AutomotiveMagnetoIgnition 10054422

AUTOMOTIVE
MAG NETO IG NITION

ITS
PRI N C I PL E AND APPLI CATI ON
W I TH
S
PEC I AL REFERENC E TO AV I ATI ON ENG I NES
MIC H . E TOEPEL
.
Me mb er Soc iety Au to m o t i ve En gi n ee rs
In struc to r U 8
. . G o v ern m en t Sc h o o l fo r the Stud y of
Magn eto Ign itio n
SEC O ND EDITI ON
REVISED AND ENLARG ED
NEW Y ORK
SPO N 8: C H A MBERLAI N ,
1 2 0 L I BERTY ST .
LONDON
E. F . N SPON
.
,
Im , 57 H AY MARK ET s W , . .
C o pyri ghte d 1 9 1 8
C o p y ri ghte d 1 9 1 9
MI C H . E TOEPEL
.
ALL Rx c u rs REsEnv m
'
Adc raft Prin tin g C o rpo rati o n , 27 East 3 l st Street, Nw

e Y o rk
M
.
2 2 6667
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1 57
PREFAC E
In compi l i n g this work it h a s been the en deavor

to provide a ready re fere n ce o n the subj ect of
magn eto ign ition as app l ied to automotive en gi n es .
The rapid expan sion of the practica l app l ic a tion

of e l ectricity for the purp ose of i gn ition ren ders i t
difficu l t to give a co n cise descrip tion of a l l deta il s
i n vol ved con sequen tl y this work treats prin cip a l ly
,
on the most e ffi cie n t type of ign itio n n amel y the

, ,
magn eto .
There is n o doubt tha t o n e of the i n fluen tial

factors i n the devel opmen t o f aviation e n gi n es is
d ue to the remarkabl e e ffi cien cy an d re l iabi l ity o f
modern magn eto ign ition I t has demon strated that
.
the super power devel ope d by the presen t d ay

-
aviation e n gin es is possibl e on accou n t of the un

fai l i n g spark Which n othi n g but a magn eto c an
produce .
The superiority of magn eto ign ition i n this fiel d

stan ds out promin e n tly i n a smuch as that o n e o f
the ca rdi n a l features is tha t it is en ti f e1y sel f
'
co n tai n ed requirin g but a sma ll a mou n t of en ergy

,
f rom the en gi n e to produce a powerfu l sp a rk .
I t wa s decided to publ ish this work i n the for m

o f a question aire i n order that the reader may
,
e asi l y grasp the pri n cip l es of a comp l ex but i n

,
vi PREFAC E
te re sti n g subj ect A n other adva n tage is thereby

.
obtai n ed tha t a n y p a rticu l a r subj ect m ay be e a si l y

,
re ferred to .
The author has had twe n ty on e yea rs of pr a ctica l

-
experie n ce i n the ign itio n fiel d i n additio n a cti n g

,
as I n str uctor o f the U S Govern me n t Magn eto

. .
I n structi o n Schoo l .
I t ha s bee n the e n deavor of the a uthor to avoid

re feren ce to an y specific type of apparatus a n d
—
m i n ute deta i l s for severa l r ea so n s pa rtl y beca use
the obj ect of this work is to set for th the ge n era l
pri n cip l es of m a gn eto ign ition a l so beca use a n y
,
detai l desired m a y be obta i n ed i n the l iterature

p rovided by the m a n u f a cturers of ign itio n devices .
Itwou l d be impossibl e to give i n the comp a ss

of this v o l ume a description of every mo difi c ati on
a n d a void co n fusio n by the e l abor a tio n o f sma l l
features .
The kn o wl edge of the pri n ciples o f ign itio n i n

vo l ves the study of m an y diverse subj ects as b a t ,
te ri e s c a rburetors etc
, ,con seque n tly the i n forma
.
,
tion con tai n ed herei n except whe n re ferri n g to

,
a viatio n e n gi n es is eq ua l l y a l i b l e t th r aut
, pp c a o o e o
motive en gi n es o f the i n tern al combustio n type .
New Y ork
L IST OF IL L USTRATIO NS
Pa ge
Ae rom a ri n e , 150 H P . .
, 8 c y l i n d e r, 90 d egree , Vee en
An g ul a rity Ve e en g i n e 90 d eg ree s
, ,
An gul a ri ty Vee e n gi n e 4 5 d eg re e s
, ,
An sa l d o 22 0 H P 6 c y l in d e r v ertic a l
, . .
, , e n gi n e
Austro Da im l er 2 00 H P 6 c y lin d e r
-
, . .
, ,
v e rti c a l ty p e en
i
g ne ( sec ti o n a l v iew ) 129
B a tte ry ti m e r c i rc ui t d i ag ra m 68
B a tte ry ti m e r i gn i ti o n sy stem , 8 c y li n d e r, Vee e n gi n e . . 1 04
B en z , 2 30 H P 6 . .
, c y l i n d e r, v e rti c a l e n g i n e 12 7
B uga tti , 4 10 H P
,
1 6 c y l i n d e r,. . v e rti c a l e n gi n e ;2 ro ws
o f 8 c y l i n d e rs i n b l o c k s o f 4 12 0
B uz z e r te st set 66
93
C ro ss sec ti o n spa rk pl ug , ro ta ry en g i n e ty p e 44
Curren t p ath a rm ature ty p e m a g n e to
,
4
Cu rrent p ath po l a r i n d uc to r m a gn e to
,
14
C urti ss 1 00 H P 8 c y l i n d e r 90 d egre e
, . .
, , , Vee en g i n e . . 111
Cy l i n d e r , ro ta ry e n g i n e 62
Deta c h a b l e c ab l e f o r m a gn eto 91
Di stri buto r ,
ro ta ry e n g i n e 91
Dry b a tte ri e s , c o n n e c te d m ul ti p l e se ri e s 60
Ex te rn a l w i ri n g d i a g ra m ge n e ra to r ba tte ry ign i ti o n sy s
Ex wi ri n g p l a n f o r m agn eto i gn iti o n sy stem

te rn a l
Fi rin g o rd er Curti ss 8 c y l i n d e r Ve e en gi ne , ,
Fi rin g o rd e r H i sp a n o Sui z a 8 c y li n d e r Vee e n g i n e -

, , .
Fi ri n g o rd e r L ibe rty ,
12 c yl i n d e r, Vee e n gi n e .
Fi ri n g o rd e r Sturtev a n t , 8 c y l i n d e r Ve e en g i n e
,
Fl a m e p ro p agatio n a ro u n d Sp a rk p l ug e l e c tro d e s
Fl ux p ath , i n d uc to rmag n eto
Fl u x p at h , p o l a r i n d uc to r m ag n eto
viii L IST or I LLUSTRATI ONS
Fo rm ula f o r th e c al c ul ati o n o f m agn eti z i n g c o i l s

H a l l Sc ott, 1 5 0 H P, 6 c yl in de r v erti c al engi n e
-
. .
,
H a ll S c o tt, 4 5 0 H P, 12 c y l i n d er, 60 d egree , v erti c al

. .
e n gi n e
H i sp an o -
Sui z a ,
1 80 H P . .
, 8 c yli n d e r, 90 d eg re e, Vee
e n gi n e
H igh ten si on starti ng ma gn e to

Hy d rometer sy ri n ge
I m p ul se sta rte r f o r h igh - te si o n magn eto
I nt e rn al c i rc ui t d i a gra m h i gh ten si o n m agn eto ,
-
I n tern al wi ri n g d iagram f o r m agn eto ign it i o n system .
In te rn a l wi ri n g d ia gra m o f gen e rato r battery ign i ti o n

sy stem 98
I n te rn al wi ri n g p l a n , syn c hro n iz ed magn eto s a n d c o n tro l
swi tc h
Le Rh on e ,
H P 9 c yl i n d e r rota ry en g in e
80 . .
, ,
Lo rra in e -
Di etri c h 2 75 H P 8 c yl in d er 90 d egree Vee
, . .
, , ,
e n g In e
Magneti zi n g c oi l s
Magn eti c fi e l d b a r m agnet ,
Magneti c fiel d l ike pol es rep el ,
Magn eti c fiel d un l ike po l es attrac t

,
Magn eti c fiel d w i re hel i ,

x
Magn et ic fl u p a th o f a p o la r i n d uc to r m a gn eto
x
Magn eto i gn iti o n c ro ss c o n n ec ted Vee en gi n e

, ,
Ma gn eto i gni tio n si n gl e sp ark Vee en gin e , ,
Magn eto i gn iti o n two sp ark Vee en gin e , ,
Magn eto ro tary eng in e

,
Maybac h 300 H P 6 c yl i n d e r v e rtic al en gin e

, . .
, ,
Mil l er 12 5 H P 4 c yl i n der v e rtic al e ngin e

, . .
, ,
Npa
“
ie r Li o n, 4 5 0 H P, 1 2 . . c y l i n d e r, 60 d e gree en gi n e
3 bl oc k s o f 4 c y l i n d e rs
Osc i l l o gra mm s
Po si tio n o f c a rbo n b rush on d i stributo r .
Rel atio n o f spa rk a d v an c e to p i ston trav el 84

Rel a ti v e p o si tion s o f p i ston s an d c o nn ec ti n g ro d s, 9 c yl
i n de r rota ry en g i n e 1 03
Ren a ul t 65 0 H P 12 c yl i n d er 60 d egree Vee
, . .
, , , e n gi n e . . . 12 4
Ro tatin g c i rc uit b reak er 20
Ro to r an d wi n d i n g i n duc to r magn eto ,
16
Sec ti on ,
l ead pl a te sto rage b attery . 52
Sec ti o n ,
n i c k el i ro n sto rag e b atte ry
- 54
L I ST OF I L L U STRATION S ix
Page
Spa rk s 1
Statio n a ry c i rc ui t b reak e r 22
Stray m agn eti c fi el d armature d i ago n al , 12
Stra y m agn eti c fiel d a rm ature h o ri zo n tal
, 6
Stray m agn eti c fiel d a rm a ture rev e rsi n g ,
10
Stray m agn eti c fiel d a rma ture v e rti c a l , 8
Sturtev a n t 2 10 H P 8 c yl i n de r 90 d egree Ve e en gi n e 1 14
, . .
, , , .
Sym b o l s Fro n ti spi ec e

Th o m a s Mo rse 2 5 0 H P 8 c y li n d e r 90 degree Ve e eu
-
, . .
, , ,
g i n e si
( d e v i ew )
Th o m a s Mo rse 2 5 0 H P 8 c yl i n d e r 90 d egree Ve e en
-
, . .
, , ,
g i n e ( e n d v i ew )
Typ i c a l a v i a ti o n en gi n e s d ev e l op e d d uri n g th e ye a rs
1 9 14 1 9 1 9
-
Un i d i rec ti on a l p o la r i n duc to r m agn eto

Un i on ga s e n gin e 120 H P 6 c yl i n d e r
, . .
, , v e rti c a l en
gIn e
V a lv e i gn iti o n ti m i n g
a nd , a i rp l a n e e n g i n e
Van B l erc k v e rt i c a l e n gi n e
W i re h eli x ab se n c e o f m agn e ti c fi el d
,
W i rin g p l a n o f m agn e to i n sta l l ati o n o n th e L ib erty en
W i rin g p l a n sto rag

, e b a tte ry c h a rgi n g c i rc ui t
Mag n e to sp a rk s o v e r a 6 m /m air ga p .
1 Wh a t i s i m p l i e d b y th e te rm i gn i ti o n ?
.
The ign ition o f a combustibl e body is the resu l t

of a form of ki n etic e n ergy i n which mol ecu l ar
movemen t takes p l a ce thes e viol en t mol ecu l ar
,
move m e n ts produce hea t a n d a correspon din g ris e

i n tempera ture which i f co n ti n ued wi ll caus e the
, ,
body to gl ow a n d the emissio n o f l ight begi n s i n

the form of red rays this con ti n u e s u n ti l a poi n t
,
is r each e d wher e i n flamm a tio n is a ff ected .
2 .Wh a t i s n e c e ssa ry to p ro d uc e i gn i ti o n ?
In eve ry form of ign itio n ; mea n s must be use d
to permit the ki n etic mol e cu l a r e n e rgy to d evel op
su ffic ie n t heat to cause the ris e i n te mpera tu re
necess a ry to p roduce ign itio n this is o n l y possib l e
,
through the e x p e n ditu re o f e n ergy i n some form .
I t is evide n t tha t the pri n cip l e of ign itio n d epe n d s

upon the deve l opme n t of he a t .
3 . Wh a t i s th e e v o l uti o n o f c o m b usti o n ?
The pos te n ti a l forms o f he a t a n d l igh t whe n
simu l tan e ous ly produce d m ay be call ed i n fla mm a
tio n a n d the physica l cha n ge which produces thi s
,
e ff ect is ca l l ed ign ition .
4 . H ow m a n y so urc e s o f e n e rgy w il l p ro d uc e i gn i ti o n ?
There a re four forms o f e n ergy kn o wn at th e

pres e n t tim e n a me ly m echa n ica l ca l oric chemical
, , , ,
2 AUTOMOTIVE MAGN ETO IGNITION
an del ectrica l a n y of which may be uti l ized to

,
produce ign itio n .
5 . Wh a t a re th e a d v an ta g e s o f e l e c tri c ty i n p ro d uc i n g
i gn i ti o n ?
El ectricity o n accou n t o f its won derfu l fle x ibil ity

ha s the a dvan tage th a t it m ay be produced accordi n g
to requireme n ts a n d ca us e d to appe a r in a n y desired
form a t a n y p l ace a n d be a l tered to suit the purpose
,
i n th e best m a n n e r .
6 . Wh at is e n e rgy ?
The power of doi n g work .
7 . Wh at i s p o te n ti a l e n e rgy ?
The cap a city for doi n g work .
8 . Wh a t i s K i n e ti c En e rgy ?
That which app l ies to the en ergy o f motio n .
9 . W ha t i s th e t h e o ry o f e l e c tri c i ty ?
El ectricity exists i n a passive state i n every thi n g ,
scie n tists say that the a toms which bui l d up eve ry

thi n g are comp osed of two di ff ere n t el emen ts
ca l l ed e le ctron s o n e ki n d bei n g positive whi l e the
-
,
others are term ed n egative In the ordi n ary course .
they n eutral ize on e a n other an d i f el ectricity is to

b e uti l ized it is n ecessary to separate the n e gative
from the posi tive el ectron s when a curren t wi ll be ,
caused to flow I t is however easier to set e l ec

.
, ,
tri c i ty i n m o tio n i n some sub st an ces than i n others .
Copper an d most meta l s for i n sta n ce the e l ectro n s ,

AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITI ON 3
move without much difficu l ty an d they are k n ow n a s

con ductors In hard rubber air there is great
.
, ,
resista n ce a n d they are kn own as n on con ductors -

,
here it may be poi n ted out that there is a great

di ff ere n ce betwee n e l ectricity a n d a curren t of
e l ectricity The disti n ction may be made c lear
.
by an an al ogy We l ive surrou n ded by th e a t

.
m o sph e re but n orm a lly we are u n a ware

,
o
presen ce u n ti l there is a chan ge i n the c on dition s

when pre ssure is brought to bear an d a wi n d is
, ,
caused to rise which we fee l Simi l arly e lectricity .
remai n s u n n oti ced u n ti l it is set i n motion .
There a re several ways of setti n g el ectricity i n

motion on e of the me thods of e x citi n g a n e l ectric
,
curre n t is by uti l izi n g the properties of magn etism

i n e l ec tric i n duction produced by the motio n of a
con ductor or wire past a perm an e n t magn et or of a
magn et past a con ductor .
10 . Wh a t are m o l e c ul e s an d a to m s?
Mol ecul es are

ti ny masses o f a n y substa n ce which
co n ta in the same properties of the substa n ce Atoms .
a re sti ll sma ll er divisio n s .
11 . Wha t i s th e th e o ry of a ma gn e to ?
In the first p la ce we have to form a con cepti on

th at every m a gn et is surrou n ded by l i n es of forc e
radia ti n g from the p o l es which form ca te n a ry
,
curve s that b ecome More o pen an d di ff used as the

d ista nc e fro m th e po l es b e c o m es grea ter
—
.
Sec on d that an y con ductor or wire moved so as

to c ut the l i n es of force is a ff ec te d by them c o n ,
4 A UTOMOTIVE MAG NETO IGN ITION
se qu en tly a curre n t is se t up i n the wire at right

a n g l e s to th e directio n of motio n .
—
Third th e i n ten sity o f the curre n t thus ge n era ted
i s d ep e n den t upo n the n umber of l i n e s of force cut
i n a give n tim e or wh a t amou n ts to th e same
, ,
t hi n g to the stre n gth of the m a gn e ts a n d to the

,
rapidity Of motion .
Curre n t p a th , a rm a ture ty p e m a gn eto .
—
A Arm ature .
P—Pri m a ry w i n d i n g .
—
R Co n d e n se r .
—
s H o ll o w sh a ft .
S— Se c o n d a ry w i n di n g , to c o l l ec t o r
B BB
- —Gr u o nd b ru sh e s
X—B re a k e r l e v e r
.
c a rry i n g p l a ti n um c o n ta c t
W —Pri ma ry
.
,
a n d c o n d e n se r c o n n e c ti o n
C —Ci rc uit b re ak er f a ste n i n g

.
sc re w
Y—Pl ati n um c o n tac t sc rew
.
—
.
G P im r a ry an d se c o n d a ry g ro un d .
Th e i
p m a ry
r c urre n t flows f ro m g ro un d h
t ro ug h th e
p m a ry
ri w i n d i n g to t h e c i rc u i t b reak e r b a c k to gro un d
, .
Th e se c o n d a ry o r h i g h -
ten si o n c u rre nt fl o w s f ro m gro un d
h
t ro ug h th e se c o n d a ry wi n d i n g to th e d i strib uto r to th e
,
sp a rk p l ug s, to g ro un d .
AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION 5
—
Fourth that the most co n ven i e n t form which on
th e co n ductor or wires c a n be arra n ged i n order

to mai n ta i n a con ti n uous motion is tha t of a ,
cyl i n drica l body such a s a n a rm a ture

, .
—
Fi f th th a t i n ste a d of ge n er a ti n g curren t as in
the a rma ture method a me an s such as rotati n g
, ,
ma sses of iron a cti n g i n ductive l y upon a station a ry

wi n di n g may be emp l oy e d .
12 . Wh a t is a m a gn e to ?
A mechan ica l device f o r ge n e r a ti n g el ectric cur

ren t to ign ite the ga s e ous mixture i n the cyl i n ders ,
of i n tern al combustion en gi n es .
1 2 -A Wha t i s th e c y c l e o f e l e c tri c c urren t a s ap p l i e d to

a m a g n e to ?
The seri e s of chan ges through which the curren t

repe a ted ly passe s i n o n e r evo l utio n of the armature .
12 3 Wh a t i s i n d uc ti o n a s a p p li e d t o a m a gn e t o ?
An e l ec tric curre n t produced i n a con ductor by

the va riation o f the m a gn e tic fie l d i n its vici n ity .
13 . Wh a t is a hi g h ten si o n m a gn e to ?
A high ten sion magn e to is sel f con ta i n ed that

- -
,
is ;it ha s bo th th e p rim a ry an d sec o n da ry wi nd i ng ,
n ece ssary for the productio n of th e sp a rk either ,
woun d o n a shuttl e type Of armature or the primary

a n d seco n d a ry wi n di n g m a y be statio n ary as i n the
i n ductor type m a gn e to .
6 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION
Stray ma gn eti c fiel d i n an a rm a ture typ e m agn eto , th e

a rm a ture in a h o ri zo n ta l p o siti o n th e magn eti c fl ux fl o w
,
i n g f ro m th e n o rth po l e a t th e ri gh t to th e so uth p o l e .
8 AUTOMOTI VE MAGNETO IGNITION
Stray m ag n e ti c fi el d o f a n a rm a ture typ e m a gn eto , a rm a

ture is in a v e rti c al p o si ti o n , th e magn eti c fl ux i s at z e ro
h
t ro ug h th e w i n d i n g, as th e p o l a ri ty o f th e a rmature is
a b o ut to rev erse .
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION 9
whe n the i n duced vo l tage is growi n g from ze ro

to its m a ximum val ue an d for som e l ittle t im e
,
afterw a rds but n ot u n ti l the vol tage has become

,
zero a gai n .
Duri n g the period of c l osi n g the primary circuit

th e i n duced curre n t rises ste a di l y i n va l ue The n
.
a t a predetermi n ed i n sta n t the co n tacts are su d de n l y
separa te d by the cam The con den ser is i n p a rall el

.
with the con tacts an d i n sures tha t there is n o a rci n g

a t th e co n tacts a t this i n sta n t con sequen tly the
,
rupture of the prim a ry curre n t is al most i n stan

ta n eo us .
Th e s udde n rupture of the prim a ry curre n t ca us e s

an i n sta n tan eous col la ps e of the magn etic fie l d a n d ,
as the fie l d is surrou n ded wi th secon dary turn s ,
a n e n ormous vo l ta ge is i n duced i n th e seco n d a ry
wi n di n g a t this i n sta n t This vol ta ge is suffi cie n t

.
to ca use a spark to j ump betwee n the el ectrodes

of the spark p l ug an d this sp a rk is mai n tain ed to
,
some exte n t by the vol tage i n duced i n th e secon dary

by the reaso n Of the con ti n ual flux chan ge i n the
iro n core produced by the rotation duri n g the
period tha t the co n tacts rem a i n separated After .
a short i n terva l o f ti m e the c a m p ermits th e c o n
t a cts to c lose a gai n an d the cyc l e o f ope ration is re

p e a te d .
There is an importa n t part o f the magn eto ,
n a me l y the con de n ser a l though a n esse n tial p a rt

, ,
o f the magn eto pl ays a purel y subsidiary part a n d

, ,
i f it were possibl e to bre a k the primary circuit

quickly e n ough it woul d be u n n ecessary an d the
m a gn e to wou l d i n fact be better without it The
,
.
purpose of the con de n ser is to d el ay the production

Stray m a gn eti c fie l d of an a rm a ture typ e m a gn eto , th e

a rm a ture in a p o si ti o n wh e n th e c o n ta c t p o i n ts o f th e c i r
c ui t b reak e r a re ab o ut to sep a ra te .
AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITIO N 11
at the co n tact poi n ts of the volta ge due to the rapid

i n itial movem en t of the l i n es of force I f it were .
n o t for this de l a y the vo l tage wou l d be m a n i fested
at the p lati n um poi n ts before they ha d time to

separate p roperly con sequen tly arci n g a t the
,
p l ati n um poi n ts wou l d e n sue the circuit wou l d n ot

,
be broke n cl ea nl y a n d sha rp l y a n d burn i n g Of th e

con tact poi n ts wou l d oc cur The co n de n ser obviates
.
this by absorbi n g the i n itial curre n t rush a n d pre

ven ti n g the vol ta ge from buil di n g up to a n ap
r i b l va l ue before the co n t a ct poi n ts h a ve h a d
p e c a e
time to separa te properly but at the same time

,
that it retards the devel opmen t of the prima ry vol t

age i t reta rds tha t o f the seco n da ry vol ta ge a l so so ,
that its cap a city shoul d n ot exceed the mi n imum

n ecessary for the success ful suppression of the
sparki n g at the con ta ct poin ts .
19 . Wh a t i s te rm e d th e i n d uc ed se c o n d ary v o l ta ge of
a m a gn e to ?
Prior to the occurre n ce of the break a certai n ,
amou n t o f e n ergy is stored i n the prima ry wi n di n g

b y vir tue of the ma gn e tic fiel d associated with th e
c urre n t i n duced i n the wi n di n g by rot a ti o n The .
m agn eto is so desi gn ed that at the i n sta n t when

the con ta cts separa te this e n ergy c a n be tran s
,
fo rmed magn e tically to the secon dary wi n di n g to

reappea r at the el ectrode s of the s pa rk plug i n th e
form of a high ten si o n discharge at a ve ry much
-
h i gher poten ti a l The rate at which the seco n da ry

.
v ol tage rises an d the m axim um Va lue reach ed

a re depe n de n t on the primary curre n t broke n on ,
th e se l f i n ducti on of th e prima ry a t the time of the

-
Stray m agn eti c field i n a n a rm ature m ag n eto a rm a

typ e ,
ture h a s a d v a n c e d a b o ut 4 5 degree s th e
,
m ag n eti c fl ux p a ss
i n g th ro ugh th e wi n d in g .
AUTOMOTI VE MAGNETO IGNITION 13
brea k on the r a tio of tu r n s of wire a n d on the

, ,
chara cteristics of the ma gn etic circuit In other .
words it is n ecess a ry tha t the m a gn eti c fie l d create d

by the prim a ry curren t sha l l i n sta n tly coll ap se at
the time Of the break Obvious ly the rate a t which
.
,
the magn eti c fi e l d disappea rs is other thin gs bei n g ,
equ a l vital l y depe n de n t upo n the cha ra cteristics of

,
the m a gn etic circuit through which this magn eti c

fie l d is passi n g This me an s that the magn etic
.
circuit that is comp l etely l a mi n a ted wi ll i n sure a

more rapid dyin g a way of the m a gn etic fie l d tha n
wou l d occur i f there are i n the ma gn etic fiel d an y
sol id masses i n which eddy curren ts m ay be set
up duri n g the period of ch an ge these eddy curre n ts ,
by their re a ction te n di n g to reta rd the rate a t

which the coll a pse of the m a gn etic l i n es occurs .
20 . Wh a t are th e p ri n c i p l e s o f m a gn e to i gn i ti o n ?
The fu n ctio n O f the m a gn eto is to produce the

ign ition of a n exp l osive cha rge i n the cyl i n der of
a n i n ter n a l combustio n e n gi n e .
I t is possib l e to regard the spark given by a

m a gn eto or other e l ectric app l ian ce a s bei n g simp ly
a sm a ll source Of in te n se heat a n d the ra te Of flam e
ro
p p g o a ti o n i n an e n gi n e cy l i n der d e p e n ds to a n
a ppreciab l e exte n t o n the ava i l a b l e e n ergy i n th e
ign ition sp a rk an d co n seque n tly the hors e powe r

deve l oped i n a n e n gi n e provided the spark is o f
,
su ffi ci e n t i n te n si ty to i n sure good ign ition but i f ,
the mixture is too we a k an d the spark i n te n sity is

too l ow m i sfi ri n g may occur i n which case the
, ,
horse power drops o ff .
Un der sta rti n g co n ditio n s howeve r the probl e m

, ,
Curren t path p ol a r i n d uc to r magn eto

, .
21 . W h at is a l o w -te n si o n m a gn e to ?
this type there is but on e wi n di n g an d requires

In
a tra n s former to step the l ow ten sion curren t to -
high te n sion or the l ow te n sio n c urre n t may be

- -
used direct for m ake a n d bre a k ign ition .
22 . W ha t i s th e p rin c i p l e of a l o w -te n si o n m a gn e to
wi th a tra n sfo rm er?
In
a high te n sio n system of ign itio n emp l oyi n g
-
a lo w te n sion magn eto the pri n cip l e of operation

-
,
is b a sed on the extra curre n t produced at the

mom e n t o f open in g O f the p l ati n um poi n ts of the
circuit bre a ker .
Ro to r an d wi n d i n g i n d uc to r m agn eto
o f an .
Th e w i n d i n g i s stati o n a ry a n d th e roto r b l oc ks rev o lv e .
23 . Wha t is an i n d uc t o r ty p e m a g n eto ?
this type the magn etic flux is made to pass

In ,
through a sta tio n ary wi n di n g first i n o n e direction ,
a n d the n i n r e vers e w a y an a l te r n a ti n g e l ectro

,
motive force wi ll b e produced an d i f the te rmi n al s , ,
of the wi n di n g a re con n ected to a n outside resista n ce ,
curre n t wi ll flow In the pri n cip l e of the i n ductor

.
AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION 17
magn eto the curre n t is i n duced i n its wi n di n g i n

,
stead Of bei n g gen erated i n the wi n di n g whe n a

wi n di n g is moved so as to cut the l i n es of magn etic
force .
24 . W ha t i s a p o l a r i n d uc to r t y p e of m a g n e to ?
Whe n a rotor comprises iro n masses o f a fixed

or con sta n t pol a rity Op e ra ti n g i n co n j u n ction with
a n iro n core carryi n g the wi n di n gs the i n strum en t ,
is design ated as a pol a r i n ductor type of m a gn eto .
Fl ux p ath o f an i n d uc to r m agn eto , a rev ersa l o f m ag

n e ti c fl ux o c c urri n g ev e ry 90 d e g ree s .
Th e p ath o f th e m agn eti c fl ux i s i n d i c ated by th e a rro ws

an d fl o ws f ro m o n e p o l e p i ec e at th e b ase o f th e
m a gn ets, th ro ugh o n e h al f o f the ro to r b l o c k , th ro ugh th e
w i n d i n g th ro ugh th e o pp o si te ro to r b l o c k to th e o pp o sit e
,
p o l e p i ec e . W h en th e r o t o r h a s m o v e d 9 0 d e g ree s th
,
e
Op o si te fa c e s o f th e ro to r w i l l a ga i n b e p re sen te d to th e
p o e p i e c e s,
b ut t h e m a g n e t i c fl o w w i l l b e i n t h e o pp o si te .
d i rec ti o n a n d c a uses th e m a gn eto to p ro d uc e a n a l te rn at

i n g c urren t .
25 . W h at is a tw o sp a rk m a g n e to ?
A m a gn eto provided with two distributors c on ,
n e c te d to each e n d Of the seco n dary wi n di n g de ,

sign ed to produce two sp a rks simul ta n eousl y at

two di ff eren t spark p l ugs i n the same e n gi n e c yl
i n der .
26 . Wh a t is a sl e e v e in d uc to r m a gn e to ?
A m a gn eto which embodies a sta tion a ry shuttl e

type a rm a ture surrou n ded by a rota ti n g s l eeve .
The moveme n t o f the ro tati n g sl eeve pr oduces a

c h an ge of magn etic flux through the statio n a ry ar
m atu re eve ry 90 d e grees co n sequen tl y 4 sp a rks are

,
p roduced every revo l utio n .
Fl ux p ath Of a i n d uc to r m agn eto , a rev ersa l O f

po l a r
m agn et i c fl ux oc c urri n g ev ery 180 d eg ree s
O
N
Th e rota ti n g po l e s , Sare al way s o f th e sa m e p o l a ri ty ,
w h en N i s o p p o si te 3 , th e fl ux fl o w s f ro m N
to 3 th ro ug h
t h e c o re o f th e w i n d i n g 5 to 4 , to S .
In th e se c o n d fi g ure th e p o l e h as m o v e d N o v er to 4
and the di rec ti o n o f th e fl o w o f fl ux i s re v e rsed an d fl ows
f ro m Nto 4 , th ro ugh 5 to 3 to S .
Inh e th i rd figure th e rotat i n g p o l e s o c c upy a m i d way

t
p o sItIo n , h e re th e fi e l d p i e c e s 3 a n d 4 a re m a g n e ti c a l l y
sh o rt c i rc ui te d c l e a ri n g stra y l i n e s o f fl ux o ut o f th e
,
c o re 5
27 . W ha t i s m ean t b y th e term Syn c h ro n i z ed Mag

n e to s?
The occurre n ce o f two sp a rks from two m ag

, n etos simu l ta n eous ly i n the cy l i n der of an e n gi n e .
28 . W ha t is a fix e d sp a rk m a g n e to ?
A magn e to i n which the re l atio n o f the magn eti c

bre a k of the rota ti n g e l em e n t with the mech an ica l
ore ak o f the c o n ta cts is i n a fix e d positio n it h a s ,
n o timi n g l eve r .
28 -
A . W h at is a un i d ire c ti o n a l ma gn e to ?
A high ten sion m a gn eto tha t produce s sp a rks o f

o n e po l a rity o n l y Th e re a re four m agn e tic br eak s
.
withi n the m a gn eto but owi n g to a modific a tio n of

,
th e c a m o n l y tw o sp a rks both o f the s a me po l a rity

, ,
a re produced In the ordi n ary magn e to the curr e n t

.
bei n g a l tern a ti n g sparks o f n ega tive a n d positive

,
po l a rity are produc e d ( Se e a l s o .
H i gh -
ten si o n S
ta rti ng m a gn eto f o r a i rp l a n e en g i n e s
.
2 8 -B . W hat is a sta rt i n g m a gn e to ?
Itis a smal l ge a red up h a n d cra n k e d m a gn eto

,
operati n g a s an a uxi l i a ry sc o urc e of high te n sio n -
curre n t wh e r eby a show e r O f spa rks m ay be

,
ge n era ted to produce ign ition i n th e cyl i n der about

to fi re through the m e dium Of a tra i l i n g p i n i n
,
20 AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGN ITION
th e distributor which is set a n umber of degrees

l ater tha n the m a i n distributor a n d Operates i n
c o n j u n ctio n with it .
2 8 -C . H ow d o e s th e se c o n d a ry c urre n t flow in a hi g h
t e n si o n m a gn e to ?
Wh en the high ten sion c urre n t em an a tin g from

-
t h e m a gn et o p a ss e s thro ugh th e ce n ter e l ect rode
of th e spark p l ug to th e e n gi n e it is te rmed pos i tive ,
th e h igh t e n sio n c urr e n t fl owi ng from the grou n ded

-
e n d o f th e se c o n d a ry wi n di n g thr o ugh the magn eto ,
fr a m e e n gi n e spark pl ug sh el l to the ce n ter e l ec

, ,
, ,
m ed
t ro d e c ab l e to th e m a g n e t o th e c urr en t i s te r ,
n e ga t i v e .
Ro tatin g c i rc ui t b rea k e r w i th i n te rn a l ea r
ns .
29 . Wh a t is a c i rc ui t b re a k e r?
A circuit bre a ker is a mech an ic a l devic e for

ope n i n g an d cl osin g the prim a ry circuit h a vi n g ,
o n e statio n a ry co n ta ct a n d o n e c a m ac ua te d move
abl e co n tact
.
.
30 . H ow do es a c i rc ui t b rea k e r o p e ra t e ?
The co n tacts a re eith e r mou n ted o n a rotati n g

l ate d a ctuated by o n e o r more cams fixed i n
p an
a housi n g o r th e co n ta cts ma y b e fixe d

,
on a
m ova b l e p l a te an d a ctu a ted by a rota ti n g c a m .

AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITI ON 21
Wha t h a s th e ra p i d b re a ki n g of th e p rim ary

'
31 . c fl ec t
c i rc ui t up o n th e se c o n d a ry ?
It
has bee n show n by experime n t that whe n the ,
prima ry circuit is broke n by shooti n g a bul l et

through a wire it is possibl e to attai n a l on g
, .
seco n dary spark wi thout a co n den ser acros s the
p rim a ry circuit With a m e cha

. n ica l circuit bre a ker
the ra pidity of the bre a k is l imite d by the i mpe rf ec
t io n of the circuit breaker an d it becomes n e cessa ry
t o use a co n de n ser to preve n t the destructive a rci n g
a cross the co n tact poi n ts .
RIGH T WRONG WRONG
Po siti o n Of c a rb o n b rush on d i stri b uto r , c o n tac ts O p en

i n g, t i m i n g l e v e r f ul ly ad v a n c ed . Th e b rush sh o ul d be
f ul l on th e se gm en t o th e rwi se th e
, h i gh ly fin i sh ed surf ac e
of th e d i stri b uto r will b ec o m e p i tte d an d b urn t .
32 . Wha t is a di stri b uto r?
A b l ock Of i n su l ati n g m a teri a l havi n g a n umber

o f segme n ts or carbon brushes equa l to the n umber ,
o f cyl i n ders to be fi red a n i n su lated distributi n g,
member fitted with a brush or segmen t by mean s

of w h ich the high te n sio n curre n t is distributed to
-
the cyl i n ders i n their proper firi n g sequen ce .

22 AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION
33 . Wh at is c a ll e d d ua l i gn i ti o n ?
Du a l ign ition us e s a tra n s former a n d o n e set o f

sp a rk p l ugs with th e curre n t s upp l ied by eith e r the
m agn eto or a b a tte ry the circuit break e r an d the
,
distributor a re common to both The m agn et o .
m a y b e eith e r high t e n sio n o r l o w te n sio n

- -
.
Stati o n a ry c i rc ui t b rea k e r wi th ro tati n g c am .
34 . W ha t is c al l e d d up l e x i g n i ti o n ?
Dup l ex ign itio n uti l iz e s the b a tte ry curren t for

starti n g a l so the m a gn eto w he n the e n gi n e i s
cra n k e d . In this sy st e m the batte ry curre n t is
throw n i n ph a s e with th e m a gn e to the ba tt e ry ,
curr en t pa ssi n g t h rough a n impeda n c e coi l an d by ,
me an s of a commuta tor the flow of the ba ttery ,
curre n t is m a de to flow i n th e s a m e direction as

the magn eto cu rre n t tha t is i n a smuch a s the
,
m a gn eto curre n t is a ltern ati n g a n d the batte ry cur

r e n t a l so fl o ws i n the same direction o r i n pha se so ,
cal l ed .
35 . W ha t i s i n d e p e n d e n t i gn i ti o n ?
ign ition is a term usu a lly appl ied to

I n d ep e n de n t
a se l f co n tai n ed m a gn eto that it is n o t con n ected to
or depen den t o n an y auxi l i a ry source of curre n t .
24 AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGN ITIO N
40 . W ha t i s th e th e o ry of m a gn eti sm ?
Mag
etism is a ph a s e Of mol ecu l a r motion i n
n
which the magn etiz i n g process produc e s harmoni ous

V ibra tio n Of the mo l ec ul es to t a ke the same re l a tive
positio n whereby magn etic e ff ects a re produced .
Whe n the m a gn etizi n g process ceas e s the h a r ,
mo n i ous V ibr a tio n of mo l ecu l es is m a i n tai n ed i n

h a rde n ed stee l an d i n soft iro n this activi ty d i sa p
p ears e n tire l y .
l fl fldfl f m
I n tern a l w i ri n g p l a n , two sy n c h ro n i z e d ma gn eto s an d
c o n tro l swit c h .
41 . W ha t i s th e h i sto ry of m a gn e ti sm ?
has bee n said a n d writte n th a t the a n cie n t

It
Chi n ese w e r e a cquai n te d with the properties o f
m a gn etism which they u ti l ized i n the mari n er
, s
c ompass The Gr eek Shepard Ma gn eS so the
.
—
—
l e ge n d goes was u n expect e d ly detai n e d by the iro n
AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGN ITION 25
n ai l s i n his shoes bei n g hel d fast to a l arge body of

l odesto n e ( magn etic iro n ore ) with which he ac
c i d e n ta ll y c a me i n to co n t a ct .
The fact r e m a i n s tha t the properties Of magn etis m

have come to p l ay a V i ta l part i n the ign ition of the
i n tern al combustion e n gi n e .
42 . W h at is a m a gn e t ?
A body possessi n g the power of attracti n g the

opposite pol e s o f an other magn et or repe ll i n g the
l ike pol es o r h a vi n g the p o wer o f att r a cti n g mag
,
n e ti z a b l e bodies to either p ol e .
43 . W h at is a m a gn e ti c fi el d ?
The region of magn etic i n flue n ce surrou n di n g the

po le s o f a m a gn et Th e m a gn etic fie l d of an el ec
.
tric curre n t is that which surrou n ds a circuit

traversed by an e l ectric curre n t .
44 . W h at is a b ar m a gn e t ?
A simp l e m a gn etized ba r .
45 . W hat is a p e rm an e n t m a gn e t ?
A magn et composed o f h a rde n ed ste el which ,
u su a l ly co n tai n s a sma ll amou n t o f tu n gste n a n d ,
reta i n s its m a gn etism a l on g time a fter it is ma g

n e ti zed .
46 . W h at is a ho rse -sho e m a g n e t ?
A magn et is shaped l ike a horse shoe beca use it -

,
was fou n d that the gre a test magn etic stre n gth l a id
26 AUTOMOT IVE MAGNETO IGN ITION
Magn eti c fi el d Of a b a r m a gn et, th e c a ten a ry c urv e s be

c om e l on ger as th e d i sta n c e f ro m th e p o l e s i n c rea ses
.
AUTOMOTIVE M AG NETO IGNITION 27
in
’
the pol e s a n d its opposite pol es a re n ea rer to

gether co n s e que n tly through the con cen tration of
,
the magn etic l i n es o f force the pol es Of a horse ,
shoe m a gn e t o fl e r the l ea st re sistan ce to th e fl ow

o f the m a gn e tic l i n es o f forc e acros s the a Ir gap ,
i n terven i n g .
47 . Wha t is a c o m p o un d m a gn e t ?
A n umbe r o f si n gl e m a gn e ts p l aced on e over ,
a n other a n d with their simi l a r pol es f a ci n g each

other .
48 . W ha t is a b el l sh ap e d m a gn e t ?
This is a modifica tion O f the horse shoe m a gn et -
i n which the approachi n g po l e s a re semi a n n u l a r i n -
shape an d form a spl it tube .
49 . W ha t i s m ean t b y th e te rm , m a gn e ti c Perm e ab i li ty ?
Co n ductibi l ity
of the l i n es o f magn etic force .
I ro n possesses this property to a greate r degree as .
it permits the l i n es o f m a gn etic force to readi ly

pass through it i n other words the magn etic resist
,
a n ce Of iro n is l ow .
4 9 -A What is c al l e d Co e rc i v e f o rc e i n a m a gn e t ?
The power of resisti n g magn etiza tio n o r de

ma gn ti za ti o n H arden e d steel possesses this pro
.
perty to a greater degre e an d i n soft iron the co

e rc i v e force is feeb l e .
50 . W hat i s m a gn e ti c sa tura ti o n ?
Wh e n a m a gn e tized body f a i l s to be further

m a gn etiz e d n o m a tter h o w gr eat the m a gn etizi n g
force .
51 . Wh at i s m e an t b y a m agn e t b e i n g sup e r- sa tura t e d ?
A m a g t is s a id to b e super sa t ur a te d whe n it
ne -
h a s rec eive d m o re m a gn e ti sm th a n it c a n r e ta i n f o r
.
a n y l e n gth o f tim e a ft e r it h a s b ee n m a g n e tiz e d .
" . l
Ma g n eti c fiel d a ro un d a p a i r Of m a g n e ts t h e
,
h
n o rt an d
so uth p o l e s f a c i n g e a c h o th e r, l ik e p o l e s re p e l .
52 . Wh a t i s i m p l i e d b y th e te rm Ma gn e ti c Fl ux ?
The tota l n umbe r O f l i n e s Of force flowi n g

thro ugh a m a gn e tic circuit .
53 . Wh a t i s th e k e e p e r of a m a gn e t ?
A pi e ce o f soft iron p l a c e d a cross th e po l es O f

a m a g n e t through which th e l i n e s Of m a g n e tic forc e
p a ss .
AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGN ITI ON 29
54 . Wh at i s m a g n e ti c l a g ?
Th e i n a bi l ity of a m agn e t core to i n stan tly l ose

its m a gn etism .
55 . Wh a t i s m a g n e ti c l e a k a g e ?
A use l ess dissip a tion Of the l i n es of m a gn etic

f o rc e which fai l to p a ss through a n a rm ature or
wi n di n g .
Ma g n e ti c fie l d a ro un d a pa i r of m agn e t s th e
, h
n o rt po l es
f ac i n g t h e so uth p o l e s, un l i k e p o l e s a ttrac t .
56 . De fi n e th e p o w e r o f m a g n e ti c i n d uc ti o n ?
It is
the powe r which a m agn et possesses to de
v e l o p m a gn e ti sm i n ir o n If a pi e c e o f soft iro n
.
b e bro ught n e a r a m a gn e t it im m e di a te ly a s sume s

,
th e m a gn e tic s ta t e which how e ve r it l os e s o n b e

,
i n g r e m ove d fr o m the m a gn e tic i n fl ue n ce .
57 . Wh a t i s m e a n t b y th e te rm Ma g n e ti c Attra c ti o n ?
Th e a ttr a cti n g p ow e r Of a m agn e t whe n a piece

30 AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGN ITION
of iro n is brought withi n the l i n es of m a gn etic ,
force of a magn et .
58 . Wh a t i s m e a n t b y th e te rm Magn e ti c Tra c ti o n ?
The force by which a keeper is ke pt in co n tact

with a m a gn e t .
59 . Wh a t a re Ma gn e ti c Po l e s?
Tho se m e mbe rs o f a m agn etic sc o urc e a t which
th e flux e n te rs o r l e a ves .
H el ix w i re tra v e rse d b y an e l ec tri c c urre n t

of , a m ag
n e ti c fi e l d i s c re a te d w i th i n th e h e l i x a n d th e l i n e s Of f o rc e
c i rc ul a te a ro un d e a c h t urn o f wi re .
60 . Wh a t a re th e p o l e p i e c e s of a m a gn e to ?
Piece s o f iron p la c e d i n side o f th e p e rm a n e n t

magn ets to d e fi n e a n d l imit the m a gn etic fie l d .
61 . H ow w o ul d y o u d e te rm i n e th e N rt h
o p ole of a
m a gn e t, i f i t w a s n o t m a rk e d o r a c o m p a ss was
un a v a i l a b l e
Th e
orth po le o f a m agn et c a n be fou n d by
n
m ea n s o f a n ordi n a ry n eed l e ma rk o n e o f the ,

32 AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION
Fo rm ul a f o r th e c a l c ul a ti o n Of m a gn eti z i n g c o il s
.
AUTOMOT IVE M AG NETO IGN ITION 33
ren t through a coi l of i n su la ted wire surrou n di n g an
iron core .
64 . H ow w o ul d y o u d e sc ri b e a m a gn e ti c c o m p a ss?
A m a gn etic n ee dl e resti n g upon a p i vot en c l ose d

, ,
i n a circu l a r c a se the n e e d l e poi n ts n e a r ly n orth

, .
65 . Wh a t ki n d of c urre n t is use d to m a gn e ti z e m a g
n e t s?
Direct curre n t c an o n ly be use d f o r this purpose .
66 . Wh a t m e th o d s a re use d to m a gn e ti z e p e rm a n e n t
m a gn e ts?
Magn e tiza tio n be e ff ected by m a gn e tic i n

m ay
ductio n from a n oth e r m a gn e t usu a l l y a pow e rful ,
e l e ctro m a g n et o r by i n ductio n with a se t o f m a g

-
,
n e ti z i n
g coi l s tr a v e rs e d by a dir e ct e l e ctric curre nt
which is th e be st method .
66 - A H ow w o ul d y o u d e te rm i n e th e p ro p e r w ay to
i n se rt a m a g n e t i n a m a gn e ti z i n g c o i l ?
By d ete rmi n i n g the n orth po le o f the m a gn et by

a comp a ss a n d m a rki n g it n e x t fi n d the po l ari ty of
,
th e m a gn e tz i n g coi l s by i n s e rti n g a pi e ce o f iro n i n
it a n d switchi n g o n the curre n t a n d fi n d the po l a rity

o f th e m a gn etiz e d iro n with a comp a ss the n p l a c e ,
th e m a gn et i n th e coi l s to m a gn e tize it i n the sa m e

wa y th a t it wa s origi n a l ly m a gn e tiz e d .
67 . W hat m e an s a re use d to m a g n e ti z e m a g n e t s b y
t h e c o il m e th o d ?
Ma g ets n a re m a gn etiz e d by i n serti n g th e po l e s

in a set of coi l s wou n d to give th e m a ximum m a g
n e ti z i n g
e ff ect The coi l s are usua ll y wou n d with
.
a certa i n size o f wire depe n di n g o n the ch a rgi n g

,
c urr e n t th a t is
, depe n di n g o n the l i n e vol ta ge a n d
,
ra ti n g per coi l they may be con n ecte d i n series or

,
m u l tip l e The a ccomp a n yi n g t a b l es give the re l a tive

.
size o f wire n ecess a ry f o r the l i n e vo l t a ge a v a i l ab l e ,
the re si sta n c e a n d n umber o f f eet o f copper wi re

p e r l b . Co n su l ti n g o n e o f the t a b l e s it wi ll be fou n d
th a t a se t Of coi l s a bsorb 4 5 0 w a tts a n d to wi n d a
se t o f coi l s f o r use o n a 1 1 0 vo l t l i n e N o 2 1 copper
, .
Mg a n et i z i n g c o i l s, m a gn et i n p o si ti o n to b e m agn eti ze d .
wire Shoul d b e used the coi l s draw i n g 4 5 0

, 1 10 o r
a l itt l e over 4 a mp e res Th e resistan ce of the coi l s
.
e q ua l s 1 1 0 4 or o hms co n sequen tly a s per -

,
tab l e of copp e r wire 2 2 00 feet wi ll be required a n d

,
i t fo ll ows th a t i n a smuch a s 5 000 ampere turn s are

n ecessary f o r e a ch coi l o r 1 2 2 0 tur n s o f No
, 21 .
c opper wire Simi la ri ly a set o f coi l s wou n d for

.
a 1 0 VOl t l i n e wou l d dr a w 4 5 amperes e ach coi l ,
re quiri n g 1 1 1 tur n s Of N O 1 0 w ire or 1 1 0 feet

.
, .
I t mu st be bor n e i n mi n d that the flow o f cur

re n t to fu ll y m a g n etize a m a g n e t is o n l y a fe w
seco n ds .
Tabl e showi n g resista n ce an d feet per pou n d of

copper wire .
B ro w n Sh a rp e Oh m s p e r
w i re g a ug e N o . 1 0 00 f t 68.
°
F .
68 . H o w a re m a gn e ti z i n g c o i l s c o n n ec te d an d wi re d ?
Coi l s
must be con n ecte d together to produce op
p o s i te po l e s whe n a m a g n et is i n serted i n them a ,
k n i fe switch th a t is fused is usua lly p l a ced between

the chargi n g circuit a n d the coi l s Ea ch coi l ha s .
two leads which may be co n n ected i n series that is , ,
i n series the curren t fl ows f rom the ch a rgi n g circui t

through o n e coi l through the othe r coi l b a ck to the
,
chargi n g circuit or the coi l s may be con n ected i n

,
mu ltip l e tha t is on e Of the l e a ds from ea ch coi l a re

, ,
co n n ected together the combi n ed l ea ds a re then

,
c o n n ected to the chargi n g circuit the advan tage o f ,

t he is apparen t as when a pair of coi l s a re

latter ,
wou n d to be used i n series with a 2 2 0 vol t circuit ,
t hey may be co n n ected i n mu l tip l e for use with a

1 1 0 vo l t circuit
- .
69 . Wha t is an Am p e re turn ?
On e turn of a wi n di n g through which a curre n t

o f oneampere is flowi n g The n umber o f amperes
.
m u l tip l ied by the n umber o f turn s i n a win di n g

e qua l the tot a l n umber o f ampere tur n s i n a wi n d
mg .
70 . W ha t is an am p e re turn a s ap p l i ed to a wi n d i n g ?
The equ i va l e n t of o n e ampere passi n g through

o n e tur n o f copper wire surrou n di n g a n iro n core ,
t h a t is o n e a mpere carri e d a rou n d the core f o r 1 00

turn s ( 100 a mpere turn s ) wi l l equ a l i n e ff ect te n
a mperes flowi n g through te n turn s The e ff e ct o f .
t h e tur n s d e creases with th e ir dist an ce f rom the

core a good ru le to fo ll ow is to wi n d the wi re
, ,
o n e i n ch d eep o n a core Of o n e i n ch i n diamete r ,
or a total thickn ess o f three i n ches .
70 -A H o w c an th e st re n g t h of i r of ma gn e ts b e
‘
. a p a
re ta i n e d w he n t h e y a re re m o v e d f ro m a m a g n e to ?
The m a gn etic flux which flows from the n orth

l e to the south o l e wi l l cause p ir f m g e ts
“
p o p a a o a n
o f u n l ike po l e s to sti ck together he n ce the rul e , ,
l ik e po l e s r ep e l a n d un l ike po l e s a ttra ct therefore ,
w h en a p a ir o f magn ets a re remov e d from a mag

n e to they shou l d a t o n c e be p l aced i n a positio n
AUTOMOTI VE M AG NETO IGNITION 37
tha t there is a good meta ll ic co n tact betwee n the

u n like pol es .
7 B
0 -
. W hy is an i ro n c o re use d in a wi n di n g ?
An iro n core i n side o f a wi n di n g i n cre ases the i n

d uc ti v e e ff ect a s a give n curre n t c a n produce more
'
l i n e s of force i n a n iro n cor e th a n i n air .
71 . Wh a t is e l e c tri c a l i n d uc ti o n ?
It
is the i n flue n c e o f an e l ectrifi e d body over
o th e r bodi e s .
7 1 -A . Wh a t is c al l e d th e p ri m a ry c urre n t i n a h i gh
te n si o n m a g n e to ?
The primary curre n t flows through the prima ry

wi n di n g of th e magn eto a n d usu a ll y con sists of a
f e w l a yers of co a rse wire it is wou n d n e x t to the ,
core .
7 l -B . Wh a t is c a l l e d th e se c o n d a ry c urre n t in a high
ten si o n m a gn e to ?
The secon d a ry o r high te n sio n curre n t flows -
through the gre a t n umber of turn s of fi n e wir e

wo un d o v e r the p r i ma ry wi n di n g a t th e time of the
p a ssi n g o f the sp a rk betwee n the el ectrodes o f the
spark p lug the high te n sio n curren t is i n duced i n
,
-
the secon da ry wi n di n g through the action of the

circu it bre a ke r i n terrupti n g the flow of prim a ry
c u rre n t .
38 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGN ITION
72 . W ha t i s th e e fi e c t o f th e se c o n d a ry c urre n t o n th e
i ro n c o re ?
The se co n d a ry curre n t re ta rds the d em a gn e ti z a

tio n o f the iro n core .
73 . H ow d o e s th e d ura ti o n of th e se c o n d a ry sp a rk
a fi ec t th e i ro n c o re ?
The dura tion of the s e con dary sp a rk is i n versel y

proportio n a l to th e l e n gth of the sp a rk the maxi ,
mum va lue o f th e prim a ry curr en t bei n g co n s ta n t .
This dur a tio n ex p la i n s the rel a tive s l ow n ess of the

dem a gn etiz a tio n o f the iron core .
74 . H ow d o e s th e l a g i n a wi n d i n g v a ry ?
The amou t Of va ri e s with the c o effi c i en t o f

n lag -
se l f i n duction the ca p a ci ty an d the curre n t va l ue

-
, .
75 . Wh a t a re l a m in ae an d wh y a re h
t e y use d ?
Structura l subdivisio n s of the cores of a rm a tures ,
e l c tro m a gn ets
-
etc to preve n t the l oss of e n ergy
, .
,
from eddy curren ts .
76 . Wh a t a re Edd y Curre n ts?
Curre n ts
gen era ted i n a m a gn etized body by the
va ri a tion s o f the str en gth o f e l ectric curre n ts fl o w
i n g n e a r them they are of n o va lue however
, .
77 . Wh at i s re si d ual m a gn e ti sm ?
Ma gn etism remai i n g the core of a wi n di n g

n in
after the m a gn etizi n g e ff ect h a s cea sed on the
ope n i n g of the magn etizi n g circuit .
40 AUTO MOTIVE MAGN ETO IGNITI ON
Pri m a ry vo l ta g e , H a rm a ture ty p e m agn e to . Ti m e be

twee n rev ersa l s 12 5 sec o n d
. .
Pri m a ry c urre n t, H a rm a ture ty pe m ag n eto . Ti m e b e

tw e e n re v ersa l s 12 5 sec o n d
. .
Sec o n d a ry c urren t o v e r a . 03 1sp a rk g a p o f h i gh te n si o n

H a rma ture ty p e m agn eto . Ti m e b etween sp a rk s . 12 5
sec o n d .
Pri m a ry c urre n t, H a rm a ture

tv p e a d !usta b l e p o l e m ag
n e to . Ti m e b etw ee n rev e rsa l s 0 5 5 sec o n d
.
.
Osc i l l o g ra p h di a g ram s .
AUTO MOTIVE M AGN ETO IGNITI ON 41
82 . Wh at is a c o il em pl oyi n g th e p ri n c i p l e o f th e e x tra
c urren t c al l e d a n d h o w i s i t use d ?
A rea cta n ce coi l for l o w te n sio n ign ition is com -
posed o f an iron core a n d a n umber of l a yers of

copper wire Due to the i n ductive a ction of the
.
coi l whe n th e curren t is i n terrupted by the a ction

,
‘
o f the ign iter which causes the curre n t to flow

l o n ger i n both time a n d dista n ce a cross the gap
formed by the separation o f the ign iter c o n
tacts withi n the c vl i n d e r A reactan ce co i l bec omes .
n ecess a ry whe n a battery is used to supp l y the
curre n t where a s when a l o w te n sion magn eto is

,
-
used the i n ductive actio n o f the a rmature acts i n

,
the s a me man n er .
83 . Wh a t a re Osc i l l o gra p h Di a gram s?
Osci ll ogr aph di a grams show i n graphic way a
j ust wha t occurs i n both the primary an d seco n da ry

wi n di n gs Whe n the prim a ry circuit is cl osed the
.
,
curre n t ris e s gradua l ly i n val u e un til the circuit i s ,
broken n o curre n t wil l be i n duced i n the secon da ry

,
circuit duri n g the period th e primary curren t i s

att a i n i n g its f ul l va lue which is due to the fact that
,
the e l ectr o m o tive force i n duce d i n the secon da ry

-
wi n di n g duri n g this p e riod is n o t suffi cie n tl y great

to bre a k dow n the re sista n ce of the a i r gap at the
sp a rk p lug The sp a rk occurs whe n the primary
.
ci rcuit is broke n risi n g to its m a ximum va l ue i n

,
sta n tly .
The osci ll ograph diagrams show that both the

el ectro motive force an d the curre n t of a magn eto
-
rise to a Sh a rp peak first i n o n e direction the n i n

, ,
the reverse dir e ctio n as the curre n t is a n al tern a ti n g

,
o ne .
42 AUTOMOTIVE MAGN ETO IGNITIO N
Itwi ll be n oticed that on ly the peak o f the
curren t wave is uti l ized for the production o f the
seco n dary curre n t the maximum curren t va l ue he
,
“
U I ?
I n te rn al h igh ten sio n magn eto

c i rc ui t di a g ram ,
-
.
i n g reached whe n the gre a test n umber of m a gn etic

l i n es of force i n the perma n e n t fie l d Of a magn eto
are cut .
84 . Wh a t is a c o n d en se r?
A con den ser is a device f o r i n cre a si n g th e ca p a city

O f a n i n su l ated co n ductor by bri n gi n g it n e a r a n
other i n su l a ted e a rth con n ected con ductor but -

,
sep a r a ted from it by a medium that wi l l permit
e l ectro sta tic ih d uc ti on to ta ke p l ace through its

-
m a ss .
85 . Wh a t i s th e f un c ti o n o f a c o n d e n se r?
The fu n ctio n o f a co n de n ser is to a bsorb th e

i n itia l rush o f curre n t when the p lati n um con ta ct
poi n ts o f a circuit brea ker a re separa te d oth e rwise ,
destructive a rci n g wou l d occur this preve n ts the ,
rapid rupture o f th e prim a ry curre n t with a c on

.
,
seque n t d ecre a se o f the i n duction i n the seco n dary

wi n di n g .
86 . H ow is a c o n d e n se r c o n struc te d ?
A con de n ser con sists o f a n umber of shee ts of

ti n foi l separate d by a die l ectric of v e ry thi n sheets
-
,
o f mic a o r a sp e ci a l grad e of p a per Each al te r .
n a te sh e et o f ti n foi l e x te n ds beyo n d the edge of

-
the i n su la ti n g m a t e ri a l these a re press e d togeth e r

,
so as to m a ke el ectrica l co n n ection b etwe e n them

a n d form o n e Side o f the co n de n s e r th e sh e ets of ,
ti n foi l proj ecti n g from th e opposite side a re a l s o

-
press e d togeth e r formi n g th e other side of the

,
co n de n ser The fi n ished con de n ser is usu a lly i m

.
r n a te d with a var n ish or oth e r i n su l a ti n g c o m

p g e
pou n d a n d pressed to exc lude moisture .

87 . W ha t i s m e an t b y th e di el e c tri c i n a c o n d en se r?
The i n su l ati n g medium of a con de n ser w h i ch

separates the sheets of ti n foi l a n d permits i n duc
-
tion to take p l ace through its mass .
88 . W ha t p art o f a c o n d en se r re tai n s th e c ha rg e ?
The charge o f a con de n ser remai n s o n the op
p o si te surfaces of the die l ectric separ a ti n g the
foi l .
C ro ss se c ti o n , sp a rk p l ug, ro ta ry e n gi n e typ e .
89 . Wha t i s m e an t b y a c o n d e n se r di sc h arg e ?
The equa l ization of the di ff ere n ce of pote n ti a l

from its ma ximum to zero whe n the termi n a l s o f a
,
con de n ser are con n ected by a con ductor .
89 - A Wh a t i s th e ac t i o n of th e c o n d en se r on th e
p ri m a ry wi n d i n g a f te r th e c o n ta c t p o i n ts h a v e
se p a ra te d ?
Th e cha rge impr e ss e d upon con d en ser by the

absorbi n g th e extra cu rre n t a t the con ta ct poi n ts i n
th e mom e n t Of the op e n i n g o f th e prim a ry circuit is
retur n ed to the primary wi n din g whe n the con tacts

come together i n the form of a curre n t o f a bout 40
vol ts a n d V
2 mi ll i a mpere
-
.
90 . H ow i s th e c a p a c i ty of a c o n d e n se r m ea sure d ?
The ca pac i ty of a con de n ser is measured in micro

f a rads .
91 . H ow yo u te st
c an a e
c o n d n se r, a l so a sc e rtai n if
i t h o l d s i ts c h a rg e or l e a k s?
By comp a ri n g it with a s tan da rd co n den ser Co n .
n e e t the co n de n ser to be tested i n series with a

.
mi l l i ammeter a n d p lace the termi n a l s o f a test l in e

-
o n o n e of the termi n a l s of the co n de n ser a n d the
other o n on e of the termin al s of th e meter the ,
deflection of the meter depe n ds upo n the con ditio n

of the con de n ser the more the deflection the l ess the
, ,
cha rge as a greater deflection than Shown by a

,
s tan dard con de n ser de n otes a l eak which permi ts

the curre n t to flow through the co n de n ser The .
mi ll i ammeter shou l d be o n e of a l o w ran ge or

-
readi n g with the poi n ter i n the ce n ter the scal e

, ,
cal ibrated to read 5 0 5 mi ll i amperes - -

When -
.
chargi n g the co n den ser the poi n ter wi l l be deflected

,
to o n e side of the scal e o n discharge the poi nte r,
wil l be deflected to the other side of the sc a l e on

the meter .
92 . W h at is a m i c ro -farad ?
A micro far a d is the mill io n th of a farad A

-
.
con den ser of a cap a city of o n e micro f a rad wi ll -
con tai n about 3600 squ a re i n ches of ti n foi l Con -

.
for ign itio n appar a tus a re usu a l ly r a ted

d en se rs
from 2 5 to 6 o f a micro f a r a d c ap acity
. .
-
.
93 . Wh a t i s th e
'
efl e c t o f to o l arg e a c on d en se r i n a
m a gn e to ?
Too l a rge a co n de n ser l owers the seco n da ry

e l ectro motive force
-
.
94 . Wh a t i s th e
'
efl e ct of to o sm al l a c o n d en se r?
A con d e n s e r Of l o w ca p a city resu l ts i n destructive

arci n g a t the co n tact poi n ts a n d a poor spark a t
the s e co n d a ry t e rmi n a l .
95 . Wha t is a sp ark ?
The l umin ous path produced by the i n ca n d e sce n ce

of the air broke n dow n by th e discharge The .
spac e is a fte rw a rds fi ll e d with m e ta ll ic V apors ,
give n Off by th e sp a rki n g el ectrod e s .
96 . Wh at is n e c e ssa ry to p ro d uc e a sp a rk ?
ord e r th a t a sp a rk c a n p a ss betw e en two e l ec

In
trode s that are s epar a te d from each other there ,
must e xist a di ff e r e n c e o f e l e ctrica l pote n ti a l o r

striki n g vo l ta ge th e va l ue o f which depe n ds upo n
,
the width Of the sp a rk gap the form of the spark ,
i n g e le ctrode s the n atur e a n d co n ditio n of the

,
m e dium i n which the spark p a sses .
97 . Wh a t is a Sp a rk p l ug ?
A sp a rk p lug is a sp a rk gap p l a ce d withi n the

cy l i n d e r Of a n i n te r n a l combustion en gi n e .
impor tan t fu n ction a n d it is advisabl e to set th e

gaps a l l a l ike otherwise the e n gi n e wi l l n ot ru n
,
e ve n ly the width of the gap may vary u n der di f

,
f e re n t circumsta n ces but a setti n g of 0 2 5 or l /40 th

, .
of a n i n ch h a s been fou n d to be good practi ce .
102 . W hy a re th e ga p s o f sp ark p l ug el ec tro d e s se t

c l o se ?
A l though there is but a short dis tan ce between

the e lectrodes of a sp a rk p l ug the Sp a rk en cou n te r s
,
a cert a i n resis ta n ce i n overcomi n g the gap be ca u se ,
of the compression of the mixture The equival en t .
Ma g n e ti c fl ux p a th of a p o l a r i n d u c to r m a g n e to .
sp a rk a t atmospheric pressure may be twe l ve ti m es

l o n ger tha n the sp a rk u n der compressio n which ,
may be verified by p laci n g a spark gap i n shu n t

with the sp a rk p l ug .
Wh a t to o c l o se a ga p o f th e sp a rk
'
1 03 . i s th e e fl ec t o f
l
p ug el e c tro d e s?
Sp a rk p l ug gaps th a t a re set too cl ose ten d to

heat the el ectr od es c au si n g preign i tion an d poo r i n
fl am m a ti on o f the mi x ture .
1 04 . W ha t i s th e e fl ec t o f
'
to o wi d e a g ap o f th e sp ark
p l ug el ec tro d e s?
Gaps that a re too wide wi ll cause the en gi n e to

miss when the throttl e is ope n ed sudde nl y al s o ,
cause the magn eto to spark at the safety gap .
10 5 . W h at are th e usua l c ause s o f fa il ure o f a sp ark
p l ug ?
Sho rt circuited from carbo n cracked porcel ai n s

-
, ,
e lectrodes burn t away n o t pressure tight moisture

, ,
co n de n sin g o n the i n sul ator .
1 06 . W h at i s i m p li e d b y th e te rm b rush di sc h arg e an d
h o w d o e s i t o c c ur?
It is a n e lectrica l phen o me n o n which m ay be oh

served i n the dark i n the form of a l umi n ous si l en t
discharge which occurs at the high ten sion ca bl e s -
a n d sometimes the spark p l ugs I t is due to the .
n ature of the high te n sio n curre n t -

a l e a ka ge oc ,
curri n g i n to the air The ign ition however is n o t

.
, ,
aff ected by it .
10 7 . H ow w o ul d y o u l o c a te a d e f ec ti v e sp ark p l ug
c ab l e ?
By observi g the n leakage

of the high te n sion cur -
re n t i n the dark or the f a i lure of the high te n sio n -
cu rren t to reach the sp a rk p lug .
1 08 . W ha t is a sto ra g e b a tt ery ?
Two i n ert p l ate s immersed i n a l iquid i n c ap able

of acti n g chemical ly o n either of the p l ates un ti l ‘
a fter the passage of a n e l ectric curren t when they ,

become cap a b le of fur n ishi n g a n i n depe n den t e l ec

tric curre n t A stora ge ba ttery so ca ll ed does n ot
.
,
store e l e ctrici ty a n y more th a n a spri n g of a c l oc k

,
c a n be said to store time or sou n d The spri n g .
stor e s muscu l ar e n ergy th a t is re n ders the , ,
m uscu l a r ki n etic e n e rgy pote n ti al which a ga i n b e

, ,
c omi n g ki n e tic c a uses the works o f a c l ock to move

,
a n d strike In the s a m e w ay i n a so ca lle d stor a ge

.
-
b a ttery the e n ergy of a n e l ectric curren t is caused

,
to produce e l ectrolytic de composition s of such a

n a ture a s to i n d epe n de n t l y produce a curre n t on the
remov a l Of th e e l ec tro li z i n g curre n t — ( H o uston )
1 09 . Wh a t i s th e p ri n c i p l e of a sto ra g e b a tte ry ?
A stor a ge b a ttery do e s n o t actu a l l y store e l ec

tri c i ty n o r does it m a k e e l ectrici ty it is simp l y a
, ,
re s e rvoi r
s The term ; c h a rgi n g a battery by the
u se Of a n e l e ctric curr en t bri n gs about a chemic a l
c h a n ge which i n tur n wi l l produce e l e ctricity whe n

,
th e circuit is comp l e te d .
1 10 . H ow wo ul d y o u d e sc ri b e th e c o n struc ti o n of a
sto ra g e b a tte ry ?
A storage ba ttery is composed of two sets o f

p lates s ep a r a ted from each other by strips of wood
c a ll e d sep a r a tors A l te rn a te p lates a re f a sten ed
.
togethe r o n e group a t o n e Of the upper

,
c or n ers the other group a t the opposite di agon a l

,
c or n er The tw o groups of p late s a re design a ted

.
,
respective ly a s n ega tive a n d positive

, There is .
u su a l l y o n e more p l a t e i n the n e ga tive group The .
n ega tiv e p l a t e s a re fi ll e d with spo n gy l e a d an d the
p ositive p l a tes with l ead p e roxide The two groups .

of p l a te s are p la ced i n a !a r m a de of ha rd rubb er

’
common ly ca ll ed a ce ll the p l a tes rest o n a p a ir of

,
ribs to a ll ow a n y of the a ctive materi a l which m ay

drop from the p lates to col lect i n th e bottom o f
the ce l l without causi n g a n i n ter n a l short circuit .
The p l ates after be i n g p l a ced i n the cel l s are e n tire l y

covered with a so l ution of chemica ll y p ure su lphuric
acid an d distil l ed water this so l ution h a s a specifi c
,
gravi ty of l 2 75 —l 3oo B a ume sca l e whe n the

. .
,
battery is fu l ly ch a rge d This sol utio n is call ed

.
the e lectrolyte the e lectro lyte of a fu lly cha rged

,
storage ba ttery is therefore a sol utio n of two part s

con ce n trated s ulphuric acid a n d three p a rts water .
111 . W ha t h a p p e n s wi t h i n a sto ra g e b a tte ry wh e n i t

i s d i sc h a rgi n g ?
Whe n a storage ba ttery is dischargi n g the su lph ,
uric trioxide of the su lphuric a cid u n ites with the

active m a teri a l i n both s e ts of p l a tes formi n g l ead ,
su l pha te o n the p l a tes a n d l e a vi n g w a ter i n th e

so l ution thus di l uti n g it a n d ra isi n g the proportion
,
o f water to a cid Fo r this reason a storage ba ttery

.
shoul d be re cha rge d a t on ce a fter be i n g discharged ,
as the formi n g of l e a d su lpha te o n the p l a te s wi ll

eve n tua lly rui n the battery .
1 12 . W hat h a p p e n s wi thi n a sto ra g e b a tt e ry wh e n i t

i s b ein g c h a rg e d ?
Whe n the storage ba ttery is cha rged by se n din g
a direct curre n t Of e l ectricity through it i n the
opposite directio n f rom which it wa s de l ivered from
the battery a reverse a ction ta kes p l a ce
, The .
su lphuric trioxide le a ves the p l a tes thus doi n g ,

52 AUTO MOTIVE MAGN ETO IGNITION
a w ay with the l ead su l pha te which un ite s with the

w ater i n the so l utio n formi n g su l phuric acid a n d
,
i n cre a si n g the sp e cific gr a vity of the e lectro l yt e .
Se c ti o n o f a sto ra g e b a tte ry of th e l ea d p l ate typ e .
1 13 . H ow i s th e c a p a c i ty of a sto ra g e b a tte ry ra te d ?
Th e mou n t o f curre n t a storage ba ttery will

a
stor e o r discharge d epe n ds upo n the a re a o f the
p l a t e s co n t a i n e d w i thi n it an d usu a l
,
l y me a sured i n
a mp e re ho u rs Thus a b a ttery of te n a mperes f o r

.
t e n hours o r fi v e a mperes f o r twe n ty hours o r o n e

a mper e f o r o n e h un dr e d hours is s a id to have a
c a p a city O f o n e h u n dr e d ampere hours .

1 14 . W hy is it n e c e ssa ry to a d d wa te r to th e e l e c tro
l yt e i n a sto ra ge ba tt e ry ?
Pure distil l ed water on ly shoul d be added to the
e l ectro l yte i n a stor a ge battery coveri n g the p l a tes ,
to a depth of V 3 of a n i n ch to make up for the ,
l oss of eva poratio n otherwise the cap a city of the

,
b attery wi l l su ff er an d the exposed p l a tes be come

su lphated eve n tu a ll y rui n i n g the battery
,
.
1 15 . W hat i s th e e l ec tro -m o ti v e f o rc e o r v o l ta g e o f a
sto ra g e b a tte ry ?
Whe n a stor a ge ba ttery is fre shly cha rged each ,
c e ll wi l l be fou n d to h a ve a n EM F of about
to vol ts but a fter be i n g used a short time this

,
f a l l s to abo ut 2 vol ts a t this figure it remai n s u n ti l

,
t h e ce l l is n e a r ly exh a usted This app l ies to the .
l e a d p l a te type o f storage b a ttery .
1 16 . Wh a t i s an Ed i so n sto ra g e b a tte ry an d h o w d o es
i t d ifl er fro m th e l e a d typ e b a tte ry ?
'
This ba ttery embodies a con struction which em

p l oys a n e n tire l y di ff er e n t combi n a tio n of e l em e n ts
from tha t us e d in the le a d acid types The active -
.
m ateri a l s a re n icke l hydr a te a n d iro n ox ide an d th e

e l ectro lyte or l iquid which surro un ds the e l eme n ts
i s a n a l kal i n e so l ution o f pot a ssi um The positive .
p l a te co n sists of p e rfor a ted cy l i n dric a l stee l tubes
c o n tai n i n g n icke l hydr a te a n d pure meta l l ic n icke l
flake The n ega tive p l a te con sists of perfora te d

.
fl a t stee l pockets c o n ta n i n g iro n oxide .
1 17 . Wh a t i s th e l
e e c t ro - m o ti v e fo rc e of an Ed i so n
Sto ra g e B a tte ry ?
At the begi n n i n g of disch a rge there is a peak

vo lta ge of short dura tio n which may be a n yw here

from to vo lts depen di n g upo n th e p e ri o d
e l a psi n g betwe en cha rge a n d discha rge Pr a c ti ca ll y .
the maximum vo lta ge duri n g a n orm a l rate disch a rg e

is a bout vol ts pe r ce ll Ope n circuit vo l tage
.
50 W
Se c ti o n of a sto ra g e b a tte ry Of th e Ni k
c el - I ro n ty p e .
is va ri a bl e an d has n o us e fu l sign ifica n ce i n storage

ba ttery pra ctice The Ediso n Stora ge Battery w i l l
.
mai n ta i n a n a ve rage vol tage Of vo l ts du ri n g its

discha rge Whe n the vol ta ge drops to 1 vo l t the
.
b a tte ry m ay b e con sid e r e d discha rged .

Hy d ro m eter sy ri n ge , th e hyd ro meter wi ll fl o at i n th e
e l ec t ro l yt e o f a l e a d p l ate sto ra ge b attery when it i s i n a
d i sc h a rg ed , h al f c h arged o r c ha rg ed S tate a s i n d i c a ted .

1 22 . W ha t i s m ean t b y B uc kl i n g of th e p l a te s i n a
sto ra g e b a ttery ?
The warpin g i n sto r a ge ba ttery p l ates due to a

too r apid discha rge .
1 23 . Wh a t m e th o d s a re use d to fi n d th e p o l ari ty o f a
Sto ra g e B a tte ry or c h argi n g c i rc ui t ?
Di p the l ea ds f r om a stora ge battery or chargi n g

circuit i n a gl ass o f water with a l ittl e sal t i n it ,
bubbl es wi l l appe a r a t the n ega tive pol e .
Co n n ect the l e a ds o f a stor a ge b a ttery to copper

wires a n d hol d the m on a s l ice o f raw potato abo ut
a qu a rter of a n i n ch apart the positive pol e wi ll ,
turn green .
A po larity in dica tor co n n ected i n the circuit

o f a stor a ge battery wi ll Show red at the n ega tive
pol e .
Procure some bl ue l itmus paper from a drug

store moiste n the s a me p l ace the two l eads of a
, ,
storage battery o n the moisted paper about a quarter

i n ch apart th e positive po l e wil l turn the l itm us
,
p aper red .
1 24 . Wh a t is a b a tte ry c h a rg i n g c i rc ui t ?
In
a battery chargin g circuit a source o f direct
c urre n t is us ua lly co n n ected to a fused doubl e throw -
switch o n e of the sw i tc h l e a ds goi n g to a ban k

,
O f l a mps co n n ected i n mu l tip l e the other lead ,
f rom the l amps con n e cti n g to o n e Of the ter mina l s

o f the sto rage b a tte ry a n d th e o th er termi n a l c o n
n ec te d to the kn i fe switch On a 1 1 0 v o l t l i n e .
th e battery wi ll charge approxim a te ly at the

B AT T EIZ Y
LA MPS
SW ITC H
W i ri n g p l an of a sto ra ge battery c h argi n g c i rc ui t

.
A UTO MOTIVE M AG NETO IGNITIO N
rate Of 1 ampere per hour fo r every 3 2 C F.carbo n

l amp or V 2 ampere i f 1 6 C R carbo n l amps are used
’
The positive l ead o f the chargi n g circui t must be

co n n ected to the positive termi n a l o f the batte ry .
12 5 . H ow h
s o ul d a b a tte ry b e p ro p e rl y c o n
sto ra g e
n e c te d to a c h a rgi n g c i rc ui t, w h e n th e p o l a ri ty o f
n ei t th e c h a rgi n g c i rc ui t o r th e sto ra g e b a tte ry

"
h er
a re k n o wn ?
If the l eads of a c ha rgi n g circuit havin g a l amp i n

-
s e ries with it are con n ected to a st orage b attery

' i ’
first on e way then i n the reverse way i t wi ll be

"
, ,
n oticed that there is a di ff ere n ce i n the b r i ght n ess

of the l a mp The battery is con n ecte d properly
.
whichever way the l a mp gl ows dim .
12 6 . H ow is a d ry c e l l c o n struc te d ?
A d ry cel l comp rises a c on tai n er o f zi n c which

forms on e of the e l ectrodes the zin c con tain er i s ,
l i n ed with absorbe n t o r b l otti n g paper this is satu ,
rated with a so l utio n co n tai n i n g zi n c chl oride an d

sa l ammo n i a c
-
In the ce n ter there i sa ca rbo n rod
.
or p l a te aroun d which is packed a mixture of ,
m agan e se d i o x ide ( Mn 0 2 ) a n d p o wder ed c arbo n .
The carbo n e l ectrode is usu a l ly capped with a bra s s

piece termi n ati n g i n a bi n di n g post a n other bi n d ,
i n g post is so l dered to the top of the zi n c co n tai n er .
The bin di n g post o n the ca rbon is the positive a n d

the bi n di n g post o n the zi n c is th e n egative termi n al .
The action Of the ce ll is a s fo ll ows ;the m a n ga n ese

dioxide is a depo l a rizer it gives up oxygen this com , ,
bi n es with the hydrogen ga s which is l iberated by the

AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION
c he m c a l
i action withi n the cell The hydrogen a n d.
ox y ge n combi n e to form water which re mai n s i n ,
the cel l a n d furn ishes th e m oistu re n ece ssa ry f o r

the c o n ti n uous ge n erati n g of curren t .
b atteri e s c o n n ec ted mul ti pl e -

seri es .
12 7 . H ow sh o ul d a se t o f d ry b a tte ri e s b e c o nn e c te d
to i n sure l o n g l i fe an d se rvi c e ?
ce ll is usually ra ted at
d ry vol ts an d 2 5 .
am pere To ob tai n the best resu l ts a set of d ry

.
,
batteries shou l d be con n ected i n mul tip l e series for -

,
examp l e a circuit requiri n g 6 vo lts a n d l amper e

, ,
20 cel l s shou l d be used con n ect 5 ce ll s i n series that

, ,
is the positive termi n al of on e cell is co n n ected to

,
the n egative termi n al of the n ext cell u n ti l 5 cel l s

a re co n n ected i n series l e a vi n g a positive a n d n ega
,
tive termi n al open then con n ect 4 such sets i n

,
AUTOMOT IVE M AGNETO IGNITION 61
m u l tip l e
that is all o f the positive termin al s of
, ,
each series are con n ected to o n e l ead a n d al l of the ,
n egative termi n al to an other l ead as per diagram .
128 . W hat is El ec tro m o ti v e Fo rc e ?
The force that causes electrici ty to m ove Usuall y .
ab re v i a te d E M F . .
1 29 . W ha t i s th e e sti ma te d v e l o c i ty of th e e l ec tri c
c urre n t ?
It has been estimated that the vel ocity of el ec

tri c i ty th rough a copper wire is mi le s pe r
sec o n d .
1 30 . Wh at i s th e d ifi e re n c e b e tween sta ti c an d v o l tai c
e l e c tri c i ty ?
Sta tic e l ectricity is sudde n n oisy an d c on vul siv e , ,
v o l taic e l ectricity is si l e n t con sta n t an d po we rf u l

, .
13 1 . W ha t is an Am p e re ?
The practical u n it of the rate of flow of el ectric
c urren t .
132 . W hat i s an a m p e re H o ur?

A mperes of curre n t flowi n g i n a n e l ectrical
c i rc u i t mu l tip l ied by time i n hours equal s amp e re ,
h ours .
133 . W ha t i s a Mi ll i -a m p e re ?
The l OOOth p a rt
°
o f an a mp e re .
1 34 . W ha t is a n a l te rna tin g c urre n t ?
An e lectric c urr e nt which flows a l tern ate ly in

opposite directio n s .
13 5 . Wh a t i s d i re c t c urre n t ?
An e l ect ric curre n t flowi n g in on e direction “
1 36 . Wh a t i s m ea n t b y th e te rm , Po si ti v e p ol e ?
In a magn etic circuit the n orth pol e from which

,
t h e l i n e s Of force emerge i n to th e air In a n e l e c .
t ri c a l circuit the pol e f rom which the curre n t flow s

,
i n to a circuit .
Cy l i n d e r , ro ta ry e n g i n e .
13 7 . Wh a t i s m e a n t b y th e te rm , Ne ga ti v e l
p e?
o
In am a gn etic circuit the n egative pol e i n to which

,
the l i n e s o f forc e flow In a n e l e ctric a l circu it the

.
,
po l e i n to which th e curr e n t flows after havi n g p a ssed
through th e circ uit con n ecte d to the source .
138 . Wh a t is an e l e c tri c a l c o n d uc to r?
A co n ductor is a body o r substa n ce which all ow s

th e e l e ctric force to p a ss fr ee ly through it .
1 43 . W ha t is a Rhe o sta t ?
A rheostat is a device for the purpose of va ry
i n g the resis ta n ce of an e l ectrical circui t .
1 44 . Wh a t is an o p en c i rc ui t ?
An open circuit exists when a con ti n uous el ec

tri c a l circuit is b roke n preven ti n g the fl o w of c u r
,
ren t through it .
145 . W ha t is a c l o se d c i rc ui t ?
An e l ectric a l circuit is cl osed when a con ducti n g

con tin uous path i s esta bl ished that a curr ent c a n
p a ss .
1 46 . W hat is a sh o rt c i rc ui t ?
A shun t path of lo w re sis tan ce aro un d an y

portion of a circuit which preven ts the fl ow O f
,
curre n t th rough the m ai n circuit .
1 4 6 -A . W h at i s m e an t b y th e te rm gro un d c i rc ui t ?
The term app l ied to the retur n circuit Of th e

prim a ry an d secon dary wi n di n gs of a magn eto whe n ,
the curren t flows through some metall ic pa rt Of th e

magn eto other than a n i n su l ated co n ductor
, .
147 . Wh a t is an e l e c tri c a l c a p ac i ty ?
Th e bi l ity Of a con ductor to permit a certai n

a
quan tity of curre n t to be pass e d i n to it befor e

acquiri n g a di ff er en ce i n poten tial .
AUTOMOTIVE MAGN ETO IGNITION 65
148 . W ha t i s m ean t b y d am p en i n g ?
The act of bri n gi n g the poi n ter of an e lect ri c

m easuri n g i n strumen t to rest quickl y .
1 49 . Wh at is a Swi tc h ?
“
A switc h is a device for open i n g or cl osin g an
el ectrical circuit .
1 49 -A . W hat is an i gn i ti o n swi tc h ?
A switch with on e wire l eadi n g to the groun d

te rmi n al on the m a gn eto th e other wire from the ,
switch is grou n ded to some me ta l l ic p a rt o n the

en gin e when switch con ta cts are cl osed the primary
,
curren t is groun ded a n d the ma gn eto becomes i n

operative .
150 . Wh at are c o mm o n c a use s o f fail ure i n a swi tc h ?
L oose or dirty con tacts or poo r con n ection at
the termi n als .
15 1 . W ha t is Pl a ti n um ?
A ref ractory white meta l which does n ot oxidi ze
readi ly the specific gra vity of p l ati n um is
,
which mean s that this meta l is times heavier

than water .
15 2 . Wh a t is a te st l i n e ?
A test l i n e con sists of a con n ection to a 1 10 or
2 20 vo l t circuit preferab l y direct curre n t , , on e of

66 AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITIO N
th e lin e wire s te rmi n a ti n g fl ex ibl e ca bl e with

in a
a pi e c e o f 1 1 6 th o f a n i n ch cop pe r wir e at the

/
e n d f o r te sti n g The o ther l i n e wir e is con n ected
. .
to a l a mp socket ca rryi n g a l amp th e other c on ,
n ec ti o n from th e sock e t te rmi n a t e s i n a n other fl e x
i b le c a bl e When the e n ds o f the two flexibl e l ea d s

.
a re brought toge ther the circuit is comp l e ted a n d

,
th e l a mp l ights The te st l i n e wi ll be fou n d use f u l

.
f o r te sti n g the co n ti n uity o f wi n di n gs ope n or short ,
c i rcuits co n d e n s e rs etc
, , .
Buz z e r te st set .
1 53 . Wh at i s a b uz z e r te st se t ?
b oxco n ta i n i n g two dry cell s on t op of which ,
i s mo un ted a n ordi n ary V ibrati n g buzzer the bat ,
t e ri e s i n th e b o x are co n n ected i n series o n e of the ,
b a tte ry l e a ds te rmi n a ti n g a t a bi n di n g post on top

o f the b o x th e oth e r b a tte ry l e a d co n n ects to o n e
,
AUTOMOTIVE M AG NETO IGNITION 67
o f the termi n a l s of the b uz z q the other termi n al '
f rom the buzzer is con n ected to an other bi n di n g

post o n top of the bo x A pair of flexibl e l ead s
.
wi th spri n g c l ips a t the e n ds are usefu l for test

i n g circuits i n ign i tio n wiri n g al so for setti n g th e ,
m a gn etic break o n m a gn etos etc , .
154 . Wha t is an i n d uc ti o n c oil or tra n sf o rm e r a s

a p p li e d to i gn i ti o n ?
A coi l wherein the e l ectro moti ve force of a -
ortio n of a circuit is by mutua l i n ductio n made to

p
c ause a higher e l ectro motive force i n a co n tiguou s
-
circuit such as the secon dary wi n di n g .
15 5 . Wha t are th e un i t s o f a m o d e rn B a tte ry -ti m e r

i gn i ti o n syste m ?
A combi n ed timer distributor a tran sformer coi l

-
, ,
a storage battery an d a gen erator to keep the battery

charged .
156 . H ow do es a B a tte ry -ti m e r sy ste m o p e ra te ?
Whe n i n operatio n the con tact poi n , in —

ts which
m a n y cases are composed of tu n gs te n —are fir st
’
c l osed by the action of a spri n g for a certain period

d uri n g which the prim a ry grows i n va l ue at th e ,
p roper time the co n tact poi n ts are sudde n l y separ
a te d by the a ctio n of the c a m At that i n sta n t the .
h igh ten sio n spark occurs a s a resu l t of the en or

-
m ous vol tage i n duced i n the seco n dary wi n di n g by

th e coll apsi n g of the ma gn etic fie l d cre a ted by the
prim a ry curre n t The i n te n si ty of the high te n sion
.
-
68 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETo IGNITION
spark t—
is depe n dan o er thi n gs bei n g
s th —
equal o n
the va l ue of the primary curre n t whe n the con tact
p oi n ts are separated .
Typ i c a l b tte ry ti m e r CIrc ui t

a -
.
Th e p ri m a ry c urre n t fl o w s f ro m b atte ry g ro und to b at

t e ry , to i h
sw tc , to b al l a st re si stan c e to p ri ma ry w i n d i n g
, ,
to b reak e r, to g ro un d
c i rc ui t .
Th e h igh t e n si o n c urren t fl o w s f ro m co il g ro un d to sec

-
o n d a ry w m d i n g In c o i l , to di stri b uto r, to sp a rk l ug t
p , o
g ro un d .
157 . Wh at a rc th e 4 ui n c i p al p arts o f a ty p i c a l B a tte ry

ti m e r i gn i ti o n sy ste m ?
A battery a switch a tran sformer or in duction

, ,
coi l a timer base upon which the circuit breaker an d

,
con de n ser are mou n ted a shaft havin g a n umber of ,
cam l obes equal to the n umbe r of cyl i n ders to be

fi red a distributor fi n ger is usually moun ted on top
,
o f the ti mer shaft a cover which at the same time

,
a cts as a distributor comp l etes the outfit .
158 . Wha t i s th e usual a rra n ge m e n t o f th e ti m e r p a rt s?
A p l ate on which the circuit breaker an d c on

den ser are mou n ted a base which forms a be ari n g
,
for the shaft which ca rries the cam a n d distributor

fi n ger the whol e bei n g surmou n ted by the dis
,
tributor An exte n ded arm is provided for the

.
variation o f the spark .
1 59 . H ow are th e wi n d i n g s of a B a tte ry -ti m e r c on
n e c te d ?
The prima ry wi n di n g of the tran s former i s c on

n ec te d i n series with the ball ast resista n ce a n d the
circuit breaker a con de n ser i s con n ected directly

,
a cross the poi n ts of the circuit breake r The secon d .
a ry wi n di n g is grou n ded at o n e e n d a n d the other
e n d l eads to the rotati n g fi n ger of the distributor .
1 60 . W ha t i s th e b a ll a st re si stan c e i n a B a tte ry -ti m e r

c o n?
The smal l a mou n t of resistan ce which is con n ected

i n series with the prima ry wi n di n g this l imits the ,
amou n t of battery curren t flowi n g through the coi l .

161 . Wh at i s th e ac ti o n o f th e B a ll a st re si stan c e ?
Whe n the timer coi l operates u n der n orma l c o n

d i ti on s the ba l l ast resista n ce does n o t a ff ect the
,
a mou n t of curre n t flowi n g through the primary
wi n di n g i f the en gi n e stops a n d the switch is n ot

,
“ ”
p laced i n the off position to cut o ff the flow of
battery curren t u n der this con diti o n an i n creased
,
amou n t o f curren t flows through the primary

circuit a n d the ball ast resistan ce with the resu l t ,
that the ball ast resistan ce heats a n d o ff ers a gre a ter

resista n ce this l imits the amou n t of curren t flowin g
through the primary preven ti n g it from burn i n g
,
out from an y excess of battery curre n t a n d at the

same time preven ti n g a rapid discha rge of the
batte ry .
1 62 . Wh a t i s m ean t b y b a tte ry -ti m e r c o il l ag ?
B et ween th e i n sta n t o f ope n i n g of th e p rim a ry

circuit a n d the occurren ce of the sp a rk a t the spark
p lug a n i n terval of time e la pses which is appreciabl e
,
i n comp a rison with the l e n gth of time required by

o n e revo l utio n of a high spee d e n gi n e A certai n .
amou n t of time is required for the primary curren t

to atta i n its fu ll stre n gt h this is ca l led the magn etic
,
l ag of the coi l The time required for the timer

.
con tacts to op e n or c l ose through the a ction o f a

spri n g a l so requires some time this is cal l ed the ,
mechan ical l ag of the circuit bre a ker .
1 63 . What i s th e efi e c t o f la g in a b a tte ry -ti m e r sy st e m ?
In
a b a ttery timer system the spark must be
-
advan ce d beca use the spark does n ot take pl ace

The ign ition of the mixture is i n sta n ta n eous

n ot ,
th e sp ark first ign ites the mixture i m mediate l y sur

rou n di n g the e l ectrodes o f the sp a rk p l ug the pro ,
p g
o a ti o n of th e flame ta k e s p l ace at a sp e e d 0
about 1 2 feet per s e co n d so i n orde r to obta i n the

,
m axim um e ff ect o n the pisto n the Sp a rk shou l d ,
take p l ace a t a give n tim e b e fore the passi n g of the

cra n k ove r the top de ad ce n ter .
Fl am e p ro p a ga ti o n a ro un d th e e l e c tro d e s o f a sp a rk l
p ug .
1 66 . W h at i s th e p ri n c i p l e of c o m p re ssi o n i n i n te rn a l
c o m b usti o n e n g i n e s?
On e of th e f un d a me n ta l pri n cip l e s of the i n ter n a l

combustion en gi n e is the compression of the charge '
of course the ga s or mixture wou l d exp l ode at

atm ospheric pressure but it w a s discovered l on g
,
ago th a t the exp l osion wa s m uch stron ger if c om

pressio n took p l ac e before ign ition .
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETo IGNITION 73
When the mixture is compressed to h al f o f its

origi n al vol ume the pressure is doubl ed when the ,
pisto n begi n s to retur n o n the compre ssion stroke

the i n let va l ve cl os e s forci n g th e mixture i n to a
,
small er space o n e qu a rter o f its or i gi n al vol ume a s

,
a ru l e. Th e n wh e n ign ite d it e x p l od e s with f a r

, ,
greate r force tha n othe rwis e cou l d be possibl e i n ,
this way by usi n g a sm a ll er e n gi n e cyl i n d e r a n d le ss

combustibl e mixture higher efficien cy is obtai n ed
,
.
When an e n gi n e ru n s at high speed the mixture ,
can n ot en ter fast en ough to fi ll the cy l i n de r before

the i n l e t va l ve c l oses a n d f o r this re a so n some
,
e n gi n e s ha ve mor e than on e i n l e t va l ve or the i n l et

va l ve is n o t cl ose d u n ti l the p i sfo n h a s p a ss e d
the l ower dea d cen te r .
As a ru l e th e mixture h a s to rush through the

carburetor a n d a l on g the i n duction pip e an d fi n a lly
through the i n l et va l ve a n d several short tur n s .
On occasio n s the spe e d of the mixture is apt to be

mor e than 1 000 l i n ear f e et pe r mi n ute but owi n g ,
to frictio n a fu l l ch a rge of ga s is u n a b l e to e n ter

the cyl i n der i n the ve ry short period the i n l et val ve
is ope n so th e compressio n su ff e rs the s a me thi n g
, ,
happe n s whe n th e e n gi n e is very h o t a s th e high ,
temperature ra ri fi e s th e cha rge m a ki n g it l ess

,
powerfu l a n d co n s equen t ly great care is ta ke n to

,
desi gn the i n duction p a ssage correctly i n order that

fu l l compression a n d the gre a test e ffi cien cy m a y
be obta i n ed H igh compression al so has its e ff ect
.
o n the ign itio n which ma n ifests itse l f i n that suffi
cien t spark m ay be obtai n ed from the ign ition

system u n der n orm al compre ssio n but whe n the ,
compression is exceedi n gly high the sp a rk is ap t

,
to take the safety gap or fai l a l together .

1 67: H ow wo ul d y o u d e fi n e th e te rm Cy c l e a s a p p li e d
to th e i n te rn al c o m b usti o n e n g i n e s?
A series th a t repe ats itse l f a recurr i n g series o f ,
operation s a s i n i n tern a l combustio n e n gi n es i n

,
which heat is imparted or t a ke n from a substan ce ,
which by expan sion gives out en ergy a n d is fi n al ly ,
retur n e d to its origi n a l co n dition .
An gul a ri ty of th e c y l i n d e rs o f a 90 d egre e Ve e typ e

e n gi n e .
1 68 . Wh at i s m e an t b y a c y c l e as ap p l i ed to th e in
te rn a l c o m b usti o n e n gi n e ?
The four strokes n ecessary for on e operation .
1 69 . Na m e i n d e ta il th e o p e ra ti o n of th e fo ur stro k e
c yc l e i n te rn a l c o m b usti o n e n gi n e ?
With the i n ta ke va l ve open the piston d e scen ds

a n d dr a ws i n the mixture o n the suctio n strok e ,
the n the pisto n ris e s with the va l ves cl osed com

, ,
pr e ssi n g the m ixture o u the compression stroke .
When the piston p a sses over dead ce n ter the spark

occurs exp l odi n g th e compr e ssed mixtu re a n d the
,
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGN ITION 75
piston is driven down wi th the va l ves sti ll cl osed ,
on the power stroke The piston agai n ascen ds

.
,
forci n g the spen t ga ses out through the ope n ex

haust va lve comp l eti n g the four stroke cycl e wi th
,
the exhaust stroke .
1 70 . Wh a t is a c a rb ure to r?
A mechan ical device for mixi n g ga sol i n e an d air

i n proper proportio n s .
1 71 . Wh at are th e p ri n c i p a l p a rt s o f a c a rb ure t o r?
Fl oa t ch am be r ,
s p ray n ozz l e ,
air i n take an d
throttl e .
1 72 . Wh a t a re th e i n d i c a ti o n s o f t o o ri c h a m i x ture ?
B lack smoke issui n g from the ex haust .
1 73 . Wh at a re th e i n d i c a ti o n s o f to o l e a n a m i x ture ?
.
Poppi n g ba ck i n to the ca rburetor .
1 74 . H ow i s th e te rm h o rse p o we r d efi n e d ?
H orse power is a term emp l oyed to measure

p ower which is
, the product o f force a cti n g through ,
a certai n distan ce o f space a n d a certa i n len gth of

time 1 horse power is equival en t to the force re
.
quired to l ift 33000 l b s 1 foot high i n 1 mi n ute . .
I t is the st a n da rd o f me a s ureme n ts i n which a ll the

e l emen ts o f force sp a ce an d time e n ter H orse
, .
power as app l ied to th e gasol i n e e n gi n e may be

term e d bra ke o r rated Actual or brake horse

,
.
.
power is usual ly de termi n ed by th e use of the

dy n a mometer which i s a me a n s o f con verti n g the
,
power deve l op e d by a ga so l i n e e n gi n e i n to e lec ri c i ty ,
the a mou n t of e le ctricity ge n era te d is mea sur e d i n

vo l ts a n d a m p e rs which when mu l tip l ied together
, ,
a re c a ll ed w a tts 746 w a tts eq ua l 1 horse power

, ,
therefore the n umbe r o f w a tts divided by 746 wou l d ,
An gul a ri ty of th e c yl i n d e rs in a 4 5 d eg re e Vee ty p e
en g i n e .
repre s e n t the horse p o we rd ev el op ed by the ga sol i n e

e n gi n e u n der test Ra te d horse power is determ i n ed
.
by a m e a n s o f a formu l a devised by the Society o f

A utomotive En gi n eers This formu l a is express e d
-
.
a s fo l l ows D mu l tip l i e d by N divide d by

2
, ,
equ a l s hors e power In this formul a D equ a l s the

.
bore o f the cyl i n ders i n i n che s squ a red a n d N th e ,
n umber o f cy l i n ders divid e d by the co n st an t
D X N
2
H . P .
This formu la however is subj ect to m od i fi c a

, ,
tio n s a s n either the f a ctors o f piston spe e d or th e

,
m ea n e ff ective pr e ssure a re compe n sated f o r .

AUTOM OTIVE M AG NETO IGNITION 77
Itrequires 1 horse p ower to l i ft 3 3000 l b s . 1

foot hi gh i n 1 mi n ute o r 5 5 0 l b s 1 foot high , . in
1 secon d or 3 30 lb s 1 00 feet high i n 1 min ute
‘
.
, .
1 75 . H ow c an b rak e h o rse p o w e r be c al c ul a te d by
fo rm ul a ?
Pi
X S X N
X RPM. . .
75 00
D 2
Diameter of pisto n ,
in i n che s squa red .
Pi
of Pi or . 78 5 4 .
4
S of stroke i n i n ches
L e n th .
N Number of cyl i n ders .
75 00 Con stan t .
RPM Revol ution s per mi nute

. . . .
1 76 . W hy is it n e c e ssa ry to ti m e th e m a g n e to to th e
e n gi n e ?
To have the sp a rk occur at the proper momen t .
1 77 . H ow wo uld y o u p ro c ee d to ti m e a m a gn e to to an
e n gi n e ?
On e of the cy l i n d e rs is usua lly design a ted as
No . In an e n gi n e with the cy l i n ders i n l i n e ,
the cyl in der n earest to the starti n g cra n k an d i n

a irp l an e e n gi n es the l eft h a n d cyl i n ders n e a r e st to
the pump are design a ted a s No 1 . .
‘ —
NOTE No sta n d a rd d e si g n a ti o n o f No 1 c y li n d e r .
h a v i n g b ee n a d o p te d b y Ai rp l a n e e n g i n e m a n ufa c ture rs
N
,
a ll fi ri n g d i a g ra m s Sh o w o . 1 c y l i n d e r a t th e l e f t si d e ,
p um p e n d .
78 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETo IGN ITI ON
Pl ace the piston of No 1 cyl i n der o n the upper

°
dea d ce n ter ( or fol l ow the man u facturers i nstruc

tion s ) p l ace the magn eto on its base with the coup
,
l i n g l oose p l ace the timi n g l ever i n the fu ll t e

,
ta rd ed positio n or i f th e magn eto i s o f the fixed

, ,
sp a rk type it must be set a n umber o f degrees l ater

when timi n g i n order to preven t an y back kick from -
the e n gi n e .
Magn eto i gn i ti o n system , 8 c yl i n d er Ve e en gi n e th e

,
un i ts c om p ri se two h i g h te n si o n ma g n eto s, fi ri n g o n e sp a rk
-
l
p gu i n e ac h c yl i n d e r o n se p a ra te en g i n e b l o c
. k s
Remove the breaker cover an d

turn the magn eto
sha ft i n the direction i n which it is to rotate u n ti l
the p l ati n um poi nts of the circuit breaker are about
to separate i n this posi tio n secure the coup l i n g to
,
the magn eto shaft taki n g care n o t to al ter the posi

,
tio n o f the shaft .
Faste n the magn eto to its base Remove the .
distributor bl ock an d n ote which termi n al o f th e

distributor bl ock is i n con tact with the distributor ,
con n ect cabl e l eadi n g from the spark pl ug o f No 1 .
cyl i n der to the termi n a l on the distributor bl ock

80 AUTOMOT IVE MAGNETO IGNITIO N
V al v e an d i gn i ti o n ti m i n g o f an ai rp l an e en gi n e .
—
I n l et v a l v e o p e n s d ea d c en te r
—
.
In l et v a l v e c l o ses 50 d egree s l a te
—
.
I g n i ti o n o c c urs 2 0 d eg re e s a h e a d o f d ea d c en te r
—
.
Ex h a ust v a l v e o p en s 4 5 d eg re e s f ro m b otto m de a d c e n te r
—
.
Ex h aust v al v e c l o se s 10 d eg ree s a f ter to p d ea d c en te r

( H i spa n o Sui za )
-
.
AUT OM OTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION 81
occurs tha n at 1 000 revol utio n s per mi n ute c o n

s eque n tly a n e a rl i e r sp a rk timi n g is r equir e d .
The higher the piston sp eed the earl ier i n th e

stroke shou l d the sp a rk occur i n orde r tha t the m a x
im um pressure m a y be exerted a t the most a d
v a n ta geo us poi n t Co n seque n t ly sp a rk a dva n ce i s
.
n eeded because after the e l ectric a l circuit is broke n
a n d the S p a rk h a s ta ke n p l a ce i n th e combustion
chamber a short time i n terva l e l apses b e fore th e
,
cha rge is fu lly ign ited an d suffi ci en tly expan ded to

ex e rt the maximum pressure o n the piston .
The timi n g l e ver shou l d be i n a positio n i n p ro

portion to the l oa d a n d a good operator l e a r n s to
observe the e ff ect o f man ipu l a ti n g the timi n g l eve r
a n d a c t a ccordi n gl y ga ugi n g the l ever positio n f o r
,
en gi n e sp eed a n d gradu a l ly reta rd the spark whe n

the e n gi n e is s l ow e d dow n by work a l w a ys j us t ,
keepi n g a h e a d o f the kn ock If the en gi n e spe e d de

.
.
cre a s e s either from closi n g th e throttl e o r ex ce ssive

,
work th e sp a rk must be reta rde d o r the e n gi n e wi ll

,
pou n d o r kn ock a s the exp l os ion s te n d to forc e

,
the piston s an d cran k sha ft i n the wro n g dir ection

-
.
1 79 . Wh a t i s m ea n t b y th e ran ge of ad v an c e an d re
ta rd ?
The n umber of degrees a dva n c e o r r eta rd e ff ective

o n a n e n gi n e depe n ds o n the r a n ge o r mov e m e n t o f
the timi n g l ever a n d the r e la tion o f magn eto sp e ed

to e n gi n e speed .
1 80 . A m a gn e to d ri v e n
, at e n gi n e sp e e d h av i n g a
ran g e o f 2 5 d e gre e s o f th e ti m i n g l e v e r, h o w m an y
d e gree s e ff e c ti v e on th e en g i n e ?
50 degrees .
82 AUTOMOTIVE MAG NETO IGN ITIO N
1 81 . A m a gn e to dri v e n a t e n gi n e sp e e d , h av i n g a ran g e
of 30 d e g re es of th e ti mi n g l e v e r, h o w m an y d e
th e e n gi n e ?
'
gre e s e fl e c ti v e o n
30 degrees .
1 82 . A m agn e to dri v e n at ti m e s e n gi n e sp ee d , h a v
ing a ra n g e o f4 0 d e gre e s o f th e ti m i n g l e v e r, h o w
m a n y d e gre e s e fl ec ti v e o n th e e n gi n e ?
'
de grees .
Ma gn eto ig n iti o n sy stem , 8 c yl i n der Vee en g i n e , th e

u n i ts c o m p ri se two h igh ten si o n m agn eto s, eac h
-
on e firi n g
t wo sp a rk p l ug s i n ea c h c y l i n d e r o n sep a ra te en gi ne bl oc k s .
1 83 . Wh a t i s th e re l a ti o n o f sp a rk a d v a n c e to p i sto n
trav e l ?
To asce rta i n the re l atio n spark ad van ce i n of
degr e es to p iston trave l i n i n ches it may be c al ,
c ul a te d by mea n s of the a ccomp an yi n g chart in ,
which the horizon ta l l i n es represen t the pisto n tra vel

i n f ra ctio n s o f a n i n ch a n d th e vertic a l l i n es th e
stroke i n f ractio n s of an i n ch I t is arran ged f o r .
en gi n es havi n g strokes from 3 to 8 i n ches the ratio ,
betwee n the cra n k a n d co n n ecti n g rod l en gth bei n g

1 to
To fi n d the piston tra vel for an a dva n ce o f

30 d egrees i n a n e n gi n e h a vi n g a stroke of 6 i n ches ,
the vertica l l i n e a is tr a ced upw a rd u n ti l it i n ter

,
sects the di a go n al l i n e d esign a ti n g 30 degrees at c ,
fo ll owi n g this to the l eft it wi l l be n oticed that the

i n tersecti n g poi n t is j ust be l ow the i n ch division
l i n e or approximate ly 46 of a n i n ch
, . An en gi n e .
with a stroke of 6 i n ches ru n n i n g at 1 800

its piston wou l d be tra vel i n g 1 800 feet per mi n ute
( .i e strok. e doub l ed or 1 foot per revo l utio n ) ,
3 0 feet or 360 i n ches per seco n d so that each i n ch

, ,
o f the stroke wou l d be cov e red a t a n a ver a ge speed
o f 1 i n ch i n of a secon d an d the V 2 i n ch i n,
o f a secon d f rom which it wi l l be seen that

,
sp a rk a dva n ce is n ecessa ry .
Wh a t wo uld sm a ll a m o un t of
'
1 84 . e fl ec t a l ag i n a
m a gn e to h av e ?
In rma ture type o f m a gn eto sparki n g a six

an a
cyl i n de r four stroke cyc le en gi n e ru n n i n g at a speed ,
o f 1 800 whe n the speed of the e n gi n e i s

1 2 00 the curre n t must rise from zero to
i ts m a ximum va l ue a n d drop b a ck to zero aga i n
3600 times per mi n ute or 60 times per seco n d The .
curre n t has l /6oth part o f a seco n d to rise to i ts

maximum a n d drop ba ck agai n A la g of 1 /1 2 00 th .
part o f a secon d correspo n ds to l /4oth of a rev ol u

tion or 9 de grees of cra n k tra vel .
P5 2 4 7 70 N OF
To 0 0 TO N 74 A VEL
3
1 85 . Wh at i s th e re l a ti o n of m a gn e to sp ee d to e n gi n e
sp ee d ?
The r el atio n o f m a gn e to Speed to en gi n e sp e ed

is proportion a l to the n umber of sparks required
p e r revo l utio n of a four stroke cyc l e e n gi n e .
l
C y i n d e rs Ma g n e t o sp a rk s
p e r 3 60 d e g re e s
2, d i stri b uto r
o n c o l l e c to r
sp o o l
1 d i st ri b uto r
,
sp a c e d 1 80
d e g re e s
1 86 . Wh a t i s th e re l a ti o n o f sp e ed of th e m a gn e to
sh a f t to th e d i strib uto r sh a f t ?
four cyl i n der magn eto 2 to 1 A six cyl i n der .
magn eto 3 to 1 An eight cy l i n der magn e to pro

.
d uc i n g four sp a rks per revo l u tio n 2 to 1 An eight .
cyl i n der magn e to produci n g t wo sparks p e r rev olu

tion 4 to 1 A twel ve cy l i n der magn eto produci n g
.
four sparks per revol ution 3 to 1 .

1 87 . H ow w o ul d y o u d e te c t th e f a i l ure of th e i gn i t i o n ?
There wou l d be no sp a rk at the sp a rk p l ugs .
1 88 . Wh a t w o ul d c a use a m a gn e to to sp ark a t t h e
sa f e ty ga p , w h e n th e h i g h -te n si o n c i rc ui t i s i n
go o d o rd e r?
Spa rki n g at the safety gap is a n i n dica tio n t h a t

there is a gap i n the secon da ry circuit greater th a n
the resista n ce of the seco n d a ry wi n di n g as for i n ,
stan ce Spark p lug e lectrode s burn i n g too f a r apa rt .
1 89 . W hat is a sa f e ty gap ?
An a uxi l iary path o f the high te n sio n curren t to -
protect the wi n di n g a n d i n su lati n g parts o f th e

,
magn eto when the high te n sio n curre n t ca n n ot d i s

,
-
charge its e l f through th e sp a rk p l ug gap a s f o r ,
i n sta n c e i f a spark p l ug cabl e beca me discon n ecte d .
190 . Wh e n an e n gi n e w i ll not sta rt b ut fi re s on c e or
tw i c e a n d t e n h sto p s, th e fl y w h e el ro c ki n g b a c k
an d f o rth w h a t
, i s th e c a use ?
Some o f the sp a rk p l ug l ea ds have bee n mis

p l ace d so tha t a fter o n e o r two expl osio n s the n ext
, ,
o n e t a kes p l ac e out of seque n ce .
19 1 . H w o ul d y o u te st f o r tro ub l e i n
ow a h i gh -
te n si o n
m a gn e to i gn i ti o n sy ste m ?
See that m a gn eto grou n d

th e ng —
o r short circuiti
switch a n d wiri n g a re i n good order see th a t the ,
p l a ti n um con ta ct poi n ts o f the circuit bre a ke r are

br ea ki n g prop e rl y a n d at the correct time i f the ,
A UTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION
19 5 . W hat are th e ad v a n ta ge s o f an Aux i li a ry v i b ra ti n g
sy ste m ?
To assist the starti n g of han d cran ked en gi n e s

in col d we a ther .
Mag n eto i g n i ti o n sy ste m , 8 c yl i n d e r Ve e en gi n e , th e

un i ts c o m p ri se two h i gh te nsi on m ag n eto s,
-
c ro ss c o n n e c te d ,
-
g two sp a rk p l ugs i n ea c h c y l i n d er .
196 . Wh at d o e s an a ux i l i a ry v i b ra to r sy ste m c o n si st o f
an d h ow d oes i t o p e ra t e ?
The a uxi l i a ry V ibrator system con sists of a v i b

ra tor two sma ll wi n din gs an d a con den ser al l
, ,
housed withi n the switchi n g device The battery .
curre n t is ca rried through the vibrator to the circuit

A UTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGN ITION 89
breaker o f the mag eto ; the high ten sion curre n t

n -
bei n g distributed to the spark p lugs through the

distributor o n the m a gn eto When the switch l ever .
is p l aced o n the battery positio n the curren t from ,
the battery is con ducted through the V ibrator wi n d

i n gs to the vibrator an d to the primary wi n di n g
of the magn eto The vibra tor is simul tan eous ly set
.
i n to Operati on with th row in g the switch l ever

o n b a ttery but n o sparks a re produced at the p l ugs
,
u n ti l the c am sepa rate s the plati n um po i n ts thereby ,
bri n gi n g the m a gn eto primary wi n di n g i n to the

circuit A con ti n uous shower of sparks is pro
.
d uc e d i n th a t period of time i n which the p l a ti n um

poi n ts a re he l d ope n by the c a m .
197 . Wh at a re th e c h a rac teri sti c s o f a ro ta ry e n gi n e ?
The steady ru n n i n g of a rota ry e n gi n e is due

to the f a ct tha t there are l iteral ly n o reciproca ti n g
parts i n the abso l ute se n se the a pparen t reciproca,
tio n be twee n the pisto n s a n d cyl i n ders bei n g sol e ly a

re lative r ecipro c a tio n si n c e both tra vel i n a circu lar
,
path .
The master rod i n a rotary en gi n e is the c o n ,
n ec ti n g rod th a t is vertica l whe n the cra n kshaft is
i n a vertica l position .
A seven cy l i n der rotary en gi n e has power i m

pu l ses spaced degrees apart an d requires a
ma gn eto givi n g two sparks per revol ution drive n at ,
1 94 ti mes e n gi n e speed .
Th e firi n g order of a seven cyl i n der rotary en gi n e

is as foll ows ;
— — —
1 6 4 2 — — —
7 5 3 .
A n i n e cy l i n der rota ry e ngi n e has power impul ses

90 AUTOM OTIVE MAGNETo IGNITION
spaced 80 degrees apart an d requires a magn eto

givi n g two sparks per revolution driven at 2 % ,
times en gi n e speed .
The firi n g order of a n i n e cyl i n der rotary en gi n e

is as foll ows ;
— — — — —
1 3 5 7 9 2 —4 — —
6 8 .
Ma g n e to fo r ro ta ry e n g i n e .
The rotary e n gi n e type o f magn eto is usua l ly

mou n ted i n a n i n ve rted positio n a n d gear drive n -
.
A short cabl e havi n g d etachabl e t e rmi n a l s co n n ect

i n g with th e magn eto at on e en d a n d with the high
te n sio n brush hol der at the other en d the c arbo n
-
,
brush Of the brush ho l der bears agai n st the seg

-
m e n te d face o f a separate distributor .

degrees with a magn eto gi vin g a spark every 1 80

,
degrees it fo ll ows that 80 divided by 1 80 equal s

, ,
magn eto speed therefore the magn eto must be

,
drive n 2 % times en gi n e speed .
1 99 . W ha t i s th e p ri n c i p l e o f o p e ra ti o n of a un i di rec
ti o na l p o la r i n d uc t o r ma gn e to ?
—
A The magn etic
. fl ux
flows i n o n e directi o n thru
core 5 Wh e n w i n g N is opposit e 3 flux flo ws to
.
,
3 a n d thru 5 to 4 back to wi n g So f opposite p o

,
l a ri ty Un ti l th e w i n g N h a s pass e d th e l eavi n g
.
po l e piece 3 th e actio n of th e cam 6 ho l d s the

,
p l ati n um co n tacts o f the breaker apart thereb y ,
prev e n ti n g curre n t from bei n g i n duced i n the pri

mary wi n di n g o n core 5 l eavi n g the core free ,
fro m mag n etic i n terfere n ce a n d prepari n g it fo r

a powerfu l mag n etic a n d e l ectrica l actio n w he n
the po l arity of the po l e piec e s a n d cor e i s t e
vers e d upo n further rotatio n .
B — The m a gn etic fl ux fl o ws i n th e rev e rse d i rec

.
tio n th ru core 5 Wi n g N h a s move d over to 4 a n d

.
th e dir e cti o n o f th e fl o w of fl ux is reve rsed n o w ,
flowi n g from 4 thru 5 to 3 Wh e n wi n g Spas se s .

the l eavi n g po l e piece 3 the actio n of the cam 6 ,
op e n s the p l ati n um co n tacts of the circuit b reaker ,
br e aki n g th e pri mary curr e n t i n the w i n di n g o n

the core 5 .
2 00 . Wha t a re th e c h arac te ri sti c s o f ma gn e t o i gn i ti o n

o n th e L i b e rty en gi n e ?
Twe l ve cy l i n der Vee type e n gi n e with cyl in ders

-
,
-
se t at a n a n g l e of 4 5 degrees .
Th e cy l i n ders fi re at 4 5 a n d 75 degrees re sp e c ,
t i v e ly a l ter n ate l y o n e a ch e n gi n e b l ock the

, ,
cra n ks bei n g 1 2 0 degrees apart .
The mag n eto ig n itio n deve l oped comprises two

high te n sio n sy n chro n iz e d ma gn etos drive n at
-
,
1 % times e n gi n e speed .
The mag n eto ge n e rat e s six impu l s e s per revo ‘
l uti o n tw o of w h ich are u sed to free the core

,
from ma gn e tic i n terfere n ce co n seque n tl y o n l y ,
four spark s a re produced .
The cam l obes are spaced 1 1 2 % degrees

re spective l y .
Ca m .
The distributor is i n t e gr a l w ith th e mag n eto it ,
i s of the spark gap type w ith a serrated rotati n g

part separated 0 1 5 of a n i n ch fro m the serrat e d
,
.
segme n ts i n th e di stributor b l ock The segme n t s .
a re spaced a n d 3 7V
2 de gr e es respectiv e l y .
Th e rotati n g distributor member is drive n at

mag n eto speed .
The magn etos are fix e d spark timed ,

de
gr e es ahead o f dead ce n t e r .
There are two co mp l e te system s o f ig n itio n ,
each ma gn eto wi l l fi re the e n gi n e separate l y .
The s w itch co n n e ctio n s permit eith e r o r b oth

mag n etos to Oper a te or cut out eith e r mag n e t o
,
or b oth .
I n te rn a l wi ri n g d i a gra m f o r m agn e to ign iti o n sy stem f o r

12 c y li n d e r, Ve e, a i rp la n e en g i n e
.
An auxi l i a ry ha n d cra n ked starti n g ma gn et o

-
givi n g 16 sp a rk s per revo l utio n is co n n ect e d to

the right ha n d distributor a n d fires o n the trai l
-
i n g p i n to the distributor 5 degrees l a t e o r after

upp e r d e a d c e n t e r .
W i ri n g l
p an of m a gn eto i n stal l atio n on th e Lib e rty en
h
g i n e , wi t two se rv i c e m agn eto s e q ui p p ed w i th ra d i o te r
m i n al s, th e m a g n eto s a re c o n n ec ted to sep arate d i strib uto rs
a n d a sta rti n g m a gn eto i s uti l i z e d .
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IG NITION 97
201 . Wh a t are t h e c ha ra c te ri sti c s of b atte ry -ti me r i g

n i ti o n o n th e L i b erty e n gi n e ?
The system con sists o f a ge n erator curre n t an d ,
vo ltage regul ator two circuit breakers two dis

, ,
tri b uto rs with i n tegral coi l s havi n g a l o w a n d high

ten sion win di n g a storage battery ammeter f o r i n
, ,
d ic ati n g battery charge a n d discharge a n d a c on

trol switch .
The gen erator is o f the di re ct curre n t shu n t

wou n d 4 po le type the vo ltage is con troll ed by a
,
reg ul ator co n sisti n g o f V ibrato r actua t ed by a n el ec

tro magn et across the l i n e whe n the gen erato r vol t
-
,
a ge e x ceeds a p redetermi n ed am o u n t the V ibrato r ,
arma ture is a ttracted a n d the c on ta c t bro ken there ,
b v remo vi n g a sh o rt circuit arou n d an other coi l an d

reduci n g the curren t thro ugh the gen erator fiel d
which reduces the l i n e volt age The seco n d co i l i s .
wo un d on the same co re o f the regu l ator b ut o f op ,
p o si te po l ari ty w he
, n the sh o rt circuit is rem o ved
from arou n d this c o i l it dema gn etizes the c o re a n d
,
permits the V i b rato r to fal l bac k by th is m ean s th e ,
gen erator vol tage is mai n tai n ed betwee n 1 0 % an d

1 1 vo l ts .A n o n i n ductive resista n ce is co n n ecte d
acros s the V ibrator co n tacts to preve n t arci n g .
The gen erator is n ot con n ected to the battery

u n ti l both switch e s are o n but eith e r o n e c on ,
n e ets o n e timer dis t ributor with the battery

-
.
The s e rvice br eakers are co n n ected i n par al l el a n d

Ope n at the s a me time i n p ro pe r rotati o n saf ety ,
breaker ope n s first an d take s o ut th e resistan c e i f ,
the e n gi n e is tur n ed i n th e rev e rse directi o n th e ,
safety breaker stays c l os e d a n d the 1 0 o h m re sist

98 AUTOM OTIVE MAGNETo IGNITION
an ce preve n ts a spark at the plug Service breakers .
o pe n 0 1 0 to 0 1 3
. Sa fety breaker open s 0 1 3
. .
to . 0 15 .
I n tern a l w i ri n g d i a g ra m of g e n e ra to r b a tte ry i g n i ti o n
sy ste m .
1 00 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETo IGNITION
202 . W ha t is an i m p ul se sta rt e r as a pp li e d to a hi g h
te n si o n ma gn e to ?
An impu l se starter is desig n ed to mak e th e

starti n g o f eve n the l argest e n gi n es direct l y fro m
the mag n e to safe sur e a n d easy I t is a pure l y

,
.
.
m e cha n ica l d e vice a n d operat e s a s fo l l ow s : th e

rotati n g u n it co n sist s o f the m a g n eto memb e r
a n d cam m e mb e r the mag n e to member is keyed
,
to the mag n e to sh a ft the other member t e l esc o p e s

,
i n to the mag n e to m e mber a n d is r e t a i ne d b y th e

shaft n ut a n d wash e r Each m e mb e r has a l ug
.
riveted i n to it a n d proj e cti n g i n to the a n n u l a r
I m p ul se sta rt e r f o r a high -
te n si o n m a g n e to .
s p a c e b e t w e e n th e tw o m e mb e rs C ompr e sse d .
b e t w e e n th e two l ug s a re t w o spri n g s o n e l o n g ,
actu a ti n g spri n g a n d o n e short cushio n Spri n g .
Th e m a g n e to m e m b e r h a s t w o n otches cut i n its

periph e ry the paw l e n g a gi n g the n otches o f this
,
memb e r Th e stati o n a ry u n it co n sis ts of a flat

.
p l a t e a tt a ch e d to the ma g n e to o r it may b e i n a
h ousi n g a t th e driv e e n d of the mag n eto for the
e n c l os e d type Abov e th e rotati n g u n it the p l ate
.
AUTOM OTIVE MAG NETO IGNITION 10 1
c a rrie s tw o pi n s co n n ect e d by a l i n k fo r right

h a n d rot a tio n the pa w l is o n the right h a n d p i n
,
-
,
if fo r l eft h a n d rotatio n o n the l eft ha n d p i n

. -
,
-
.
Th e paw l is h e l d i n eith e r the e n ga g i n g o r dis

e n gagi n g po sitio n b y a sm a l l p l u n g e r passi n g
through a compressio n spri n g Whe n the e n gi n e .
i s to be st a rted the paw l is throw n i n th e operat

i n g positio n by pressi n g it toward th e ce n ter o f
th e m a g n eto .
W he n the e n gi n e is tur n e d forward th e rot a t ,
i n g u n it rotat e s The pa w l e n gages the ma gn eto

.
member i n o n e o f the n o tch e s a n d a rrests the

moveme n t of that member this a l so s toppi n g the ,
m oveme n t o f th e magn e to sh a ft But th e cam .
m e mb er o f th e rotati n g u n it bei n g driv e n by the ,
sh a ft a n d fl e x ib l e j oi n t c o n ti n ues to rev o l ve
,
The .
l o n g a ctu a ti n g spri n g b etw e e n the tw o m e mbers

i s compress e d .
The driv e n m e mber co n ti n ues to rot a t e u n ti l

the cam which is i n tegr a l w ith it r e a ches the
, ,
pawl .
This cam forc e s the paw l out of the n otch .
Th e compr e ss e d spri n g e x p a n d s a n d throws the

m a gn e tO m e m b e r a n d the mag n eto rotor forward
'
a t a sever a l hu n dred revo l u tio n s per mi n ute rate

- - -
u n ti l the tw o members r e ach their former re l a

tiv e pos itio n s The short cushio n spri n g a b sorb s
.
t h e shock a n d b ri n gs th e r a p id l y movi n g m a g n eto

m e mb e r to a s top ge n t l y .
Duri n g this rapid forward movem en t o f the

m a g n eto rotor the breaker poi n ts o f th e ma gn eto
,
separate an d a h o t i n te n se spark is produced i n

102 AUTOM OTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION
that c yl i n der who se pisto n is th e n in the firi n g

positio n .
Thi s spark has the sam e i n te n sity as that p ro

d uc e d w he n th e m a g n et o is ru n n i n g at fu ll e n
gi n e sp e ed a n d co n seque n t l y starts the e n gi n e
e ve n u n der co n ditio n s n o t the most favorab l e to
good combustio n .
The shap e o f the paw l a n d o f the n otch is suc h

that w he n the e n gi n e starts a n d comes up to a
speed o f about 2 00 to 2 5 0 r p m the pa w l i s
. . .
,
thro w n out w ard w ith such force that it is caugh t

a n d he l d i n th e i n o p e r a tiv e positio n. The drive n
memb e r th e n drives the m a g n eto member pos i
t i v e l y a n d at th e s a m e sp e ed a s the e n g i n e Th e
.
coup l i n g the n has n o e ff e ct whatever o n the Spark

but acts a s a commo n m a g n eto drive coup l i n g .
10 4 AUTOM OTIVE M AGN ETO IGN IT ION
B atte ry ti m er i gn i tio n sy stem , 8 c yl i n d e r Vee e n gi n e , th e

un i ts c o m p ri se e n e rato r sto rage b attery two c i rc u i t
a g , ,
b rea k e rs, two c ro ss c o n n ec ted

-
di strib uto rs fi ri n g tw o sp a rk
,
p l ug s i n ea c h c yl i n de r.
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION 10 5
Fi ri n g o rd e r H i sp a no Sui za c yl i n d e r Vee e n gin e

—
-
— — —
,
v i ew e d f ro m p um p e n d : 1 L —S
! R—2 L 7 R 4 L SR 3L
6R .
Ma n uf ac tur r s firing o rd er f rom

e
’
p ro p el l e r en d : 4L
— — —
SR 3 L 6 R 1 L S 2— R — 1 — 7R f .
106 AUTOM OTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION
Fi ri n g Curti ss 8 c yl i n d e r Vee en g i n e 0 X2
o rd e r
1L —
5 R—2 L — —
6 R 4L S —!
— —
R 3Ir 7R .
1 08 AUTOMOTIVE MAG NETO IG NITION
Fi ri n g Lib erty 12 c yli n d er Vee en gi n e : 1 L —12 R

o rd e r
—
L SR—3 L —1 0 R— 6 L —7R — 2L — l IR—4 L —9 R .
AUTO MOTI VE MAGNETO IG NITION 109
TY PI C A L A VI ATI ON EN GI N ES DE
VEL OPED DURI N G TH E Y EA RS
1 9 1 4 TO 1 9 1 9 .
UNITED STATES
Hispa n o Suiza -
Thomas Morse -
C urtiss Va n B l e rc k
L iberty K n ox
H a ll Scott
-
B ugatti
Dus e n berg K irkham
Sturteva n t H a rry A Mi l l er .
Aerom a ri n e St e r l i n g Motor C o .
W isco n si n Gn om e
Un io n Ga s En gi n e L e Rho n e
Atwood Or l o
ENGL ISH
Ro l l s Royce
-
B eardmore
Su n bea m W o l sel y
“
Napier L io n
FRE CH N
H ispa n o Suiza -
L orrai n e Dietrich -
Peu geot
Pa n h a rd L e v a sso r
-
B ugatti
ITAL IA N
I sotta Fra sh i n i
-
A n sa l do
GERMAN
Ma ybach
AUSTRIAN
H iero ( W a rc h a l o w ski ) Austro Daim l er -
1 10 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION
H i sp an o Suiza
-
, 180 H P
. .
, 8 c y l i n d e r, 90 d egree , Vee en gi n e .
1 12 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETo IG NITION
H all- Sc o tt
, 4 50 H P
. .
, 12 c y l i n d e r, 60 d egree , Vee eng in e .
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETo IG NITION 1 13
H all Sc ott
-
,
150 H P
. .
, 6 c ylin d e r, v erti c a l e n g in e .
1 14 AUTOMOT IVE MAG NETO IG NITION
Sturtev a n t
, 2 10 H P
. .
, 8 c y l i n d e r, 90 d eg re e , Vee e n gi n e .
1 16 AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITIO N
Un io n ga s e n g i n e, 12 0 H P
. .
, 6 c yl i n d e r, ve rti c a l en g i n e .
A UTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION 1 17
Th o m a s Mo rse
-
,
2 50 H P
. .
, 8 c y l i n d e r, 90 d egree Vee en
g in e . Si d e Vi ew .
AUTOMOTIVE MAG NETO IGNITIO N
Th om a s Mo rse
-
,
2 50 H P
. .
, 8 c y l i n d er, 90 d egree Ve e en
gi n e . En d Vi ew
.
12 0 AUTOMOTIVE M AGNETO IGNITION
B ugatti , 4 1 0 H P
. .
,
16 c y l i n d e r, v e rt i c a l eng i n e ;2 ro ws o f
8 c y l i n d e rs i n b l oc k s of 4 .
AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITIO N 12 1
Mi l l er
,
12 5 H P
. 4 c y l i n d er, v e rti c al en g i n e .
122 AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IG NITION
Le Rh on e ,
80 H P
. .
, 9 c y l i n d er, ro ta ry eng i n e
.
12 4 AUTOMOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION
Ren ault , 65 0 H P
. .
,
12 c yl i n d e r, 60 d egree
, Vee en gin e .
AUTO MOTIVE MAGNETO IGNITION 125
Lo rra in e Di etric h
-
,
2 75 H . P
.
, 8 c y l i n d er, 90 d egree . Vee
en g i n e .
12 6 AUTOM OTIVE MAGNETO IGNITI ON
An sa l d o ,
220 H P
. .
, 6 c y l i n d e r, v e rti c a l e n gi n e .
I ND EX
Ad v an c e an d re tard , ra n g e o f, 1 79
Am p ere , 13 1
h o ur 132 ,
m i ll i 13 3
turn , 69
t urn a s ap p l i e d t o a w i n d i n g 70
Ato m s , m o l e c ul e s a n d , 10
Aux i li a ry vi b rator system , a d v a n ta g e s o f a n , 19 5

c o n struc ti o n a n d Op e ra ti o n o f
an , 196
B a tte ry -ti m er c oi l , b a ll a st re si sta n c e i n a , 160

c o n n e c ti o n s o f a , 1 59
e ff e c t o f lag in a, 163
l a g , 162
B a tt e ry -ti m e r sy stem, l a g o n an en gi n e,
1 63 A
-
Op e ra ti o n o f a , 1 5 6
p ri n c i p l e p a rt s o f a 1 57.
un i t s o f a m o d e rn , 1 55
B rush d i sc ha rge , e ff e c t o f a , 10 6
Ca rb ure tor, p ri n c i pl e p a rts o f a, 1 71

wh a t Is a , 1 70
Ci rc ui t b re ak er, 29
how a, o p e ra t e s, 30
1 32 I NDEx
C i rc ui t, c l o se d , 14 5
d e sc ri p ti o n o f a b a tte ry c h a rg i n g , 124
d i stri b ut i o n o f th e se c o n d a ry c a p a c i ty o f a
h i g h te n si o n , 99
-
e ff e c t o f ra p i d b rea ki n g o f t h e p ri m a ry up o n
t h e sec o n d a ry , 3 1
g ro un d , 146 A
-
h o w to fi n d th e p o l a ri ty o f a c h a rg i n g , 12 3
o p e n , l 44
p r o p e r m e t h o d o f c o n n e c t i n g a st o ra g e b a tt e ry
to a c h a rg i n w h e n t h e p o l a ri ty o f b o t h i s
un k n o w n 12 , ?
sh o rt 146 ,
C oil, b a t te y t i m e r,
r -
159 1 60 , 164
,
i n d uc t i o n , or t ra n sfo rm e r 1 5 4 ,
p ri n c i p l e of a re a c ta n c e , 82
C o n d e n se r, a c ti o n on p ri m a ry w i n d i n g , 89 —
A
c o n st ru c ti o n o f a, 86
d i e l e c tri c o f a 87 ,
d i sc h a rg e , 89
e ff e c t o f a , w h e n th e c a p a c i ty i s to o h i g h , 9 3
e ff e c t o f a , w h e n th e c a p a c i t y i s t o o l o w , 94
h o w t o te st a , 9 1
fun c t i o n s o f a , 85
m e a su ri n g th e c a p a c i ty o f a 90 .
p a r t s o f a re t a i n i n g th e c h a rg e , 88
,
wh at i s a, 8 4
C urren t, a l te rn a ti n g , 1 34
d e fi n i ti o n o f p ri m a ry , 7l A -
d e fi n i ti o n o f se c o n d a ry 71 B ,
-
d i ff e re n c e i n p o t e n ti a l o f th e se c o n d a ry , 9 7- A
d i re c t, 135
e ff e c t o f t h e se c o n d a ry , o n t h e i ro n c o re 72 ,
m a g n e t i z i n g 65 ,
se c o n d a ry fl o w o f , i n a m a g n e t o 28 C ,
-
v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c tri c , 1 29
C urre n ts, ed dy , 76
C y c l e, a p p l i c a ti o n ofth e t e rm , 168
d e fi n i ti o n o f th e t e rm , 167
Da m p e n i n g ,
148
Di stri b uto r , 32
1 34 I NDEx
I GNITION — c o n ti n ue d
so urc e o f e n e rg y t a t wi l l p ro d uc e , 4 h
sy st e m s o f, i n use a t th e p re se n t ti m e , 38
sw i tc 149 A
h ,
-
te st i n g f o r tro ub l e i n a h i gh -
t e n si o n sy st e m
o f , 19 1
w h a t i s d ua l , 3 3
w h a t i s d up l e x 34 ,
w h a t i s i n d e p e n d e n t, 3 5
Im p ul se , sta rte r, 2 0 2
In d uc ti o n , p o w e r o f m a g n e ti c 56 ,
p ri n c i p l e o f e l e c t ri c 71 ,
In sul a ti on ,
1 39 -
A
In sul a to r, 139
Iro n e ff e c t ( d ura ti o n of th e se c o n d a ry sp a rk o n
2
c o re ,
th e , 5
e ff e c t o f th e se c o n d a ry c urre n t o n th e , 72
h y ste ri si s e f e c t o n a n 78
f —
.
use d i n a w m d i n g , w h y i s a n , 70 B
L ami n ar , wh a t a re , 75
Magn e t , fo rc e o f, 49 A
c o e rc i v e -
h o w t o d e te rm i n e t h e n o rt h p o l e o f a , 61
h o w t o d e te rm i n e th e n o rth p o l e o f a n e l e c
tro 62
k e e p e r o f a , 53
p ro p e r w a y t o i n se rt i n m a g n e t i z i n g c o il
, , 66 -
A
sup e r sa tura ti o n o f a , 5 1
-
w h a t i s a , 42
w h a t i s a b a r 44 ,
w h a t i s a b e ll sh a p e d 48 ,
w h a t i s a c o m p o un d 4 7 ,
w h a t i s a h o rse sh o e 46 -
,
w h a t i s a p e rm a n e n t 4 5 ,
w h a t i s a n e l e c t ro 63
Magn e ts , re ta i n i n g t h e st re n g t h of t e, 0 A
h 7 -
Mag n e ti c 57
a tt ra c t i o n ,
d e sc ri p ti o n o f a, c o m p a ss, 64
fi el d 43 ,
fl ux 52 ,
lag 54,
I NDEx 135
MAC NEw e — con ti n ued
l eak a g e , 5 5
p e rm ea b i l i ty 49 ,
p ol e s 5 9 .
p o we r o f i n d u c t i o n , 5 6
,
sa tura t i o n 50 ,
tra c ti o n 58 ,
Magn e ti sm h i sto ry
, of 41
re si d ua l , 7 7
h
t e o ry o f, 40
Magn eti z i n g , c a l c ul a ti o n o f, c o i l s, 67
m a g n e t s, 66- A
.
OOIl , p ro p e r w a y to In se rt
c urre n t. 65
m e t h o d s o f 66 ,
w i ri n g o f, c o il s, 68
Magn eto . c a use o f a , sp a rk i n g a t th e sa fe ty g a p , 1 88

l
c y c l e o f e ec t ri c c u rre t, 1
n 2 -
A
c y c l e o f o p e ra ti o n i n a -
h h
i g te n si o n , 18
d i re c t i o n o f , ro ta ti o n n o t m a e d , 39 A
rk -
e ff e c t o f , l a g o n a n e n g i n e , 184
e l e c t ric i ty , 1 6
fl o w o f se c o n d a ry c urre n t, 28 -C
h o w a , i s ti m e d , 3 7
h o w a , i s ti m e d to a n e n g i n e . 1 77
h o w t o fi n d th e d i re c t i o n o f ro ta ti o n o f a , 39
h o w to k e e p a , i n g o o d run n i n g c o n d i t i o n , 193
h o w t o o il a , 194
i n d uc t o n o , 12 B
i f -
p o l e pi ec e s o f a , 60
p ri n p l e o f , i g n i ti o n , 20
p r i n c i p e o f Op e ra ti o n o f a , 1 7
l
p n c i p e o o p e a t o n o f a l o w te n si o n , 22
r i l f r i -
p ri n c i p l e o f o p era ti o n o f a un i d i rec ti on , 1 99
p r i n i l
c p e p a ts or f a i g
-
h h
te n si o n , 1 5
re l a ti o n o f, sp e e d to d stri b ut o r, 186i
re l a t i o n o f, sp e e d t o e n g i n e sp e e d , 185
re l a t i o n o f. sp e e d t o e n g i n e sp e e d o n a 9
c y l i n d e r ro ta ry e n g i n e , 198
h
t e o ry o f a 1 1 ,
th e t e rm h h
i g - te n si o n , d e fi n e d , 14
ti n l V
g ra n g e o n a , d ri v e n a t 2 e n g i n e sp e e d ,
l 88
ti m i n g ra n g e o n a , d ri v e n a t e n g i n e sp e e d , 18 1
t i ni r
i g ra n g e o n a , d ri v e n a t 1 % e n g i n e sp ee d ,
l z é
wh at is a, 12
wh at is a fi x e d sp a rk , 28
wh a t i s a h i gh te n si o n , 13
-
1 36 I NDEx
MAGNETo—
c on ti n ued
wh a t is a l o w te n si o n 2 1
-
,
wh a t is a p o l a r i n d uc to r 2 4 ,
wh at is a sl e e v e i n d uc t o r 26 ,
wh a t is a sta rt i n g 28 B ,
-
wh a t is a t wo sp a rk 2 5 ,
wh a t is a un i d i re c t i o n a l , 28 A -
wh at is a n i n d uc t o r ty p e o f 2 3 ,
wh a t i s an i m p ul se s ta rte r, 20 3
Magn e to s wh a t a re Sy c h ro n i z e d 2 7
, n ,
Mi c ro f a rad 92
-
,
Mix ture i d i c a ti o n s o f a l ea 173

, n n,
i n d i c ati o n s of a ri c h , 1 72
Mol e c ul e s , an d a t o m s, 10
’
Oh m s l aw and i ts a p p l i c a ti o n , 1 42
Osc i l l o grap h di a gram s 83 ,
Pl a ti n um , 15 1
Po l e , n e g a ti v e , 13 7
p o si ti v e , 136
Po te n ti al , d i ff e re n c e i n 9 7 .
-
A
Re si stan c e , 140
a c ti o n b a l l a st 1 6 1
of ,
un i t o f e l e c tri c a l , 141
Rh e o stat , 14 3
Safe ty g ap , c a use of a m a g n e to sp a rk i n g a t th e ,
wh a t i s a, 1 89
Sp a rk a dv an c e to i sto n tra v e l , re l a ti o n o f, 183

wh a t is a, 9 p
wh a t 13 n e c e ssa ry to p ro d uc e a, 96
Sp a rk l
p ug , c ab l e, h o w to l o c a t e a l ea k y , 10 7
c a b l e s e ff e c t o f m i sp l a c i n g
. 190 ,
c o n st ruc t i o n o f a , 98
e l e c tro d e s, se t t i n g o f , 10 1
g a p s a re se t c l o se , w h y , 102
g a p s se t to o c l o se , e ff e c t o f , 10 3
g a p s se t to o w i d e e ff e c t o f , 104 ,
usua l c ause s o f f a i l ure o f a , 10 5

w h at i s a , 9 7
TECH NICAL BOOK S
PUB LISH ED B Y
SPON CH AMBERLAIN
LIB ERTY ST NEw Y ORK
.
EL ECTRIC ITY
m or m om e n t! a m
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m u ss TEL EPH O E OO UOI I OI N M .
A c om p re he n si v e e x p a n a ti o n o f a wi re e ss l l
l
t e e p h o n e e q u i p m e n t f o r re c e i v i n g a n d se n d
i n g , w i t h d e t a i s o f c o n struc t i o n By l H ar . N .
ri soI 7 4 p a g e s. 4 3 i ustra ti on s, p a p e r. 2 5 ll
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t rati o n s, 1 2 m o . p a p e r, 2 5 c e n ts
l l l
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l ll
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n am e W EI - B BB o v a m a- A c o n c i se .
l l
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h a n d y b o ok on e v e ry d a y e e c t ri c a l l su !e c ts b .
1 3 5 p a g e s, ll
1 2 8 i u st ra t i o n s, 7 16 x 5 in .
, c l o th .
5 0 c en t s .
EL ECTRICITY
INDUCTI ON c on o w t o ma e an d u se s . H k
th e m A p ra c t i c a a n d oo o n th e c o n struc l h b k
l k l
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t i o n a n d use o r m e d i c a a n d sp a r c o i s. b y
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a n d o p e ra ti n g i t, b H Sc hn e i d e r p a g es, N . gf
ll
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rum o u rs : rox a ro m as Th e .
st a n d a rd m e th od wi t h l e sso n s By W H . . .
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7 14 x 5 l n . c ot . . l h 5 0 c e n ts .
m ora ss wn n o ( m a Th e m -
a st o n .
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P a n i gra p h , a rra n g ed a s a se t of to u r
m ov i n g c a rd s. so v i n g a l l p ro b em s o f wi ri n g l l
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wa y s a n d on g d i sta n c e tra n sm i ssi o n , gi v i n g
th e si z e o f c op p e r c o n d uc t o rs re q u i re d Si ze . .
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ba t t e ry w i ri n g e t c
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Se c o n d Ed i ti o n
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I Th e Nature of th e Prob l em s .
111 Relati v e Ad v an ta ges of Diffe ren t

Typ es of Ae ro p la n e En gi nes .
IV Ch oosing th e N um b e r of Cy li n d e rs .
V B a lan c i n g th e Sl i di n g Parts of th e
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AUTOMOTIVE

MAG NETO IG NITION

PRI N C I PL E AND APPLI CATI ON

Magn eto Ign itio n

Adc raft Prin tin g C o rpo rati o n , 27 East 3 l st Street, Nw

In compi l i n g this work it h a s been the en deavor

The rapid expan sion of the practica l app l ic a tion

on the most e fﬁ cie n t type of ign itio n n amel y the

There is n o doubt tha t o n e of the i n ﬂuen tial

the super power devel ope d by the presen t d ay

aviation e n gin es is possibl e on accou n t of the un

The superiority of magn eto ign ition i n this ﬁel d

co n tai n ed requirin g but a sma ll a mou n t of en ergy

f rom the en gi n e to produce a powerfu l sp a rk .

I t wa s decided to publ ish this work i n the for m

e asi l y grasp the pri n cip l es of a comp l ex but i n

te re sti n g subj ect A n other adva n tage is thereby

obtai n ed tha t a n y p a rticu l a r subj ect m ay be e a si l y

The author has had twe n ty on e yea rs of pr a ctica l

experie n ce i n the ign itio n ﬁel d i n additio n a cti n g

as I n str uctor o f the U S Govern me n t Magn eto

I t ha s bee n the e n deavor of the a uthor to avoid

detai l desired m a y be obta i n ed i n the l iterature

Itwou l d be impossibl e to give i n the comp a ss

The kn o wl edge of the pri n ciples o f ign itio n i n

tion con tai n ed herei n except whe n re ferri n g to

motive en gi n es o f the i n tern al combustio n type .

Ex wi ri n g p l a n f o r m agn eto i gn iti o n sy stem

Fi rin g o rd e r H i sp a n o Sui z a 8 c y li n d e r Vee e n g i n e -

Fo rm ula f o r th e c al c ul ati o n o f m agn eti z i n g c o i l s

H a ll S c o tt, 4 5 0 H P, 12 c y l i n d er, 60 d egree , v erti c al

H igh ten si on starti ng ma gn e to

I n tern al wi ri n g d iagram f o r m agn eto ign it i o n system .

In te rn a l wi ri n g d ia gra m o f gen e rato r battery ign i ti o n

Magneti c ﬁel d l ike pol es rep el ,

Magn eti c ﬁel d un l ike po l es attrac t

Magn eti c ﬁel d w i re hel i ,

Magn eto i gn iti o n c ro ss c o n n ec ted Vee en gi n e

Ma gn eto i gni tio n si n gl e sp ark Vee en gin e , ,

Magn eto i gn iti o n two sp ark Vee en gin e , ,

Magn eto ro tary eng in e

Maybac h 300 H P 6 c yl i n d e r v e rtic al en gin e

Mil l er 12 5 H P 4 c yl i n der v e rtic al e ngin e

Rel atio n o f spa rk a d v an c e to p i ston trav el 84

Sym b o l s Fro n ti spi ec e

Un i d i rec ti on a l p o la r i n duc to r m agn eto

W i rin g p l a n o f m agn e to i n sta l l ati o n o n th e L ib erty en

W i rin g p l a n sto rag

The ign ition o f a combustibl e body is the resu l t

move m e n ts produce hea t a n d a correspon din g ris e

body to gl ow a n d the emissio n o f l ight begi n s i n

is r each e d wher e i n ﬂamm a tio n is a ff ected .

through the e x p e n ditu re o f e n ergy i n some form .

I t is evide n t tha t the pri n cip l e of ign itio n d epe n d s

e ff ect is ca l l ed ign ition .

There a re four forms o f e n ergy kn o wn at th e

an del ectrica l a n y of which may be uti l ized to

produce ign itio n .

El ectricity o n accou n t o f its won derfu l ﬂe x ibil ity

The power of doi n g work .

The cap a city for doi n g work .

El ectricity exists i n a passive state i n every thi n g ,

scie n tists say that the a toms which bui l d up eve ry