed in the joint s between the stone s was roofing

grave l and cem ent The area of the ba s e is 25 6 s quare feet
. .
,

the w e ight of the chimney inclusive of the ba s e is 625 tons , , ,

givin g a pre s sure of 34 p ound s to the s quare inch tons ,

p er s q uare foot .
12 CH I M N E Y D E SI G N AN D TH E O R Y

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.

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 I
F O U N D A T ON AND
'

I NE Y
B R I CK C H M M A T E R I A LS
‘

43

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44 CH M I NE Y D E S I GN A N D TH E OR Y

m
m
The foundation of a brick ch i ne y erected in 1 8 7 2 for the
M c Co r a c k reaper work s 1 60 fee t high 1 4 feet square at the
, ,

bas e with a flue 6 feet 8 inches in diamet er is a s f ollows

, ,

Th e base i s 25 fee t s quare ; area 625 s quare feet ; the weight

,

of the chimney and the base is approximat ely t ons the

pres s ure on the s oil i s pounds p er s quare inch ton s
,

per square foot S oil was dry h ard clay Thi s loading i s
.
,
.

very ligh t.

F oundations for s elf s u s taining s teel chimney s are of ne

-

c e ssi ty of greater bearing surface than for brick chimney s an d ,

will be t reated under s teel chimneys .

46 CH M I NE Y D ES IG N AN D T H E O RY
T AB L E NO . 18 .

"
f
STA N D A R D ROI STI N G R OP E — CR UCI B LE S TE EL , N I N E TE E N WI RE S TO TH E

S TR AN D .

Ci rc u m
f
h
I nc
ere nce .

es
Wei g
ro pe wi t
h
e m
t pe r f oo t o f
hhp ce nt re
B re a
t ons of
k ng st
i ra i n 1 11
l bs
Lb s
. .

GUYED STEEL CHI M NE S Y

m m
.

R u l e of Th u b f or F i nd i ng D i a eter of Guy W res f or S teel

m
Ch i neys ( E ngineeri ng M echa nics O ctober ,
.
,

Multiply the height of c h imney in feet by its di amete rin

take the square root of the product D ivide this .

by 1 00 and the quotient i s the lea s t allowabl e di ameter I n

,

i nches for each of four guys .

TAB LE OF TH I CK N ES S B Y G AU GE OF S TE EL F OR G U YED CH I MN EYS

m
.

D ia e te r— i nc h es 18 20 24 26 28 30 32 32 34 86
h f
He ig t — ee t 40 45 50 50 55 60 65 70 70 75
h k
T ic ness— ga uge . . 16 16 14 16 14 14 12 I4 12 14 12 14 10 12 10 12
E . P . AL L I s Co .

WE I GH T PER F OOT OF S TEEL -R I V ET E D TU BES F OR GU YED CH I M N EY S

mW
.

D ia e te r — i nc h es 10 12 14 16 20 22 24 26 28 30
No 1 6 G Wt pe r f
oot 1 1 68
f
. . .

No 1 4
. W . G WL .
per oot .

Circular boiler heads m ake good bases for guyed steel

chimneys . The table on p age s 42 and 43 applies to such ca s es .

F S USTAI NI NG STEEL CHI M NEYS

SEL .

m
Th e s e lf sustaining ste e l chimney is a feature of a gre at
-

m any ode rn p o wer plants because of its many advantages ,

over a brick chimney .

Among these advantages are :less floor or ground sp ace -

occupied that is above the ground ; ease and rapidi ty of con

,

struction and e rection ; because it weighs le s s than a bri c k

 T H EO R Y P ER T AI N I N G T O S T E E L CHI M N E YS 47

m
chi n e y of like cap acity it is better adapted to soi ls of low
m
,

load s u st a i ning p ower the steel sh

-

s a l l e r area y

to th e w i nd than a brick chimney of a does .

S e l f sustaining chimneys are freq

-
lined with fire
briclk b u t more oft en with ordinary hard burned red brick
,
-
,

which c a n receive the chimney ga s e s at 600 to 7 00 without ° ’

m m
inju r y .

Sfio e however simply line the chimney at the botto

, ,

whe r e th e flue enters it and in s uch cases s econd quality fire ,

-

bri clk a n swers th e p urpose very well .

T h e t hi c kness of brick lining should nowhere be les s tha n

4 5 i n ch e s and that in the upper portion of the chimney an d
, ,

m
the t hi ck ne s s should be incre ased toward the bottom addin g ,

[”
45 \ 1 c h e s every 30 or 40 feet .

Th e s ize of flue and thickne s s of lining being known

m
( u s u all y add i ng from 1 8 to 36 inches to the diameter of th e

m
chi n ey s hell or tube ) we may start with the de s ign of th e ,

chi n e y .

m
F o r a n example we will assume the Ease of a chimney with
an o t si d e diameter of 66 inches andf1 50 feet high .

L e t the diameter of the chimne ybe called D .

L et the diameter of the bottom of bell shaped ba s e b e -

called D B .

Th e writer usually make s the height of t he bell bas e or

2 D an d the diameter of bottom of h el l D
“ ,

m
k g ,
2 D thou E ,

1 5 tii e s the diameter D is often u s ed for both t he

and d iameter D
'
E.

Th e outlines of t he bell shaped bas e in vertical proj ectio n -

sho u l d be bounded by straight lines as of a cone to give th e , , _

g r e a t e st s tren gt h but the outline s are often made curved a s in

,

a p e al ing bell making use of thicker s heets of steel to counter

,

act t h e loss of strength due to the straight outline .

m
Th e base plate usually made of cast I ron should be kept, ,

fro 1 2 t o 24 inches above the level of the groun d but in no ,

cas e sh ould a high brick pedestal be used it being much more ,

m
exp e n sive l e ss pleasing architecturally than the low f o und a
,

tio w ithout po s sessin g any a d va ntage with regard t o st re ngt h

'

, ,

an di i t o ccupies much more space on the ground .

Th e ba s e plat e i s u s ually made of cast iron from 1 inch

-
 CH I M N E Y DE S I GN AND T H E O RY

8
m
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 T H E O R Y P E R TA I N I N G TO S TE E L CH I M N E YS

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.
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a fi H fi a fl n a n fi fl a a fi w fi fi fi fi fl fi fl fi fi fl fl ”
3

m
m m m m
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m m m
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w n w w ww
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3
.

o c p a o p v c p v v a a v o
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m
fi a a v p o a v a p a a o p a fl o p a fi p a v
fi n n n n n w a wo c p p p p p ww w v v w w
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m m m mm
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k
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n n n n w w e o w p p p p w w w a e c o O c c fi fi fi a
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” fi fi fi a fi fi ~a fi a fi a fi fi ”

m m
mm
m mmm
a
a
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mm
w
fl
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ww a c s o o e e fl H n
50 CH M I NE Y D ES IGN AND T H E O RY
thick for 1 00 foot chimne ys to 3 inche s thick for 250foot chim
- -

ney s and from 1 6 inche s to 36 inches larger than D in diameter

, B

for the above height s .

F or the convenience Of casting base plates can be made in -

from t wo to s ix s ections with flanges held together by ii inch ,

i -

to 1 5 inch bolts and need be s olid only to within 1 2 inche s in

-
,

side the bell that i s like a round wr ought iron washer

, ,
- .

N eglectin g the flare at the ba s e we will consider the whole

heigh t of a chimney with a common diameter D and proceed ,

to design the shell .

Considering the f Orce of t he wind as 50 pounds p er s q uare

foo t— the actual pres s ure on a cylinder is 50 p er cent of the .

above or 25 po und s p er s quare foot on the proj ected area

,
.

Ad d 5 pounds for compressive strain produced by the w ind in

one half of the shell and its dead load and we have 30 p ounds ,

as a s afe value for wind pressure ”

- .

The height of the chimney under consideration H 1 50 ,

feet which multiplied by D

, ,
5 5 fe et and by 30 pound s gives ,

pounds of wind pressure distributed over the entire area

-
.

H
The lever arm about the ba s e being the bending m o
m
ent i s 24 750 X 1
3
2
1 8 5 625 foot pound s .

4
7, D d
The s ection m odulus Z for hollow c y linder s is ,
D
,
32
where d 2 the inside diameter of the shell and simplified the ,

va lue of Z = 098
. having used feet before feet ,

should be used in this formul ae or divide the re s ul ts obtained ,

from using inche s by 1 2 .

D ividing the bending moment obtained as above by the ,

section modulus Z we obtain the strain p er square inch on

,

any section considered .

B y calculating the bending moments a t di ff eren t heights

o f the chimney by multiplying the diameter by H by one half

m
-

of the height above the section und e r consideration by 30

p ound s we m ay then ake use of the following table
, .
 TH E O R Y PE R TA I N I N G To S TE EL CH I M N E YS 51

T AB L E NO . 20 .

m
M OM E N T S O F TH I N H O L L O W C Y LI N D R I C A L B E A M S (IN
’
R E S I S TA N CE OF F E E T) .

m
D o utsid e d ia e te r 098 2 ( D 4 i
d )
R i n i nch es
.

d i nsid e d ia e ter . D

( Po we r ,

D ividing
above result by the strength in tension of steel
pl a t e to p ounds divided by a factor of safety of
,

4 o b tain the factor which in the horizontal line of chimney

,

di a m eter will be found in the c olumn of proper thickness of

st e e l to be used for the shell at the section considere d .

Thus for the chimney u n der consideration 40 fe e t down

mthe top
,

40
fro ,
we have ( 5 5 X 4 0) 30 X 1 32000, which di ,
2
vi dl e dby p o unds gives 1 1 as the section modulus so the
,
"
sh e ll may b e made of less than 1 25 thickness at that elevation
3
.

” 3 ”
I t i s not advi s able to u s e less than 5 to T , thicknes s of m etal
in a ny tall chimney or short one if long life is t o be de s ired
.
, , .
52 CH M I NE Y D ES I GN AN D TH E OR Y

Th e Philadelphia E ngineering Work s ,

Ltd .
,
give s t h e fol
lowing for the shell s of steel chimneys
T AB LE No . 21 .

SI R W I LL I AM ’
F A I R B AI RN S E XP E R I M E N TS .

“
Cl ea r spa n .

Lb s
.

Mr Edwin Clarke ha s formulated a rule from exp erimen t s

.
,

c onduc t ed by him in the use of iron and s teel for hollow t ub e

,

bridge s which is a s follows

m m
,

?
533122
A f l 1 3
i fl ifif
’
( 36) Centre breaking x
n n 11 1
Clear sp an in feet .

When th e constant used is the cal culation for the tube s

exp erimented upon by Mr F airbairn are given in the la st .

column of the above tabl e .

D K Clark s R ules Tables and D ata for M echanical E n

’
.
,
.
,

g i ne e rs p age 5 1 3 gives the following ru l e for hollow t ube s :

”
, ,

2
1 19
2
7
31 4
( 37 ) W
W : B reaking weight in pound s in cent re .

D 2 E xtreme di ame t er
in inches .

T Thickne s s in inche s .

L L ength between supports in inche s

2
.

S U ltimate tensile strength in p ound s p er square inch

2
.

Taking S the strength of a square inch of a riveted j oin t

,

at pound s this rule figures as follow s for the di ff eren t

,

examp les exp erimented upo n by Mr F airbai rn .

I . x 1 44 x x 204
II . x x x
III . x x x 282
IV . x x x 28 2
 I LL US . NO 3
. .

H AR TF O R D S TR E E T R A I L W A Y COM P A N Y‘S CH I M N E Y .
T H E O RY P E R T AI N I N G TO S TEE L CH I M N E YS 5

Th e H art ford S t reet R ailway Co

’
. s

(H art ford ) chimney is 1 66 fee t

,
Conn .

hi gh diameter of bell at bas e 1 90inch

,

e s t apering t o 1 29 in che s
,
diameter at a
height of 21 fee t Twenty one feet of.
-

Q - in ch s teel at bottom 3 0 feet T i nch

T f , g

st eel 30 fee t
,
inch steel 30 feet
-
,

i —i nch s teel and 5 5 feet inch st eel

fe , i -

at top L adder from top to wi thin

.

2 feet of the bas e ; a 5 by i inch flat -

iron band around t he top on in s i d e ; ,

c opp er cornice 1 90 i nche s diameter

by 1 1 4 inche s high of 24—ounce cop ,

p er ba s e plate 1 8 f ee t 6 inche s
This stac k ha s 41 inche s
m
sq uare .

l ining t hu s ma kin g a 1 0 fee t dia

,

e t e r flue .
54 CH I M N E Y D ES I GN AND T H E O RY

A close approximation between the breaking we ights oh

t a ine d by his exp eriments and tho s e derived from Mr E dwin .

’
Clarke s and Mr D K Clark s rules will be observed I t m ay
’
. . . .

be assumed theref o r e th a t this system of calculation is prao

, ,

tically correct and that it is eminently safe w h en a l arge factor

,

of s a fety is provided and from the fact that a chimney may be

,

standing for many years without receiving anything like the

strain taken as the basis of the calculation— fifty pounds p er
s q uare foot Wind pre s sure at fifty p ounds per s quare foo t
.

m ay be assumed to be travelling in a horizontal directio n and

be of the s ame veloci ty at all point s between the tO p and the
bottom of the s tack Thi s is the extreme a s sumption I f
. .
,

however the chimney is round its eff ective area will be only
, ,

m
half of it s diametral plane that is the entire force on round , ,

chi ney s if concentrated in the centre of the height of the

section of the chimney to be considered .

Taking the average diameter of a 1 25 feet chimney a s 90 -

inche s the e ff ective s urface in square feet up on which the

,

force of the W ind may act will therefore be H time s 1 25 di , ,

v id e d by 2 which multiplied by 5 0 gives a total wind force of

, ,
-

pounds The resistance of the chimney to breakin g

.

acros s the top of the foundation would be x 1 68 ( that is

2
,

di ameter of base ) multiplied by 25 x , ( 7 50 x 4) .

or times the entire force of the wind We m ul tiply the .

m
half height above the j oint in inches 750 by 4 becau s e the ,

chi ney is considered a fixed beam with a load s uspended at

one end .

I n calculating its strength half way up we have a beam of -

,

the same character the beam in this case being fixed at a p oint
,

hal f way up the chimney where it is 90 inche s in diameter and ,

.08 7 inch thick Taking the diametral s ect ion above this point
.

and the force as concentrated in the centre of it or half way ,

-

up from the point under consideration its breaking strength ,

is : x 90 x
2
x ( 381 x 4) The force 2

of the wind to tear it ap art through its cross section a t this -

line 7 45 x 623 x 5 0 2
,
or a little m ore tha n one tenth -

of the st rengt h of t he s t ack .

m
i ti n —
R ve g No t les s than inch rivets and never a less di -
.
,

a e t e r than the thickness of plate should be u s ed .

 T H E O RY P E R I A I N I N G To S
' ‘
TE E L CH I M N E YS 55

F or verti c al or horizontal seams I n flaring base the j oin ts

shoul d be d ouble staggered rive ting ; a bove the bell a S I ngl e-

ri vete d j o i n t can usually be made u s e of though for hori zontal ,

j oints do u b l e st a ggered riveted j oint may often be most desir

-

able an d n e c essary — havi ng a greater lap f o r sheet and c o nse

quently giving great e r sti ffness to the shell .

B utton h e ad S hould invariably be used with the button

-
,

he ad i n s ide so as to pres e nt the least resistance to the gases .

R ivets sh ould be spaced at least 2 5 times their diameter

centre t o c e ntre by a distance no t any further apart than 1 6
,

times the thicknes s of th e p l ate w ith which they connect ;

use all p os sible care to have the j oint air tight a nd of suf
'

fic i e nt s trength .

I n R e u l e a ux s
’
Constructor is th e following regarding
rivete d j oin t s which may be found of value in this connection
,
.

Le t s t hickn ess of plate

2 .

d diameter of rivet .

a pitch of rivets centre to centre of adj acent rivet s ,

.

72 number of ro ws of rivets
. .

(b ratio of resistance of j oin t t o full plate .

overlap for shearing .

"
b overlap for bending .

O verlap is the distance from centre of rivet s t o edge of plat e .

I n c onne ction with the above we have the following tabl e ,

No 22 regarding lap j oints which typ e is mo s t fre quently

.
,
-
,

used i n s t e el chimney construction -

.

F or ea se of construction and economy also the method of ,

m aking the diameter of the ci rcle between the plates the sa m e

m
m
for all j oints is the best and the upper end of each section ,

Shoul d b e p laced inside the lower end of the s ection i ed i

at e ly above it F or brick lined chimneys th e r e verse order i s

.
-

pr e ferred .

I n rec e n t tests made of the flow of wate r u nder the d ire c

ti o u of Cl e m ens H e rschel of th e E a st J e rse y Water Comp any , ,

of N e w Y o rk City it has been found that the friction is a p ,

pr e c i a b l v l ess i n pipe s constructed a s above over the style o f

one la g c ourse than one small one and large one etc
r e
*
, , .

Re f e re nce — O ne H und red a f

nd F i te e n E x peri m ents on th e F l o w of Wa ter T h ro ug h Ri ve ted
Pi pe s . H ersc h el . Pu l i s b h d by J h n Wil y
e o e Sons .
56 CH I M N E Y D E SI G N A ND TH E O R Y
TAB LE N o . 22 .

P R OP ORTI ON S OF RI VE TE D J OI N T S ( R E U LE A U X
’
S CON S TR UOT O R

1 0 37

0 79 0 79 0 96 4 91

1 29 1 29 2 20 4 37

R 0 56 0 72 0 65 076

1 26 1 26 1 88 3 14

d m
d ia
h k
et er of rivet . b
m m h
l a p f o r e nd i ng c o nd it i ons .

t
71 nu m
t i c ne ss o f pl a te
b
.

er o f ro ws of rive t s
c e nt re to ce nt re , o r pi tc h
.

of ri vets
8
R
st re ss i n t h e pu b e d pl a t e
ra t i o of re si st a nc e o f j o t to t
.

a t of th e f
ul l
1) pl a t e
h h k
. .

b’ l a p f o r S ea ri ng cond i t ions . c pre ssure o f ri ve t o n t i c ne ss of pl a te .

Wherever possibl e one s ection in height shoul d be made

Of one shee t in circumference and the author prefers to make ,

the bell one S heet in height by 6 8 or 1 2 S heets direction of , ,

the circumference j oint s i n the latter to be double s taggered -

riveted .

We have the following graphic repre s entation of the rule

j ust given for stability of chimneys
I f the chimney is blown to the position of the angle indi
c a te d or until the line from centre of p ressure p asse s thro ug h
,

the third of the foundation indicat ed by the arrow we have , , ,

by summation of moments about M O or zero ,

.

( 38 ) ( W .
 T H E O RY P E R T A I N I N G TO S TE E L CH I M N E YS 57

m
Co lle c ting the data of a number of exi s ting self s u s tainin g -

m
s te el chi n eys and pl otting the result s given in the las t thre e
colu n s o n the right in the accompanying ta bl e j t he author ,
'

m
find s th a t a straight line fairly represent s each mean and for ,

any c hi n ey O f s teel— s elf s u st aining the following e quation

-
,

h o l dhs g o o d
ki d
( 39) D”
26000
.

K no w i ng h M which m ay be taken e qual to or a ss umed

e, ,
a

li t tl e le ss than D F W D an d wind pre ss ure and s ub s titut in g

, e, F
-
,

in e q uati on 38 we can Obta i n W for a given cas e

, , F .

B y su b s tit ut ion

( 40) ( W+ .

K no w ing t he least diame t er of the ba s e of the foundation

we ca re a dily calculat e t he cubical conten t s of the necessary
n
frustum of a cone by th e
following rule
The content s of th e
frustum of a cone or pyra
mid are found by a ddin g
together the area s Of th e

m
ends and the m ean pro
portional between the
( the square root Of thei r
product ) and multiplyin g ,

the s um by one t hird o f -

m
the perpendicular height .

L
'a ,
I n the even t of th e
-

diameter of the ba s e as
s umed for top and bot
tom of the foundation no t
giving enough weight the ,

size or area of ba s e may

be altered fr om round t o
hex a gon or s quare or buil t up st raight for 2 or 3 feet from
, ,

bott o m or the weight increa s ed in other way s — a t the pleasur e

,

of t h e de s igner .

Pp 60. 61 . 62
. .
1 Ta b l e 23 , p 60
. .
58 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AN D T H E O RY
1 20to 1 50 pounds p er cubic foot is about the p roper weight
for such materials as enter into foundations of thi s character .

They should be made of any clean stone or brick bats well -

grouted in Portland cement mortar thoroughly rammed

-
,
.

The part out of the ground s hould be laid up with good

sized blocks of local q uarry stone rough d ressed or of brick
, ,
.

The p oorest soil will sustain about one ton load to the
s quare foot of foundation area— quick s and no t excepted if it is ,

m
p roperly covered over and con fined .

Piling however is O ften re s orted to in un s tabl e botto s

, , ,

a nd along river banks and in m arshy land s

-
.

— The following is the rule for st ability of steel

i
F ound a t ona
c himneys and the relation to the foundation

F ind the total wind pressure on the chimney and it s mo

-

m ent about an axis in th e plane of the b a s e of th e foundation .

F ind al s o the total weight of the chimney with it s lining ,

a nd of the foundation .

D ivide the m oment of the wind pre ss ure by the weigh t of

-

m m
the chimney and foundation the quotient will be the di s tance
,

11 c the outer edge at M which I s the length of the lever a r . -

o f the combined weights of foundation and chimney producin g

e quality of moments .

2
Should thi s distance be
;
then the chimney would be j u s t

2 1
;
”
stable ; should this distance be l e ss than then divi de d
by the distance in question may be called a factor of stability ,

a nd conse quently the less this distance becom e s the greater is

the factor of s tability ; this factor will never in any case b e

c om e i nfinity ( except in the case Of no wind blowing ) since ,

no chimney and its foundation Of given dimensions can have

an infinite weight of m aterial .

Therefore the heavier the combine d weight of the chimney

,

a nd its foundation th e m ore stable the structure

,
.

Should the distance above mentioned com e within th e

o uter third of the width of the foundation the chimney i s ,

stable with a fair factor of safety provided of course that the

, ,

chimney proper and its anchorage to the founda t ion have been
p rop erly de s igned and constructed .
60 CH I M N E Y D E SI G N AN D TH E O R Y
T AB L E No . 23 .

C i hm
n y e .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

m
nc To an chor t he chimney t o the founda t ion bolts
A hora ge —
,

or rod s are u s ed running fro a foot fa s tened to the h e l l of the

chimney t hrough the base plate nearly to the b ottom of the -

m a s onry t erminating in a lock nut cast iron wa s her

,
- -
.

"

7S
0
0
T H E O R Y P E RT A I N I N G TO S TE E L CH I M N E YS 61
62 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E O R Y
 TH E O R Y PER TA I N I N G To S TE E L CH I M N E YS 63

Thes e an ch or bolts are both subj ected to tension and shear

-

ing but the chimney bein g not very likely to slide on its foun
,

dati o n w e neglect the sh e aring strain in our calculations

,
.

?
A s th e linin g Of chimn e y s i s not always i t p lace or in goo d
rep a ir w e will neglect its w eight as it cannot be c ounted upo n
, ,

for a s s i st a nce in keeping t h e chimney stable .

Th e overturning m om e nt M is about the circumferen c e,

of th e large st diameter of the bell ba s e or on a circle who s e -

m
,

;
2
11
dia eter i s D B and equal s M 250 3 The weigh t of th e
m
,

steel sh ell being IV the om ent of contrary ef ect to above f

mW
, ,

777. iswhic x h enable s u s t o find the overturnin g

mom
en t M m T .

This is the moment the foundation bol t s which a re

on ,

e q u a lly s p aced in a circl e and are from 6 to 1 2 or even mor e

,

in numb er and the calcu lation s for the bolts are made a s
,

foll o ws
C on s idering any poin t in the bolt circle the approximat e ,

me a n di s tance from th e circumference o f s ame on a lin e

thr o ugh the centre of th e bolt circle to all of the bolt s is th e
radi u s of that circle and c onsidering that one half of the bolt s -

only st and the st rain we h ave thi s equation

,

D . D
I .
x tens ion on b o lt s x 9000 p ounds x number o f
2 2
bol t s area of one bolt .

Where D diameter o f bolt circle

c ,

( 431 o r the moment on the foundation bolt s

F o r 6 foundation bol t s 7 1 ,
. 27 000 D area of one bolt
,
x .

F o r 1 2 foundation bol t s , T , 54000 D x area of one bolt

. .

I n reality the mean di stance of bolt s from circumfere nce i n

the half circl e con s idere d is and we are considerably
ins i de the s afe limi t in th e former assumption .

F o r the application to the chimney un der con s ideratio n

64 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AND TH E O R Y

S TEE L CH I M NE Y AT TH E RI D GE
WOO D PU M PI N G STA TI O N ,

BR O O KLYN N Y , . .

BUI LT BY THE PHI L ADELPH I A ENGIN EER

I NG WORK S ,
LTD .
, IN 1 8 96 .

The height from the ground i s 21 7

feet the minimum diam eter i s 8 f e e f
m
, ,

and the dia eter at the ba s e is 25 feet .

I t is lined with brick for one half of it s -

height There are 1 37 plates in the

.

structure varying in weight from 8 00

,

to pounds and in thickness from ,

i to 5 inch The plate s are of O pen

.

hearth ste e l o f pounds tensile

, _

strength with an elongation of 20 to

,

25 p er cent in 8 inches An iron lad

. .

d er extends from the bott om to the

top of the shell The chimney was .

erected in ten weeks The work of .

erecting wa s done from a n inside

s caff ol di ng which was raised as the
work progressed The cost was about .

I LL US . NO . 4.
 T H E O R Y P E RTA I N I N G T O S T E E L CH I M N E YS 65

Le t W: 38000 p oun d s a s sum ed

m
,

45 ) 38 000 x 11
z 209000,

m
2
T M 1 5468 7 5 209000 1 33 7 8 7 5 .

1 33 78 7 5 x 66
( 46) L e t D c 1 25, then T. 1 52031 2
55
.

T
(47 ) I f 6 bolt s are use d area Of one bolt
6

,
27000 x 1 25
s qua r e inche s for pre s en t ca s e .

T
( 438 ) I f 1 2 bolt s are u s e d area of one bolt
.

,
54000 x 1 25

m
sq uar e inche s for pre s ent ca s e .

T w elve bolt s are the o st convenient number to use and if ,

m
the b ase is made in 6 s e c tion s 2 bolts will pa ss through each ,

s eg ent .

To a s certain t he weigh t of the chimney I V for th e chimney , ,

bein g considered the foll owing thicknes s e s from the top down
,

were u s ed :
54 feet 3 i n ch
1 1; 1 8 fee t 5 inch . .

30 fe et 1 inch 6 feet 5 inch . .

24 f e et fi i nch 1 8 feet 5 inch . .

B a se ri ng
-
—
The bre a d th of the base ring can be readily
.
-

dete r mined by knowing the pressure on the base but it is ,

usual ly proportioned a c cording to good practice and with ,

good j udgment a s accom p anying conditions assist or compel .

T
S EE L CH I MNE Y GUYED F OR AUGER
, ,
SI M ON SI LK D YE H‘I G COM

PANY PATERS ON , ,
N . J .

F l ue 48 inche s diam e ter by 1 25 feet high Starting from .

the b ottom with the fou ndation which is 7 feet square at the ,

bott o m and 5 feet s quare at the top 5 feet deep 1 2 inche s of , ,

which is out of the gro u nd ; the chimney rests on a cast iron -

plat e 5 feet square by 1 5 inches thick having a rim 3 inches ,

h igh i nsid e of the S hell o f the chimney this plate is held to ,

the f o und a tion by four 1 5 inch bolts 4 feet long -

.

Th e sh e ll is m a de in sections 5 feet 4 5 inches in height of

plat e 5 feet centre to c e n t re of j oint s each vertical section
, ,

bein g made Of one s heet .

66 CH I M N E Y DESI G N AND TH E O RY

The lower 65 feet of th e chimney is i inch thick st e el t h e -

upper 60 feet is fig inch steel ; the chimney has an ornam ental
-

cap of S imple design .

Al l j oints are double staggered riveting 5 inche s centre ,

to centre of rivets .

The upper end of each section is put in place in s ide the

lower end of the section above it .

The chimney is supported by four guy ro pes of inch - -

crucible steel wire s ix strand s 7 wires to each strand l aid about

-
, , ,

a h e mp centre These are st rongly secure d to the chimney at

.

about 83 feet above its base and running from it to the ground ,

the rop es are m ade fast at about 8 0 feet from the base Of the
chimney to anchorages made of long pieces of 6 inch pipe -

placed in the ground at an angle of and the pip e has l ong

timbers laid over it in the trenches to give large earth be aring -

surface .

A turn buckle is placed in each guy rope for adj usting th e

- -

t ension Of th e same .

The chimney has stood we ll and was erected in 1 896 , .

A N OVEL WRO UGH T I RON -

CHI M NE Y ,
CREUS OT FRANCE ,
.

Total height 279 feet ; diameter at base 23 fe e t ; diameter

, ,

at top 7 feet 6 inches Total weight 8 0 tons exclusive of ma

,
.
, ,

so ury foundation The latter is carried 3 feet 3 inches above

.

the ground level and weighs about 300 ton s .

The shaft is successive rings each 4 feet 1 inch high

'

.
,

Thicknes s of sheets vary from 195 in ch at bottom to 5 in ch at

top .

The nine lower rings have 8 plates in each the upper ones ,

4 plate s .

The base is encircled by a massive a ngle iron r i ng bolted to -

the foundation .

F ire brick lines the eight lower rings or about 32 feet in

-
,

height seventy days were requi red for its er e c tion including
rem o v a l o f scaff olding which consisted Of a 7 inch wrought iron
'

,
- -

central tube provided with four cross arms of w ood made a d ,

j u sta b l e resting
,
on outer ends on plate s which arms carr ied the ,

inner platform The upper end of tube had four similar arms
.
,

from which was slung the exterior circular platform whic h ,

68 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AND TH E O RY

consisted of a p air Of angle iron rings to the outer e d ge of

-

which was riveted a plate iron fence W hile the inner part was
-
,

provided with T iron stanchions -

.

R adial bearing timbers resting on these ring s and adj ust

, ,

able endwise to s uit the varying d iameters of the chimney

, ,

carri ed the plate from an annular space left j ust su fficient for
,

hoisting the plates .

The plates were hoisted by a rop e pas s ed over an adj u s t

able pulley fixed to each j ib in turn and carried down a cen ,

tral tube to a snatch block fixed at the bottom of the chimney

-
.

The complete scaffold weighed about 4 ton s the hea viest ,

plate about 800 p ounds Total cost Of steel p art of chimney

.

and lining wa s about — E n i neeri n ZVews May 1 0 1 890

g g
f
, , .

Wes t inghou s e B rake Co at Wilm erding Pa

Ai r . S tee l
, ,
.

chimney 200 ,
feet high ; built by Riter C onley Pitts ,

burg Pa ,
.

The con s truc t ion i s s hown very fully by the illu s tration
on p 67
. .

I t was de s igned t o resist a wind pressure of 5 0 p ound s to -

the square foot with a factor of s afety of 4 .

The material is punched and formed in t he shop s and the ,

p rincip al riveting is done in the field .

The l adder was shipp ed in 1 5 or 20 foot length s The .

work was erected by using inside scaffolding with a centre ,

derrick f or raising the sheets and outside cages for t he work

,

men which are hung on trolleys running on the edge of the

shell .

These were raised by the derrick as each cour s e was ,

added When the chimney wa s finished it wa s p ainte d from

.

a swing carriage susp e nd e d from the trolley s which run on

the 2 bar underneath the top ornam ent .

S oot — I t is reported that soot 1 5 inche s thick adhere s to

.

the interior of iron and steel chimney s .

 Ground l ine

I LL US . No . 6 .

CH I M N E Y OF TH E R E F R I G ER A TI N G PL A N T OF TH E A N H E U S E R B U S CH B R EWI NG
-

A S S O C I A TI O N , S T . L OU I S , MO .

S teel S h eets .

L ow er 5 0f t . i nch t h i c k .

M id d l e 50 f t . i nc h t h i c k .

U pper 50 f t 3
/g i nch t h i c k
m
.
— .

Th e ch i ne y i s l i ne d w it h fi re -
b ri c k 1 25 fe e t up .
 TH E O R Y P E R TA I N I N G TO S TE E L CH I M N E YS

T L
S EE CH I MNE Y T ON
ERE C I .

Th e Anheu s er B usch B rewing Ass ociat ion chimney illu s

-
,

tra te d on the O pposite page was erected by ten men , who were
,

carri e d by m eans of t h e light app aratus S hown in t hi s cut .

F our s mall angl es bolted to the s hell already in place car ,

ried six inch cross timbers which carrie s the platform from
-
,

whi c h t he men work .

D ouble fl a nge d whe el s running on t he top of the s heet

-

met a l of the s hell carried two light cage s holding the riveters
on th e Out s ide .
70 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN A ND TH E O R Y

SE LF -
T
SUS AI NI NG S EE T L CH I M NE Y .

I n the design of bases for the chimney s of t hi s t yp e be ll ,

sha pes are not strictly adhered to in s ome ca s es steel cable s , ,

cont a ining turn buckles are s ecured to a straight s teel tube at

-

the height Of say three diameters of the flue and s ecured to ,

the bottom anchor bolts as usually located for bell bases

-
.

I n oth er cases two angle irons riveted with thin s eparators -

are pla ced where the wire cable is located as above .

Still an other m ethod is very clearly illustrated in the cut

on p age 75 ; this chimney i s 1 64 feet high .

Still another typ e O f base i s that shown in cut of Anheuser

B u s ch B rewing A ssociation chimn ey on O pp o site p age being ,

a s quare hollow brick s haft -

.

e r —
La d d s L adders a re placed either within or without un

m
lined chimneys but alway s outside Of lined chimneys
, .

Orna enta l Ca p s — O rname ntal caps a s in the chimneys i l ,

lu s trat ed are be s t made of copper as they are then lighter and

, ,

do not rust away a s quickly a s st eel or iron cap s but they are ,

expensive .

O rnament ation n ear the top Of S teel chimn ey s at its best , ,

i s a p oor investment and very unsat isfactory both a rchitect

, ,

ura l l y and otherwise .

—
P a i nti ng R ed l ead ground in lin s eed Oil graphit e pain t
- -
,
.
,

or the best quality of black asphaltum varni s h should be used

two coats both inside and out should be given at erection and ,

one coat outside every year or two thereafter for the proper ,

protection against ru s t etc ,

.

I llu s N O 8 illustrates the general style Of self sustaining

. .
-

s teel chimney s in and about Philadel phia Pa The following ,

.

data p ertain to chimneys Of this style at that place

m
A chimney 1 65 feet high would be 1 5 feet 1 0 inche s in di ,

a e ter at the bottom of the bell tapering to 1 0 feet 9 inche s ,

diam eter in the st raight part F oundation would be a 20 .

foot cube .

A chimney 1 00feet high would be 1 0 feet in diamet er at t he

m m
bottom of the bell tapering to 6 feet 8 inche s in diameter at a
,

height of 1 5 feet fro the bas e I n first 20 feet up fro f o und a .

tion Of ginch steel ; the next

- 30 feet up 1 , inch s teel and the
55
,
-
,
 I LL U S . NO
. 7 .

G U GG EN H EI M S M E LT I N G C OM P A N Y, PE RTH A M B O Y, N . J .
72 CH I M N E Y D E SI G N A ND T H E O RY

Topof Chm
n yEn
i le, a rged .

h
S ell, Enla r
ged

d
m ge
th Bolt, Enla r
Anchor wn .

Elevo on .

L
IL US No . . 8 .

S TEE L CH I M N EY As US E D I N AN D A B OUT PH I L AD EL PHI A ,

PA.
 T H E O R Y P E RT A I N I N G TO S T EEL CH I M N E YS 73

DES I GN A ND O T
C NS RUC I T O N OF TAL L STEEL STACKS .

When the l a rge bl ast furnace plant the Mary-

Of

land Steel Comp any at Sparrow s Point M d was de

,
’

, ,

signed it was dee med advantageous to O perate the eight

22 x 7 5 foot Whitwell blast s toves and the eight bat
-
,

t e ri e s of B abco ck Wilcox water tube boilers a ggre -

,

gating horse p owers serving each pair of fur

-
,

naces by means of one brick lined st eel chimney Tw o -

.

such chimneys were con s truct ed of 1 3 feet 9 inches I n

ternal diam eter and 225 feet in height Set upo n .
_

masonry about 1 6 feet above the surface of the ground ,

and stan d ing i n an exposed situation independent of ,

guys or bracing The w e ight of the metal in each

.

s tack is about 7 7 tons of the brick about 900 tons and

, ,

of the masonry p edestal and foundations about

tons making a t otal of about
,
tons a s against ,

m
tons w hi c h a structure of the same height and
,

intern al dia eter I S estimated to weigh if made en

ti re l y of bric k stone and concrete
, , .

The soil o n which the chimney was constructed

consisted of c o mp act clay which was excavated t o a ,

depth of 6 feet The first cour s e of stone was laid dry

.

immediately o n the clay N o piling was resorted to .

,

and the foundation was built of good m asonry in

courses to a hei g ht of 1 6 feet above ground level The .

base of the sta c k was made 40 feet squar e The load .

m
per square foot of foundation area was thus to ns ,

and n o s e ttl e ent or irregularity has yet been O b

s erved The
. mas onry was large d imensioned S tone ,

quarry f ace d with dressed arrises set in a mortar of

-
, ,

1 Portland cem ent and 3 sand The inside of smoke .

tunnel s and th e shaft was lined with brick offset t o

form walls o f di minishing thickness decreasing every ,

40 feet in height by o ne ring of brick o r in all from ,

s even to two ri ngs of brick — See K ent p 74 1 for .

, .
,

further de s crip tion .

 74 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AN D T H E O RY

Top Plan .

Detail of Ladder
.

Tut Enc mm
u uo REC ORD.

I LL U S . NO . 9 .

S TE E L C H I M N E Y M A R Y L AN D S T E E L CO M P A N Y
, .
 TH E O R Y P E RT A I N I N G T O S T E E L CH I M N E YS 75

ILLUS N O 1 0
. . .

STEEL CHI M N EY , EL ECTRI C I fl GH T AN D PO WE R Co G AR F I E LD P AR K

.
, ,
CHI CAGO, I LL

F l ue . di a m
. by 1 64 feet h igh .
 CH I M N E Y DE S I G N A ND TH E O RY

s wfi a sA
'

S ECTION E s

CTI ON F F

m
Ai a sx

Or io n s s

wN C C

r wN O O

OOR LI NE

I LL US . NO 12
. .

D E TAI LS OF CH I M N E Y F OR T H I RD A VE N U E S TA TI ON , N E W Y OR K C I TY
.
 I LL US . No . 11 .

S E L F —S U S T A I N I N G S TE E L CH I M N E Y ( WOOL S ON )
m m m
.

Di ensio ns —
. 54 i nch e s di a e t er x 85 fee t a b ove fo und a tion ,
1 00 feet fro ground .
78 CH I M N E Y DE SI GN AN D TH E O R Y
The Pueblo Co l chimney p 00 is made of the followi n g
,
.
, ,
.
,

weight s of s te e l plate s beginning from the top down

,

3 0 feet Of 1 0 p ound s p er square foot 5 inch thick ,

.

25 feet Of 1 3 pounds p er s q uare foot 1 5, l inch thick ,

-
.

25 feet of 1 5 pound s per s quare foot 5 inch thick scant , ,

.

2 5 feet of 1 8 p ounds p er s q uare foot 1 5 + inch thick

7
, .

25 feet of 20 p ound s p er s q uare foot 5 inch thick s cant , ,

.

D iameter Of main shell 1 3 feet 8 inche s enl arging at the ,

bottom to 1 9 5 feet diameter with a n inch of s and between the

,

shell a nd brick lining which lining extends throughout the

,

chimney le aving a flue 1 2 fee t in di ameter from the concre t e

,

sub ba s e upward
-
.

m
The concrete sub ba s e is 30 feet s quare by 1 2 feet deep
-
.

The brick frustum of a cone 28 feet sq uare a t the bott o

'

25 feet square at the top by 20 feet high , .

F lue door 7 feet wide by 1 6 fee t high .

Th e approximate co s ts are as follow s

S t eel shell erected
B rick lining
F oundation and p ede stal mas onry .

Total c o St
Built by the Coatesville B oiler Work s .

W W C s rating Of this chimney is

. .
’
hor s e p ower
-
.

'

F ollowi ng thi s we have a li st

,
of s teel chimney s on p a ge
 T H E O R Y P E RT A I N I N G T O S TE E L CH I M N E YS 79
i e

1 . Pennsy lvania R ailroad Company at J ersey City N J buil t , , .

1 8 92 .

B a s e plat e c a s t iron -
, .

F lue 4 feet 8 inche s in diame t er by 1 25 fee t high

, .

Upp er half of s hell f inch s teel , .

Lower half o f S hell 5 5 inch st eel except bott om s hee t of

5
,
-
,

g inch steel
-
.

D iam eter o u t side at bottom 1 2 feet 6 inche s , .

D iameter out side at top 6 feet 1 0 inche s , .

Lined throughout with 1 2 inches Of brickwork .

V ert ical s e a m s — rl ve ts g inch diameter 3 inch pi t ch ,

-
,
-
.

H orizontal seams — rivets g inch diam e t er 3 5 inch pitch ,

-
,
-
.

m
2 Cleveland E lectric I lluminating Company Cleveland 0
.
, ,
.

Lined chi n ey 1 1 feet 6 inche s diame t er by 225 fe et

,

high .

( See E ngi neeri ng R ecor d vo l xxxv p , . .

, .

3 Westinghou s e Ai r Brake Company Wilmerding Pa

.
, , .

F lue 1 1 fee t 6 inches diameter by 200 feet high ( S ee

, .

description an d cut pp 67 a nd , .

4 Bronx Company B ronxville N Y

.
, , . .

F lue 4 feet 6 inche s diameter by 1 00 feet high

, .

5 H artford S treet R ailway Comp any H artford Conn a nd

.
, ,
.
,

6 M anhattan Str e e t R ai lway Company Broo klyn N Y

.
, ,
. .

H eight 1 65 feet ,
.

D iameter at top 1 0 feet 9 inches ,

.

D iameter a t bottom of bell 1 5 feet 1 0 inche s t aperi n g , ,

t o 1 0 feet 9 inches in s traight p art of chimney .

Th e founda ti on is a 20 f oot cub e

m
-
.

7 Burden I ron Co p any Troy N Y

. , ,
. .

6 fee t 3 inch e s diame t er ; 1 50 fee t high .

8 Ridgewood Pum p ing Sta t ion B rooklyn N Y

.
, , . .

8 feet diam et e r by 21 7 feet high ( See de s crip t ion a nd .

cut p ,
.

9 Potom ac L ight a nd Power Company Wa s hington D C

.
, ,
. .

9 feet diam et er by 200 feet high .

1 0 City a nd Suburban R ailway Company B altimore M d

.
, ,
.

Two chimney s 1 1 fee t diame t er by 1 1 8 feet 9 inche s high

,
.

Two s tack s a re p rovid e d one for each 25 batteries Th ese ,

.

s tac k s are of st eel plate lined with fire brick The me t al ,

-
.
80 CH I M N E Y DE SI G N AN D TH E O R Y

stacks rest upon brick piers 1 8 feet square of su ffi cien t ,

he i ght ( 21 feet 6 inches above the boiler room floor) to take -

in bric k smoke fl u e s thus avoiding any cutting of the

-
,

m etal stack which is weakening and also an un s atisfactory

,

d e tail to some designers .

The stacks are 1 1 feet in diam e ter by 1 1 8 feet 9 inche s

high above the t op of the brick pier The lower section .

Of 1 4 feet 3 inches is cone shap ed 1 5 feet 2 inches i n diam -

eter where it rests up on the brick pier The ba se pl a te .

v

is of heavy cast iron anchored to the pier with seven 2 inch

,
-

bolts each 24 fe et 6 inches long built into the pier with ,

lar ge anchor washers the s e bolts are up s et 25 inches for

- -

t he nut .

The cone shap e d sec t ion i s 2 inch thick and the

-
,

heights of the other sections and the thickness O f the steel

are as follo w s :s econd 1 5 feet 5 95 inch thick ; third 1 5 , , ,

feet 5 inch thick ; fourth 1 5 feet { 5 inch thick ; fifth 20

, , , ,

feet 5 inch thick ; sixth 20 feet 7 55 inch thick ; bala nce

, , , ,

3 3 feet 9 inches 5 i nch thick Around the top is riveted

,
.

a heavy angle iron sti ffening -

.

Cleveland Rolling Mill Cleveland O hio , ,

.

1 1 feet diam eter by 1 90 f e et high ( See descrip t ion .

,

p .

E as t B oston E lectric R ailway Power Station B oston , ,

Mass .

5 feet diameter of flue by 1 30 feet high .

O utlet for furnaces of 4 Corliss boilers with a total of

squ a r e fe e t of heating surface ( E ngi neering R ecord .
,

N ovember ,

Creusot France ,
.

7 feet 6 inches diameter by 27 9 feet high ( See d e scri p .

tion p 60 E ngi neer i ng N ews May 1 0

,
.
, , ,

Marylan d Steel Company Sparrow sPoint Md ,

’

,
.

1 3 feet 9 inches diameter by 225 feet high ( See d e scri p .

tion and cut pp 7 3 and ,

.

H artman General E le ctric Comp any D uluth Minn , , .

7 feet 6 inches diameter by 200 feet high .

E tna I ron Wo rks I ronton O hi o , ,

.

9 f e et diameter by 200 feet high ( B uil t in .

82 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E O R Y

Ki ne sh m Russiaia , .

1 7 0 feethigh .

Middlesborough England , .

1 65 feet high .

G ottfried B rewing Company Chicago I l l , ,

.

O utside diameter 9 feet 5 inches by 1 7 5 feet line d .

Steel varies in thickness from 355 inch at the top t o 5

inch at the bottom .

The lo we r 75 feet is lined with fire brick 8 inche s -

deep forme d to fit the shell ; ab ove this is a h ollow ti l e

,
-

lining .

The lining is supp orted at in t ervals Of 25 feet by an

angle iron riveted to the s hell
-
.

The foundation is one layer of cement then two l ayer s ,

of s teel rails in cement then one layer of I beam s on ,

-

which the cast iron base plate re s t s

- -
.

Thi s chimney furnishe s draft to 1 2 boil er s 60 inche s ,

diameter by 20 feet long .

Straight Line Engine Works Syracuse N Y

-
, , . .

Unlined of N o 1 0 iron self s up porting 7 9 feet high

,
.
,
-
.

38 inche s diameter at top and 4 0 inches at bo t tom , .

I t has stood gales which demolished large tree s and is ,

built with the top end of the fir s t pie ce outside of the

bottom end of the piece above ( Power D ecember .
, ,

Toledo Traction Comp any Toledo O hio , ,

.

Lined with fire brick and tile ; s elf support ing

- -
.

F lue 1 3 feet in s ide diamet er by 21 3 feet high .

F urni s he s draft for f our 3 60 hors e p ower S t erlin g

boiler s .

F urni s he s draft for four 200 hor s e power H eine boiler s -

.

To run four indicated horse power G reen Wheelock - -

engine s .

Thirteen p ounds steam per indicat ed h orse p ower is -

guaranteed ( E l ectri ca l E ngi neer January 6

.
, ,

Schneider s Creusot F rance’

, ,
.

Top diameter 27 5 inche s by 98 feet 6 inche s high

, ,
.

L ondon E ngi neeri ng p 41 9 1 8 98 give s an illu s tration

, .
, ,

of these chimney s or one of them bein g erected in one

,

pI e ce .
 T H EO R Y P E R T A I N I N G TO S TE E L CH I M N E Y S 83

3 2 D ublin ( I relan d )
. United Tramways Company .

2steel line d self s upp orting chimn e ys 1 0 feet diameter

- -
,

by 200 fe e t high on brick ba s es which are 26 feet high

, ,
.

Total height of chimney 226 feet ,

.

m
33 . Metropoli t an S treet R ailway Company K an s as City Mo , ,
.

m
Self supporting s teel chi ney flue 8 feet 4 inches di
-
,

a e te r by 1 7 5 feet high shell 1 0 feet 6 inches diameter ,

.

( E ngi neeri ng N ews April 8 , ,

34 . E dison Lighti n g Statio n N e w Y ork City ,

.

Two steel line d chimneys -

.

F lue 1 2 feet diameter by 1 39 fee t high from ceiling or

, ,

base to top .

'

The upper 7 4 feet 9 inches 1 s self supporting the ca s t -

,

iron b a s e of wh ich is se cured by eight l fi inch anchor bolts - -

p assing down 32 feet in wall .

The E ngi neeri ng R ecord vol x x x p 44 contain s a detail ,

.
,
.
,

cut of these chimne ys showing a very ingeniou s expansion ,

j oint at the pl a ce where cast iron cap above mentioned i s s e t

,
- -
.

35 . E leva ted R ailroad Company Chicago I ll , ,

.

Self suppo r ting steel chimney

-
.

F lue 5 feet diam eter by 1 20 feet high lined

, ,
.

To furnish d raft to three 1 5 0 horse p ower H eine boilers -

.

36 . Cleveland R olling Mill Company Clevel and O hio En , ,

.

gi ne e rs and c on st ructors Me s srs Witherow G orden ,

.
,

Pittsburg Pa ; built Sep tember 1 881

,
. About 5 0 d ays were , .

occupied i n i t s e rection ap art from the building of the ,

m
foundati on p roper .

Di ensi ons .

H eight i ncludin g foundation s

, feet 6 inche s 21 3 .

H eight from ground line t o t op

, 1 90 feet 0 inches .

m
H eight of bell sh a ped ba s e -
21 feet 0 inches .

O utside measure ent of foundation 30 fe e t 6 inches .

O ut s ide diam eter at foot of bell bas e 21 feet 2 inches

“
- .

O utside diameter at top of bell bas e 1 3 feet 0 inches - .

O utside diameter a t top 1 2 feet 0 inches . .

I n ternal diameter throughout 1 1 feet 0 inche s .

F o d a t on S tone laid i n cement and i s situate in what is

un i —
, ,
”
term ed the B ott om next to Cuy ahoga R iver where the , ,

ground i s all of a lluvial formation F or such a load as this .

84 CH M I NE Y D E S IGN AND TH E O RY

chimney the foundation re q uired close piling the piles were

driven 23 feet to 24 feet in depth and almost in contact with ,

each other ; through the stone foundation eigh t 2é in ch bol ts -

were passed connecting a circular cast iron foun d ation plate of

,
- -

T section 1 8 inches by
-
,
inches at bottom of stonework to ,

simil a r casting up on th e top of stone foundation ; this top c '

c u l a r ring or base plate is formed with a proj ecting flange

-

placed at a n angle of sixty degre es to receive pla te s forming

“
bell shaped base 2 feet ab ove ground
-
, .

Constru ction — The chimney was constructed by in s ide sca f

folding a nd buil t up one plate high at a tim e the workmen
,

hanging what is called a cage on the plates to serve a s a ,

stand for the holder on while riveting the plates i n situ .

.

B el l sh a ped B a se
-
The plates forming the base are bolted
.
-

to the flange of chimney base ring by {if inch b olts and when - -
,

completed to a height of 21 fe et form a bell shap e d base 21 feet -

2 inche s diameter at bottom and 1 3 feet 6 in ches at top , .

S h af t — F rom the top of bell s haped bas e the wrought iron - -

outer cas ing is continued to height of 21 feet fr o m below top

from this p oint the cap is formed as shown in drawing .

R ivets a nd B ind i ng The p l ates are all riv e ted together

—

with a lap of two inche s the constructors used conical shap ed -

rivet heads and the diameter of rivets for this class of work is
-
,

as near as p ossible twice the thickness or upward of plate and ,

the pitch of rivets is 5 diam e ters .

L a d d er — A wrought iron ladder is fixed to the outside

-
.

m
Eire br ick Li ni ng A fire bri ck lining was built up through
- — -

the entire height of the chimn e y com encing at j unc tion of ,

fl u e s at foundation with a t h ickness of 1 8 inches and finishing ,

a t top 5 inches thick The internal diameter when finished

.
,

m
with lini ng is 1 1 feet and constant throughout its height the
, ,

radiated fire bricks w e re of five sizes purpo sely ade

-
,
.

S ta bili ty — The chimneys built on this plan a r e calcul ated to

withstand 5 0 p ounds wind p r essure p er square fo o t with safety
-

the constructors say the climate of America is dry and no doubt ,

b etter for such structur e s than the climate of E ngla n d they b e

lieve that no one alive at the present time will see the end of a

m m
wrought iron chimney lined with brick the oldest ones in Amer
-

i ca show no a te r i a l d e teri o ra ti o n Cost co plete

'

.
, ,
86 C H I M NE Y D ES I G N A ND T H E O RY
the cl ear wid t h given to o thin wall s for narrow chimneys a nd ,

t oo thick one s for wide chimney s .

R ather S ,
d H ( in metric system )
,
.

Answer in m eter s
S 2 ,
+ 0 05 d H ( in United S tate s m easure )
,
.

An s wer in inches
S ,
thickness d clear inside diameter at top H
, ,
»

height of chimney .

The author would advi s e making the length s of each vary

*
ing thickness 20 to 30 fe et with an outside batter of 1 in 3 0
,

to 1 in 3 6 and al s o running the inner core to within a few feet

,

of the top but not to conne ct it with the out s ide s hell ; in all
,

ca s e s calcul ate each s ection for stability which will al s o aid ,

in determining the thicknes s of brickw ork .

O ne authority suggest s for a brick chimney 1 00 feet high ,

an outer s hell in three s tep s the first 20 feet 1 6 inches thick , ,

m
the s econd 30 feet 1 2 inche s thick ; the third 50 feet 8 inche s
, ,

thic k— all minimu thickne ss es ; batter no le s s than 1 in 36

t o give stability The core s hould be in three st ep s of e q ual
.

height 1 2 8 and 4 in ches thick

, , ,
.
A

B rick chimney s s hould not be connected in a st ructural

m anner wit h any other structure owing to both their swaying ,

motion and expansion by heat A chimney near Marseilles .

,

1 1 5 fee t high was ob s erved to o s cillate one foot eigh t inches

,

when a s udden gu s t of wind struck the shaft it would vibrate

four or five times before coming to rest E xce s sive o s cillation s .

are fre q uently p revented by loading the cap .

C H I M NE Y D ES I GN .

M B a ss ine — E ngi neeri ng N ews Ap ril 22 1 897 p 24 7— con

.
, , , .

siders a chimney a s a verti cal beam fixed at the ba s e and thus ,

determines the limiting conditions of p re ssure and t ension in

the di fferent horizontal sections H e recommends an exterior .

profile with a batter ran ging from on 1 to 25 on 1 and ,

divide s the vertical height into s ections of from 1 6 to 20 feet

each with the thickne s s of wall con s tant fo reach s ection and
, ,

decrea s ing by 1 % to 2 5 inche s in each ascending section H e .

F or ch i my
ne s b uilt of co m
m on red bi
r ck .
 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AN D TH E O R Y
Th e total pressure of the wind against the side of a cyl i n
der is abou t one half the total p ressure against a di a metral
-

plane of tha t cylinder .

I j e t F ig 1 represent a chimn ey of any section and let it

.
,

be required to determine the condition s of s tabili ty of a given

FI G . 1 .

bed j oint D E L e t A denote the area of a diametral vertical

-
.

s ection of the part of the chimney above the given j o int and p ,

the greate s t intensit y of pre ss ure of the wind against a flat

s urface .

Then the total pres s ure of wi n d against the chimney will

be s ensibly
P pA for a square chimn e y ;
A
P z
p f or a roun d chimne y
5
P z
5 pA
} for a hexagonal chimney
P : o 7 pA . for an octagonal chimney
and its resulta nt mav without app re ciable error be assumed
,
,

to act I n a horizontal line through the centre of gravity of the

I n Ge r myan P p i s used f or round c h i myne s . Th e m o st d a ngero us w i nd d irecti on f or

pol y g on cro ss-sec ti ons i s

thi s d i recti on .
a cross co rners, ” b ec a use th e ed ge tensi on b e co m
es th e grea te st f or
 I L L US . No . 16 .

D OB S ON dz B AR L O W CH I M N E Y ,
B OL TO N , E N GL AN D

367 % f . et h i gh .
90 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AND TH E O R Y

of pressu re upon it or by both causes combined ; and I n either

,

case t h e upper portion of the structure fall s in a shower of

fragments p artly into the interior of the po rt ion left standing
, ,

and partly on the ground beside its base .

I t is O bviou s that in order that the stability of a chimney

,

m ay be secure no bed j oint ought t o tend to O pen at it s wind

,
-

ward edge that is to say there ought to be s om e pressure at

,

e very p oint of each bed j oint except the extreme windward

-
,

e dge where th e intensity may di minish to nothing ; and thi s

,

c ondition is fulfilled with sufficient accuracy for practical pur

p oses by assuming the pre ss ure to be an uniformly varying
,

pressure and so limiting the p o s ition of the centre of pressure

,

P that the intensity of the leeward edge E s hall be double

, , ,

the m ean intensity .

Chimneys in general consi s t of a hollow s hell of brickwork ,

whose thickness is small compared with its diam eter ; and in

that case it is su ffi ciently accurate for practical purp o s e s to
give q the following values
F or sq uare chimney s q } , a

F or round chimneys q i ,

Moment of I nert ia
F or other shapes 9
.

2 ,
2F e

P area of section
2 .

e distance of outer fibre from neutral axi s .

The following general e quation between the moment of ,

stability and the moment of external pressure expre ss e s the ,

condition of stability of a chimney

( 50) H P : (q q
’

) Wt
m
.

This becomes when appli e d to square ch l

, ne ys ;

) Wt ;
(5 1 ) ”1 1 1 9 : (i f
q
and when applied to round chimney s
E A
g (I ) Wt
'

q .

The following approximat e formul ae deduced from the s e ,

e quations are usef ul in practice

,

L e t B be the mean thickne ss of brickw o rk above t he join t

 I LL US . No . 17.

A B RI CK C H I M N EY S TA GI N G
. CH I M N E Y— PL U M E AT W OOD M AN U F A CTU RI N G
COM P AN Y , T H O M A S TON , CON N

m
.

1 50 fee t h igh 9
, fee t out si d e d ia e te r a t t op
.
92 CH I M N E Y DES I G N A ND TH E O R Y
A nother generally accepted equation and st a tem ent in rela
tion to the s tability Of a brick chimney shaft is :that the total -

wind pressure against a chimney m ultiplied by one half of the -

height Of the chimney divide d by the weight of the s haft above

the section con s idered should be equal to or l ess than one sixth -

of the outside diameter at the secti on considered I f i then . f

the m aximum pressure at any p oint in the circumference will

be double the average pressure .

’
R ankine s calculations up on the stability of the outer core
of a 455 % feet chimney at Gla s gow Scotland are as follow s
*
, ,

T A BLE No . 24

h b
H e ig t a ove

gro und . h k
T ic ne sses .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

J oi nt of l ea st sta bil i y
t .

F ift y five lb s i s but 4 lbs above the highe st noted wind

-
. .

pre ss ure in t he west of E ngland .

The ext ernal diameter of t he foun da t ion of t hi s chimney is

5 0 feet .

GENE RAL NO TES .

M a teri a l — Al l m aterial enterin g into the construction of a

.

chimney it s connections and foundation s should be of t he

, ,

best obtainable of their respective kinds This applies even .

m ore forcibly to steel chimneys .

P rogress — F oundations for brick chimneys should be laid

up a month before the s up erstructure i s built to allow the
m ortar to set thoroughly a nd harden ; after this the shaft
should be erected at from three to five feet of hei ght p er day ,

and the walls should be trued up or plumbed every three feet

i n h eight with the greatest care .

Wea her
t — B rick chimneys should be commenced and
fin
Th e f o und a tio n o f th i s c h i mney h a s a d epth f
of 20 ee t a nd a d ia m
eter o f f
50 eet .
, 94 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH EO RY
E nglish refu s e destructor chimney constructed for the
-

m
H o rnsl e y L ocal B oard ( E ngland ) for use in connection with its
sa nitary depot for treatment of house refus e — A eric a n Ga s
Li g/Lt J ou rna l
m
.

P r i ncipa l D i ensi ons

h
.

F ee t . I nc e s.

Total height bottom of foundation to top of capping 244

,
0
H eight from ground line to top capping 21 7 0
O utside diameter at ground surface . 18 3
I nside diameter at ground surface 12 3 .

O utside diam eter at top under c appin g ,

8 6
I n s ide diameter at top under capping ,
6 3
The bricks used in it s construction were good London stocks ,

9 by 4 gby 25 3inches and the work throughout is laid in E ng

,

lish bond with D orking lime m ortar in the proportion of three

,

Thame s sand to one of lim e N o grouting was used in any p art .

of the construction The foundation be d is clay 27 feet below

.
,

ground line O n this a bloc k of concrete was formed 39 feet

.
,

1
s quare and 1 6 2 feet deep composed of six parts Thames
:
, ,

ballast to one of Portland cem ent .

The brick footings in the cement are 33 feet square at base ,

and built up to ground lin e which is 1 0 feet 6 inc h es from top ,

o f concrete bed with re g ular o ff s et s of 21 by 6i} inches

,
»
.

The shaft prop er starting from t op of footings is built up

, ,

i n s ix sections commencing at the ba s e

,

F eet . I nc h es B ric s k .

F irst section .
30 0 by 4
Second section 34 6 by 3%
Third s ection 34 6 by 3
F ourth section 37 0 by 25
F ifth section 37 0 by 2
Sixth section 21 0 by 1 11,
S e venth ( cap ) 23 0 by 2

21 7 O

The cap portion which is constructed in white glazed and

,
-

blue Staffordshire bricks is orn am ented with a circul a r c a st,

iron capping weighing lbs cast i n six s egm e nts a nd .

, ,

bolted together by internal flanges and form s a very good ,

finish to this tall shaft .

 I LL U S . NO . 19 .

QU E E N L AN E P U M P I N G S TA TI ON , PH I L A D EL PH I A , PA .
‘

96 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E OR Y

Queen L ane Pumping

Station Phil adelphia Pa com , ,
.
,

p l e t e d in 1 8 9 6 is a brick chimney with a very elaborate e x t e

,

r ior casing as may be seen from the engraving shown

, .

The fine is 1 2 feet in diam eter perfectly straight , .

H eight 200 feet above ground

, .

The foundation is 24 feet bel ow grade level and its bottom ,

c our s e 3 7 feet square the ba s e of chimney above grade is 24

f eet square .

S e ct ion C- C .

S ect ion B- B .

Vert ica l _S ect ion .

mT m
fied wn frv
h e f a g/beefi n Record
g

Sect ion A A-
.

I LL US . NO . 20 .

QU EE N L AN E P U M P I N G S TA TI ON , CH I M N E Y S E CTI ON S .
 I LLUS . No . 21 .

R OY AL S A XON Y S M E LTI N G WO R K S OF H ALS BR UCK E , N E AR F REI B U RG

m
S AXON Y
‘

, , IN

H eigh t , 460 feet ; i nte rna l top d i a et er, 8 fee t 4 inch es

.

Buil t b y H R H eini c k e
. . .
98 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E OR Y

S ECTION A-B .

S ECTION 0 0 .

BOILER HOUS E .

SECTION E ?

Bel /era
"
ra t 6 NGI N Era m
s RECOFl D
‘

ELEWTIO N .

SCCTION
I LL US . NO . 22 .

K C H I M N E Y TW E E D V A L E M A N UF A C TU R I N G COM PA NY
m
BR I C ,
.

4 feet d ia et e r by 1 25 feet hi gh — E ng R eco r d . vo l xx x ii . , p 407

. . .
.
1 00 CH I M N E Y D ES I GN AN D rH E OR Y

ED I S O N ELE CT RI C I LLUM I NATI NG

CC .
,
PATE R S O N, N . J .
,
1 8 96 .

F lue 1 0 feet
'
, m
dia eter ,
225 feet high ; cal
cul a te d f o r boiler horse power -
.

The smoke stack i s the high est but one in

t he State of Ne w Jersey and its construction ,

d e s erv es special attention The height from .

the foundation to the top is 235 feet with a ,

1 0 foot fi ne and its diameter at th e base is 22

-
,

feet ; the other d imensions will be found in

t he detail drawing F ig 9 The foundat ion ,
. .

on which it i s built i s piling driven into the

earth and over thi s i s laid 5 feet of concrete .

The chimney is double walled for 1 30 feet

9 inches and at every 1 5 feet a wrought iron
,

ring is s et into the brickwork in this way ,

bonding t he chimney together There were .

bricks u sed in the construction of

t his chimney and an electric hoist was used,

during its construction no outside staging ,

whatever being employe d The material .

was hoisted on the i nterior of t he chimney

m
.

I n their old plant the co p any used a n

oct agonal brick chimney ; flue 8 feet diameter ,

by 200 feet high ; calcul a ted for boiler

horse p ower and it i s rep ort ed to have fur
-
,

ni shed draugh t for 5 000 lb s of coal p er hour . .

 I LL U S . NO . 25 .

E D I S ON ELECTRI C I L L U M I N A TI N G C OM P A N Y, PATER S ON ,
N . J .
1 02 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AND TH E ORY

Di m ensi ons .

H eight above ground line

O utside diameter foundation
O utside diameter 2 feet 6 inches above ground
I nside diameter 2 feet 6 inches above ground
I n s ide diameter at top .

F ou nd a ti on — The chimney is founded on a ledge of s and

stone The foundation 3 0 feet i n diam eter is built of granite
.
, ,

bl o c k s l a i d on their natural beds

, ,
At the surface of the ground .

there is a dressed granite base 2 feet 6 inches in height l aid in ,

cle a r Portland cement the remainder Of the foundation b eing ,

in R osendal e cement and sand .

U pbn this base is placed the bri ckwork consisting of three ,

cylinders as follows ,

O u ter S h a —
f t B att er inche s per foot for a height of , ,

1 00 fee t .

F ir s t
section 7 5 5 feet high 28 feet diameter
.
, 24 inches thick .

F irst section at j unction of inner shaft

. . . 365 inches t hi c k .

Second section 60 feet high 20 inches thi ck .

Third section 70 feet high 1 6 inche s thick

'

. . .

F ourth s ection 74 feet high including cap ,

. . 1 2 inches thick .

27 9 5 high above granite base .

I S h af t V ert ical 1 8 feet diameter ; 755 feet high ; 8

—
nner ,

m
inches thick .

At this height the inner shaft connect s with the exterior

b ri ck rk m aking the ason ry at that p oint 3 65 inches th i ck
, ,

as above .

Li ni ng or Cor e —
Uniform inside diameter 1 2 feet , .

I t is entirely separate from the outside masonry excep t the ,

doorways and flue openings and is built up as follows -

,

F irst section . 1 00 feet high , 16 inche s thick .

Second section . 60 feet high ,

1 2 inch e s thick .

Third section . 9 0 feet high ,

8 inches thick .

m
F ourth section . . 29 5 feet high ,
4 inche s thick .

§ 5 feel:
l ii gkz afoo ve granit e ba s e
°

E
§
‘
.

.
 T H E O R Y P ERT A I N I N G TO B R I C K CH I M N E YS 1 03
O

Constr ucti ons

—
The core was laid in mortar of lime and sa nd ;
the outside shell in lime cem ent and sand , , .

L a d d er a nd L igh tni ng Co nd uc tor O n one side of the .

chimney is a ladder of iron extending from the ground to the

top and on the opp osite side is a ginch galvanized iron wire
,
- -

rope both ladder and rop e being connected with a copper ring
, ,

having four spurs the central point of which extends 8 fee t

,

a bo ve the top of the s haft The bottoms O f both ladder and .

rop e are connected to a 1 6 inch water pipe - -

.

D u ty — Two wrough t iron fl u e s enter the chimney one 5

.
-

feet by 6 feet an d the other 5 fe et by 1 1 feet The chimney is

,
.

con structe d to p rovide for 1 5 s ets of boilers only 1 2 are now

in use E ach set has 1 035 square feet of grate surface , and i s
~
.

rated at 300 hors e p ower .

Weigh t — Chimney tons ; cap lbs , , .

M a teri a l s— B rick used cubic feet s tone ,

ma s onry .

Cost

H o lyoke Machine Co mpany F lue ,

42 inche s s quare
by 1 20 feet high .
t"

Do ubl e Wa l l — I nner wall to within 24 5 feet of top above ,

this wall the flue is enlarged to 48 inches s quare .

m
There are thre e arches in each side with stone water table s -

above each and a double arch at the top o f c h i ne y

,
.

The top is covered with a ca s ting bolted together in sec

tions ; bricks were used in its con struction and its cost ,

was aside from cast cap

, ,

We ight of cast cap was 8 69 5 lbs which with labor adds .

, , ,

to co s t or a_
total of ,

An i nte rna l ladder of round iron provides mean s of acces s

to the top .

E ach wall i s built in three steps or thicknesses not given ,

above the base where the outer wall is 1 6 inches 54 feet

, ,

high those above it probably 1 2 inches 23 feet high and

, , ,

8 inches for the balance 1 2 inch inner 3 9 feet core ; those ,

-
,

above p robably 8 inches 4 5 feet and 4 inches 5 5 5 feet high , , , .

m
A very clear engr a ving of this chimney can be found in the
A eri ca n M a ch i ni st March 24 1 883 , , .
1 04 CH I M N E Y DE SI G N AN D TH E O R Y

Pacific Mill s L awrence Mass Architect and builder H F

, ,
.
, . .

M ills C E built 1 8 7 3
, . . .

D escription — B rick octagonal outer shaft circular inner

, ,

shaft vertical inner lining Shaft Situate 21 0 feet from boilers

,
. .

Di m ensw ns .

Total height
H eight of outer shaft including footings
,

H eight of inner lining

O ut s ide measurement outer shaft at base
,

O utside measurement outer S haft at top under pro

, ,

je c ting cornice
I nside diameter vertical flue
,

F ou nd a tion — F oundation bed 1 9 feet bel ow ground coar s e

,

gravel ; concrete 35 feet square enclosed by pine sheet piling

, ,
-

1 foot thick rubble masonry of granite in R o s endale cement , ,

7 feet high .

Ou ter S haf t — This is constructed in six section s viz ,

F irst section 12 feet high ,

28 inches thick .

Second section . 1 8 feet high , 24 inche s thick .

Third section 20 feet high , 20 i nches thick .

F ourth section 4 0 feet high ,

1 6 inches thick .

F ifth section 60 feet h igh , 1 2 inches thick .

Sixth sect ion

- . 8 3 feet high , 8 inches thick .

233 feet high above granit e m a s onry .

I nner S h af t :
F irst section 27 feet high , 24 inche s thi c k .

Second section . 1 54 feet high ,

1 2 inches thick .

1 81 feet .

L i ni ng
F irst section 20 feethigh 20 inches thick , .

Second section . 1 7 feet high 1 6 inches thick, .

Third section 5 2 feet high 1 2 inche s thick,

.

F ourth section . 1 4 5 feet high 8 inche s thick, .

234 feet above granite masonry .

 CH I M N E Y DE SI GN AND TH E O R Y

S ect ion0 43 .

S ect ion B- B .

Sect ion A- A .

mm
7é r (ai Be/rC
ourse

Gra nite Corner

S ect ionD- D .

60 $
’”
3 50

m
pruce
’
El eva t ion
'

e
é o Sp ce Pi/es

Vert i ca l 5 6c m ”
FI
AN I )
’
L
F
i —
. P I LI N G
O U N D ATI O N
LL US
.

I . No . 26 .

BRI CK C H I M N E Y N A R R A G AN S E T I E L E C T R I C
‘
L I G H TI NG CO M P AN Y PR O V I D E N CE , R
m
, .

260 feet 9 i nc h e s h i gh Fl u e, 14 feet di a e te r .

I H E OR Y
‘
P E R T AI N I N G TO BR I C K CH I M N E Y S

FI G . 2
. C A P— L I GH TN I N G P R OTE C TI O N .

Record .

FI G 3
. .
-
L I GH TN I N G FI XTU RES .

I LL U S N O . . 27 .
 CH I M N E Y D E SI GN AN D TH EO RY

There are however many m ore piles shown in thi s cut but
, , ,

those were driven to sustain other structures alongside I n .

the drawing of chimney of which there are 231 piles they are , ,

shaded lightly that they may be more readily recognized .

These piles are cut o ff uniformly at 5 feet belo w the high

water line the earth around their heads thus being 6 inches
,

below their tops The intervening sp ace between th e sheet

.

piling was filled in with concrete comp osed of one p art of N o r

’
ton s hydraulic cement t wo parts sand and three p arts coarse , ,

gravel and broken stone .

This m ass was carried up to the 1 foot 3 inch level an d con -

,

se q u e ntl y formed a foundation 6 feet 9 inc h es thick with the

, ,

head of e ach pil e proj ecting 6 inches therein This was the n .

covere d with earth and allowed to season during the winter .

O n May 31 1 8 89 work was resum e d by laying the first brick

, ,

of th e chimney This was carried up in the form of a s q uare

.

of 3 6 feet to a height of 3 feet 2 inches and from that level the

, ,

base of the chimney prop er which was 28 feet 6 inches square , ,

was started .

The centre of the chimney was fixed by building into the

chimney a cast iron plate up on which was a well d e fine d centre
-
,
-

mark .

F rom this cent re mark all m easurements and plumbing were

e s tablished while the chimney was being built .

A s each 20 feet in height was built the centre of its axis ,

was re established and if any deviation from th e plumb was

-
,

found it was corre cted before the next 20 feet level wa s reached -
.

The base of the chimney as before stated is 23 feet 6 inches , ,

sq uare consists of three walls an outer wall 28 inches thick an , ,

intermediate wall octagonal in form 1 2 inch es thick and a

, , ,

core wall circular in section 1 6 inches thick The out e r and

, , .

intermediate walls are j oined together by pilaste rs 1 2 inch e s

thick .

I n commencing the b a s e of the core wall each c o urse O f

brick was set back 25 inches from the previous course until ,

the inside diameter 1 4 fe et was reached when th e wall was car

, , ,

ried plumb 1 6 inches in thickness up to the 78 feet 2 inch level -

,

where it was reduced to 1 2 inches an d run up to 1 93 feet 2 ,

inches where it was again reduced in thickness to 8 inches

, ,
110 CH I M N E Y D ES I GN AND TH E O R Y

edgewise at each 20 feet in height and 8 inches from the out

side s urface o f the chimney wrought iron bars of 4 inches by -

5 inch with their ends bolted together form ing an oc tagon ,

corresponding to that of the chimney At the 1 5 3 feet 2 inch .

-

levels these braces were reduced in size to 3 inches by 5 inch and ,

were not again used until the 223 feet 2 i nch l e v e l o r where the -

commencement of the head was reached at which point bars ,

3 inches by 5 inch were bolted together in th e wall Their .

next application was in the head where two braces made of 4 ,

inch by 5 inch iron were used to help in binding the heavy

-

brickwork together during construction which had considera ,

ble overhang ( 2 feet 9 inches on each side ) .

With reference to the outside wall s the outer and inter ,

mediate walls with their connected pilas ters were built as one
, ,

s tructure and terminated on the 8 3 feet 2 inch level ( see p -

.

where by the batter the outer wall is thus j oined to the inter
mediate and become one wall from that p oint
,
.

At this level two holes 5 by 8 inches were left in each of

the eight sides of the intermediate walls so that the i nte rv e n ,

ing space between the outer and inn e r walls might be venti
lated if by any p ossible chance gases should find acce s s to this
,

space .

Thes e ventilating s p aces or holes are in communication

with the S p ace between the outer wall and the core w hich is ,

carried nearly to the top .

An attempt has been made to protect the structure from

lightning by encircling the ca s t iron cap with a copper ribbon
,
-

1 inch by 7 5 inch thick to which are connected by riveted and

3
, ,

soldered j oints eight brass upright sockets one in the centre

, ,

of e ach p anel of the cap .

To these brass sockets ca s tings are secure d by soldered

j oints 1 5 inch seamless drawn copp er tubing which extend s
-
,

upward abov e the top of the cap and conforms to the shap e
thereof and after proj ecting 5 fe e t above t h e top of cap the
,

tub e s are each surmounted by a brass casting 28 inches long ,

tapering in cross section and having at its extremity a plati

,

num p oint 1 5 inches l o ng .

The encircling ribbon around the cap is connected to the

ground ribbon by a bras s casting thoroughly riveted and sol
 TH E O R Y P E R TA I N I N G To B R I C K CH I M N E Y S 111

dered thereto which as it runs down the chimney is secured

, ,

i n position by bra s s clamps with bolts built into the brickwork

a s it progressed .

Thi s arrangement as a whole is shown in detail in F igs 2

, ,
.

and 3 .

The lower end of the ribbon which is 1 by 95 inch Oopper ,

-
,

roll e d i n one piece 28 5 feet long terminates in a C opper plate ,

30 inches wide by 60 inches long and 1 5 inch thick and i s

1
,
-
,

buried 4 feet below the n atural level Of the water in the soi l
of the premises .

This plate is buried in a load of p o wdered coke 1 8 inche s ,

b e ing p l a c e d above and 1 8 inches in thickness below the plate ,

and the whol e filled up with gravel .

T HREAD WORK S KEAB NY N J ’

CH I M NEY AT CLARK S , , .

O ne of t he tallest ch imney s in America has been erected

at the work s of th e Clark Thread Company at K earny near , ,

N ewark N J The shaft is circular a nd 335 feet in height it

,
. .

is 28 feet 6 inches in diameter at the base and 1 4 feet at

“
the neck I ts internal diameter is 1 1 feet in one circular
.

flue The top is surmounted by a cast iron C oping weigh

.
-

ing 6 ton s and m ade in 32 s ections bolted together by inside

flanges .

The foundation is concrete made with 6 p arts crushed ,

limestone 3 parts sand and 1 part G erman Portland cement

, , .

This foundation is 40 feet square and 5 feet deep resting on ,

a bed of firm gravel O n this is founded the base of th e

.

chimney of brick and extending 4 feet above the surface of th e

ground The m aterial used was brick laid in mortar m ade
.

1 5 sand t o 1 of Portland cemen t The s haft up to 1 60 feet in .

height was laid with mortar made of 6 parts sand 2 part s ,

lime and 1 p art cement ; the sand and lime have stood f o r
,

th ree m onths previously m ade up as mortar and the cement ,

was added j ust b e fore use The top of the chimney w a s .

laid in mortar m ade of 3 p arts sand to 1 O f lime and 1 o f

cement .

The outer bricks were first quality N orth River and th e ,

backing bricks were of a good quality Ne w Jersey brick A t .

intervals of 20 feet an iron ring 4 inches wide 5 to 5 inch ,

 “
1 12 CH I M N E Y DESI GN AND T H E O RY

t hic k placed edgewise was built into the wall s abou t 8 inche s
,

f rom the external surface .

At the base the chimney is double with an outer wall ,

5 feet 2 inche s thick and insid e of this i s a second 20 inch

,
-

w all placed about 20 in c h e s inside the first F rom the i nterior .

o f the main wall eight buttresse s are built up nearly touching ,

t h e main flue wall and intend ed to keep the flue prop er from

“
m
s agging .Th e interior wall s tarting with 20 inches in thick
ess is gradually reduced until at 9 0 feet high it is 8 inches
t hick and at 1 65 feet it cea s e s entirely
,
N O fire brick was .
-

u sed in the lining .

Two horizontal fl u e s enter the base of the chimney

ed i re ctl y Opposite to e ach other and a 1 2 inch deflectin g wall ,
-

i s built across the shaft betwe en these fi nes for a heigh t of 1 6

f eet . The two fi nes are arched and are 7 feet wide and 8 feet
Bl i gh and in these flu e s will be placed feed wat e r heaters for
,
-

tt he boil e rs 21 boilers of 200 horse power each will dep end on -

t his one chimney .

‘
The lifting was done by an inside elevator with a 3 5 by 3 ,

f oo t platform running between 4 by 6 inch guides braced against

,

ibb e inside walls The interior platforms erected at every few

.
,

f eet rested upon two 3 by 8 in ch beams built in the wall

,
The .

g rea te r part of the brick l aying was done by 8 bricklayer s

,

m
a nd 5 helpers with 7 l aborers on the ground sup plying
,

aterial .

The foundation and base were put i n and the shaft run
u p 1 8 feet in D ecember 1 887 The work was again com ,
.

Hnonc e d in April 1 88 8 and finished in Septemb e r or in 1 50

, , ,

d ays of 9 hours e a ch f The total weight is about to ns ,

d ivided a s follows :B rickwork pounds ; concrete , ,

pounds ; iron work p ounds The base con

-
, .

t ains square feet which would give a load of about

,

t ons p er s quare foot N O p erm anent means of acce s s to the

.

t o p were provided ; as if such access becomes n ecessary a

s mall balloon can be sent up the shaft with a lin e and allowed
t o descend on the outside a nd a lin e sufficiently heavy for
‘

,
”
u se is thu s carried u p E ngi neeri ng N ews N ovember 1 0 1 88 5
.
-
, ,
.

With a flue temp erature of 21 0 F ahr a draft of inche s °

.
,

h a s been Ob s erved .
 Q "s ‘

x a m

AM :
N ew »

q,

H e l io s .

I LL U S . N O 28
.

B RI C K CH I M N E Y AT THE P O W ER H OU S E OF TH E UN I ON D E P OT R I I L WA Y COM
P AN Y S T
, . L OU I S , MO .
 TH E O R Y P E RT A I N I N G T O B RI C K CH I M N E YS 1 13

BRI CK CH I MN E Y AT TH E PO WE R H O U S E O F TH E
UNI ON D EPO T R AI LWAY C O MPANY ST L OU I S M O , .
,

Thi s chimney was partially blown down by the tornado at

St L oui s on May 27 1 896
.
, .

Constru cti on — I t consisted of an out er shell built of s elected

hard burned dark red brick laid in a mortar of equal propor
- -

tions of one part Portl and cement to two parts s and and one ,

part lime to two p arts sand .

B ricks laid with pu sh j oint s under i n spection and all j oints

-
,

are well filled .

The inner core is built of a ring of 4 5 inch fire clay brick - -

,

r e inforced in t he lo wer s ection by a ring of hard burned red -

brick .

The fire brick a re laid in fire clay E ach shell i s finished

- -
.

at the top by a ca s t iron cap 2 feet deep of 5 inch metal se

-
,
-
,

cured to the brickwork by bolts The inner shell is separated

.

from the outer one by a varying distance the dimensions as ,

planned give this dista nce as a mi nimum of 2 inches at the

,

top and the same at 50 feet bel ow the top where the section
,

changes .

The inner shell is stayed by brackets built into the outer

shell at intervals of 1 0 fe et vertically There are six of these .

brackets on a l evel each havin g a face of abo u

,
t 8 by 8 inches .

( See American Society of Civil E ngineers Proceedings J a n .

,

uary 1 8 97 B aier on Tornadoe s )

,
. .
1 14 CH I M N E Y D ES I GN AN D TH E O R Y

“
BRI CK CH I MNEY AT TH E O M AHA AND G RANT S M ELTI NG AND EH
FI NI NG WORK S D ENVE R COL
m m
.
, ,

The D enver Ti es thus describes the G rant Smelting Co

’
n
p ys
a chimney
The chimney of the Grant Smelting Company designed ,

by W J Scanlon is the most marvellous con s truction of the

. .
,

kind in the world and the h ighest in the United States *

.

I ts dimensions are as follows :I t commences with a gravel

foundation feet high and 58 feet s quare composed of D iker ,
'

h o fi cement containing from one to six parts Of broken stone

,

and s and B arney Curri ga n had charge of the cement work

. .

O n top of this cement foundation the brickwork starts 40 ,

feet square at the base and tapers to 3 5 feet at a dis tance of 7 ,

feet from the base O n the top of this lev e l there are two course s
.

of F ort Collins stone 9 feet thick bedded in cement m ortar the , ,

stonework being the grade line from which the chimney proper
starts The base Of the chimney from here is 33 feet square
.
,

and it continues to the heigh t of 35 2 feet 3 inches diminishing ,

1 3 feet from the bottom to the top The octagonal corners are .

not built on an inclined plane as usual They are curved with .

,

a prominent outside curve of about three feet This was so .

constructed in order to obviate an optical delusion through the

use of a centre line by plumbing down t o the centre which , ,

was e s tablished by bedding plate in the centre of the chimney .

A 1 5 p ound bob was used for this purp ose with as fine a line as
-
,

would carry it Plumb rules were changed every ten feet ,with
.

curve established on the rule to carry up from one m ea s ure

ment to the other and also measured out from centre line every
ten feet and came out on top within a fraction of the size re
quired .

The chim ney has a flue of 1 6 feet in the clear an d walls 8 ,

feet 6 inches thick which extend to the top of the racking At , .

this level start two walls with a space between of 2 feet ; the
outer wall is 4 feet thick and the core wall 2 feet 6 inches thick , .

The space between these walls Of 2 feet extends to the top of the
chimney to the Open air and the outer wall for the last 1 00 feet
, ,

i s reduced to a 1 3 inch wall The core wall i s reduced to a 9 inch

- -

d d in d i m ti n C m
.

nd h i gh t b y t h M t p lita n T
h im
I n 1 900 it w s
I n 1 901 in h igh t b y th O f d C pp Com
t p ny s
m
‘ ’
a ex cee e a e er a e e e ro o ra c o o a

n y N w Y k City s p 1 24 pa ny s hi
’
c e e or ee , e e r or o er c

b
, , .

ney, at Consta l e H ook N J , . see p 1 28 . .

 T H E O R Y P E R TA I N I N G TO B R I C K CH I M N E Y S

PLAN 0/ TOP

V a l t uc mm
tu o a r c o no
i 9 31)

I LL U S . N O 30
. .

C H I M N EY D E TAI L S , CH EN EY B R OTH E R S S I L K M I LL S , S OU TH M AN CH E S TE R , CON N

’
.
1 16 CI I I M N E Y D ES I G N AN D T H E O RY

wall for the s ame he i ght F rom the 28 foot level the outer o r
.
-

main wall is sep arate from the core or practically one chimney ,

withi n the other .

At intervals of every ten feet in each octagonal section

there are buttresses carried fro m both walls wi th plates between .

Ther e are six roller sbetween each plate so th at the core can ,

rise when the heat is great enough to cau s e expansion This .

id e a wa s to prevent th e p ressure from being sidewise .

Th e top or finish which is 30 feet high with a proj ection

, ,

of 5 fe e t 2 inches is the heaviest one ever made in brick I t is

“
,
.

band ed by large iron circl ets p assin g a round the structure .

Thes e ban d s are placed over the inner walls with bolts running
out which fasten to angl e irons that form the octagon These
,
.

angle irons are placed on the outer course of brick and built
in so li d with the best cem ent mortar .

While being built it was kept level a nd the weight equal

i z e d the pull or pressur e of going out on these irons There .

w ere s everal set s of these irons A cast iron pl ate covers the
.
-

entir e top with a trap door which connect s wi th an iron ladder

,
-

built in the main wall on the inside next to the core wall .

The weight of the structure is ton s and its cost was ,

O ve r pressed bricks were us e d in i ts com

position The brickwork was done by John Cook in 1 99 days
. .

Twel ve bricklay ers worked on the first 1 00 feet eight bricklay ,

ers o n the next 1 00 feet and six workmen on the remain d er

,
.

The laborers were p aid $ 7 a day and the foreman received ,

A TALL B RI CK CH I M NEY .
*

Th elargest chim ney on the Pacific coast 1 8 92 the third in , ,

p oint of s ize in th e United State s and the fourth in the w orld , ,

is being built in San F rancisco The broad column of bricks .

is se en high above the roofs of the houses in its vicinity and ,

towers above every f a ctory chimney in the city The structure .

was put up by the E dison E lectric Light and Power Comp any
on J essie Street near Third , in connection with a new building
7 5 fe et front 1 65 feet deep a nd 5 2 feet high
,
The chimney is
,
.

1 7 5 feet above the pavement and will rest on foundation s be

, ,

* S a n F ra ncisco Ch roni cl e .
1 18 CH I M N E Y D ESI G N AN D T H E O RY

Th e core i s 3 feet 4 inches square in s ide with 8 inch wall ,

-

running up and m eeting the outer wall at 45 feet above the

foundation where the chimney is 6 feet square above this the
, ,

flue continues S traight up and the outside is drawn in to abo ut

,

8 inches thickness of wall at the top .

A square cap of cast iron in four piece s i s put on top and ,

bolted by inside flanges .

About brick and 36 cubic yards of concret e entered

into its con struction .

The weight p er square foot on foundation i s t on s .

The weight p er square foot on s oil is tons .

Ai r vents are placed in outside wall to le t out t he heated

air from cavity betwe en walls .

Some of these chimneys have had their top part lift e d o ff

by reason of the heat of the flue and the fine and outer shell,

being run together o t hers have s tood very well probably be

, ,

cau s e the fire s have not been forced .

BRI CK CH I MNE Y AT TH E PLAN T O F TH E ST EI N

WAY ELE CT RI C CO M PANY AS T O RI A L I , , . .

F lue 8 feet in diameter

, .

H eight 1 40 feet above the ground

, .

F ire brick lining 45 feet up from the bo t tom 5 inche s

-
, ,

thick .

Core of chimney 1 3 and 8 inche s thick to within 50 fee t

,

of the top
O uter shell 32 inche s th i ck a t the bot t om reduced t o 1 2
'

, ,

inche s thick at the top .

 IL L US . No . 31 .

S TE I N W AY E L ECT RI C CO M P A NY , A S TOR I A , L . I .
1 20 CH I M N E Y D E SI GN AN D TH E O R Y

B RI CK CH I MNE Y S .

Th e Cambria I ron Comp any J o h nsto wn Pa , , .

,
in 1 88 1

built two sizes of chimneys which from the peculiar ,

d esign were termed Crinoline chimneys .

One was 1 40 feet 6 inches high above b as e plate wit h -

,

a fi ne 7 feet 11 inches in diameter .

The other , 200 feet high above base plate with a flue -
,

1 0 feet in diameter .

The prominent features Of their design are

F irst .
— Single brick tube
-
.

Second .
—C ast iron base plate
- -
.

T hird — Steel rails set vertically in outer walls with ,

wrought iron binders or hoop s

-
.

They have been in constant us e up to the pre s ent

time and have proved themselves well fitted to the work
,

for which they were desi gned .

Through the courtesy O f Mr Jos Morgan Chief Eu . .

,

g ine e r of the works the 1 40 foot chimney Is p i ctured in

-
,

detail on t he Oppo s ite p age .

Pocket f or Ra i lsinBed Pla te .

( Enla rged )

Ba nd .

Ba nd Jofini‘; Enl a rged

m
.

of Ch i ney .

I LL US . N O 33 . .

TH E C A M B RI A I R O N CO M P AN Y J OH N S TO . WN , PA.
1 22 CH I M N E Y D E SI GN AN D TH E O R Y

Robert Kunts m a give s the data for m aterial for a brick

*
n
chimney of horse p ower cap acity as follows :
-
,

Working capacity of hors e power -

.

D epth Of foundation 12 feet .

H eight of chimney inclu s ive of foun

dation 205 fee t .

H eight of chimney from base line to

top o f cap 1 93 feet .

H eight of c a p from neck of shaft to top 14 feet 9 inche s .

E ff ective height from inlet of boiler

fl ue s 1 78 feet 3 inche s .

B atter per foot on side wall s 1 00 inch 22

outside and,
in s ide .

E xternal diameter of chimney at ba s e

line 1 7 feet .

I nternal diameter of flue at base line 8 feet .

E xternal diameter at neck under cap 1 0 feet 6 inche s .

I nterior diameter at extreme top . 7 feet .

T h ickness of outer wall under the cap 1 5 brick , 1 2 inche s .

Thickn ess of outer wall at s ection 0D 2 brick , 1 6 inche s .

Thickness of outer wall at s ection E F 25 brick , 205 inches :

Thickness of outer wall at sectio n GH 3 brick , 245 inches .

Thickness of outer wall at section

( with inle t flue ) [I f 3 brick ,
24 5 inche s .

Size of inlet flue from boilers ,

9 feet by 4 feet 6 inches with ,

a n area O f 32 feet square .

Area of outlet on top of chimney s quare feet .

Tot a l weight of chimney includin g tounda ,

tion ton s .

Total weight of brickwork from ba s e line ,

upward tons .

on concrete foundation
Lo a d tons or nearly 3 t ons per ,

square foot .

The load on the ground and distributed over an area of

square feet is therefore ton per square foot .

I t should not be difficult to arrive at the cost of this chim

“
m
ney at any locality if accordi ng to local conditions price of
, ,

aterials and labor are estimated from the quantities we have

g iven .

I t will require brick .

B ric k , April , 1 897 .

1 24 CH M I NE Y D E SI GN AN D TH E O R Y

BRI CK CH I M NE Y F OR TH E M E TR O PO LI TAN
ST R EE T RAI LWAY C O M PAN Y,

NI NETY FI FT H S i REET AND F I RS T AVENUE NEW YORK CI TY

'
-
, .

B uilt i n 1 8 98 .

m
Th e gro und o n wh i ch i t i s built wa s o rigina l l y l o w gro und ,

m
be i ng c o v e re d a t o ne ti e by th e w a te r O f th e E a st Ri v e r, but

m m
h a d b ee n fi l l e d i n a t a l a te r pe ri o d A nu b er o f bo ri ng s .

we re a d e t o d e t er i ne th e c h a ra cter O f th e stra ta b e l o w th e

m
e a rth a nd a sh fi l li ng a v e ra g i ng , re spe c t i v e l y a b o ut 1 0 a nd 1 5
, ,

f e e t in d e pth B e l o w th e fil l ing bl ue c l a y o r u d w a s fo und

.
,

m m
to a n a v era ge d e pth o f 35 f e e t, b e a ch sa nd to a b o ut 4 5 fee t ,

fine re d sa nd fro 4 5 to 5 5 fe e t a nd , fro th i s d o w n, c l a y w a s

,

p re sent a s f a r, a t l ea st a s 8 0 f e e t Ro c k wa s fo und i n o ne
, .

tri a l a t a d e p th o f 1 25 fe e t .

m
I n b uil d i ng th e fo und a ti o ns w h i c h co v e r a n a re a o f a b o ut
,

m
8 5 f e e t squ a re , th e e a rth a nd a sh fil l ing w ere re o v e d to a

m
d e pth O f 20 f e e t b e l o w th e d e te r i ne d l e v e l o f th e sta ti o n
-

fl o o r ta k e n a s d a tu
,
a nd pi l e s w e re d ri v en t o a d e pth o f
,

a bo ut 40 fe e t o v e r th e e nti re a re a Th e pil e s a re u po n 2 f e e t
‘

-
.

m m
G i nc h a nd 2 f e e t 3 i nc h c e ntre s a nd a t o ta l Of a b o ut
- - -
,

e a ns o f pil e d ri v ers su spend e d fro

m
w e re d ri v e n by -
d e rri c k

m
m
b o o s At a d e pth o f 4 0 f e e t i t w a s f o und th a t a
.
po und
-

ha e r f a ll i ng 20 f e e t d ro v e th e pi l e s a b o u t o ne i nc h o n a n ,

a v e ra ge I n d ri v ing th e l a st 20 o r 3 0 pil e s, th e re si sta nc e w a s

.

so grea t th a t th e y c o u l d no t be d ri v e n o v e r 1 5 f ee t Th e pi l e s
‘

m
m
were cut o ff 1 fo o t a bo v e th e to p o f fi ni sh e d gro u nd , o r a t a

m
g ra d e Of 19 An i . e nse co ncre te bl o ck w a s l a id u po n

m mm
th e ,8 5 f ee t sq u a re a nd 20 f e e t th i c k o f 1 3 a nd 5 Gi a nt , , ,

m m
Po rtl a nd c e e nt co nc re te -
Ce e nt o rta r u se d i n th e bri ck
.

wo rk w a s a d e Of 1 p a rt Gi a nt Po rtl a nd ce ent a nd 2 pa rts

sa nd .

m m
I t i s l o c a te d c l o se to th e w a l l se pa ra ting th e e ngine a nd

m m m
b o il er ro o s o f th e sta ti o n a nd d i vi d e s th e b o i l er ro o
, in
th e bo il e rs to th e c h i ne y
m
tw o pa rts S o k e flu e s l e a d fro
.

fro Oppo site d i re c ti o ns a nd a s th e re a re th re e sto ri e s i n th e

,

b o i l e r h o use u po n w h i c h th e b o il e rs a re to be i nsta l l e d th e re ,
 TH E O RY P E RT A I N I N G TO B R I C K CH I M N E YS 1 25

m
m
a re si x l a rge O pe ni ng s to th e ch i ne y, t w o o n e a ch Of th e
t h re e Th e c h i ne y i s b uil t Of tw o c o nc e ntri c sh e l l s
fl o o rs . ,

a nd th e o ute r sh e ll i s sti ffe ne d b y 1 2 i nte ri o r l o ngi tu d i na l ri bs

m
j ti n ra d i a l l y t o w a r d t h e i nne r sh a f t a nd l e a v ing a C l ea r
p r o e c g

m
Th e i nne r sh a f t h a s a c o nsta nt d i a e te r O f 22
m
a nc e O f 5 i nch .

m
f ee t a nd th e o ute r di ensi o ns o f th e sta ck ra ng e fro a squ a re
,

ba se , 55 f e et o n a si d e , to a ne c k o f 26 f e e t 1 0 inc h e s i n d i a
e te r 3 1 6 fe e t a b o v e
,
Th e c y l ind ri ca l e x te ri o r Of th e c h i ne y
.
m
i s gi v e n a ba tter O f 3% inch e s i n 1 0 f e e t o r inch e s pe r ,

m m
m
foo t .

Th e t wo sh e l l s ri se fro a co o n b ric k b a se re sti ng o n

th e c o ncre te a nd a re pra cti c a l l y a si ng l e stru c ture up to a

,

f e w f ee t a bo v e th e s o ke fl u e o pe ni ngs m
T h e se Openings a re
- .

24 f e e t 6 i nc h e s, o ne a b o v e th e o th e r a nd 4 fe e t b e l o w th e ,

first O p e ni ng, a t th e 1 5 f o o t e l e v a ti o n th e sh a f t i s l ine d wi th

-
,

a n 8 i nch thi ck ne ss O f fire bri c k t o a h e i gh t Of 90 f e e t w h i ch

- -
,

m
i s a b o ut 1 0 f e et a b o ve th e th i rd fl o o r O pe ning B e y o nd th i s -
.

mm
fo r 25 fe e t th e fire b ri c k i s o nl y 4 i nc h e s th i ck , a nd fro
-
th e

m
1 1 5 f o o t e l e v a ti o n u p w a rd th e w a l l s a re O f c o
-
o n b ri ck . .

m
Th e w e a ke ning c a use d by th e o pe ni ngs i s o v e rc o e by th e
d o ubl e a rch c o nstru c ti o n a nd th e u se o f ti e b e a s O f c h a nne l
- -

i ro n A 1 2 inc h b ri c k w a l l 8 5 f e e t h i gh a nd pro v i d e d w i th a
.
-
,

m
buttre ss d i v i d e s th e l o w er p a rt Of th e sh a ft i nto tw o p a rts ,

Th e i nne r
m
se pa ra ti ng th e tw o ti e rs O f s o ke fl ue O pe ni ng s -
.

sh e l l i s b u il t i n fiv e secti o ns f ro th e b a sa l th i ckne ss Of th e

m
w a l l wh i ch i s 24 i nch e s t o a n 8 i nc h w a l l a t i ts to p 340 f e e t
, ,
-

m
h i gh Th e o u te r sh el l a s to th i c k ne ss ra nge s fro
.
, 28 to ,

1 6 i nc h e s Th e f o u rth se c ti o n fr o
. th e 200 t o th e 28 0 f o o t ,
-

m
e l e v a ti o n i s 1 6 i nc h e s th i c k a s sh o w n a nd th e w a l l th i ck
, , ,

m m
ne ss th e n b e c o e s 20 i nch e s Th e su cc e ssi v e gra d a ti o ns Of.

m m m
th i ck ne ss u p to th i s po i nt c o nf o r to th e re q u i re e nt s Of

m
th e l i i ti ng stre sse s a l l o w e d b ut th e e nl a rg e e nt i s a de, ,

m m
a si d e f ro pro vi d i ng fo r th e c o pi ng t o b ring th e t w o S h e l l s ,

i n c l o se st pro x i i ty so th a t b o th a y a ssi st i n re si sti ng l a t

,

m
e r a l stra i ns Th e g a p b e tw e e n th e tw o sh e l l s ne a r th e t o p Of
.

m
th e c h i ne y i s pro te c te d w ith a n a pro n O f sh e et 1 ro n 4 f e e t -

m
w i d e a nd pro vi d e d w i th a fl a nge a t th e t o p i b e d d e d i n th e
'

m
bri c kwo rk Th e to p O f th e ch i ney i s pro te c te d w i th a n i ro n
.

c a p for e d O f 40 c a st i ro n se c to rs b o l te d o ne to th e o th e r
-
, .
1 26 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AN D T H E O RY

Th ey en e l op
v th e to p bri ckw o rk , nd a nch o re d by v e rti ca l
m
a a re

m
ti e -
ro d s to a n a nnul a r ste e l ri ng a b o u t 28 i nc h e s i n d i a e te r
Te n
m
i be d d e d i n th e b ri c kw o rk a b o ut 1 4 f ee t b e l o w th e c a p .

l i gh tni ng ro d s p o i nt u pw a rd 6 fe e t a b o v e th e t o p Of th e c h i
-

ne y a nd a re c o nnec te d to a c o ppe r ri ng w h i c h i s p ro v i d e d
, ,

w i th two d e sce nd ing c o nd ucto rs O f c o pper, e a c h 1 by 96 i nc h i n

c ro ss se c ti o n T h e se c o n d uc tors a re a l so c o nne c te d t o th e
.

m
i ro n tOp Tw o o th e r S te e l rings a re a l so e nc a se d -nea r th e to p
.
,

m
o ne a b o ut 34 2 f e e t a nd a no th er a bo ut 3 1 3 f e e t f ro th e ba se ,
to pre v e nt a ny t e nd e ncy to d i si nte g ra ti o n re su l ti ng fr o in

m m
c i pi e nt cra ck s .

Th e ch i ne y f o r th e sta ti o n no w pra c ti c a l l y c o pl e te d , ,

m m
sta nd s 3 5 3 f e e t a b o v e i ts f o und a ti o n a nd i t i s th e r e f o re th e , , ,

m m
ta l l e st c h i ne y i n th e Uni te d S ta te s I ts i nte rna l d i a e ter
*
.

m m
i s 22 fe e t, a nd i n th a t d i e nsi o n i t i s th e l a rg e st bri c k c h i ne y

m m
i n th e w o rl d Ra nk ine s fo r ul a w a s u se d i n d e te r i ni ng i ts
’
.

c a pa ci ty a nd i n d e si gni ng t h e c h i
,
ne y i t w a s a ssu e d th a t th e

m
wi nd pre ssure w o u l d be e q ui va l e nt to a pre ssu re O f a b o ut 4 0
-

Th e to ta l w e i gh t
m
p o und s pe r squ a re f o o t Of d i a e tri c a l a re a .

o f th e ch i
. ne y i s t o ns a nd re d bri ck s w e re
,

use d i n th e co nstructi o n .

Th e d ra w i ng s sh o w a t va ri o us e l e v a ti o ns th e to ta l w e i gh t
suppo rte d a nd th e c o rre spo nd i ng stre ss p e r sq ua r e f o o t Of
,

se c ti o na l a re a Th e pre ssu re i nte nsi ty Of th e o uter sh el l i s

.

On th e a v era ge gre a te r th a n th a t i n th e i nt e ri o r sh a f t b e i ng ,

m
a b o u t 9 t o ns p e r sq u a re fo o t Th e uni t l o a d a t th e c o ncre te
.

m m
b a se i s o nl y to ns f o r th e w h o l e w e i gh t o f th e c h i ne y .

m
Th e c h i ne y w a s d e si gne d by th e E ng i ne e ri ng D e pa rt ent
O f th e M e tro po l i ta n S tree t R a i l w a y Co n
pa y
—
E ngi neeri ng
Recor d , v o l x xx i x , p 53 . . . .

‘
I n 1 901 i t i s ex ceed ed in h e igh t onl y b y th e chi m ney o f th e Or f ord m
CO pper Co pa ny Co n
f
.

sta bl e H oo k N J wh i ch i s 360 eet h igh , see p 1 28

, . . .
 T H E O RY P E RTA I N I N G T O B R I CK CH I M N E YS 1 27

TH E CH ESTNUT H IL L PUM PI NG S TATI ON CH I MNEY

m
.

b ui l t by th e M e tro p o l i ta n Wa ter B o a rd ,
m
Thi s ch i ne y ,
B o sto n, M a ss , 1 25 f e et h i gh w ith a fl ue 4 5 fe e t in di a e te r
h a s a f ea tu re w o rth y Of re c o rd
i n i ts so o t c o l l ecting tu nnel , il
-

l ustra te d be l o w .

m m
Thi s f e a tu re i s d e scribe d by

n m
th e E g eer g R ecord a s f l S ca le
o
.

43'
, ' , ,
s' 40
,
0 16 24 32
l OW S : Fro
m
‘
a pOI I l t Opp o sI te ,

th e centre Of th e ch i ne y a

m
bra nch tunne l 3 fee t w i d e b y 6 ,

f e et h i gh , ex tend sinto th e ch i

m
ne y f o und a ti o n to a pi t b e ne a th
th e fl ue f o r th e re o v a l Of so o t
,
.

Th e e ntra nce to th i s bra nc h

m m
tunnel i s c l o se d by a ti gh t i ro n
d o o r Th e bo tto
. O f th e ch i

ne y i s co n

m
tra c te d i nt o
th e fo r O f
a n i nv e rte d
t r u nc a t e d

m
c o ne , w h o se

m
s a l l er di
a e ter i s 24
i nc h e s .

T h i S

O pe ni ng is

m
cl o se d by a

m
m
d o o r a de T
ra nsv e r se S e c t io n t h ro ugh Bo il e r
'
Ro o a nd
Co a l Ho u s e
i
.

Of t wo se

m m
c i rc u l a r i nc h w ro ugh t i ro n pl a te s a rra nge d t o re v o l v e
i - -
, a b o ut

m
a 1 5 inc h d i a
- e te r h o ri z o nt a l ste e l sh a ft a t th e d i a e te r o f th e

m pu l l e y s a nd a c h a i n pa ssing th ro ugh t h e
c i rc l e . By ea ns Of

m m m
w a l l s o f th e c h i ne y th e two l e a v e s O f t h i s d o o r ca n b e d ro pp e d
si ul ta ne o usl y to d u p th e so o t a nd th e n b e cl o se d a ga i n f ro

m m mv
th e co a l h o u se w i th o ut
-
e nte ri ng th e fl ue . B y th i s a rra ng e
e nt th e ch i ney d ra f t i s no t i nterf e re d w ith w h il e re o i ng
th e so o t .
1 28 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E O R Y

O RFORD COPPER COM PANY S CHI M NEY

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a t th e f o u nd a tio n l e v e l . I LL US . NO . 36
.
1 30 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D T H E O RY

B R I CK CH I MNEYS AT TH E 1 900 PARI S E XH I BI TI ON

m
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y a rd s o f o th e r a so nry w e re use d in th e w o rk .
 TH E OR Y P E RTA I N I N G TO B R I C K CH I M N E YS 1 31

m m
m m
pl e te d e sc ri pti o n a nd il l u stra ti o n Of th e se
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two c h i ne y s se e E ngi neeri ng R ecord , S tea E ngi neeri ng, Geni e

Civi l a nd Z ei ts d Ver ei n D enise/i [ng , a l l Of 1 890
. . . . . .

S /N z w E ngi nee r i ng
. N . Y
.

I LL US . N O 38 . .
1 32 CHI M N E Y D ESI GN AND T HEORY

ALPH ONs CUSTOD I S , D US S E LD ORF ON RH m E,

a s w el l a s o th e r bui l d e rs m a ny ro und c h i m;

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bri ck a re p e rf o ra ted i n o ne d ire c t n v erti ca l ,
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 T H E O R Y P E R TA I N I N G TO B R I C K CH I M N E Y S 1 33

se cti o n a t ma ti e to b e re pa i re d ; e a ch se c ti o n ca n e x pa nd

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v e rti c a l l y a cco rd i ng to th e h e a t e a c h se c ti o n re c e i ves ; on a c

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p i ed , a nd a l e ss u ni t l o a d o n th e fo und a ti o n .

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a re

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Yo rkvil l e I nd e pe nd e nt H y ge i a I c e Co p a ny , N e w York City
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Orf o rd Co ppe r Co pa n , Co nsta bl e H J o o k, N . .

3 60 f e e t by 1 3 eet i nsi d e t Op d i a
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1 34 CH I M N E Y D l IGN A ND TH EO R Y

LI ST OF B RI CK CH I MNE Y S .

At Kno xvil l e T e nn
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1 . I l l u str a te d in E ngineering N ew s
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N o v e ber 2, 1 8 93 .

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,
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T A B LE NO . 25 .

E XTER I OR W A LL . ( NTE B I OB COR E .

H e igh t . f
ee t . Th i c k ness, i nc h e s. H eigh t , f
ee t . Th ick ne ss, inch es .

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- -

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, _

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1 0 i nch e s i nsi d e di a e te r .
 I L LU S . NO
. 40
.

OL D COPP E R WOR K S CH I M N E Y AT B E L LE VI LLE , N . J .

 T H E O R Y P E RT A I N I N G T O B RI C K CH I M N E YS 1 35

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b o i l e r s c o nne c te d to i t .

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1 36 CH I M N E Y D ESI G N AN D TH E O R Y
9 M uni ci p a l Li gh ting Pl a nt, Fra nk f o rt o n M a in, Ger my
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.

( 2) F l ue , re cta ngul a r, Obl ong brick H ei gh t, 238 f e et , . .

23 L o w e r Pa cifi c M il l s, L a wrenc e M a ss
m
.
.
,

m m
F l ue , 8 f e e t d i a e te r ; 21 4 f e e t h igh Ci rc ul a r, brick . .

24 E d i so n El e c tri c I l l u i na ting Co pa ny Pa te rson N J

m
.
, , . .

( 1 ) Ol d ch i ne y ; 200 f e et h i gh Octa g o na l . .
 CH APT E R V I I I

C H I M N E Y P E R F OR M A N C E S S P E C I A L TYP E S — S TRA I G H T
—

B N I N G C H I M N E YS — F L U E S

Y ANCE S
my
CH I M NE PERFORM

m
.

B RI CK ch i ne ,
D w igh t M a nuf a cturi ng Co p a ny , Ch i c o pe e ,

M a ss .

F l ue , 4 fe e t sq ua re by f e e t h i gh .

m
po und s a nth ra cite c o a l pe r h o u r
Burne d th ro u gh i t
b u rne d th ro ugh i t po und s c o bustibl e per h o ur ; d ra ft
inch .

m m
H o rse po w er d e v el o pe d i n b o il ers
-
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E q ui va l e nt e va po ra ti o n pe r po und Of c o busti bl e fro a nd

°
a t 21 2 po und s .

Co a l b u rne d pe r h o u r pe r squa re f o o t Of gra te

p o und s
my : v
m m
B o i l e rs co nne cte d to ch i ne 4 e rti c a
l Co rli ss b o il e rs 8
f e et d i a e t e r, a nd 2 v erti ca l Co rl i ss b o i l e r s 1 0 f e e t d i a ete r .

m m
m
A ch i ne y 80 f e e t h i gh , fl u e 42 i nc h e s d i a e te r, h a s b een

m
f o und to ca u se su ffi c i e nt d ra f t f o r a ra t e O f c o
bu sti o n Of 1 20

“
m
p o und s O f c o a l pe r h o u r per sq u a re f o o t O f a re a o f c h i ne y o r
if th e gra te a re a i s to th e c h i ne y a re a a s 8 to 1 a c o b u sti o n
‘

,
m
,

m
O f 1 5 po und s Of c o a l pe r sq u a re f o o t O f gr a te p e r h ou r, o r a

Kent
po u d s
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t o ta l c o b u sti o n O f n O f c o a l p r h o ur
e — .

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”

m
ne e rs, v o l v i . .

Th e a u th o r s T a bl e N O 1 0 gi v e s th e c a pa ci ty o f th i s c h i ne y
’
.

a s p o u n ds

m
.

A ch i ne y m 92 f e e t h i gh fl u e 5 0 inc h e s d i a e ter
,
.

A re a Of sq u a re f e e t a re a Of fl u e i nl e t sq u a re 2

f e et ; a re a Of gra te 48 sq ua re f e e t w i th a n a i r spa c e O f 2 1
,

1 38
 “
CH I M N E Y P E R FO R M A N CE S 1 39

m m
m
°
q
s u a re fe e t ,
w ith a te pera ture o f ch i ne y ga se s o f 609 F a h r , .

m
c a u se d d ra ft f o r th e co
su ffi c i e nt bu sti o n Of p o u nd s Of
f re e b i tu ino u s c o a l per h o ur G a l e : T ra nsa cti o ns o f th e
m
-
.

”
A e ri c a n S o c i ety O f M e ch a nic a l E ngi ne e rs v o l v i
m

“
. .
,

my
Th e a uth o r s f o r ul ae , T a bl e N O 1 0 gi v e s th e c a pa ci ty O f
’
.
,

th i s c h i ne as po und s .

T ra nsa c ti o ns o f th e A m e ri c a n S o c i e ty Of M e ch a ni ca l E ngi
”
:
m m
ne e rs, vo l . xv .
, p . 61 0, sa y s T h re e h und re d b o il e r h o rse

m
o w er s w e re c o nne c te d to a ch i ne y 7 2 i nc h e s d i a e te r O f th e
p

m
fl ue b y 1 25 f e e t h i gh , w i th po o r re sul ts ; but w h e n c hi ne y

m
w a s c h a nge d t o 42 i nch e s d i a e ter by 1 25 f e e t h i g h th e b o i l ,
”
e rs w o rk e d uch b e tte r .

m
Th e a uth o r s T a bl e N O 8 gi v e s th e ca pa ci ty o f th e l a tter
’
.

ch i ney a s 3 5 1 b o i l e r h o rse po w e r -
.

m m
A m
S te e l ch i ne y , 38 inc h e s d i a e te r by 1 1 0 f ee t h i gh ,
o ve r a

Ca h a ll v e rti c a l b o i l e r a t r stro ng Co o k Co s Wo rk s Pi tts

’

,
.

m m
b urg Pa , .

T e sts b y J M Wh i th a Co a l nu t a nd sl a c k fro
. . S a nd y .
, ,

Cre e k M ine ne a r Pi ttsburg , Pa

,
E ffi c i e nc y te st, 91 7 po und s .

m m
O f c o a l b urne d pe r h o u r .

A c c o rd ing to th e a uth o r s f o r ul ae th i s ch i ne y c a pa c ity

’

is p o und s ca pa c i ty t e st po und s Of co a l bu rne d pe r ,

h o un

my f m
m
B ri c k ch i ne ,
8 d i a e te r fl u e b y 1 7 5 f e e t h i gh A r
eet ,

K a nsa s Ci ty M O

mM m
’
o ur Co s .
pl a nt, ,
.

Co a l — Ard o r, O bi tu ino us M i ne R u n c o a l
.
,
T e sts by -
.

m
M
m
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. .
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m)
°
F l u e te pera ture ,
580 Fa h r . o ut -
d o o r te pera ture , 8 0

m
F a h r ( a ppro x i
. a te .

D ra f t i n c h i ne y , inch Of w a ter .

B o il e r h o rse po w er i s -

Co a l b urne d per h o ur , po und s — P ower , A ugu st ,

1 8 97 .

S te e l ch i m ne y, 4 f e et d i a m et e r fl ue by 1 00 f e e t h igh . Re i d
B a rry Pa ssa i c
, ,
N J . .

A tta c h e d to tw o b o i l e rs ra te d a t 250h o rse po we r -

e a ch , w ith
1 40 CH I M N E Y DE S I G N AND TH E O R Y

a t o ta l Of fe e t Of gra te -
f
sur a ce , g a v e th e fo l l o wing re

sul ts w i th d i ff e re nt co a l s u se d u nd e r bo il er

A nth ra ci t e buck B i tu m i no us l u m
p
m
.

coa L c oa L

Te l hr
m m
Of e x terna a ir 45
°
Fa h r
°

pera t ure . 42 F a .

Te pera t ure Of ga se s a t b a se O f c hi ney 372 F a

°
hr . 42 7
°
Fa hr .

Co a l h
burned per o u r to ta d ryl , po und s .
po u nd s .

m
F o rce o f d ra f t i n i nch es Of w a ter
Th eoreti ca l d ra f t w e i gh t l OOk
m
. f or
B a ro eter i nch es . i nch es .

m
N a tu ra l d ra f t w a s u se d , a nd

m
th e co a l b u rne d in b o th ca se s

c o inci d e s w i th w h a t ig h t b e l o o ke d f o r fro th e uth o r s

’
a

ta bl e s .

An Ol d c h i m m
f m
ne y , 67 f e e t h i gh ,
wi th i nt e rna l d i a e te r Of

m m
inch e s to i nc h e s ,
a nd w i th a to ta l d i sta nc e ro fi re to

m
ch i ne y O f 98 f e et ,
w a s ta k e n d o wn, a nd a ne w ch i ne y w i t h

mmm m
an i ntend e d t o ta l d i sta nce f ro fi r e to o u tl e t Of 95 fe e t ,
a nd a

m
i ni u inte rna l d i a e te r Of i nch e s w a s pl a nne d wh e n

mvm m
th e ch i fne y h a d go ne up 39 eet i t w a s tri e d ,
a l re a d y th e re
w a s a gre a t i pro e e nt o n th e Ol d c h i ne y a g a in a t 46 fe e t

m
it w a s sti l l b e tte r,
f nd th e d ra f t w a s e x c e l l e nt
m
a a t e et ,
a nd

m
th e re w a s a n e c o no y Of 1 5 to 20 pe r c e nt i n f ue l Th e c h i . .

m mm m
ne y w a s th e re
f fini sh e d a t th a t h e i g h t Ra d o h r O f G o th a
m
o re .

m f m
c o nfir s th i s, a nd r e c o e nd s a u ni o r f i nte rna l d i a e te r a s

m
b e i ng o re r a ti o na l a nd a s pro t e c ti ng th e br ic kw o rk ro th e
h o t a nd pi d a xia l stre a — J ou r na l d a Ga z et Z E l ectr i ci ta t
’
ra ,

1 8 97 .

A ste e l ch i m h i gh wi th fl ue 42 i nch e s d i a e te r ,
ne y , 1 1 0 f ee t ,
m
a tta c h e d to a b o il e r ra te d a t 250 b o il e r h o rse po w e r, w i th 5 7 -

m
sq u a r e f e e t O f gra te su rf a c e u nd er te st , w h e n sta rting t h e pl a nt
-
,

w i th o u tsid e a i r q ui e t a nd w i th a t e pera tu re o f 4 0 F a h r ,
°
.
,

sh o w e d th e f o l l o w ing re su l ts

Te mpera t ure Of ga ses a t ba se o f c hi m ney . 300 F

°
. 445 F
°
. 5 25 F
°
. 5 75 F
°
.

f
F o rce Of d ra t i n nc es Of w a teri h

— Ge o H B a rrus, 1 8 9 4
. . .
1 42 CH I M N E Y DESI G N A ND T H E O RY
a ng l e s f a stene d to c o l u ns S pa c e a ro und th e ch i ne y i s m . m
util i z e d f o r p ur p o se s Of v e nti l a ti o n — E ngi neeri n
g R ecor d vo l .
, .

xx i x p 1 57 .
,
. .

REM OVI NG B RI C K CH I M NE S Y
my
.

m
A bri c k ch i ne -
o cta go na l i n se c ti o n, 1 3 5 f e e t h igh e x,

te rna l d ia e te r 12 fe et ba se ,
17 fe et q
s u a re by 1 65 f e e t h i gh ,

wi th wa l l s 3 f e e t th i c k ,
a t a bri ck w o rks i n L 6ri nc z nya ra l o ,

m
H unga ry
m
,
w a s b l a ste d by Li e u te na nt Co l o ne l Ta ng] -
Of th e

mv
ar y a nd h is en .

B ri cks w e re f e e t in h e i gh t di
re o ed for a bo ut th re e ,

m
re ctl y a b o v e th e ba se l e a vi ng t w o O pe ni ng s— o ne in fro nt , ,

o ne in th e re a r ; t hi s w o rk be i ng d o ne b y f o u r e n i n ni ne

h o u rs .

Th e S tructure w a s to fa l l t o th e g ro u nd c l o se to th e ba se

m
o n a c co unt o f bui l d ing s ne a rby .

A ine o f 1 5 po und s o f e cra si te wa s p l a c e d i n o ne Ope n

'

ing a nd tw o Of 1 1 po und s i n th e o th er, a l l pl a c e d 1 0 inch e s

,

m m
a b o v e th e b a se i n o rd e r to spa re i t .

Th e y w e re fire d si ul ta ne o u sl y , a nd th e c h i ne yf e l l i n a
bo ttl e sh a pe d a ss j ust a w a y f ro
-
m
th e b a se , o c c upy i ng a m
m
l e ng th O f 1 90 fe et h e i gh t O f 1 0 fe e t a nd th e gre a t e st w id th
, ,

w a s 56 fe e t a t 66 f e e t fro th e ba se .

Observ e rs d i d no t f eel th e ru sh Of a i r but in th e d i re c ,

ti o n Of th e f a l l w ind o ws w e re b ro ke n a t a d i sta nc e O f 260 a nd

5 00 f e e t — E ngi neer ing p 65 8 1 898 ,
.
,
.

CAS T -
IR N O OFFI CE - B UI LDI NG CH I M NE Y.

U niv e rsity B l o c k, S yra cu se , N Y . .

,
ele ve n -
st o r y ste e l - ca ge

bui l d ing .

m m
B o il e rs, 4 7 0 b Oi l e r h o rse p o w e r -
.

Ch i ne y 1 7 2 f e e t h i gh fl u e , 4 ,
f e et d i a eter .

F o u nd a ti o n 1 6 i nc h e s th i c k ;
, a be d Of c o ncr e te on th i s

m
20 i nc h b ri c k w a l l a bo u t 6 f e e t h igh , c a ppe d w ith a
- c i r c ul a r

m
c a st -
i ro n sh oe or b a se -
pl a t e . Fro th i s pl a te si x se c ti o ns O f

fl a ng e d c a st pi pe 4 fe e t 1 0 i nc h e s d i a e ter a re pl a ce d , l ine d

m
w i th 4 inc h fi re bri ck , - -
ppe d a ga i n w i th a c a
ca st —i ro n p l a t e o n

wh i ch sta nd s t h e spi go t e nd Of t h e 4 f o o t i nsi d e d i a -

ete r c a st
1 44 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D T H E O RY

m m
A l i gh t h o use w a s e re cte d i n 1 8 74 o n th e I sl e Of J e rse y ,
-

O f c o nc r e t e , b u t b ui l t u p O f o ul d e d bl o c k s a s o rd ina ry a

so nry .

I ts h e i gh t i s 1 35 fe e t on a ro ck 1 09 fe e t a b o v e th e l e v e l Of

th e se a .

D e si gne d a nd e re c te d by S i r J CO O d e
. . I t i s re c o rd e d asa

m
ppl i c a ti o n
m
su c c e ss u l a f O f c o nc re t e .

Fr Von E.
pe rge r, Pr o c e e d i ng s A er i ca
S oci ety of Ci vi l n
y s : Tw o
m
E ngineer s, sa c o ncr e te str uc tu r e s w h i c h g i v e

m m pro pe rti e s o f t h i s
t h e b e st pro o f Of th e e l a sti c a te ri a l ( co n

my
c re t e ) a y be e nti o ne d .

m
One i s a ch i 1 60 f e e t h i gh , i n I re l a nd , i n o ne pi e ce
ne

m
O f c o nc re te , w h i c h h a s sto o d th e h e a v i e st sto r s a nd a no th e r
by M r
m
exa pl e w h i ch i s c i te d . A . Rel l a ,
a re w ine ta nk s
-
Of a

ca pa c i ty Ofga l l o ns ( Of c o nc r e te o nl y) i n A g r a ,
H un
”
g a ry , w h i ch sto o d th e l a st e a rth qu a k e w i th o u t c ra c ki ng
m
.

my pl e I n E ng l a nd o f c o nc rete
sa y s th e fi rst e x a
'

S utc l ifl *

ch i ne s wa s a t S u th e rl a nd th e f o und a ti o n wa s 1 2 fe et

m
q
s u a re by 6 f e e t th i c k O f c o nc re te .

Th e c h i ne y ba se w a s 24 f e e t 9 i nch e s h i g h , 7 f e e t 6 i nch e s
-

m m
sq u a re o u tsid e a nd 4 f e e t sq u a re i nsi d e l i ne d w i th fire b ri c k
, ,
-
.

Ab o v e th e b a se w a s a o ul d i ng 21 i nc h e s h i g h , a nd f ro

m
t h i s ro se a n o c ta go na l sh a ft 30 f e e t h i gh 1 5 i nc h e s th i ck a t

m
t h e b o tt o a nd 9 i nc h e s a t th e t o p
,
.

m
Co nc r e te f o r b a se , 1 pa rt Po rtl a nd c e e nt t o 8 pa rts sh i ngl e
a nd sa nd ; f o r th e sh a ft 1 p a r t Po rtl a nd c e e nt a nd 5 p a rt s
,

gra v e l a n d sa nd ; rubbl e st o ne s w e re a l so p a c k e d i n th e Co n

m
c re te a s i t w a s l a i d .

Th e fini sh w a s i i nch c o a t Of c e e nt ( 1 t o 1 ) d i v i d e d i nt o
-

m
a sh l a r .

S utcl ifl spe a ks a l so o f c o nc re te c h i ne y s b e i ng b uil t e l se

'

w h e re b e fo re t h i s o ne

m m m
.

C/i e W or ks Ch i ne y s u se d t o
'

i ca i neys — Ch i ca rr y O fl a ci d

g a se s sh o ul d b e pro v i d e d wi th e x teri o r i ro n b a nd s, a nd th e i n

m
t e ri o r h a v e pro pe r pro te cti o n t o th e bri ck s, e sp e c i a l l y a t th e

“
j o i nt s ; th e a uth o r w o ul d u se o nl y t h e b e st Po rtl a nd ce e nt,

l a id w i th c l o se j o i nts ,
f o r th i s c l a ss Of w o rk .

”
Co crete, ts N a ture a d Use . publi sh ed 1 8 93
n I n s .
1 46 CH I M NE Y D E S I G N AN D TH EOR Y

O
C NCRE E - S EE T T L D U S T FLUE .

m m
E ngineering N ew s d e sc ri b e s a c o ncre te - ste e l co nstru c ti o n

m
a t th e w o rk s Of th e V a l l ey S e l ti ng Co pa ny , a t
A rk a nsa s

m m
L e a d vi l l e , Co l wh e re th e d u st fl u e c o nv eyi ng th e s o ke a nd

m m
ga se s fro th e ro a sti ng f urna ce s t o th e c h i ne y i s buil t O f
c o ncre te w i th a n e Th e fl ue i s
be d d ed e ta l sk e l e to n .

U sh a pe d i n pl a n W
f m
-
i th o ne l e g O f th e U sh o rte r th a n th e
_ ,

m n
o th e r Th e sul ph uro u s g a se s ro
. th e ro a sti ng furna c e s e nte r

m
th e sh o rt l e g o f th e U fro a tu ne l b e l o w ; pa ss a r o und th e

l o o p, b eing so e wh a t c o o l e d a nd , d e po si ti ng i n th e p a ssa ge
,

Em a a s

TRAN SVE RS E S E CTI ON OP

I LLU S
CON CRE TE
. N O 46
AN D
. .

S TE E L S K E L E TON D US T F LUE .
“
va l ua b l e d ust wh i ch i t c onta ins fina l l y pa ss o ut o f th e
m
th e ,

m
ch i ney into w h i c h th e l o ng l e g o f th e U e nte rs B ri c k riffle .

w a l l s p l a ce d a t i nte rv a l s a cro ss th e bo tto

,
Of th e flue a id ,

in c o l l e c ti ng th e d ust . Th e fl u e w a s d e si g ne d by M r E H . . .

M e ssi t e r .

Th e co nstru c ti o n Of th e fl ue i s q u i t e c l e a rl y sh o wn by il l us

m mm m
tra tio n N O 4 5 I l l ustra ti o n N O 4 6 g i v e s a c ro ss se c ti o n sh o w
. . .
-

i ng th e a i n a r ch e b e rs w h i ch a re S i pl y i r o n c h a nne l
,

h o o p s be nt to a n a rch a nd h a v ing th e i r e nd s se t i n a co nc re te
b a se w a l l B e tw e e n th e b a se w a l l s i s a c o ncre te fl o o r re sti ng
.

mm
d i re c tl y o n th e gro und Th e c h a nne l i ro n a r ch e s a re c o n
.

ne c te d l o ngi tud i na l l y b y fl a t i ro n e bers c o nne cte d to th e

 Lo ngit ud ina l S ect ion a t Crown .

Pa rt S id e Ele va t i o n
.

Lo ngit ud i na l Sect io n of S i d e Wa ll .

S TR U CTU R AL D E TAI L S or CO N C R ET E AN D S T EE L S K E LE TON D U S T F L UE .

CON CRE TE A ND S TEE L D US T F LU E .

 “
1 48 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AND TH EOR Y
th e m
my
ch i ney a t a h i gh l e v e l ,
a l l o ws Of th e interi o r Of th e
l o w e r pa rt Of th e ch i ne b e i ng use d to c o nta in a sp i r a l
”
sta i rwa y to co nne ct th e gro und l e v e l a nd th e fl o ors .

O P
C M ARA I T VE COS T

m
.

B a se d u po n fi gure s gi ve n i n th e ta bl e , a c h i ne y O f
h o rse po w e r
-
,
if b ui l t Of re d bri c k , w o u l d co st a bo ut
Of

ste e l , se l f suppo rti ng f ull l i ne d a b o ut

-
Of ste e l
, se l f , ,

suppor ti ng h a l f l i ne d a bout
,
Of r a d i a l b ri ck , a bo ut
,

Of ste e l , se l f su pp o rti ng unl i ne d a bo ut -

Of , ,

m m
ste e l g uye d a bo ut
, ,

m
Th e fo l l o wing l i st i s o ne w h i ch h a s be e n a d e up fro a c t
ua l c o sts a nd a y pro v e i nte r e sti ng i n th i s co nne cti o n
,

Co st d oll a rs
, .

Descri pti on . Re m ark s .

Tota l .

R a d i a l bri ck , Ci rc . .

R a d i a l b ri ck Ci rc ,

Red b ri ck Ci rc
,

R ed b ri ck Ci rc ,

Red b ri ck R ec t ,

Red b ri c k H ex ,

R ed b ri ck , Ci rc S i ngl e h ell firebric k

S ,

li ni ng h a lf hei ght .

Red b ri ck Ci rc
,

R ed b ri ck , Ci rc
R ed b ri c k , Ci rc
Red b ri ck , Ci ro
Red b ri ck , Ci rc
Red b ri ck, Rec t
S teel , self suppo rti ng
-
.
Li ned th ro ugh out .

S teel , self-supporti ng . H a lf li ned , pri ce wi th

-

o ut f o und a ti on
S teel , self—supporti ng . U nli ned .

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m
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D ub ua t th e a ngl e s 71 w e re a l w a ys be t we e n 3 6 a nd As

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a ce r ,

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ta i n l i i t th e fl o w i ncre a se d wi th th e nu be r o f a ng l e s i t c a n ,

b e e x pl a ine d o nl y by a d i tting th a t th e j o ints we re no t e n

ti re l y tigh t .
 I N FL U EN CE S OF TU RN S AND E LB o w s 1 59

It re sul ts fro mmnu e ro u s e x pe ri m e nts wh i ch I h a v e m a de

on a b rupt ch a ng e s Of
d ir e c ti o n th a t w h e n th e a ngl e i F ig 1 , ,
.

o f th e se co nd pi p e wi th th e
°
tween 20 a nd
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th e l o ss o f h ea d i s gi v e n by th e f o r ul a m
—
R p1 2
p
as f o r pipe s ca rr y i ng w a te r .

P 1 i s th e h e a d b e f o re th e l bo w e ,

p , i s th e h e a d a fter th e e l bo w ,

p th e h e a d c o rre spo nd ing to th e v e l o c i ty .

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m
a ngl e s b e t w e e n z e ro a nd 20 d e gre e s it wi l l b e ne ce s
,

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sa ry to c onsi d e r th e e l bo w a s a c urve d pi p e a nd e p l oy th e
for ul a
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I f th e a ng l e w a s a ri gh t a ngl e , Fi g 2, th e l o ss o f h e a d .

w o ul d b e p, a nd f o r n c h a nge s a t a ri gh t angl e i t w o ul d be n1 9 .

FI G 4 . .

Fo r a n a ng l e gre a ter th a n a ri gh t a ngl e a s i n F i g 3, t h e l o ss

mm m
.
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o f h e a d i s uncerta i n F ro . so e e x pe ri ents i t a ppea rs th a t

f o r th e a ngl e s a d e by th e se cond p i pe with th e p rol o nga ti o n

m
‘

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o f th e fi rst c o pri se d b e tw e e n 1 1 0 a nd 1 60 d e gre e s, th e l o ss o f
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.

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i t i s i a gi ne d th a t th e ri gh t a ng l e fo r e d b y th e tw o p i pe s A B
a nd B C, F i g 4 w e re re pl a c e d by th re e
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1 60 CH I M N E Y DE S I GN AN D TH E O R Y
m
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0

2
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Th us a si ngl e pi pe c u tti ng a ri gh t a ngl e d o e s no t d i ini sh
the re si sta nc e a ppr e c i a bl y , a nd t h re e i nter e d i a te pi p e s d o
no t re d uc e i t q ui te to o ne - h a lf .

CUR E V D PI PES

m
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Th e e a rl i e st e x pe ri e nt on th e fl o w of fl ui d s in c ur ve d

mm m
p i pe s w a s ad e by B o ssu t Api pe o f
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m v m m m
a nd 27 il l i e tre s i n d i a e t er d i sc h a rg e d und e r a h ea d of . 325
e tre a ol u e of . 0028 cub i c e tr e o f w a ter i n a i nute w h e n
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“ m
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the c ur va ture o f th e pi pe , bu t a re re fl e c te d 0 11 i ts f
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t h e se r e fl e c ti ons o f th e li ne s o f w a te r A c c o rd ing to h i s e x
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1 62 CH I M N E Y D E S I GN AN D TH E ORY
th e pi pe i nto po si ti o n pa ra l l el to th e i ni ti a l d i re cti o n, F i g 7 ,
a .

w e h a ve i 1 80 d e gre e s, a nd th e l o ss o f h e a d w o u l d be 1 9, o ne
h a lf o nl w h i c h w o ul d ta ke pl a c e if th e pi pe h a d ta k e n
y o f th a t
th a t d i re c ti o n b y t w o a brupt a nd su cce ssi v e ri gh t a ngl e d -

cha nge s, Fi g 8 . . I f th e re w e re n c o ntinu o us c h a nge s of d irc e

ti o n th e l o ss o f h ea d wo ul d b e

P. —
p. p

“
F e brua ry , 1 900 .

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’

,
m m ex peri ents w i th l i i nch p i pe ( wa ter) fo und
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th e l o ss o f h ea d to b e h
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G , si n g

; si n

20° 40° 60° 80° 90° 1 00° 1 1 0° 1 20° 1 30° 1 40°

h e nc e a t a 90 d e gre e - e l bo w t h e wh o l e h e a d d ue to th e v e l o c i ty
i s v ery ne a rl y l o st .

Bend s — F o r c ur e d v b e nd s, O c ro ss- se cti o n, It , G

Gb

w h e re d d ia m e te r o f pi pe , r z ra d i us o f c ur v a ture o f b end .

F or E] cr o ss secti o ns -

G. i
27 ’

wh e re s i s th e l e ngth of S id e Of sec ti o n p a r a l le l to th e ra d i us
o f c ur v a ture ,
r .

O sec ti o n .

Gb : . 1 38 . 1 58 . 206 294 440 . 661 . 97 7

07
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.

c .

Gb . 1 35 . 1 80 . 250 . 398 . 643

 CH A PTER I X

H OU S E C H I M N EYS

HO USE H EATI NG

m
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S CHUMAN gi v e s th e se fo r ul ae f or h o use h ea ting -

c a l cul a

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V 2 v o l u e o f s o k e d e l i v e red i n c ubi c f eet per sec

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1 63
1 64 CH I M N E Y D ESI G N AND T H EO R Y
T A B LE No . 28 .

S I Z E O F CH I M N E Y F L U E .

m
F LU E . I N CH E S .

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I nch e s S q ua re i nc h es
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H J B a rro n N e w Yo rk City , gi v e s th e f o l l o w i ng
.

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ney f o r a si x -story fl a t , 36 x 8 0 eet f
f 12 x
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( 64) K
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1 66 C H I M NE Y D ES I G N AN D z T H E ORY

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m m m
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co p y so e o ne e l se s p ro po rti o ns i n pre f e re nc e t o w o rking o ut

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my m
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'

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A pl e a re a i s e spe ci a l l y d e sira bl e i n a h o use ch i ne y, th a t

m m mm
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H o u se c h i ne ys a re usu a l l y bui l t o f b ri c k 4 i nc h e s th i ck ,

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l a rg e c h i ne y s .

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-

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 R O US E C H I M N EY S 1 67

“
Th e stra i gh t er a nd o re true th e flu e th e m o re po w e rf ul
'

m
m m
m m
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,

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.

m
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,

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no r a l d ra f t i s no t suffi ci e nt to o v e rc o e
Oth e rs s o ke b e ca use th ey f o r th e sh o rte st c h a nne l by

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w h i c h th e a i r c a n e nte r th e h o use to su ppl y th e d ra ft to a

m m m
h igh e r ch i ne y .

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or in ro o s

nd th e d o O
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a a re

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si tua te d , w il l s o k e i n c o nse q u e nce o f i ts e x i t bei ng I n th e

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m
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m m
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-

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1 68 CH I M N E Y D E S IGN AN D T H EO R Y
And wh y d o e s i t s o k e ? m
To be a bl e t o re pl y to th i s q ue sti o n i s to be a bl e to c ure
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m m
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 1 70 CH I M NE Y D ES I G N AN D T H E O RY

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1 76 CH I M N E Y DESI GN AND T H EOR Y

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A bso l ute z e ro b e ing b el o w F a h r z e ro . .

m m
A b so l ute te pe ra ture d e g re e s F .
_

I n th e a bo v e a tte r th e d e c i a l h a s be en d ro p ped .

1 78
1 80 CH I M N E Y D ES I G N AN D TH E OR Y

L AWS
'

BUI LDI NG OE B OS TON , M AS S

m
.

A cts of 1 892 T ha t P or ti on R el a ti ng to Chi neys

m f m
. .

m f m
S ecti on 68 N o c h i ne y sh a l l b e c o rbe l l e d ro
.
a wa ll
o re th a n th e t h i c kne ss o f th e w a l l , no r be h ung ro a wa l l

m
l e ss th a n t w e l ve i nch e s th i c k , no r re st upo n w o o d
m
.

m
Al l ch i ne ys sh a l l be bu i l t o f bri c k sto ne o r o th e r i nc o , ,

m
bustibl e a te ri a l s .

Bri c k c h i ne ys sh a l l h a v e w a l l s a t l e a st e i gh t inc h e s th i ck ,

m m
unl e ss te rra c o tta fl u e l i ni ng s a re u se d i n w h i c h c a se f o ur
-
,

m
I nc h e s o f bri c kw o rk a y be o i tte d .

Oth e r c h i ne y s S h a l l h a v e w a l l s e i gh t i nch e s th i c k , a nd I n
a d d iti o n a l i ning o f f o ur i nc h e s o f b ri ckw o rk o r a t e rra c o tta -

m
fl ue l i ni ng
-
.

m
Th e insid e o f a l l c h i ne y s sh a ll h a v e stru ck j o ints No .

m m
wo o d f urri ng sh a l l b e use d a g a i nst o r a ro und a ny c h i ne y s ,

but th e pl a ste ri ng sh a l l be d ire c t o n th e a so nry o r o n e ta l

m
l a thi ng .

All ch i ne y s sh a l l be t o ppe d o ut a t l e a st f o ur f e e t a bo v e

m m
th e h i gh e st po i nt o f c o nta c t w i th th e ro o f .

m
N O na il sh a l l b e d ri v e n i nto t h e a so nry o f a ny c h i ne y .

S ecti on 69 F l u e s o f ra ng e s b o i l e rs a nd o th e r si i l a r flu e s
.
, , ,

sh a l l h a v e th e o utsi d e e x po se d to th e h e i gh t o f th e c e i l i ng o r ,

m
m
b e pl a stere d d i re ct u po n th e b ri c ks .

S ection 70 A l l h e a rth s sh a l l b e su ppo rte d by tri

. er

m
a r c h e s o f b ri c k o r st o ne ; o r b e o f si ng l e st o ne s a t l e a st si x

m m
inc h e s th i c k bui l t i nto th e c h i ne y a nd su ppo rte d by i ro n
,

b e a s o ne e nd o f w h i ch S h a l l b e se c ure l y buil t i nto th e

m
,
a

m
so nry o f a c h i ne y o r a d j o i ni ng w a ll Or w h i c h sh a l l o th e rw i se
,

m
re st u po n i nco b usti bl e suppo rts .

Th e bri c k j a b s o f e ve ry fi re pl a c e , ra nge , o r gra te o pe ni ng

sh a l l b e a t l e a st e i gh t i nc h e s w id e e a ch , a nd th e ba c k o f e a ch .

m
m
sh a l l b e a t l e a st e i gh t i nch e s t h i c k .

Al l h e a rth s a nd tri e r a r c h e s sh a l l be a t l e a st 1 2 i nc h e s

m
l o nge r o n e ith e r si d e th a n t h e w i d th o f su c h o p e ni ngs, a nd a t
l e a st 1 8 inch e s w id e i n fro nt o f th e c h i ne y bre a st .

B ri c k o v e r fire pl a ce s a nd g ra te o pe nings sh a l l b e su p

m
po rte d b y pro pe r i ro n b a rs o r b ri c k o r sto ne a rc h e s .
,

S ecti on 7 1 E v e ry c h i ne y i n w h i c h so ft co a l o r w o o d i s
.
 G EN E R A L IN FO R M A T I O N 181

m m
burne d , l l b e ca rrie d to a h e i gh t su ffi c i e nt to p ro te c t
sh a

m
ne i ghb o ring b uil d i ngs f ro fi re o r s o k e .

S ection 72 N o s o k e pi p e sh a l l pro j e ct t h ro ugh a ny e x

. .
-

te rna l w a l l o r w i nd o w
m
.

No s o ke - pi p e sh a l l pa ss th ro ugh a ny w o o d e n pa rti ti o n ,

w i th o ut a so a pst o ne ri ng of t h e th i c kness of
th e pa rti ti o n,
w i th a ve ntil a te d a ir -
spa ce o f no t l e ss th a n 4 i nc h e s a ro und

m
th e pi pe , nor sh a l l b e p l a ce d w i th i n 8 inc h e s o f a ny w oo d
unl e ss such w o o d i s pl a ste re d a nd p r
m m
o t e c te d by a e ta l sh i e l d

m
2 inch e s d i sta nt fro th e w o o d , i n w h i ch c a se th e s o ke - pi pe
sh a l l no t be l e sszt h a n 6 i nch e s fro ~
th e w o o d , e tc .

TA B LE No . 31 .

P H YSI CA L P R OP E R TI E S OF M A TE R I A L S OF M A S ON R Y , E TC .

A ll stresses gi ven in po und s per squa re i nch .

M a te ria l s .

B ri ck , fl a tw ise p a v ing .

Pa vi ng bric k , Ph il a d e l h i a p S p e ci fica ti ons

Red sh a l e

Yel l o w nrc -
cl a y
Ha r d b il d ing
u

f t bui ld ing
m
So

f ll wi m
p :
mm m
Concre te s, 1 o nth o l d , of o o ng co o si ti o ns

d
C e ent
m
m m
m
orta r, 1
N a t ura l ce ent
of na tu ra ce ent , 2 o f sa n
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urna ce sl a g
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.

m
m m
m m
N a t ura l c e e nt
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( ‘e ent
m m m
N a t ura l ce e nt

mdmm m m f m
N a tura l c e e nt
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o I ta r a nd gra nit e
o rta r a nd
of P
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t l a nd c e e nt 2 o f sa n d
d mm
Port l a n c e e nt o rt a r a nd urna ce sl a g
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d mm m
Po rt l a n ce e nt orta r a nd sa n sto ne

d mm
.

Portl a n ce e nt o rta r a nd l i esto ne

Po rt l a n ce e nt
PO I t l a ud ce e nt mm ort a r a nd gr a ni te
o rt a r a nd t ra e p .

G ra ni te

Li me stone

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Co ncre te s
six to se ve n ti m a f
t e r si x o nth s w il l be
es a s stro ng a s a t t h e e nd
m ab o ut o ur t i e s,
of t h e fi rst o nt h
f m
m a
.
nd a t th e e nd of o ne ye a r w il l b e a bo ut

—
Pe ncoy d I ro n Wo rks ,
1 8 98 .
 I ND E X

m
PA GE

m m ml
A cc i d ents c hi ney ,
1 51
A d a s c hi ney f or
, u ae 1 7, 1 8
Ai r 1 78
d e nsi ty a nd we i gh t per cu bi c foo t 12

m,
S pa c e i n 29

m
l d ensi ty,
m
vo u e a nd pre ssure 13

i m m
Ak h O i o , S tre e t Ra il wa y B ri c k Chi
Al m
ro n, I llu . Co ney 1 37
tip of Wa sh i ngton M o nu
hm
1 76
m
u nu ent

A o sk e a g M il l s M a nc h ester N H B ri c k C
hi m
, , . . . i ney . . 1 01 , 1 36
A nc h ora ge S te e l C
m
ne ys 60
Anh e user B usc h B re wing Co pa ny
m
I l l us N o 6,
. . Opposi te 69

m
A I e a o f pro te cti o n f ro li gh tni ng
m
1 74
Ar no l d Pri nt Work s North A d a s M a ss S teel Chi
m hm
, , neys . 81
Aspino ok Co pa ny J ewe tt Ci ty Conn
m
, ,
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S te e l C i ney 81
Astori a L I S te i nwa y E lec tri c Co pa ny
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, 1 18
I ll us N O 3 1 ,
. . Oppo s i te 1 18

m
B a l ti ore M d Ci ty a nd S ub urb a n Ry CO S teel Ch i m
hi m
, , . . ney,
B a rb our F l a x S pi nni ng Co Pa te rson N J .
, , . B ri c k C
. ne y ,

I ll us N O 35 Op o si te
hi m
. .
p , 1 26
B a se pl a te s
-
S te e l C neys 47
B ea ri ng power of il s
hi m
so 33
B e l i ev i l l e , N . C ney,

m
I ll us N o 40,. . o ppo si te 1 35
B o l t c i rc l e steel c h i neys
m
, . 63
B o nd i ng l B ri c k Chi neys . 93
B o sto n M a ss E a st B o ston E l e
c tri c R a il wa y Po w er S ta t i
hi m
, , o n,

S te e l C
m
ne y
b uil d i ng l a ws o f re ga rd i ng c h i neys
hi m
,

B ra d f ord , E ngl a nd , M i tc h e l B ro s B ri c k C ne ys .

N e w l a nd M ill s
m
1 37

m
B ri c k c h i ne y asa ta nk to wer I l l us No 43 Oppo si te
. .
,
1 45 , 1 47
c hi neys, 93
1 84 I ND E X

Ch i mney d ra ft 6
Pe cl e t s a nd Ra nki ne s hypoth e se s
’ ’
6
D eV Ol so n Woo d 6

m
h o uses d e si gn o f
m
f or , 1 63, 1 64, 1 65
f or ul ae Ad a s , 18
Ch ri sti e 22
Cl a rk 1 7, 1 9
Ga l e 16
J o ne s L a ughli n . 18
Ke nt 18
M o l e sworth
m
18
Nystro 18
Th urston 19
f o r f orced d ra f t 1 54
o ffi c e b uil d i ngs

m
i n ul ti pl e 1 50
I l l us N O 44 , i te
f m
. . o ppo s 1 45
pe r or a nc e s 1 38
spec a l use i for 1 47
struc k b y l i gh tni ng I l l us NO 5 2,
. . o ppo s i te 1 71
ta bl e 17
gra te 23, 24, 27
'

a rea

h orse 24 , 25
po und s o f coa l b urne d pe r h o ur
‘
25 , 27
wa ter h ea ti ng surfa c e i n b o il e rs
-
26

m f ml
to p d esi gn 1 50
Ch ri sti e
m m
ch i ne y or u ae 22
Ci ty a nd S ub urba nR a ilwa y C o B a l ti
m
-
pa ny, ore , Md .
,

S te e l Chi ney . 79
Cl a rk
’
s Th re a d Wo rk s , Ke a rny N J , . B ri c k 111
Cl a rk , D K . .
, rul e f o r stre ngth of h o ll o w tub e s 52
Cl a rk e , E
m f ml
.
, 52
C l a rk e i
m
ch ne y or u ae . 1 7, 1 9
Cl e v e l a nd , Ohi o , E l e c tri c I ll u i i na t ng CO 79
R o lli ng M ill 80, 8 3

m
C o a l pe r h our
m
25 , 27
Co b u sti o n d i a gra l Pl a te I .
, O ppo s i te 20

m
ra te of 20

m pa ra ti ve
Co co st . 1 48
Co pre ssi o n o f sto ne s, te sts a t Wa te rt own Arse na l 43
C o ncre te ,
35
a nd ste e l d ust fl ue I l l us No 45 ,
. . Oppo site 1 45
H ( 6 U 6 .

I ll us N O 46,
. . 1 46
 I ND E X

m
Co nc re te

Co nsta bl e
fa c tory c hi
Co nso li d a t e d G a s CO
H oo k , N J .
.

.
ney
Of

,
N J
Pa c i
.

fic
.
, L o g B ra nc h n
Co a st B ora x Co
“ . . S te el Chi m
ney
I ll us N O 41 ,
.
”

f o r l i gh tni ng
m
Co pper c o nd uc to r

m
.

pa ra ti ve
m
Co st, co .

m
Cre uso t, F ra nce , wrou gh t i ron c hi

“
-
ne y
ste e l c hi ney , S c h ne i d e r s
’

mmm
Cro ssl ey s,
’
H a li f a x, E ngl a nd B rick Chi ne y
Cyli nd ri ca l b ea s, o e nts o f res sta nce of i th in h oll o w

m
mh
D a rwi n M ostyn I ro n Ch i ney
D e nver, Co l .
, O a a Gra nt S . R . Work s
i
m
I l l us No 29, . . Oppo s t e

D e si gn O f hi neys f or h ouse s
c

D o b so n B a rl o w B o l to n E ngl a nd
, , I l l us No 1 6, . . Oppo si te 8 8,

po we r—
y a ryi ng fl ue l e ngth s-

i b y l o ng fl ue s
m
red uc t o n Of ,

m m
c hi
po we rs o f
m
neys
D ubli n, I re l a nd , U ni te d T ra S te e l Ch i
m
w a ys Co pa ny . . ney
D u l uth , M i nn , H a rt Ge ne ra l El ectri c Co
m
. an .

D und ee C h e i ca l Works, Pa ssa i c , N J . B ri ck

Ea st B osto n M a ss El ectri c R y Power S ta ti o n S tee l Ch i ney

, , .

“ . . m
m
R i ver Ga s Co L ong I sl a nd Ci ty N Y .
, , . .

Ed i nb urgh S c ot l a nd Ga s L i gh t Co pa ny B ri ck
m
, ,

E d i son El ec tri c I l l u i na t i ng Co Pa te rso n N J .

, , . 99,
I ll us N O . . 24,
I l l us NO 25 Oppo si te 1 00

“
.
,
.

Power Co S a n F ra nc i sco Ca l
m
Ed i son E l e c tri c L i gh t .
, , .

L i gh ti ng S ta ti o n N e w Yo rk Ci ty S te e l Chi ney
m
,

E l e va te d R a i l ro a d Co pa ny Chi ca go I l l , ,

E re c ti on o f l i gh tni ng ro d s
E tna I ro n Work s I ro nto n Oh i o , S tee l Chi ney , m
Ex pa nsi o n o f sto nes te sts Wa te rtown Arsena l , ,

Fa i rb a i rn s i m
m m
’
exper ents 52
F a ll Ri ve r I ron Co pa ny B ri ck Chi ney . 1 35»
F l ues 1 56
d ra f t po we r O f va ryi ng l e ngt h s
-
1 56
f o r h o ri z o nta l b o il e rs I llus. No 5 1 ,
. 157
I l l us N O 5 0, i te
‘C U ( 6
. . o ppo s 1 56
verti ca l I l l us N O
. . 1 55
 1 86 I ND E X

F l ue s, i
s z e s Of , f o r h ouse
i ntensi ty o f d ra f t
m
F o rce or

F o und a ti o ns, b ri c k c hi ney

m m
v

C hi ca go R e fi ni ng Co pa ny c hi ney
M a ry l a nd S te e l Co pa ny c hi ne y m m
M c Co r i c k R e a pe r Wo rk s m
m
m
o f se l f suppo rt i ng ste e l c h i
-
ne y sta b ili ty Of
-
,

F ra nkf o rt o n M a i n,Ger a ny M uni c i pa l L i gh t i ng Pl a nt

m
- -
, ,

B ri c k Chi ney 1 36
F rei b urg S a x o ny , 97
I l l us NO 21,
m
. . 97
F ri c ti o n I n tub es, Cl e ens H ersch el

Ga le c hi m f m ne y or ul ae”

G a rfi e l d Pa rk E l ectri c L i gh t a nd Po wer Co mpa ny, Chic a go , I l l , .

I l l us N O 1 0, . . 75
G a se s, d e nsi ty or we i gh t of 12

“m
.

l i ty Of
ve o c

G e ne ra l nOte s b ri c k c hi neys “
9
30

m
, 2
"G l a s ow S c ot l a nd T o wnsend B ri c k Ch i 136
m m
' ’ ’

ne ys
‘

g , , .

G o tt f ri e d B re wi nn o pa ny Chi ca go I ll S te e l Ch i 82
‘ ’

, ,
. . . ne y
G ra te a re a ta bl e ,
“ . 24

m m
G ra te s, a ir spa ce-
i n
G ro sve no rd a l e ( Co nn ) Co
mml i mo
B ri ck Ch i
'

1 37
'

.
pa ny . ney
G ugge nh e i Pe rt h A I ll u s N O 7 , p ie
l hi m
S e t ng Co .
,
b y, N J . . . Op os t ‘

71

m
G uye d ste e c ney .

c hi
l f o r guys ne ys, ru e

we i gh ts e tc
m
, .

c hi ney— 48 i nc h e s by 1 25 f eet
m h i gh
'

G uys f o r ste e l c hi neys

H a l i fa x E ngl a nd Crossl e y s B ri c k Chi m

hi m
’
, , . ney 1 19
H a rtf o rd S tee l Ra il wa y CO s ste e l d e sc ri pti o n
’
n y
s
. c e ,

I ll u s N o 3 i
m m
. .
, o ppo te 53
H a rt an G enera l E l e c t ri c Co .
, D ul uth , M i nn . S te e l Chi ney 80
H e a t i ng f b o il e rs
m
su r a ce in 26
i gh t o f c hi f l i
m
H
l m
-
e ne ys f o r va r o u s u e s 29
wa te r c o u n d ue t o unb a l a nc e d pre ssure hi
hi m
in c ne y . 13
H e i gh ts o f c ney a nd corre spo nd i ng h ea d s . 10
H i sto ri ca l no te s 1
H o ll o w tub e s D K Cl a rk s rul e
, . .
’
52
E Cl a rk e s ru1e
’
.
~.
52
1 88 IN DE X

M a ryl a nd S tee l Co m pa ny, S pa rro w s Point, M d

’

mil m
I l l us NO 9, . .

M a so nry pro po rt i o ns f o r e sti a ti ng

m
a ter a s,

i l H P b ri c k c hi ney
m
M a te r a f o r 2, 000 . .

m
M a te r i l a so nry, ph ysi ca l pro pert i e s o f

m
a s of

h i h Mi i B ric k Ch i
i mk M
M ec ern c L ea d n ng Co pa ny ney
M e rr ac f g Co .
, L o we ll , M a ss 1 01 , 1 35
M e tro po l i ta n S t Ry Co . . .
, Ka nsa s Ci ty, M o S te el
po wer h ouse ch . N Y C
. . . . . B ric k 1 23, 1 24
M i d d l e sb oro ugh , E ngl a nd S te e l 82

“
M i d va l e S teel Co .
, Phil a d e l phi a , Pa I l l us NO 1 5,
. . Oppo si te 87

m
M i sc e ll a ne ous . 1 79
M i tc h e l B ro s B ra d ford E ngl a nd B rick Ch i ney
m m
.
, , . 1 36

m
M o l e swo rth c hi ney f or ul ae
m
18
M o ents Of re si sta nc e o f th i n h o l l o w cyli nd ri ca l b ea s
m
51

m
M o no li t hi c fa ctory c hi ne y
m
. . 143
M ontrea l Ca n S tree t R a il wa y Co pa ny B ri ck Chi ney
m
, .
, ” 1 34
M o rta r b ri ck c hi neys
m
,
93
Mo vi ng b ri c k chi neys
M u l ti pl e c hi neys I n
, m 1 50
I ll us N O 44 oppo si te
m
. .
, 1 45
M uni ci pa l l i gh ting pl a nt Fra nkf ort o n M a i n Ger a ny
m
- -
, , ,

B ri ck Chi ney .

N a rra ga nse tt El ectri c L i gh ti ng Co pa ny, Provi d enc e, R I m . . . 1 05 , 1 06, 1 07

N a ssa u E l ec Ry Co , B ro o kl yn, N Y i te
m m
. . I l l us NO 1 3, . . . . o ppo s 87
N e w Ch e ste r ( Pa .
) Wa te r Co pa ny B ri ck Chi ney .

N e wl a nd ill s B ra d fo rd
’
sM , ,
E ngl a nd 1 37
N e w York Ci ty E d i so n L i gh t i ng , S ta ti on 83
M e t S t Ry po we r . . . h ouse 1 23, 1 24
Thi rd Ave S ta ti on
m
. 76
N o rth Ad a s M a ss Arno l d Pri nt Works
mm m
, .
,
81
N ystro c hi ney f or u l ae 18

fic e b il i hi m
mh
Of u d ng c ne ys 1 41 , 1 42
O a a Gra nt S . R . Work s , D enver, Co l 1 14

m
I l l us No 29, . . Oppo s i te 1 14
O rford Copper Co pa ny I ll us NO 36, . . 1 28

mb
I l l us NO 39, . . O ppo s i te 1 32
Or s y Texti l e Co .
, Wa terf ord , N Y . 1 52
I l l us N O 47, . . i
Oppos te 1 52
I llus . NO 48 .
, Oppo si te 1 54

Pac i fic Coa st Bo ra x Co .
, Consta b l e H ook , N J . . I l l us No 4 1 ,. . 1 43
 I NDEX n
1 89

m
PA GE
fic Mi l l s
m
Pa c i , L a wrence , M a ss B ri c k Chi ney .

m
Pari s Ex po si ti o n c hi I ll us N O
m
neys . . 37 , 1 29
Pa ssa i c , N J D und ee Ch e i ca l Works B ri c k Chi ne y 1 35
) Pri ntWo rk s 1 35
Pa terso n, N . J B a rb our F l a x S pi nni ng CO

m
I ll us N O 35, . . Oppos i te 1 26
B ri c k Chi neys
m
. 117
B ri ck Chi neys 99 1 00 1 36
m
. .
, , , 1 37
B ri ck Chi ney .

I ll us N OS 24 a nd 99 . . .
, 1 00
Pa th Of l ea st re si sta nce indiff e rence Of l i gh tni ng
m
, . 1 74
Pe nnsyl va ni a R a il roa d Co Jersey Ci ty N J S te el Chi ney
m m
.
, , . . . . 79

mm
Pe rf or a nce s c hi ney
m
, 1 38
Pe rth A b o y N J Guggenh ei S el ti ng CO I l l us No 7 Oppo si te 71

“
, . .
, . . .
,

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ppli ca t io ns t o Curv ilinea r
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Tra cks I llust ra t ed 1 6 o ,
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J . C M a nuf a cture of
Pa int A Pra ctica l H a nd bo ok
.

f o r Pa l nt M a nufa ct urers,
t ra tions a nd o ne l a rge di a gra m
M ercha nt s a nd Pa int ers Wi t h 60 illus
8 vo , cl oth net,

m
.

S NE LL, A T El ectri c M otiv e P ower :Th e Tra ns issi on

. .

a nd D istrib ut i o n o f E l e ct ri c Po w er b y Co nt inu ous a nd Al t erna t e

Currents Wit h a S e cti on on t h e Ap l ica t io ns o f E l e ct ri city t o
M i ni ng Wo rk S econd Ed i tio n 8 vo 0 o th ill ustra ted net $
.

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S NOW , w d NOLAN
ml . G .
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V en tiTl a.t i o n of Bui l dings .

16 o , c ot h .
( Va n N o st ra nd s S c i ence S eri e s)
’
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S ODD Y,
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F R a d io A ctiv ity : An el e en ta ry
-
trea tise m
m
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fro t h e st a nd poi nt o f t h e d i sint e gra t i o n t heo ry Wit h 40 figures .

a nd di a gra s 8 vo cl ot h ill ust ra t e d .

, net , . . .
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56 V AN NOSTRA ND COM PA N Y S
’
D .
,

STI LLMAN,
m
P .

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Ste am -

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engi ne I ndi ca tor a nd th e I m
“p rov e d
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1 2 o , fl ex ibl e m U til i ty a nd Appl i
$1 00

m
. . .

ST OD OLA , D r A pp endix
. Stea Turbine s . With an a
o n Ga s Turbl ne s a nd t h e ut ure o f H e a t E ngi ne s Aut ho ri e d
,
f . z

t ra nsl a t i o n by D r Lo ui s C Lo ew e nste i n ( Le hi gh U ni v ersi t y)

. . .

Wi th 241 cuts a nd 3 li tho gra ph ed ta bles 8 v o clo th illustra t ed .

, , .

net,

m
ST ONE
m
’
. R .
,
Gen l . New R o a d s a nd Roa d La ws in th e
Uni ted St a t es . 200 pa ge s w i t h nu ero us illust ra t i ons
, ,
12 o .
,

clot h .

m
ST ONEY, B . D . Th e Th eo ry of Stresses in Gird e rs a nd
Si l iStructures Wit h Ob serv a tions on th e A ppli ca t i o n o f
ar

m
.

Th eo ry t o Pra ct i ce , a nd Ta bl e s o f S t rengt h a nd o t h er Pro pe rt i e s

o f Ma t eri a l s N ew revi sed ed iti on w i t h nu e rous a d d i t i o ns o n
.
,

Gra phi c Sta t i cs, Pill a rs St eel , Wind Pressure , Oscill a t i ng S tre sse s, ,

Wo rking Lo a d s, R iv et ing, St rengt h a nd Te st s o f M a t eri a l s .

7 7 7 pa ge s, 1 43 illus a nd 5 fo l d ing pl a t es 8 v o , clo t h .

-
. .

SUFFLI NG, E . R . T rea tise

th e Art on of Gl a ss P a inting .

Pref a c ed wi t h a R ev i ew o f Ancient Gl a ss . With engra vi ngs a nd

c ol ored pl a t es . 8 vo , l h
c ot net, $
3 50

SWEET, S H Sp ecia l Rep ort on Coa l , Sh owi ng its D is

. .

t ribut io n Cl a ssifi ca t i o n a nd Co sts d e liv ere d o v e r D ifi erent R o ut e s

m
, ,

t o V a ri o us Po i nt s in t h e St a t e o f N ew Yo rk a nd th e Pri nc i pa l
Ci t i e s o n t h e At la nt i c Co a st Wit h a ps 8 vo c l o t h . . r .

SWOOPE , C Pra cti cal Lessons in El e ctricity :Prin

W
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.

m m m .

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Tex t b ook Wit h nu ero us t a bl es for ul a a nd t w o l a rge in
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.
An E l e ent a ry
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st ruct i on pl a t es 8 v o c l o th il l ust ra t e d S eventh E d i ti on

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TAI LFER , Pra ctica l Trea tise on th e Bl ea ch ing of
L .

cl o t h ill ust ra t e d
m
Li nen a nd Co t t o n Y a rn a nd Fa b ri c s Wi t h t a bl e s a nd d i a gra s
Tra nsl a t ed fro t h e French by J o hn Gedd e s M cI nt osh 8 v o
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.

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W
Pra cti c al M e ch a ni c s Work sh o p
m m
TE M PLETON,
m
. Th e ’

Co pa nio n
rul es a nd for ul a
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m
Co pri si ng a grea t v a ri e t y o f t h e o st use ful
in M e ch a nica l S c i ence wi t h nu ero u s t a bl es mm
m
,

o f pra ct i ca l d a t a a nd ca l cul a te d resul t s fa c ilit a t ing e cha ni ca l

m
Ope ra t i o ns
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R evi sed a nd enl a rge d by W S H ut to n
.
. 12 o . . .
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 SCI EN TI FI C PUB LI CA TI ONS . 57

J ONE S W H
m m mM
T H OM , C , a nd , . Tel egra phi c Connecti ons
e b ra c g R e cent ho d s I n Qua druplex Telegra phy
et . 20 full
l l
pa ge p a te s, so e co o re d Oblo ng 8 vo cl o t h
.
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T H OM AS , C
Tre a t ise .
. W
Il l ust r
a te d
. Pa p er
.
-
m a k e rs
’
Ha nd bo ok . A Pra cti cal

m
T H OM P S ON, A B . Rus si a a nd th e R ussi a n
. Oil Field s of
Pe t ro l eu I nd ust ry A Pra ct i ca l H a nd b o ok o n t h e E x pl o ra
.

t i o n Ex pl o i t a t i o n a nd M a na ge e nt o f R ussi a n Oil Pro pe rt i e s

, ,

i ncl ud i ng N o te s o n t h e Origin o f Pet roleu in R ussia a D escrip

m m ,

t i o n o f t h e Th eo ry a nd Pra ct i ce o f Li q uid Fuel a nd a T ra nsl a t io n

,

m m
,

o f t h e R ul es a nd R egul a t i o ns co nc erni ng R ussi a n Oil Pro pe rt ie s .

Wit h nu ero us ill ust ra t io ns a nd ph pt ogra h ic pla t es a nd a a p

o f t h e B a la kha ny Sa b o o nt ch y— R o a ny ll Fi el d
-
8 y o cl o t h m .

. net,
, ,

T H OM PSON, E . P, . ME . . H ow to Ma k e I nventi ons;

o r, I nv entin S ci ence
as a a nd a n A rt . A Pra ct i c a l Gui d e f o r
I nv ento rs . eco nd E d i ti o n . 8 vo , b o a rd s

R oentgen Ra ys a nd Ph eno ena of th e A

Ca t ho d e .
no d e a nd
Princ i pl es A pli ca t i ons a nd Theorie s Fo r St ud ent s, .
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Tea c hers Ph sicia ns ho to ra ph ers Elect ri ci a ns a nd ot h ers .

m mm
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Assist ed by ouis M Pigno et N D C H od ges a nd Lud wI g . . . .

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Gut a nn E E Wi th a cha pt er o n Genera l iza t io ns Argu ent s

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Th eo ries Kind red Ra d ia t io ns a nd Pheno ena By Professo r W ;

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Ant hony 50d ia gra s 40 ha l f t ones 8 vo clo t h

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,
-
.
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W P
T H OM PSON,
m
. . Ha nd book of P a tent La w of Al l
Co unt ri e s . Th i rteenth Edi ti o n, co pl etely revi sed , Ma rc h , 1 905 .

m
T H ORNLEY, T
e ro us ta bles
'

,
.

engra v
Cotton
i ngs a nd
co m
i
d m
bing M a chi nes
a gra en 8 vo ,
. With
l h il l ust ra t e d
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Nu
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343 pa ge s . . net,

J W Wa ter
T HURSO,
Po w er Pla nt s
clo t h , il l ust ra t e d
.

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.

Wit h
M od ern Turbine Pra ctice
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net,
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T OCH , M
8vo ,
’
.

cl oth
Ch e m i stry a nd Te ch nol o gy of Mi xed P a ints .
58 V AN N OSTR AND COMPAN Y S ’
D .

T ODD , J , . a nd
f o r Use in t h e M erc ha nt S e rv i ce :
Pra cti cal Sea a nsh ip
WHALL W , . B . m
a l so S t ea m mm inc l ud i ng a ll o rd ina ry subj e ct s;
S ea a nshi p Wre ck Lif t i ng A v o i d ing Co ll i si o n Wi re , , .

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Spli cing D i spl a ce ent a nd e v eryt hing ne ce ssa ry t o b e k no wn

tra t io ns a nd dia gra m

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s . 8 vo , c ot h
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TOMPKI NS, A . E . Text bo ok -

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Wi t h
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i l lustra ted
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m -
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l h
c ot ,

A Pra cti ca l H andbook

m m
T OOTHE D GEARI NG . f or Offi ces
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t ions .
By
12 ml o , c ot
.

h
a Fo re a n Pa t t e rn a k er . 1 84 ill ust ra

TRATMAN, E Ra il w a y Tra ck
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Wit h o v er 200 ill ustra t ions 8 v o clo t h .

,

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TRAVERSE TABLE, Sh owi ng La titud e D ep a rture a nd
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m
,

t o 1 00 t o w hi ch is a ppend e d a Ta bl e o f N a t ura l S ines a nd Ta n

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gents f or ea c h fiv e inut es o f t h e Qua d ra n t ( R eprint e d f ro . m

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S cr ib ner s Poc k et Ta bl e B ook ) Va n N ostra nd s S ci ence S eri es
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1 6 o cl o t h ,

M oro c co

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T RI NKS, W ,. a nd H OUSUM , Sh a f t Gov ernors

C . . 1 6 o,
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( V a n N o st ra nd s S cie nce S erie s )
’
.
350 50

T UCKER , J A M a nua l of Suga r Anal ysis, in

H Dr
“m
. . .
,
c l ud ing t h e Appl ica t i o ns in Genera l o f Ana l yt i ca l M et ho d s t o t h e
S uga r I nd ustry Wit h a n I ntro d uct i on o n t h e Che ist ry of
.

Ca ne suga r D ex t ro se Lev ul o se a nd M ilk suga r

-
, S i xth E d i ti on
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. .

8 vo c l ot h illust ra t ed
, ,
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TUM LI RZ , O , D r P otenti al a nd i ts Appli ca ti on to th e

. .

m m
m
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T ra ns
.
,

. m , ,
.

TUNNER, P A . . Tre a tise on R oll -

turning f or th e M a nu
fa ct ure Tra nsla te d a nd a d a pt ed by Jo hn B Pea rse o f
of I ro n
t h e Pennsyl va ni a St ee l Wo rk s wi t h nu ero us e ngra v ings w oo d
c ut s 8 v o cl o t h wi t h f oli o a t l a s o f pl a te s
,
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,

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.
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TURBAYNE , A A Al p h a bets
. . a nd Nu era l s . With 27

pl a t es . 4 to b o a rd s ,
 V AN N OS T RA ND COM PAN Y S ’
60 D
'

VI N CENT ,
M a nufa ct ure
c .

nda
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a nd i ts
f ro mmp Co ound
t h e F re nc h
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by M . J .

S a lt er . 8 vo , c ot l h , ill ust ra te d ne t,

H a ul a ge a nd Windi ng Appli a nce s Used in

m
V OLK , C .

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M ines
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8v o clo t h ill ustra t ed
.

m
a .
, ,net .
,

V ON GEORGIE VI CS, G . Ch e i c a l Tech nol ogy of T extil e

:
F ib res t h ei r Ori gi n, Struct ure , Pre pa ra t ion, Wa sh ing, B l e a c hing,
D y eing, Print ing, a nd D ressi ng
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Tra nsla t ed fro t h e Ger a n
Wit h a ny d i a gra s a nd figures 8 v o , clo t h ,
. m .

m m .
m
ill ustra t ed 306 pa ges ne t, .

Contents — Th e T ex t il e Fib res; Wa shi ng, B l ea c hing, a nd Ca r

.

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m m
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Dyestuff s
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Ch e i stry of . Tra nsl a ted fro th e Se cond
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m
. .
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WABNE R,
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8 v o , c ot l h il ,
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WAD E :th eir

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8vo ,
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Wit h innu
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Second a ry Ba tterie s
. mb era l e d ia gra m
Th eory, Con
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net,
fi res .

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WALKE R ,
F .
,
CE . . Aeria l Na vi ga ti on Pra cti ca l . A
H a nd b oo k on th e
m
Co nst ruct i on
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o f D irigibl e B a ll o o ns A é ro st a t s
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A é ro pla nes a nd A ero ot ors . Wit h di a gra s t a bles a nd ill us ,

t ra t io ns 8 v o cl ot h ill ust ra t ed 1 5 1 pa ges ne t,

m
.
, , ,

WALKER ,
S . F . El ectric a l Enginee ring in Our Ho es
a nd
A ppa ra t us
8 v o c l ot h
Wo rkshops
. Thi rd
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E d i ti on, revi sed , wi th nu erous i l m E l e ct ri ca l

$
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El ectri c Li gh ting f or M a ri ne Engi neers, or H o w to

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. 1 03 illus , 8 v o , cl o t h . .

WALKER W H ,
. . Screw Prop ul si on . Notes on S crew
Pro pul si on ; its R ise a nd H i st ory 8 v c cl ot h
mU i
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.

WALLI NG MAR TI N, JULI US

m
,
B T , Li eut Co
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m
E l e ct ri ca l I nst a ll a t i o ns o f t h e
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S t a t es N a vy
illustra t ed
Wi t h a ny
.

I n Press .
 SCI EN TI FI C PUBLI CATI ONS . 61

WALLI S TAYLER , A .
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e
M o d ern Cycl es, a Pra cti ca l Ha nd book on Th eir C on
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M o tor Ca rs,
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M oto r Vehi cl e s f or Busine ss P urp o se s 8v o , cl o th ,

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Refrige ra ting a nd I ce a king M a ch inery A D escrip -

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Refrigera tion a nd Col d Stora ge :being a Co p l ete

pra ct i ca l t rea t ise
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Sugar M a chi nery . A D escriptive Trea ti se , d evoted

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m
,
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WANKLYN J A
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,
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Wa ter Ana l ysis

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WANSBROUGH w D
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o , c ot
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h
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mi
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WAR D J H A P o pul a r Tre a t

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on ,
a nd it s a ppl ca t i on t o th e Useful Arts es pec ia l ly t o ,

Na viga ti on . 8 vo , l h
c ot .

WARI NG ,
G . E .
, J r . Sew era ge a nd La nd D ra i na ge .

I ll ustra te d w i t h w o o d cut s in t h e t e x t , a nd full -

pa ge a nd f o l di ng

pla t es N ew Ed i tio n
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M o d e rn M eth o d s of Sew a ge Di sp o sa l s fo r T owns,

Publi c I nst i tut io ns a nd I so la ted H o uses S econd Ed itio n, . revi sed

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. Clo t h . .
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’
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WARI NG
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f o r H ouseh ol d e rs
H ow to
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D ra in
Th i rd Ed i tion,
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WARREN F D Ha nd bo ok
16 m
clot h ill ust
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.

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on Reinf orced Concrete
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WATSON ,
E . P . Sm a ll Engines a nd B oil ers .

m
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A M a nua l
of
m i mB lil iz l
Concise fi i
nd S peci c D rect o ns f o r t h e Co nst ru ct o n o f S a l
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S t ea - eng nes a nd

r a m Hf
pow er d ow n t o
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to ne Cuts
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I l ust ra t ed w t
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WATT A , . El ectro- pl a ting a nd El e ctro - refining of M eta l s :

b eing a new ed it i on of Al ex a nd er Wa tts ’
E lect ro D epo sit i on
-
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nu m
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El ectro-
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The Art A Pra cti c a l H a ndboo o

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c l ud in
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Waste Lyes Wit h ill ust ra t ions F i fth E d i ti on
,
,
'
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,

revi sed a nd enla rged 8 v o cl ot h . $

3 00 , .

— Th e Art of :being
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Lea th e r M a nuf a cture a Pra cti ca l

H a nd b o ok in w hi ch th e Opera t i ons of Ta nning C
Lea t her D ressing a re Fully D escrib ed a nd t h e Princ ipIes o
a nd

m
, ,

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,

Ta nning Ex pla ined a nd a ny R ecent Processes I nt rod uced

Wit h nu ero us illust ra t ions N ew E d iti on
, .

I n P ress

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. . . .

WEALE J , . A D ictiona ry of Ter s Used in Architecture ,

B uild ing E ngi ne ering M ining M et ull a rgy A rch aeo l ogy t h e F i ne

m
, , , , ,

Arts etc , .
,
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S ci ence a nd Art . F i fth d i ti on, revi sed a nd corrected . 12 o,
clo t h .

WEBB H
ml
,
A Pra ctica l Guid e
L . to th e T esting of I nsu
l a t ed W1roe a nd Ca bles I ll ustra t ed . . 12 o , c ot h

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— Th e Tel ep h one H a nd book . 1 28 I ll ustra ti ons . 1 46
,

pa ges! 16 o , c ot h
 V AN N OS TRAND COM PAN Y S
’
64 D .

WI LLI AM SON R , . S. Ou th e Use

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of th e B a ro m eter on

nec t io n wi t h H ypso et ry Pa rt I I m
Surv eys a nd R e co nno issa nc es Pa rt I M et eo ro l o gy in it s
Ba ro et ri c ypso etx r
. .

m H m
g
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A TREATI SE ON TH E COM POUND STEAM ENGI NE By

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D w l ng h ouses By Geo rge E Wa ring, Jr Second ed it i on,

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Use mil
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57 I NCAND ESCENT ELECTRI C LI GH TI NG

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No . .

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No .

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ent s By Art hur Winslow

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Brow n .

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S ha w C E , . .

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«

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S ta t es By Pro f J C Fo ye
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No . re s.

Wa t er
THE
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D i a gra m s .
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By Geo W Ra ft er . . .
OF POTABLE
S eco nd ed it io n .

No VAN NOS TRAND S LE-BOOK FOR CI VIL AND M E

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No . 1 05
Ex a
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m D ETERM I NANTS An I ntrod ucti on to th e Stud y

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m m
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No . 1 06 COM PRE SSED AI R

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Pow er by Co pressed Air i n Pa ri s m

E x peri ents upo n th e Tra ns i ssi o n of
’
( Po pp s Syst e ) By
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m m
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Pro f A B W Kenned
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. Th e Tra ns issi on a nd D istrib ut i on

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W C Unw in Ed it ed by F E I d ell
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. . ird e d i t i on
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No . 1 07 GR APHI CAL METHOD FOR SWI NG BRI D GES

. A A .

Ra t i ona l a nd Ea s Gra ph i ca l Ana l ysis o f t h e St resses in Ord ina ry

Sw ing B ri d ges it h a n I nt ro d uct i on on th e Genera l Th eo
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By B enja in . m
No . 1 08 SLI D E- V ALV E DI AGRAM S
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st ruct ing Sli d e- v a lv e D i a gra s

A French M ethod f or Con
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Assista nt Na v a l Constructor, U S N a vy 8 Fol d ing Pla t es
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No. 1 09. TH E M EA S UREM ENT OF ELE CTRI C CURRENTS

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1 10 TRANSI TI ON CUR V E S A Fi el d book f or Engineers Con

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-
,
t a ini ng Rul es a nd Ta bl es f o r La ying o ut Tra nsit i on Curves By .

Wa lt er G Fox C E .
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No . 1 1 1 GAS LI GH TI NG AND GA S FI TTI NG

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m
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R ul e s for Ga s pi ping N ot es o n t h e Ad v a nt a ges o f Ga s f or

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Coo ki ng a nd H e a t i ng a nd U seful H int s to Ga s Co nsu ers Thi rd ,

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e d it i o n By W Pa ul Ge rha rd C E

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No 1 12
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A P RI M ER ON TH E CALCULU S By E S er a n Go ul d,

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M A . . S oc . C E Third ed iti o n, rev ised a nd en a rged

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No . 1 1 3
go ugno n,
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fo r m e rly Assista nt at
a nd Thei r Sol uti on
B ell ev ue H ospita l
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By
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No . 1 1
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MANUAL OF TH E SLI D E R ULE
A eri ca n M a chinist
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Third ed ition, correc ted .
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Hal sey , of

No . 1 15 TRAV ER SE TABLE Sho wing th e D i fl erenc e of La ti tud e

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a nd D epa rt ure f o r D i st a nces B et ween 1 a nd 1 00 a nd f o r Angl o

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Qua rter D egrees B etw een 1 D egree a nd 90 D egrees ( Reprinted
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AND S I RAL GEARI NG
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1 1 PRA CTI CAL HYD ROSTA TI CS, AND HYD ROSTA TI C FOR
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mm
Wit h Nu erous I ll ustra tive Figures a nd Nu erica l
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By E S he r a n Go ul d
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m
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No 1 1 8 . TREATMENT OF SEPTI C SEWA GE, with Dia gra s a nd

Figures . By Geo . W Ra fter
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m With Fol ding

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No 1 19 L A Y-
OUT OF CORLI SS VALV E GEARS

m m
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Pla tes a nd D ia a s By S a nford A M oss, M S Ph D Re

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p rin t e d fro rh e A eri ca n M a chini st , with rev isi ons a nd
a d d it i o ns Seco nd ed it i on
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No .

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1 2 0.ART OF GENERATI NG GEAR TEETH By H owa rd A
Co o b s Wit h Fi gures, D i a gra s a nd Fold i ng Pl a tes
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t h e A eri ca n M a chi nist

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print ed fro .

No . 121 M
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T. EN S OF GAS ENGI NE D ESI GN
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Reprint of a Set
pa nying a Co urse of Le c t ures d eli vere d a t Co rnell
n v ers t y in 1 902 By S a nfo rd A Mo ss I ll ustra te d
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mn
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No . 1 22. SH AFT GOVERNORS . By w Trink s a nd

. c
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l ust ra t ed .

No . 1 2 3.FURNACE DRAFT ; I TS PROD UCTI ON B Y MECHANI CAL

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M et h o d s A H a nd y Refere nce B o ok , wit h figures a nd t a bles By
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Willi a Wa l la ce Chri st ie I ll ust ra ted . .

.