Dece mber 78

40p

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ambit i
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vai
lable f
rom bookselle
rs

E
LECTRON I
-K IT LTD.
P
ubl
ished b
y J
ohn Murray
2
0 BRI DE LANE, LU DGATE C IRCUS.
LON DON , EC4Y 8DX (01-353 6
430
)

Hobby E
lectron
ics
. Dece mber 1978 5
Mon
itor
ELECTRON
IC DOTTED GU
INNESS GRACIOUS THE 7
9 STEPS
L
INE ME

Guinness h ave i nstalled a n auto matic

weigh
ing system a t their St. J
ames ' Gate
b
rewery in Dub lin
. The s ystem, by Avery,
u
ses punched (drunk?)c ards t
ote
ll itexac
tly
how much barley flake
, roast mal
t or wha t
-
e
ver t
op ut i
ne ach batch ofthe b
rew.

What
, we a
sk ourse
lves
, i
sthe wor
ld c
om-
i
ng t
o? Au
toma ted Gu
inness
!

T
he sys
tem inc
ludes d
igi
tis
ing i
nstrumen -
t
a
tion, s
equenc
ing e
quipmen t a
nd aprinter
.

Lord h e
lp Messrs G i fthe real Gu inness
a
ffectionados g ot wind o f th
is. Mos t p eople
t
hink oft he hal
lowed Gu inness b rewery a sa
Wha t
's t he dif
ference b etween t hese t wo p
lace where l i
ttle folk i n green l inen t r
ip
s
igna tures? V ery li
tt
le, you may we ll reply. happily a round c arry ing p ots o f v arious
The c o mputer -produced t races t el
l ad if- smelly fermen ts wh ich t hey tip into g iant
f
eren t story, however. They 're n ot based o n wooden v ats according t o an a nc
ien t and
t
he s ignatures as such b ut o n the acce lera- mystical procedure. The r esu
lt of this h appy
t
ion o f t he pen tip and t he p ressure u sed e
ndeavour i sthe marve l
lous b lack s tou t —
while writing. and a n occasiona l p ea-green r iver L iffey
B y using a p en wh ich i s wired u p t o a (which the Dubliners are some times h eard t o
c
ompu ter. IBM c la
im t o be a b
le t o accep t a r
efer toa sthe Wh if
fey )
.
v
alid s ignature o f ap ossible 3 ,000 w ith a
s
uccess r ate o
f9 8.3% Why
,i ft
his s
ortoft
hing i
sallowed t
ogoon
Obv ious a pplications a re i n banks a nd u
nchecked , it may enter such ha
llowed
o
ther p laces where i dent
ifica t
ion i si mpor t- g
round as winemaking or even (
per
ish t
he
a
nt. t
hought) d
rink
ing!

S
inc lair R ad ion ics h ave a ga in " broken t he
c
os t b arr ier" w ith a 7 9-step p rogram mab le
c
alcu la tor f or u nder £ 25. T he ' En terprise ', as
well a s t he n orma l f unc t
ions e xpec ted o f a
s
cient if ic c alcu lator ( trigono metr ic f unc -
t
ions , l ogs, e tc.) h as s even i ndependent
memor ies wh ich c an b e used u nder p rogram
contro lo r manua l
ly.O ther f eatures i nclude a
GOODBYE
,
f
orward o r b ackward s tepp ing f acil
ity f or
M
ISTER B
OND
! exam in ing t he s tored p rogram a nd c ond itio-
nal branch ing u nderp rogram c on trol
.
Notc on ten tw ith sell
ing j us tt he calcu lator
f
or u nder £ 25,S inclair h ave t hrown i n ac ase,
mains a dap tor, a lkaline b a
ttery a nd a t hree
volume s of
tware l ibrary c onta in ing, i n a ll
,
3
16 p rogra ms a s we ll a s a n i nstruct ion
manua l.
S
inc lair R ad ionics, L ondon R oad , S t
. I ves,
Hun tingdon , C ambs. P E17 4 HJ
.

OBSOLETE DATA
We h ave j
ust r
eceived ac opy oft he D .A.T.A.
Book o f Obsolete I ntegra ted C ircu its (8th
e
dition, f
rom L ondon i nforma tion a t £21
.25 )
.

4
1
1 T
a
h
is i
nd p
nva
hys
luab
ica
le p
l c
ub
harac
lica
ter
t
ion l
ist
i
s
ics o
ts t
f"
he elec
every d
trica
ev
l
ice
which has become o bsolete since 1 965".
T
he total is nearly 2 4 0 00 digital
, l i
near,
memory a nd interface I Cs.
Goldf
ingerisal
ive and welland working f
or S
ie mens! T
his g
em ( minus t
he b
aloon) was I
t even gives t he a ddresses o f the 1 87
sent i
nto p
ubl
icise the new "
Soma ton head t
o foot c
ompu ter t
o mograph f
rom Siemens d
ifferent f
irms who u sed to make t hem !
and we t
hough t i
ttoo good t
o miss. L
ondon I nforma t
ion ( Rowse Mu ir) Ltd,
I
ndex House ,A sco t
, B erks.

6 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
 N
ews f
rom t
he E
lec
tron
ics Wor
ld

D
IGEST Raca
p
l-Datacom h
rocessor contro
l
ave d
led
, b
at
eveloped a m
tery p
icro
owered te
le
-
-
W HAT A S
PECTACLE
!
P
acif
ic Air
lines i
n Californ
ia a re t
aking de
- p
rinter t
hat f
i
ts i
nto ab
r
iefcase.
l
i
very of 30 computerised ticket machines
. 1111111111111111
P
assengers wil
l b
e able to in
ser t a
ny one o
f
New i n the l
and of t
he ris
ing S un, al aser
-
s
i
xc red
itc ards
.
b
ased v ideo disc s
ystem from Ma tsush
ita. It
1
1111111111111111 c
an s tore up t
o 20000 s
ti
ll pic
tures o n o
ne 20
The US air
force has placed ac ontract with a cm di sc — a nd you can e ven record them
UK company t o d evelop a m icroprocessor yourself.
b
ased f i
re detect
ion s ystem. Hopefully
, the 1111111111111111
s
ystem w il
l b e ab
le t o give a lower ra
te o f
The f
i
rst c
hance f
or the g
enera
l pub
lic to use
f
a
lse alarms than p revious systems. I
ts eems
P
reste
l, t
he Post Off
ice's V
iewdata service,
t
hat pilots t end t o e ject, leaving t he
ir was a
tthe Motor Show.
s
ome t
imes u ncombus ted F ills to f
ind their
own way d own!

1111111111111111
Researchers at Chelsea College have d eve- FOUR OF A K
IND
l
oped a system wh ich "sucks u p" sound. By
u
sing t wo l
oudspeaker sa nd amicrophone a s '
Probab ly t he f i
rst th
ing a ny a spiring p roject
wel
l as some s oph
isticated elec
tron ics
, they builder n eeds ( before e ven t he i nfa mous
h
ave s ucceeded innull
ifying the no
ise from a s
oldering i ron) i s afi
st ful o fc atalogues . The
v
en t
ilator
. mos t use ful b eing, int his r espec t, those from
c
ompan ies mak ing a nd/or s e
lling e lectronic
components a nd the v arious t oo ls, nuts,
bolts, b oxes , w ires, solder e tc. etc. etc. that
SQUEAK
, SQUEAK p ut a nd h old t he c o mponents t ogether .
Having a cqu ired t hese , i tb ecomes a g reat
dea l eas ier t o make t he u sual c omprom ise
b
e tween p rices a nd q uality. A s mos t fi
rms
p
ub lish ing c atalogues w i
ll o pera te a ma il
order s erv ice , i tthen b ecomes p ossible to
gather a l
l t he b i
ts for ap rojec t int he comfor t
of y our own h ome ( prov iding s omeone e lse
i
sw ill
ing t o n ip r ound t he c orner t o the post The man i n t he modern v ersion o f the i ron
box f or y ou) . F our c a talogues t ha t we've mask i s ap ilot w ith t he Sw iss He licop ter
been s en t o ver t he p ast mon th c ame f rom A
lp ine R escue S erv ice ( SHARS) a nd t he
some q uite d ifferent c ompan ies: Doram who c
on trap tion o n his face i s a mod ified s et of
s
pec ialise i n D IY k i
ts o fv arious s or ts
; Home ITT n igh t vi s
ion g lasses . Mos t o f SHARS 's
Rad io a nd S tevenson who s upp ly c o m- work i si n the wor st o f the wea ther ( since
ponen ts a nd a ccessories ;a nd V ero who make t
ha t i s
, when p eop le mos t n eed r escuing) .
boards a nd b oxes. With t he a id o f the g lasses t he wearer c an
d
istingu ish b etween f ie
lds, woods a nd h i
lls —
I
n t heir 4 0 p age c atalogue , Doram g ive. which wou ld a ppear a s c omp le te b lackness
details o f their a udio a nd t est g ear k its (star t
o t he n aked e ye
. Two p i
lo ts a re e ssen t
ial
r
ated a ccord ing t od iff
icu l ty o fc ons truc tion), when t he g lasses a re u sed, a s t he wearer
books , t ools a nd v arious o ther i tems a s we ll canno ts ee the instrumen ts! E ven s o
, SHARS
as their r ange o f ready b uilt test g ear , avail- t
ea ms h ave managed t o l and i n t otal
able f rom Doram E lec tron ics L td . P .O. B ox b
lackness , w ith o ne o f the t eam f ly
ing a nd
TR8 , We ll
ing ton Road E state, We lling ton t
he o ther g iving d irections .
Bridge , L EEDS L S12 2 UF f or 25p f or P&P . The g lasses u se e lectron ic v ision i n ten-
Home R adio's c atalogue s hows a l arge s
ifiers t o p roduce a s imula ted v iew , ra ther
r
ange o f c omponen ts, h ardware , t ools, t e
st l
ike a TV p icture, a nd were o rigina lly d eve-
gear a nd b ooks . P rac tica lly e very i tem i s l
oped f or t he m ilitary — n ice t o s ee t hem
c
lear ly i lustrated , d own t o the l ast n ut, b o
lt being p utt o amore h uman itar ian u se.
o
r washer ,a nd p rec isely d escr ibed , 128 p ages.
availab le f rom Home R ad io ( Componen ts)
L
td .2 40.L ondon R oad , M i tcham ,S urrey CR4
3HD f or £1.25 i nclud ing P&P .
S
tevenson d isp lay a g ood r ange o f com - ERRATA
ponen ts , as we ll a s as tock o f hardware b i
ts Las
t month we g ave t he i mpression t hat
which s hou ld ca ter f or mos t projec t b u
ilders, c
omponen ts were a vai
lab le from RS c om -
4
0p ages a vailab le f rom S tevenson , 2 36, High p
onen ts d i
rec t
ly to the ama teur. In fact
, R S
Not con tent w ith Buzby, the Post Off
ice h as S
tree t, BRO MLEY , K en t
, BR! 1 PW , f ree o f s
upply o n
ly t o '
t
rade'. However , al
l R S c
om -
gone a nd introduced a n ew t e
lephone t hat c
harge . ponents a re a vai
lab le f ro m most ma jor
l
ooks v ery M ickey Mouse i ndeed. Yes, f
olks, The V ero c atalogue s hows o ff the ir range r
etai
lers .
f
or as ma l
l ex tra charge (payable inc heese?) o
f we ll k nown c ircu it b oards a nd r e
lated The p arts lis
t o f the amp lifier in last
you could be t he fi
rst k
id on your block to be a
ccessor ies, a s we l
l a s t he ir e qua lly we l
l month 's issue s hould h ave i ncluded : RV 1
t
he proud ( ?) k eeper o
f ab rand n ew — latest known r ange o f b oxes a nd c ases . A l
l t he 1
00k d ual li
near; RV2 1 00k d ual li
near; RV3
t
echno logy — M ickey Mouse t e
lephone ! i
tems a re c learly i lus tra ted a nd p rec isely 4
7k linear; RV4 4 7k dual logarith mic.
Available, for t he time b eing, o n
ly i n the d
imens ioned , w ith i n s
truc tions f or u se b e
ing
London a rea ( where, you may r e member . g
iven i n many i nstances . 3 6 pages a vailable In t
he Waa - Waa c
ircui
t diagram, bottom
r
ats started t he great Plague). Mickey i sthe f
rom Vero E lectron ics L td , R eta il Dep t
, o
f RV2 s hou
ld also b
ec onnected I
CI p
in 3.I
n
f
irst of a who le new r ange o f decora t
ive I
ndus trial E sta te, Chand lers F ord . H am - t
he o ver
lay, the input and output c
onnec-
phones t hat are due early next year
. p
sh ire. SO5 3 ZR, f or2 5p f or P&P . t
ions from Cl and C4 a
re via SW2.

7
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
 S
PEC
IAL O
FFER H A NI M E X
E
l
ectro
nic
S
I NCLA IR PRO DUCTS . Mocrovosoon T V El 72 SAITERY E L
IM INATORS . 3.nray type 6 7 '.
PD M35 (27 2 5 Mama adapto
r (3 2 4 Case (3 25. 3
9
00 ma £
v £ 3 3
2 9 5 1
5 9• Or £
00ma r
4 5
ad
0 S
io t
tabil
ype w
ised t
ith press sr
.
ype 3 6 7 .
.
.,
O
NLY T
O 771
L
ED A
la
rm C l
ock
ON1235 £ 48 3 0 Rechargeab
le b a
ttery u n
its (E
l

H
OBBY
Adapto
r rcharger (
3 7 0 Case £ 8 50 C arnbr
odge 9v 4 00ma £ 6 4 0 1 2v car conveno rs 3:4 1,1 h

F
rog calcula
tor (13 15 Prog li
brary £3 45 Ma ins 71/ ,9
2 v 80Orns £ 2 50
a
deptor £3 20 Emerit
i.. ca
lcula
tor £20 9 5 SATTER ,/E L
I MINATOR K ITS . Send sae to
, d e
la e
i. ,.

CO MPONENTS . S end ste f oi luo

i n i I i
i F an
1
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l 80 9
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dap tor £2 14 E np300 £ 6 2 1 . .p350 £ 3 40 em s
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10 2 2 on
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250, 0 15 0 68 I nH COW. ' " 50 v E6 22pf
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TV GA MES. Send sae fo
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£8 9
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SWANLEY
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LECTRONICS
TH O US A N DS SOL D
TR ANSF OR MERS 6-0 6.
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30 236)1 31

;
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a
ds ) 60 m m
)
W e
ight
: 1 43 l
bs (
0 65 k
g)
M
etac Pr
ice
E
12.65 £
8.65

s
i
noA 4 06 oi
l
GUARANTEED SA ME DAY D
ISPATCH
• A
l
l p r
ices include VAT a nd carry 12 months Metac e
lec
tron ,. have been Wino Q uarts wa
tches
w
ritten g ua
ramee w i
th o u
r 1 0 day money b
eck p
robably l
onger than a
ny othe
r c ompany i nthe U K
a
s surance We ca
rry a v
ery wide r
ange of models and our shops
• A
l
l w atches sen
t lim
y class p
ost t
rod kmos
t batte
ries Fi
tt
ing isfree and th
is s
ervice i
s
* Shop sopen 9 3 0 am 6 0 0 pIn op
en toal

umop appdn P
l
ease a
dd 3
0p p

67 H
&p a
l o
rde
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METAC
s

I G H ST REET OeU
E
lectron
r ' I
F
ic• & T
B
P
arc
lay & A
hone o
r s
ccess w
end C

i me Centre
a
elcome
id N

327 ED G W ARE R O A D
umbe

-
-ti
I F\ A
RAD
,Arc••0

siw el
ios meu
D A VE NT RY, N O RT H A NTS LO N D O N W 2
6:1:1
1=0 1
Te
l: (
032 72) 76545 Te
l: (
01) 723 4753

O
SCILLOSCOPE
eto F
EATURES
—Response DC t o 5MHz

u
s
inia 04 GAI N
— S ens it
iv ity 100 MV t o
50V/d ivis
ion .
— F ully calibrated t ime-base
c
i
rcu it a nd a uto ma t
ic blank-
i
ng.

4
,uop noA — 1
— u
s
i
t
sto
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00 % s
t
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is
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ing 1
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lid s
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ta

le
te
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nd 1 s pecial
ly d es
igned
F
ROM S
TOCK

ains wp m
— S tab i
lised p owe r supplies and a c
tive £
83.25
s
ync C irc u
its. Add VAT £
7 34
— R ugged c onstruc t
ion t ogether w ith Ca
rriage 1 5 0
portabili
ty. E
XPORT ADO E
5 0
0
— I nexpens ive e
xcel
len t value a nd W
ith f
ul
l i
nstruc
tion manua
l

To: Subscr
iptions perfor mance .
Hobby Electronics, C
o
ne C
ont
rol I
l
a
riSe
lo S
e
te.
. s
l
ept '
i
nha
le, l
i
es e
a
se

25-27 Oxford Street, SPEC

IFICA T
IO NS B
c
a
la
l
ob
n
rk
ii
in
i
eg
. p
ou
*
t
1.1
,
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salr
ant
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London W1 R 1R F. E
leCTRICAL D
ATA S
YNCHRON
S
elect
ion
ISAT
H
ION
oman sutra
s!
V
ERT
ICA
L MIS P
t
S
ynch ron
isatton ORR
IN C
oa
l .. I
r
a. m
adly
. '
L
Sem
okno 1
00wr
m
in o
r.
ga
laWld11
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between 348 o w ls
( -DC K
IN
Iwould like a p osta
l subscr
iption t
o HE s tar
- I
nput A
t
tenuate,-(ranbrate
tI op 0 O
O-9 s
t n 05 p
oe t, SUPPLY
17 5 ,) W
Y P. I
npu
t lol
tage 15 7
20
11SC 1
M. t
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elt
t
ing with the I
npu
t I
mpedance 1MN 40
811
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h
oal
P
owe r O
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son 1
1
10

i
ssue. Ie nclose p ay ment (
£6.50 for UK a nd I
npu
t V
onage-Maz TON?? L
I
ST D
ATA
t
ot
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lll M
iSI1
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sp
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im
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ire
, £7 .50 e lse where, £11.50 air ma
il)
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efl
ection Sens/bet
ty 0
400or inmost F
i
t
te
"
omen I
d w e
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t 1
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t
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5
00
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reen.
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andwid th [
between 3 di po
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350
1
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an Conoo l L aHayout elan s
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ll '
so w
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I
nput Impedance N a
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nput Vo
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IRNM - S lE l pI0 I
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alai
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ase Man m ast c
lamant.
Sweep R ange p
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5 P
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,00 1 P
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Address
Also f
ro m 248 Tottenha m
B
ARG
/AYCARD
Cour
t Road, L
ondon, W.1; 301 E
dg ware
h 1
.:1 =1
1
Road, L
ondon, W.2 . —4
1

H
g
?m
im
ig
m
A
l
l ma
il t
o
: Henry's Rad
io
4
04 E
dgware Rd. London W2
PH O NE (
01)723 1008 EN GLA N D

8 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
 B
UILD T
HL

TREASURE
TT'
.

H
I
TER
FORMANC
E
7400. 01. 02, 03. 04, 08. 10
, 2 0
.30 .51 ANY MIX
10/C1.00, 100 /C9.00.
7433. 48
, 104, 105. 1 09
. 122. ANY M IX 10/C1.90
,
100/C111
.00

TRACER
7445. 46
, 92. 95
, 1 51. ANY MIX 4 /1E
1.00

E
LE
CTRO
NIC
7443. 83
. 96. 156. 160. 162. 163
,
74165. 1 80
. 1 93. 1 94. ANY M IX 3 /E1.30. In
E
S.ZO
.

MK II
BC184, 2N711. 1 2/C1.00 . OCP70 5 /C1.00
S
IM ILAR TO 2N2192 2 0/ E1.00. M AN 1 0 1.27"
4/E3.00 (
CAPAC
ITOR D
ISCHARGE
)
BAX13.1N4151 1 00 /C1.50 . IBA 120A 2 ,C1.00'

I
G
N
IT
IONU
N
IT
1
N5400 1 0/C0
.80 . 74S10 2 0/C1.00
PANAPLEX 9 DIGIT 7S EG D ISPLAY 2 /t2.50
METAL THYRISTOR 3 A 25V 340 .110
'' SP 21
/ D
2 IA 40 OH MS 2 /C1.00 '
LOCATOR RESISTORS 1 0/ E0.011, 1 00 4 0.1
10 . ANY M IX
F
12-10 OH MSTO 1MEG
'
CAPAC ITORS
S
.
CERAM IC 27P to 1
POLYESTER 001 t
,700P 3
o I1
12 Swi m 1
0/ EO M
0/
. ANY M
E0.30.
ix 1 ME
Good f
or your c
ar
1
E
0/C1.00
LECTROLYT IC 63V IMF TO 1 0MF 1 0/C0.70. 16V and y
our pocket
s
k
)
t
.
10MF TO 1 00MF 1 0 40.70
T
ELEPHONE ORDERS : COV (0203
)611597 US
ING
A
CCESS CARD NO
V
.A.T
. a
dd 1
2/296 TO ITE MS MARKED • TO ALL

F
i
ton
e
OTHERS ADD 8%

I
BEK 32 DUNSVILLE DRIVE
COVENTRY

t
o
day
AS S
EEN SYSTE MS CV2 2HS

O
N BBC-1
&BBC-2
T V PRINTED a
n
d
C
IRCUITS
ARE
HARD WARE
S
A
VE,SA
VE,S
A
VE!
W hy p ay mo re when y ou c
an e njoy the advantages
C
omprehensive r
ange C
ons
truc
tors H
ardwa
re o
ft r
ue c apacitor discharge ign
ition ( C
131) a
tvirtually
a
nd a
ccesso
ries p
re-
in flat
ion p rices? T he benefits to y our car a nd
y
ou r p ocket are e normous - e asy start
ing In t he
Se
lected r ange o f p opular c o mponents
c
oldes t of cold wea ther, an end t o b u
rn t contacts
Ful
l range o f H E printed circuit boards
a
nd a rcing prob le ms
, b e
tter e
ngine wea r and p e
trol
n
o rmally ex-stock , sa me d ay despa tch at
c
onsu mp t
ion a nd. ofc ourse
, easy a nd secure fi
tt
ing
• Genuine 5s i
l
icon t ransistor circu i
t. c
ompe t
it
ive p rices
t
o y our v ehicle. ORDER NO W W H ILE WE CAN
PC B oards t o individual d es
igns
does n o
t n eed a t rans istor rad io to HOLD TO THESE P R
ICES - S ta te ifp os
. or n eg.
Res
ist-coated e poxy g lass laminate f or t
he
operate. d y man w ith f u
ll p rocessing instructions (
no
e
arth.
INC. V.A . AND
.T
• I
ncorpo rates u nique v aricap tun ing unusual chem icals r equired)
.
POST F
REE I
NU.K
.
f
ore xtra stab i
lity.
• S
earch h ead f i
tted w ith F arada A
lfac r
ange o
f etch r
es
ist transfers
, a
nd o
the
r
s
creen t o e lim inate c apac itk r d
rawing ma
ter
ials f
or p c boards

e
ffects. S
end 1S
p f
or c
ata
logue
.
• Loudspeaker o r e arphone o pera - READY BU
ILT
t
ion (bo th supp lied) . R
AMAR C
ONSTRUCTOR ONLY
• Br
itain's best ,sell
ing me tal loca tor S
ERVICES
£
14.95
k
it.4,000 a l
ready s old. M AS O NS RO A D K
IT
• K
it can b e b ui
lt i nt wo hours u sing STR ATF OR D
-O N-AV O N
only s o
lder ing i ron , screwdr iver, COMPLETE
V
V AR W
ICKS
. Te
l. 4879
pl
iersa nd s ide-cu tters.
• E
• K
i
xce
t a
l
len
bso
ts
lu
ens
te
it
ly c
iv ity a
omp le
nd s
te i
tab
nc
il
lud
ity.
ing Why b
e
£
12
•75
dr
illed,t i
nned ,f i
breg lass p.c.b oard PARTS F
OR PROJECTS
w
ith c omponen ts siting p r
inted o n
.
I
N H
OBBY ELECTRON
ICS w
ithout?
• Comp lete a f
ter s ales s ervice. _ • MADE IN OUR OWN U K •HEAVY G AUGE ENCLOSED
BC1077 i - 1
1p MC3360 1
30p F
ACTORY M
ETAL CASE
• Weighs o n
iy 2 2oz.: h and le k nocks
BC109 1
2p NE555 27p • SWITCH F OR I NSTANT • B UILT FOR YEARS OF O
E
d
own t o 17" for t ranspor t. BC184 1
0p 1
1.209 13p R
ETURN T O ORDINARY B
ENDABLE SERV
ICE
I
GN
ITION • F
OIL 1
2 MONTHS
S
end sta mped, s e
lf-addressed BC212 1
2p Z
N414 1
00p G
UARANTEE
• NEG OR P US E
ARTH
e
nve
lope for l
i
terature
. CD4017 85p 7
41 24p
M
T
rans
for me
r 240V P
r Pay by Access o
r Barc
laycard o
fyou wish
1
Hv 1 ec 2
A S 90p (
+ 5
0p p&p
)

£
15.95
STIRLING SOUND
Co mp
lete k
it 37 VANGUARD WAY . SHOEBURYNESS , ESSEX

THIS M ONTH 'S

with pre-bui
lt Te
l 103708)5543
search co
il Shop - 222/224 West Road
. Westchtf
.o n
.Sea
P
lus £
1
.20 P&P me. mop ems moo me
P
lus £
.37 VA1 (
s
".
,) SPECI AL OFFER TOS
Sa
t
tu
i
ra
r
li ZSound
tor
. S
/ mat Emi
i Vangua
r'
rd W ay

2 SN76018 1 SN76131 P
lease s
end Ma
rk 5 R
eady B
ui
lt 0£
14
.95
1 T
IL209 2 Hea
t S
inks
'W
ilt. t
ested K
i
t @ C
12.75
1 1A 1
00V B
r Red t£5
.40.
md NA ME
We carry LAR GE stock• of
Guaranteed P
lus £
1.20 P& P SE MI C O N D U CT O R S/ RE S/ C AP S/ ADDRESS
P
lus £
1
.77 VAT (
8%) ACCESSOR IES. Send 6 x 9 S
ta mped Ad
ressed E
d nve
lope for y
ou r f
ree l
it o
s r s
ee our f
u
ll
a
dvert i
n ETA. /P W/ PE /W W.
M
INIK
ITS E
LECTRON
ICS
, Add 25p p&p A
ll above pr
ices inc VAT
I
f 1
IM
P

6
d C
leve
land Road, S
LON DON E
outh Woodford
18 2AN
,
T
ECHNOMAT
IC L
TD. A
TBREADBOARD
'78 S
tand
17 BU R NLEY RO A D. LO N D O N
. N W1 0
(
Mai
l o
rder o
nly
) (
2 m ms f
ro m Don
,s Hi
ll Tube )
H
rs Mon F
r
i 93
0-5 3
0
S
at 10 30
-4 30

9
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
Metrono me
For t
hose of you with musical a
spi
rations, th
is p
roject w
ill he
lp y
ou t
o get
i
nto r
hyth m without beat
ing about the bush
.

T
ICK , TICK, T ICK . Not marks o fs cho las tic app roval
, b ut
t
he s ound made b y o ur elec t
ron ic me tronome . T he
metronome i sdesigned t o he
lp t hose l earning t o p
l ay a
musical ins
trumen t who f i
nd t hat k eep ing t ime iso ne o f
t
he f i
rst hurdles t o be e ncounte red . As ense o f na
tu ral
• 0 r
hythm i snot presen t in mos t of us a nd t he me tronome ,
• 4 by producing as e r
ies of regular b ea ts, is ac onsiderab le
he
lp i nthe early days of ap otential A ndre Prev in or Br
ian
••0
May ( acco
rd ing t ot a
ste)
.
I ' ' ' I •
•• • We wou ld c l a
im t ha t i n this c ase t he e lectron ic
v
ersion i san i mp rovemen t over t he c lockwo rk mechan -
• i
sms t hat many o f you will have s een . D o
ing t hings t he
• e
lectronic w ay n eed n o
t b e the b est me thod a llthe t ime
b
utj udge fory ourselves i four self
-con tained l i
t
tle box o f
t
r
icks i snot ab etter propos it
ion t han t he rathe r bu
lky ,
f
r
agile a nd often e xpensive mechan ica l a nalogue .
METRONO ME
T
ICK I
N T
I ME

I
Y
ou c an see tha
t our metronome w as bu
ilt in
to a sma ll
p
las
tic case with j
us
t one cont
ro l on t
he f
ront panel
. T his
i
sthe on/o f
f and ra
te contro
l. T he bea
t can b e v a
ried
b
etween a bout 30 and 120 b eats pe
r minute, the b eat
b
eing reproduced b y t
he GPO ' i
nsert
' moun ted b ehind
t
he decorative ho
les on t
he panel.

CONSTRUCT
ION
T
his isla
rgely a ma t
ter of cho
ice. We s how t wo al
tern-
a
t
ive componen t l
ayouts, one u
sing pr
inted circuit board
(
PCB) spec
ially des
igned f or t
h
is pro
ject;t he other us
ing
ageneral p
urpose b oard. Whichever method y ou ca
re to
u
se, f
ol
low the over
lay s hown with c
are. It
's impo r
tan tto
g
et the IC
, t r
ansistors
, a nd elec
tro
lytic c apacitors the
r
i
ghtw ay round ifyou don'tw ant a'metronome mo r
t" on
y
our hands.

—Parts L
i
st
R
ES ISTORS POTENT
IO METER
R
1 2
k2 RV1 IMO l
i
nea
rwi
th s
witch
R2 4
7k
R3 1
0k
S
EM ICONDUCTORS
I
CI 5
55 time
r I
C
01 B
C184L
D
1 1N914
CAPAC
ITORS
C2 1
0n p
olyes
ter
C1 1
u0 3
5V tantalu m M
ISCELLANEOUS
C3 1
0u 1
6V elect
rolytic P
CB a
s p
atte
rn, GPO i
nser
t, P
P3 b
attery
, V
ero b
ox, w
ire e
tc

L
ooking through the adverts i
n this is
sue s hould The GPO i
nser
tw i
ll.becheapest i
fboughtfr
om a
l
oca
te most ofthe componen ts used int he Me t
ro- s
hop deal
ing in s
urplus GPO g oods but i
tisalso
nome. Ify ou decide to use the P CB i tw i
ll be p
oss
ible to b
uy this dev
ice fr
om t he more usual
a
vai
lable from p eople l
ike Ramar , Crofton, a nd c
omponen t r
e
tai
lers.
T
am tron
ix. Vero board should be a vai
lab le fr
om
most general componen t suppliers, V ero also App
rox
i ma
te c
ost £
5.00
.

10 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
 OV

GPO
INSERT

RV1
SW1

GPO
I
NSERT

The 'co mponent over

lay a bove relates t
he pos it
ions o f t
he t
oi ndicate where t
he major c
o mponents l
i
e. T
he p
rinted c
ircu
it
co mponents on t
he pr
inted ci
rcuit board t
o thei
r places in t
he f
oil pat
te r
nisg iven (
above r
ight
).
c
ircuit d
iagra m
. The metrono me i
s sho wn opened ( be
lo w l
eft
)

D
ril
l the f
r
ont pane l w
ith c
a re asa ny s
loppy wo rk here
w
il
l s how u p eve ry time you d emons trate you r new
p
roject. We u sed L et
raset to p roduce t he fr
ont p anel
mark
ings .
When y ou
've finished every th
ing, it
's best t
o put the
p
roject t o o
ne side f or af ew h ours before careful
ly
c
hecking e ve
rything . When t his isdone, s w
itch on and
h
ope ful
ly you wil
l b e rewarded b y aser
ies of rhyth mic
b
eats.

a• • • •
•
a • •
•
•
al
Pip i • • •1 / • •• •

•I • 00
• •
• • • •• .
. . . . a -- • •• • •• • •

) TO GPO
I
NSERT

The Veroboard l ayout f or the c onstruc-

t
ion o f the metrono me i s given here
—Ve BATTERY (above and left
) a s an a
lternative t o the
printed c
ircuit board method . In t he foi
l
pattern (above) , the large b lack dots
represent so
lder joints wh ile the circles
r
epresent breaks i n t
he c opper track.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978 1
1
 Metronome -
H
ow i
tWorks +
Vu 0

THE b eat o f t he metro me i s p roduced b y

a
pp lying a s eries of regu lar e lectrica l p ulses t o s
wi
RV I
t
he GPO i nsert wh ich a cts a s al oudspeaker . D
I

T
he p ulses u sed t o "drive" t he GPO i nser t are +
p
roduced b y t he i n
tegra ted c ircu it I CI c alled a
1
3
3
'
555'
. T his is av ery versa tile "timer" I C tha t c an 1
0k
9V
b
e u sed i n a n u mber o f different c ircu it t 4
.R
21k2 R
4
72k I
CI 3 C
3
a
rrangemen ts t o produce s ingle t im ing p eriods 1
0u
u
pt o many m inutes o r,a si no ur c ase, as er ies of 0
1
r
epe ti
tive p u
lses .

T,
. Tl
O
n
NOTE:
T
he 5 55
's i nternal c ircu itry c ons ists
, i n t he c
i 0
1 IS BC184L —
1—C2
main , o f t wo c omparators a nd a s witch . A D
1 IS 1N914 GPO
I
C1 I
S 555 I
NSERT
c
ompara tor c ompares t wo v oltages a nd p ro- OV •
d
uces a n o utpu t that d epends o n t he r esu lt of
t
he c ompar ison .
The t wo c ompara tors a re c onnected i nter- AsR I isof af arlower v alue than R 2plus RVI ,
n
ally t ot wo o ft he pins o ft he I C,o ne top in t wo, t
he outpu t oft he 555 wil
l b e on fo
r af ars hor
ter
t
he o ther to p in s ix
. Ift he v o
ltage o n pin t wo i s t
ime t han i tiso ff
. T hus t he timer p roduces a
l
ess t han ' A o f the s upp ly v o
ltage t hen t he s
hort
, s harp p ulse that isj ust what we wan t to
c
ompara tor c onnec ted t o t hat p in w i
ll turn t he p
roduce ar eal
is t
ic me tronome s ound .
o
u tpu to fthe 5 55 o n( the v oltage a tp in three w il
l Byaltering the v alue of RVI a nd thus the rate
r
i
se t o t he s upp ly voltage ). T h
is h appens when a
t which C l isallowed t od ischarge, we can al
ter
t
he c ircu it i s firs
t s witched o n a s C l i s d is
- t
he rate at wh ich t he pulses are produced , and
c
harged . Cl i sn ow charged v ia D I, R I a nd RV I , t
hus change t he b eat oft he metronome .
R2. A s t he v oltage o n p in s ix r eaches % o f Q
I i sa n em itter f o
llower a nd i sn eeded b e-
s
upp ly,h owever ,t he other c ompara tor w ill turn c
ause t he o utput o f the 5 55 is n ot power ful
t
he o utput o f I CI o f
f ( the v o
ltage a t pin t hree e
nough t o dr
ive t he GPO i nsert
. T he vol
tage a t
f
al
ls t o z ero )
. C l w i
ll n ow d ischarge o nly v ia Q
I's em i
tter willb et he sa me asthe v o
ltage ati t
s
RV1 , R 2 as D I d oes n ot a llow c urren t t o f l
ow b
ase b ut will b e c apable o f prov iding more
now a si tisr everse b iased . c
urrent.

S
hort C
ircu
it
+
9V
0
1
ONE TRA NSIS
-
1
3
C109
TOR A MPLIF
IER O
R
B
C182
B
C169
A
t f i
rst g lance t his may s ee m a
r
athe r c omp lica ted c i
rcu it — e s-
pec ially f or a o ne t rans istor
amp l
ifier — o ne o f t he s imp lest 1
3
-13
1/1-0
- ALL DC V OLTAGES

Tc
,
a
c t
ive c i
rcu its i nc om mon u se, b ut MEASURED W ITH A
i
n f act i ti s s imp le e nough i n i t
s 20k /V M
ETER
ope ration. I t
's j ust aq ues tion o f
2
70n
s
plitting i tu p i nto i t
s c ons ti
tuen t
R
2 R
4 R
L>10k
p
ar ts. 3
9k
S
tar t
ing w ith t he p owe r s upp ly 2
k2 150R
Vi
n
(
f
rom a 9 V b atte ry, t ypica lly), A l
a
nd C 4 p rov ide c ircu i
t s t ability b y C2
T 1
00u,6
-3V

,
7
;
7
smoo th ing t he b attery v oltage .
This means t hat s udden c urren t
d
ra in w ill d ra w o n the c urren t
s
to red i n C4 , r athe r than o n t he
b
a ttery. T hus t hese s udden s urges r
ect o peration o f the t ransis
to r
. I f t
rans istor's em m itter / col
lec tor The netwo rk f ormed b y R4. R 5
w
ill h ave l i
ttle e ffec t o n the v oltage t
h
is v oltage i st oo h igh , the t r
an- j
unction t o v ary — t he h igher the a
nd C 2 i s n ecessary t o p rov ide
s
istor will o verhea t a nd i fitist oo b
ase/e m it
ter v ol
tage , t he lower s
t
ab il
ity int he f ace o f two cri
te ria
a
tt he tops o f R 1 a nd R 6 a s C4 w il
l
l
ow i twill not p ass e nough c urrent t
he re s
istance . (This i strue of NPN k
eep ing t he b ase c urrent at t he
bea ble to h and le t hem .
Resistors R 1 a nd R 2 f orm wha t t
oo pera te. t
ransistor — P NP o nes ope rate ina r
i
gh t level and k eep ing t he em itte r
i
sc al
led a d ivide r. T h
is p rov ides a The bias v oltage i sa dded t o the d
iferen t direc t
ion). a
t ac ons tant v oltage s o tha t i t
v
ol tage o f 3V8 a t t heir j unc tion a
l
te rnating i npu t voltage b y means A
s t he base v ol
tage v aries then, d
oesn 't move u p a nd d own a nd
a
nd t h
is i su sed t o ' b
ias' t he t ran- o
f C l. T h
is i sc al
led a d e
-coup l
ing t
he c u
rrent t h
rough R 6 w i
ll vary d
isturb the o utpu t voltage .
s
isto r
. T h
is means t hat i ti sa dded c
apac itor. A ny DC v oltage wh ich i s a
lso. A sthe top of R 6 isf
ixed at9 V, T
he v o
ltage r ead ings o n t he
a
dded t o the i npu t v o
ltage t o t he p
resen t o n t he i nput w ill have n o t
he v ol
tage o n the b ottom o f itwil
l d
iag ra m are wha t y ou s hould e x-
c
ircu it inputv oltage t ot he c ircu itin efect o n t he b ias v oltage b u
t a n f
ol
low t he c urrent v ariat
ions . T h
is p
ec t to find d uring n orma l o pe ra-
o
rder t o e nsure t ha t t he a ve rage a
l
te rnating v ol
tage w il
l c ause t he v
oltage i st hen d e-coup led b y C 3 t
ion. T hey mus t b e measured w ith
v
ol tage b e
tween t he b ase o f t he b
ase v oltage o f the t ransistor to (wh
ich r emoves t he 6 V19 DC a nd afair
ly g ood me te r (about 2 0 000
t
rans isto r a nd i t
s em it
te r i sa bou t v
ary a bou ti t
sb ias voltage . This wil
l c
auses t he o utput t o v ary a bout ohms p e
r v o
lt) t o gain a n accu ra te
OV6 . T h
is i se ssen tial f or t he c or
- c
ause t he effective r esistance oft he OV)
. e
sti mate oft heir true v a
lue .
•

12 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
D
eep S
pace
C
ommunicat
ion
B
rian Dance exa mines t
he c
hal
lenges o
fco m mun
icat
ions w
ith i
nterp
lane
-
t
ary c
raf
t.

I
TI S ONE o ft he triu mphs o f modern s cience t hat we c an
e
stab lish r e
liab le c om mun ica tions w ith s pacec raf ta ta ny
p
oin t i n t he s o
lar s ystem p rovided t hey a re n ot i n the
r
adio s hadow o f s ome l arge o bjec t a s s een f rom t he
E
arth .
Deep s pace c om mun ica tions a re r equ ired f or three
main p u rposes
(1
)T
. o t rack s pacec ra f
t v eloc ity a nd d is tance . T his info r
-
mation i sr equ ired t oc a
lcu la te t r
ajec tory a nd t oc ompu te
v
eloc ity c orrec t
ions s o t hat t he d es ired t rajec tory i s
obtained .
I
fap ulse i ss ent t o the s pacecra ft a nd t he o n-board
t
ransponde r i m med ia te
ly s ends a p u
lse i nr esponse , the
t
ime d elay b efo re t h
is p ulse i s received o n e arth i sa
measure o f t he d istance o f the c ra ft. T he Dopp ler
f
requency s h
if t of this si gna l is a measure o f i t
s v elocity
t
owards o r away f rom t he e ar th.
(
i
) T o transm i
tc om mand s i
gna ls t o the s pacec raft. S uch
ac om mand s igna l may , f or e xa mp le , sw itch o n a sma l
l
j
e
t s oa st oa l
te rt he v e
loc ity o ft he cra ft o r itmay c ause a
t
e
lev is ion c a me ra t o p oin t i n ac er tain d i rec t
ion a nd
t
ransm it a p ic ture , o r i t may sw itch o n a p iece o f
e
qu ipmen t. Many c raft h ave a memo ry wh ich w i
ll store
c
om mand s igna ls f or u se a t at ime when c om mun ica -
t
ions a re n o t p oss ible b ecause t he c raft i s b eh ind a
p
lane t
.
(
i
i) T o s end d ata a nd t e
lev ision p ictures t o t he e arth b y
t
e
leme t ry.
During t he p ast t wen ty y ears t he USA h as b uilt up a
wo r
ld -w ide n etwo rk o f D eep S pace s tat
ions f or i n
te r
-
p
lane tary c om mun ica tion . T h
is i si n a lmos t c on t
inuous
u
se a nd i so ften r ece iving s igna ls from q uite an u mber o f
s
pacec ra f
t s imu ltaneous ly.

BR
IEF H
ISTORY g
uided m issiles d uring t he e ar
ly 1950s wh ich resul
ted
The US D eep S pace C o m mun ications Ne twork i s i
nthe d evelopmen t ofthe p resent Deep S pace N etwork.,
managed f or NASA b y t
he Jet P ropulsion Laboratory of T
he US s pace p rogra m me c o m menced o n 3 1st
t
he C al
ifornia Inst
itute o f Techno logy ( at Pasadena ). J
anua ry 1 958 w ith the l aunching of satell
ite "Explorer
P
ionee r
ing wo rk o n li
quid a nd s o
lid rocket propel
lan ts 1
". T his 1 4 k g spacec raft c on
tinued t r
ansm it
ting from
was car
ried outo n t
he P asadena s i
te oft he Guggenhe im E
arth o rbit u ntil 2 3rd May 1 958; i tsent d ata to a
Aeronau t
ical L
abo ratory as early as the mid-30's
. How - t
hree-stat
ion n etwo rk estab l
ished b y the Jet Propuls
ion
e
ve r
, it was the J et Propulsion L aboratory
's wo rk o n L
abo ratory inciden tally con firming the e x
istence of the
t
racking a nd da
ta r ecovery s ystems f or t
he US a r my
's V
an A l
len r adiation b el
ts a round the Earth.

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, December 1
978 1
3
 I
n S eptembe r 1 958 , NASA was c reated b y t he US SEEK
ING L
IFE OUT THERE
Congress f ori nves t
iga t
ing p rob lems f o rf l
igh tw ithin a nd
o
u ts
ide t he e arth 's a tmosphe re ' f
or p eace ful p urposes The D eep S pace N etwo rk is u sed f or many p urposes
t
ot he b ene fit o f mank ind '
. Two mon ths l a
ter t he c ont rol b
es ides d eep s pace i nclud ing p u
lsar a nd q uasar s tudies.
o
f the L abo ra to ry was t rans ferred f rom t he US A rmy t o The a er
ials o f th
is n e two rk are i deal for radar mapp ing
t
he C a
liforn ia I ns t
i tute of T echno logy . t
he s urfaces o f the p lanets a nd t he r ings o f Sa turn. I ti
s
T
he D eep S pace N e
two rk h as p rov ided t rack ing , i
ntended t o use two o f the a erials for . S
earch f or E x
tra-
c
om mand a nd d ata acqu isition f acilities f or t he R anger ,
, T
e rrest
ia l I n
tell
igence ( SET I) — s tarting a bou t 1 979
Surveyo r a nd L unar O rb i
te r p rojec ts f or e xp lora tion o f o
ve r af i
ve-yea r period a nd c overing s ome 80 % o f the
t
he moon , f or t he Mar iner m issions t o Mars , V enus a nd s
ky. As earch w ill b e made f or e v
idence o f radio s ignals
Me rcury a nd f or t he V iking m issions f or o rbiting a nd f
rom i ntel
ligen t e xtra-ter restial l fe — a
i dvanc ed d a
ta
l
and ing o n Mars . I ta lso s uppo rted t he Manned S pace p
rocess ing b eing u sed t o s urvey t he s ky o ver am ill
ion
F
l
ight N etwork a nd t he Apo llo l unar l and ing p ro - d
ifferen t frequency b ands . Ac ompan ion p ro ject t o be
g
ra m me , a par t f r om c o
llec t
ing d ata f rom P ionee rs 1 0 u
nde r
taken b y t
he Ames R esea rch C entre w il
l e xa mine
a
nd 1 1 a nd t he H e
lios 1a nd 2 c raf t wh ich a s the n ame 500 s elec ted stars t o ascertain i fa ny p lane ts o rbit
ing
implies we re u sed t o explore s pace c lose t o t he s un . t
hem a re transm itt
ing s i
gna ls.
The D eep S pace N e
two rk w ill b e i nvolved i n e ven
mo re wo rk d uring t he c om ing y ears . T he cur ren t P ionee r
mission t o V enus i nvo lves r ece iv ing s igna ls s imu l- THE DSN
t
aneous ly f rom o ne l arge p robe , t h ree sma ll p robes , a
'
bus ' carrie rv ehic le a nd aV enus o rb iting c ra ft. T he l ong The Amer ican D eep S pace N etwork emp loys h uge
duration V oyage r 1a nd 2 m issions t o the o uter p lane ts h
igh-ga in p arabolic d ish a er
ials a nd v ery low n o
ise
(
Jup ite r in 1 979 , S aturn i n 1 980/81 a nd p oss ib ly r
eceivers a t wide ly s eparated p laces a t v arious
Uranus i nJ anuary 1 986 a nd N ep tune i n 1 989 ) w i
ll b e l
ongitudes a round t he globe ; t
his ensures t hat as pace -
c
a rr
ied o ns imu ltaneous ly wi th wo rk w ith t he V iking c raft c
raf
t travelling b
eyond e arth orbit i
sn eve r out ofv iew o f
on Mars a nd o rbi t
ing Mars . Ina dd it
ion , c om mun ica t
ions a
l
l ofthe D eep Space N etwo rk s
tations u n
less i ti
sb ehind
mus t b e main tained w ith P ioneers 1 0a nd 1 1 o utside t he ala
rge o bjectass een from t he Earth. Thus a tleasto ne of
o
rb it of J upi ter, s uppo rt mus t b e g iven t o t he Wes t t
he sta
tions c an com mun icate with any c raft a
ta ny time
Ge rman s pace c om mun ications f acilities work ing w i th when i tisn o
t i
nr adio s hadow .
t
he t wo H e
lios c raft, a nd v arious o the r demands made Deep s pace Netwo rk s tat
ions a re located i ngroups a t
by D eep S pace C om mun ica tions . A J up iter O rbite r t
hree p laces, Goldstone , C al
ifornia; at Madr id, S pa
in ;
P
robe i sp l anned f or launch ing b y t he S pace S hu t t
le i n and at T idbinb
il
la , n ear C anberra, Aus tral
ia. E ach o f
J
anuary 1 982 f o
r a rr
iva l atJ upiter s ome t wo y ears a nd t
hese s t
a t
ions ise quipped w ith a h uge 6 4 m d ia me ter
e
igh t mon ths l ate r. d
ish aerial and two sma lle r 26 m a erials
. G roup ing t he

1
4 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 S
pace C
ommun
icat
ions
s
tations t oge the r s aves money a nd a voids e xcess ive
duplica t
ion o f e quipmen t
. A ll s tations a re l i
nked b y a
s
pec ia l g round c om mun ica t
ions n e twork wh ich i sp arto f
t
he l arge r "NASCO M (
No r e
la t
ion ! — E d) n etwo rk
which p rovides c ommun ica t
ions b etween a ll of NASA 's INROAD u
t• L
t, t
uR S
TEN
/C U NT

s
tations .
The g round c om mun ica t
ions f ac il
i t
ies u sed b y t he
Deep S pace N etwo rk i nclude I NTELSAT c om mun ica - 1
,
1 , 1
-
11 P,
10
LEZ
i , S
TPR
FUE
CETL
U RN
ED

t
ions s atel
lite l i
nks a nd s ub -ocean ic c ables a s we ll a s
PREC
ISION ANGLE DATA
microwave l i
nks . D a ta r eceived f r om s pacecra f
t a re SYSTE M PLATF ORM

t
ransm itted o ve r h igh -speed d a
ta c ircu its. Wide b and -
ELEVATION
w
id th c i
rcu its may c ar ry t elevision p ictures o f p lane ts R
E AR
ING ASSIOARLT

a
nd t he ir moons f rom a D eep S pace N etwo rk st at
ion t o
t
he C on trol C en tre a t ar ate o f u p t o o ne p icture i n 48 INSIRLOAENT !
—

s
econds . I n a dd it
ion , r ange a nd v eloc ity i n
fo rma tion TO WER

a
bou t t he s pacec ra ft a re t ransm itted f rom t he r eceiv ing
ELEVATION
DRIVE ASSE MELY

s
tation t o the C ont rol C en tre fo r n aviga tiona l purposes . SuBRE FLECTOR
M OTAT RILE FOR
CONE SELECTION ,
Command s i gna ls a re s en t to t he D eep S pace N etwo rk •ZOAUTH E
RAD
IAL
S

s
tations f or t ransm ission t o t he c ra ft. B efo re t ransm is- B
EARING

Ai NulD
s
ion t hey a re l oaded i nto a c om mand p rocess ing c om - / Maly
•SSE muLT
puter wh ich a utoma tica lly c hecks t hem . ALIDADE

The D eep S pace N etwork i s n ot u sed d uring t he Ou ND

ING

l
aunch ing p hase o f am ission . L aunches t ake p lace f rom •
Cape C anave ral, F lor
ida , a nd u se the n ear-ear th f acilit
ies
IN
I MART REFLECT OR SURF ACE

o
f t he US A ir F orce E as tern T est R ange i n t he A tlan tic P
E DESTAL."

t
oge the r w ith t he d own -range e lemen ts o f the NASA
II
I
Space f
ligh t T rack ing a nd D ata N e
twork ( STDN ) a t P/
oMul
T..
HYDROSTATIC
S
T D
I SH
ING
I
C

CM
ITS T
ST
I•P U
. "

Me rrit t I s
land , F lorida . C o m mun icat ions s hips a nd
i
nstru men ted j et airc ra ft may a lso b e emp loyed d uring
t
he l a unch ing s tage . T he S TDN s ystem i s essen tial
ly
c
oncerned w ith manned s pace f l
igh ts, e arth s atell
ites
a
nd l unar p robes t oge ther w ith t he l aunch ing p hase o f
any s pacecraf t; i t c ons is ts o f 1 6 s tations l ocated depend on wea the r cond
itions at the Ear
th r ece
iving
t
hroughou t t he wo rld . s
tation. Ra
in a nd other f orms of precipitat
ion c an
The Goddard S pace F l
igh t C en tre l oca ted i n G reen - s
eriously degrade r ecept
ion a t X b and frequenc ies
,
be
lt, Mary land , o pera tes t he S TDN n etwo rk a nd t he a
ffect
ing t
he p o
larizat
ion of the s
igna
l, e
tc
.
NASCO M n etwork wh ich l i
nks a ll STDN a nd DSN
s
tations w ith c on trol c en tres. T he NASCO M n etwo rk
perm its t he t r ans m iss ion a nd r ecep tion o f w ritten PO WER LEVELS
messages , f acsim i
le , v oice , teleme t ry a nd c om mands b y The 6 4 m a n
tenna a t Go lds tone , C a
liforn ia, i se qu ippea
h
igh -speed d ata l ines . f
or r adia ting p owe r le ve ls u p to 400 kW — t he S pan ish
The STDN s ys te m p rov ides t rack ing a nd c om - a
nd A us tralian 6 4m a eria ls h ave 1 00 kW t ransm it
ters .
mun ica tions w ith t he s pacecra ft d uring t he l aunch ing E
ach o fs ix 26 ms t
ations i so pera ted a t 20 kW . K lys trons
phase , b ut a bou t t he t ime t he l aunch ing v eh icle i s a
re u sed t o gene rate t he r adio f requency p owe r
.
j
ett
isoned a nd t he s pacecraf t h as b een p ut o nto i t
s The V iking Mars c ra ft u se t r
ansm itters o fa bou t 30 W
c
o rrec t t ra
jec to ry t owards t he d esired p lane t
, t he D eep powe r o u tput, t he p owe r b e
ing o btained f rom s unligh t
Space Ne twork t akes o ver a ll c o m mun ications . I t b
yt he u se ofs olar p ane ls. T he V iking c raft wh ich l anded
ma inta ins a t wo -way r ad io l ink t hroughout t he o
n t he p lane tc an transm i te ithe rd irectly toe arth o rt ot he
r
ema inde r oft he d eep s pace m ission . o
rb it
ing c raft which c an r e
lay t he signa l to e ar th.
The V enus P ioneer c ra f
t w ill u se s olar p ane ls t o
p
rov ide o ver 2 00 W o f p owe r a nd w i
ll b e e quipped w i
th
an u mbe r of a erials. T he i ndiv idua l p robes f r
om t he
FREQUENC
IES
mul t
i-p robe c raft will b e p owe red b y batter ies f or as ho r
t
The standard f requency b and u sed f or d eep s pace p
e riod a f
te rt hey h ave s epara ted f rom t he ma in c rafta nd
c
om mun ications i s2 .1 GHz f or t
he u p-
link f rom e ar
th t o w
ill t ransm it direc t
ly t o e arth a t l e
vels o f 1 0 W t o 40 W.
s
pacecra f
t a nd 2.3 GHz f o
r t he d own-link f rom s pace - Howeve r, the d ata r ates w i
ll b e r e
latively l ow ow ing t o
c
raft t
o earth, these f requenc ies b e
ing i n the band . .
t
he s imp le a er
ials u sed o n these p robes . N ever theless ,
Howeve r, some s pacec raft are a l
so e quipped w i
th 8 .4 t
hese d a ta r a
tes s hou ld b e a dequa te, si nce n o p icture
GHz (X b and ) tr
ansm itters. Mar ine r 1 0 c arried a l ow data l inks a re n eeded .
power Xb and t r
ansm it
te r n o
t modu lated w ith teleme try, The V oyage r J upite r c raft h ave t o b e a ble t o c om -
but u
sed w ith the S b and s igna l for ad ua
l s ignal for a mun ica te w ith t he e arth f rom e no rmous d istances . T he
dual f
r
equency r adio e xpe r
i men t. V oyage rs 1a nd 2 w i
ll i
ntens ity o f s unligh t i s i nadequa te t o p rov ide e nough
h
ave b oth S and X b and h igh p owe r tr
ansm itters. The X power a nd t herefore p luton iu m 238 r ad io iso tope
band down l i
nk w il
l b e a b
le t o send a t 1 15 000 b i
ts/ t
he rmoe lec tr
ic g enera to rs w ill b e emp loyed . E ach c ra f
t
s
econd f rom J upiter, b u
t s atisfactory r ecep t
ion a t dis- has t hree o f these g ene rato rs wh ich a re 5 84 mm i n
t
ances of 6.88 x 1 0° km a t the fi
rst encoun ter with this l
e ngth a nd 3 98 mm i nd ia me te r and wh ich we igh 1 2.1
p
lanet ( 9
.27 x 1 08-k m a t the s econd e ncoun te
r) may kg. E ach o f t hese t hree g enera tors p rov ides 1 55 W

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, Decembe
r 1
978 1
5
 S
pace C
ommun
icat
ions
in
itia l
ly , a bou t 1 35 W a f
te r five y ears a nd a bout 1 25 W T
he a ntenna mus t b e able t o p oin t a nywhe re a bove
a
fte r 1 0 y ears , b u
t o nly a f rac t
ion o f t his p owe r is t
he h o r
izon . Mo to rs w ith at o tal p owe r o f s ome 3 00k W
availab le f or the t ransm itter. a
re u sed t oa chieve t h
is . T he a ntenna c an b e direc ted t o
T
he i n
stru men ts o n V oyage r r equire s ome 9 9 W . any p osit
ion i ns pace a bove t he h o
rizon w ith a n a ccuracy
Voyage r w il
l b e e quipped w i th a 3 .7 m d ia me ter d i
sh o
f af ew t housand ths o f ad egree , y et the h uge s t
ruc tu re
aerial wh ich w ill d i
rec t the b eam t owa rds t he ear th; this c
an c omp letely r otate a nd b e moved f rom h orizon tal t o
i
st he l a
rges t dish a er
ia l y et b u
ilt i n
to as pacec raft. vertical i na bout t hree m inu tes . T he d ish mus t move s o
A
t J up iter i ti se xpec ted t ha t the V oyage r c raft will t
ha t i tc ontinues t o p oin t at as pacec ra ft a s i t moves
p
rov ide d ata r a
tes o f u p t o 15 2 00 b i
ts/second when a
c ross o ur s ky d espite e ar
th 's r ota t
ion . T rack ing t he
u
sed w ith a 6 4 m e a r
th s tation a nd a bou t 6 40 b i
ts/ spac rec ra f
t i s p erfo rmed a utoma t
ica lly b y the s tation
s
econd when u sed w ith a2 6 ma e
rial. When t he c rafta re equipmen t.
i
nt he v icin i
ty o f S atu rn, t he d ata r ate w i
ll b e limited t o S
igna ls c an b e r eceived a s s oon a s t he c raft a ppea rs
abou t 3 0 000 b its/second when wo rking w i
th a 6 4 m above t he h or
izon , since t he a er
ia l c an b e p ointed i n
.
a
e r
ia l a nd 8 0 b i
ts/second w ith a 2 6 ma e r
ial. p
rec ise ly t he r equ ired d i
rec tion b eforehand . H oweve r,
The r eason f or th
is i stha t n oise i n
troduces e rrors. A t
he e s tab l
ishmen t of t wo-way c om mun ica t
ions t akes
l
owe rr a
te e nab les an a r
rowe rb andw idth t ob e emp loyed l
o nge ri fthe craft i sata ny dis tance ; f o
re xamp le , as igna l
a
nd t his r educes n oise . E r
ro rs o f a bout o ne bi
t i nt hir
ty s
en t t o as pacec ra ft i n t he v icinity o f J up iter w il
l t ake
b
its a re t o
lerab le f or T V p i
ctures , h oweve r, e rrors i n abou t4 5 m inutes t oa rr
ive ( depend ing o n t he p osit
ion o f
c
ommand s ignal t ransm iss ions t o ac raf t mus t b e far Jup iter r e
la t
ive t ot he e arth) — af urthe r 4 5 m inu tes w ill
sma ller t o a void t he c raft b eing s en t o n a n i nco r
rec t e
lapse b efore a ny r e spond ing s igna l c an b e r eceived
t
rajec to ry. T ypica lly the e rro rs hou ld b e less than o ne bit back a tt he e ar
th.
i
n 1 00 000 b i
ts — c o m mand s igna l e rrors c an b e Apa rt f r
om t he 6 4m o r 2 6m p a rabo lic a er
ia ls, e ach
e
xtreme ly e xpens ive! s
tation mus t h ave c ompu ters , s pec ial r ece ive rs, a nalo -
Data r ates h ave g rea tly i ncreased s i nce Ma rine r 4 gue a nd d igital p rocess ing e qu ipmen t, b lack a nd wh ite
t
ransm i tted p i
ctu res f r
om Mars a t 8 .3 b i
ts/second — a
nd c olou rt e
levision s creens , h igh s peed p rinte rs a b
le t o
t
he i n
c rease i sa bou t 1 4 000 o ve r ap e
riod o ften y ears. r
ead e ng inee ring d ata a t8 0 0 00 c ha rac te rs p er m inu te
and c om mun ica tions e quipment p lus e ngineer ing
l
a bora to r
ies, o ff
ices , c an teens a nd d orma to r
ies wh ich
S
IXTY
-FOUR METRE AER
IALS e
nab le i tt o be self-su fficien t. I t mus t a lso h ave i ts own
powe r p l
an t tos upp ly a l o f t he s tation r equ iremen ts —
The f i
rst o f the h uge D eep S pace N etwo rk 6 4m a er
ia ls one c anno tl ose signa lt h rough p owe rf a
ilure when o ne is
w as c ons truc ted a t G oldstone , C alifo rnia , p art o f t he p
er fo rm ing s uch e xpens ive e xpe ri men ts. E ach s tation
des ign b e
ing b ased o n t he A ust ral ian R ad io T e
lescope mus t a lso h ave a n a tom ic t ime g ene ra tor s o prec ise t hat
aerial a t P arkes , NS W ; t he Go lds tone a erial b ecame i
ti sa ccu ra te too ne s econd i n 30 00 y ea rs.
ope ra t
iona l i n 1 967 . S ome s i
x y ea rs l a
te rt he A ustralian
64m a eria
l a tT idb inb i
lla (n amed " Balli ma ," A borigina l
for " ve ry f ar away" w as b rough t i n
to r egu lar s ervice ,
a
lthough i tassis ted w ith A pollo 1 7 t rack ing i n 1 972 . FUTURE IMPROVE MENTS
A 6 4m a ntenna c ol
lec ts o ve r s ix t imes t he s igna l
powe r c ompared w ith t he e arl
ie r 2 6m d iame te r a e
ria ls In orde r t o i mp rove t he f ac
ilities o f the D eep S pace
Netwo rk, i tish oped t o increase t he diame ter ofa t leas
t
— s ince t he a rea o f a6 4m d iame te r a eria l i ss o much
one ort he 2 6m d i
ame te ra er
ials t o3 4 me t
res b ythe e nd
grea ter. H oweve r, o the r imp rovemen ts h ave b een made
wh ich e nable s igna ls o f ten t imes l owe r i ntens ity t o b e o
f 1 978 . T he cons truction of a1 00m d iame ter antenna
r
e ceived t han t he m in i mum r equ ired b y a2 6m a erial. i
sa lso b eing c onsidered , b ut a s o ne moves t o l a
rger
T
he s i
gna l s treng th f rom a d is tan t s pacec raft i s d
iame te r a er
ials, e nginee ring p roblems b ecome mo re
essen tia lly i nve rse ly p ropo r
tiona l t o t he s qua re o f t he a
nd mo re diff
icu lt and e xpensive r e
lative tot he increase
i
n signa l s t
reng th . The p ossibility of a n orbital relay
d
i stance o ft he c ra ft from t he e arth ( i
nve rse s qua re law ).
s
tat
ion i nd eep s pace isa l
so b eing c onsidered . The 6 4m
Ifas pacec raft a t ac ertain d istance p roduces a s igna l
a
eria
ls g ive ag a
in o f well over o ne m il
lion.
wh ich i sj ust a dequa te t o be satis fac torily r ece ived b y a
2 6m a er
ial, t he s a me s pacec ra ft w ill p roduce as atisfac - T
ime s t
andards a re v i
tal when o ne i s ca
lcula ting
t
o ry signa l in
to a6 4m a erial when i ti st hree t imes f ar
the r s
pacecraf t t rajec tories . V ery -long-base line i n
ter-
away . A lterna tive ly ac onside rab ly g rea te r d ata r a
te c an f
erome try t echn iques a re b eing c onsidered f or i n
-
be u sed w ith a 6 4m a erial than w ith a 2 6m a erial from c
reasing t he precision w ith wh ich t he locat
ion o fe ach of
t
he s a me c r
aft a tt he s a me distance . t
he D eep S pace N etwo rk stat
ions i sk nown .
A6 4m d iame te r a er
ia l isan e no rmous s truc tu re w ith
ano ve rall heigh to fs ome 7 3.2 m when t he a eria l isint he
horizon ta l p osition . T he e normous d ish mus t b e c on -
CONCL US
IONS
t
ou red t oa na ccu racy o f -±1 mm e ven a ti t
se dges s o t hat
t
he i n com ing s igna ls o f extreme ly l ow i ntens ity a re The Deep S pace N etwo rk is avast engineer
ing p rojec t
c
oncen t rated t owa rds t he focus o ft he h uge p a rabo loida l which had to be prov ided to enable us to obta
in i nfo r
-
a
e rial
. mation about conditions o n other planets and in inte r
-
Table 1s hows t he e no rmous we igh t a nd d imens ions p
lanetary space. Al
though mos t ofthe wo rk o
fp laneta ry
o
ft he T idbinb i
lla a erial, b utthe o the rt wo a er
ia ls o f6 4m e
xplorat
ion h as been carr
ied out by Ame r
icans, A ustralia
d
iame te r inC al
i fo rnia a nd S pain a re v ery s imila r
. T hese h
as provided av ery s
ubs tant
ial contr
ibution tothis wo rk.
e
no rmous s truc tu res mus t be a ble t oo pe ra te i nw inds o f T
he re w
ill be a n increasing d emand o n the N e
two rk
a
t l eas t 8 0 km /h our a nd w iths tand g ales o f 1 90 d
u r
ing c oming y ears for higher data r a
tes from mo re
km /h our when t he d isch i sstowed h orizon ta l
ly . d
istant p
lanets. H
E

1
6 H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 B
ULK P
URCHASE -E
XCLUS
IVE T
OHENRY
'S B
U
ILD-IT-YOURS EL
F
A
L
LOWS U
STOS
EL
LAlS
UCH F
AN
AT
s
DA
U.
S
S
E
IT
DA
I
,C
L
NC
B
P
,RO
cR
I
C
KU
S
En
S!
IT
N
E
E
S TG EAR K IT
QU ALITY I TE MS .BASIC SERVICING
I
C
ompa
s
pecif
re p
icat
erfo
rmance a
ion wi
th uni
nd
ts
INSTRUMENTS WITH
c
ost
ing 3t i
mes as mu
ch ' EASY S
TAGE BY S
TAGE BUILDING
I
NSTRUCTIONS -I
DEAL FOR THE AMATEUR

D
I
GITA
L 24 H O U R
MU
LTI R
ANG
ETE
STM
ETER
W
ITH Ageneral p
urpose meter c
over
ing al usual

C
LOCK B
U
A
ILT
-
LARM
1N r
a
r
e
s
nges o
is
f A.C
tance m
. a
ea
nd D
.C. v
surements
o
lts c
urrent and

•S
ILENT R UNN
ING
•LARGE IL
LUMINATED NUMERALS A
UDIO S
IGNA
LGEN
ERA
TOR
•A C MA
INS S
IZE 6
' •
. x2'
. x2%
N
ew des
ign cover
ing 10Hz to 1
0K Hz
a
nd v
ar
iable output
. D
istor
tion le
ss t
han
f 0
.01 % Idea
l for H
IFI Te
sting
.

Asse mble
Modu
S
rn
tv ,i
ng
O
SCI
LLOSCOP
E
a o
n a n ove
rlong ,
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ECHAN
ISM O
NLY
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ECHAN
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nt o
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ssu mu
ov o
nsiruct
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enera
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ay
o
sci
lloscope f
or s
imple tes
ting and
£5
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o
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Ef
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OR £
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erv
END NOW F
icing wo
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EED
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ddres
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ENRY
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ELIVERY
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ONDON W2 1
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ROM S
TOCK
H
E 1
2 7
8
••• WI N •• •

S
hort C
ircu
it
+
12 - 1
8V

T WO — TRA NSISTOR NOISE -

SOURCE

C
2
4,1
44 as
l
tea m t r
oudspeakers b
a
in — o r f
y f eed
or tes
ing t
t
ing
he th
Powe
rough R
r iss upp
I. T h
l
is
lied t
, a
o the c
long w i
ircu
th C
it
2
I
- . O
UTPUT N
OISE amp lified n o
ise i nto t he m a nd and Q2 f orm a n amp l
ifier wh ich
1
u0 l
i
sten ing t o the o utpu t
. b
oos ts t he l e
ve l of the n oise. T he
T
he o pera tion o f the c ircuit d e- b
ias f o
r Q2 c omes t hrough Q 1. I f
C
l pends o n t he r eve rse-b ias b reak - Q Ip asses a l ot of curren t
, Q2 w ill
1
u0 down o f 01. T h
is o ccurs when t he turn o n mo re a nd t he vo
ltage a tt he
vo
ltage a cross t he em i
tte ra nd b ase bottom o f R 1 w ill drop. T h
is w ill
o
f t he t ransis to r reaches 7 t o 8 cause t he v o
ltage a ccross Q I t o
vo
lts. A t th
is v oltage t he s em icon - d
rop a nd t he c urren tthrough i twill
/
777
7 duc tor p hys ics o f t he t ransistor dec rease . Int his way t he c urren t i t
T
his s imp le circui
t p roduces e lec- e
lec
t r
ica
l si gnal which, when s u
it- c
ause i ttod o av ery use ful thing — p asses i sk ep tt o areasonab le le vel.
t
r
ical n o
ise . This may n o
t seem like a
bly amp l
ified, sounds l i
ke a hiss p
roduce n oise. T he r est o f the Cl p rov ides a p ath to earth f or t he
asen isble t hing t o wan t to pro- o
f escaping g as. T
his can be used c
ircu i
t i sd edica ted t o k eeping t he n
oise wh ich a ppears o n the c o
llec -
d
uce , buti nf act i
tisv ery use
ful
. O f f
ors ound effect p
roduc t
ion — w i
th curren tthrough 0 1 toj ustt he ri
gh t t
oro f 02 . T h
is e nsures tha tt he f ast
c
ou rse, the sorto fnoise we mean i s ali
t
tle addi
tiona l p
rocessing, itc
an l
e vel ( t
oo l i
tt
le — n o n o
ise : too changes i n the amoun t of c urren t
no
t t he type n e
ighbours c o mp
la in f
orm t he b asis of sound e ffects much — d ead t ransisto r!) and a lso t
hrough Q 1 ( and t h
is i s
, a f
te r a l
l,
abou t. T his c i
rcuit p roduces a n r
anging from s urfh
itt
ing ab each to t
o amp li
fying t he result. wha t we a re a fter) are n ot ' ad-
j
usted ' int he sa me way a nd l o
st.

17
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
P
hoton
P
hone
T
he PHOTON i
s al
i
ght
-ta
lker
: ac
o m mun
icat
ions s
yste m wh
ich r
equ
ires
n
oli
cence
.

THIS IS NOT a mo rse f

lasher. This isthe equivalent of a
two-way r adio — b ut us
ing l i
ght instead of r
adio waves !
Al
l a r ad io trans mitter i s
, is as ource o f r adio-
f
requency s ignals and some means o f impressing i n
fo r
-
mation onto i t
.T h
is pro
jec t uses li
ght, and as as ource of
l
i
gh t we u se — y ou guessed i t — al i
ght bulb
!
This p
ro ject should provide n ot o n
ly an int
roduc t
ion
t
o p hotoelec tron
ics b u
t a l
so a p roduc t which i sfun t o
bu
ild a nd u se a nd (as far as we k now ) i
s unava i
lab le
c
om me rc
ia l
ly ina ny but am i
litary form .

US
ING I
T
The d evice isalmos ta se asy t
ou se as arad
io — y ou p o
int
your s e
t a t t
he o ne y ou wan t to com mun icate with ; you
switch t o ' t
ransm it'
; w i th the o ther s e
t at ' r
ece ive',
anything y ou say i n
to t he b uil
t-in m ic
rophone w il
l b e
heard, via the li
gh t bea m , atthe other set. Reversing t he
switch p osit
ions a l
lows f ull t
wo -way c om mun icat
ion .
T
he r ange of the d evice isl imited to about 15 t o 20
y
ards b u
t f or many a pplicat
ions ( a
t sea, in af actory,
between mov ing v ehicles o r just across the st
ree t!
) this
Hav ing d one t hat
, fi
tt he p hototrans istor ( Q2 )o nto the
w
ill be s uff
icient.
bulb a s s hown i n the p ho to. We u sed a q u
ick -sett
ing
T
he e lectronics is e asy t o p ut together — t he o nly
d
iff
icu lt bi
t isthe case . epoxy r esin a dhes ive. Y ou w i
ll have t o make asma ll hole
i
nt he r ef
lec to rf o
rt he wires t og ot hrough . T ry tog et the
t
rans is to r as c lose t o the f ocal p o
in t of t he r ef
lec tor as
CONSTRUCT
ION possib le . T his means moun t
ing i ta t the v ery t ip of the
The t orch b ody we u sed c an b e s een i n t he v arious bulb.
pho tos i n t his a rt
icle. I ti s made b y E ver R eady a nd Look ing c lose ly a tthe inside o ft he torch , you w il
l find
shou ld b e f a
irly easy t o come a cross . t
ha t t he me tal s tr
ips wh ich f orm t he n orma l torch c i
rcuit
The f i
rst t hing t o d o i s t o o pen i ta nd r emove t he pass f rom t he b attery h olde rs ( or r ather, where t he
bat
te ry c onnec tors i n the i n s
ide o f the t op c ove r
. We batte ry h o
lde rs we re u nti
l we r ipped t hem o ut!) u p the
need t he r oom a nd we 're u sing ad ifferen ttype o fb a t
te ry hand t ot he sw i tch a nd then b ack d own t oo ne side oft he
anyway . Y ou w il
l find t hat these c ome o ut with a sma l
l bulb a sse mb ly . Cut t he c onnect ion b etween t he
amoun t o ff orce — t ry not to d a mage t he plastic. switch a nd t he b u
lb . T h
is w ill probab ly mean a l i
t
tle
The n extt hing t od o ist ot ake the b ulb o uta nd rep lace mino r me talwo rk w ith a p a
ir o f wire c u
tte rs. Its hou ld
i
tw ith o ne o f the sa me s ize a nd s hape b ut of ad i
fferen t l
eave y ou ( i
tisp ossible tot race the c onnec tion p ath fa
irly
vo
ltage ( see t he p arts li
st). Y ou w i
ll probab ly b e a b
le t o c
lear ly w ith a l i
tt
le t hough t) with t wo c onnec tions t o the
get this a t the s a me place y ou g ot the t o
rch b ody. Now bulb a nd t wo t o the sw i
tch . S older w ires o nto a l
l four of
s
olde r the w ires o nto t he OCP71 p ho totransisto r, a s t
hese p o
in ts. L eave t he w ires f a
irly l ong ( 6 to 8 ") for
s
hown i n t he o ve r
lay ( t
he d iagra m wh ich s hows y ou f
uture c onnec tion t ot he board .
wha tg oes whe re o n the b oard ). Cl
ip t he u nused ( midd le)
w
ire s hort. T he d iagra m s hows a v iew l ooking o nto t he START AT THE BOTTO M
e
nd o ft he w ires. T ake c are n ot to da mage t he tr
ans istor T
he s peaker f i
ts i n
to t he b ase of the case (poe try,
by e xcessive h eating — i t's a g ood i dea t o hold the w ire y
et
! — E D.) a
t the back. T his means that you can ei
the r
y
ou 're s o
lde r
ing a t ap oint b etween t he joint a nd t he d
r
ill an ar
tist
ic p at
tern of h oles as we have done or just
t
rans istor w ith a p air of long -nosed p liers wh ile the j o
in t p
ut afew l a
rge o nes as y
ou t h
ink fi
t
. Ifyou don't pu
t a ny
i
s h o t
. T his w ill p reven t h ea t from g ett
ing i n
to t he h
oles atal
l, the sound won 't g e
t inor ou
t.
t
ransis tor b ody. I nsulate t he w ires i n so me way ( Sel
lo - I
t
's probab ly a good i dea a t t
his s
tage to solder a
t
ape w i
ll d o at ap inch ).
c
ouple ofw ires onto the speake r and g
lue itin
to place.

1
8 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 The o
nly th
ing le
ft to do n
ow i st o f
i
t the extension
s
peaker s
ocket (
t
he me thod s
hou ld be f
ai
rly se
lf-evident
f
r
om the socke
t mounting)
, asthe other ho
les int he c
ase
s
hould r
ea
lly be ma
tched with the pr
inted ci
rcuit board.

BOARD MEET
ING
H
aving " acqui
red " ap r
inted c i
rcuit boa
rd ( s
ee t he DIY
P
CBs a r
tic
le int his is
sue), fi
t i
ti n
to t
he top of the case
(
making s ure you get itthe ri
gh t way r
ound ) and ma rk
o
utt he r
est ofthe holes to be made inthe case:
a
)t he four PCB moun t
ing h o
les,
b)the v o
lume c ontrol (RV1) hole a
nd
c
) T he SW2 h ole ( make t h
is big e nough f o
r the
push-f
itting knob).

The c ons truc t

ion f or the e lectron ics s hould b e fairly
s
t
ra igh tfo rwa rd — j ust f o
llow t he d iag rams . Wa tch o ut
t
hat y ou g et C l, t he trans istors a nd I C1 t he r ight w ay
r
ound , t hough . We s ugges ty ou u se a n i ntegrated c i
rcu it
s
ocke t f or I CI — s o
lde r i to n
to t he b oard a nd t hen p lug
t
he I C i nto i t
, mak ing s ure a l t he " legs g o i n
. U se a
h
ea tsink o n Q3 . This a cts i nexac tly t he s a me way a s a
c
ar r adia to r — i tcarr
ies t he h eat i n
to t he air
, p reven ting
t
he t rans is to rf rom o ve rhea ting.
A
tt he p oin ts whe re w ires f rom t he b u
lb, speake r et c
.
a
re t oc onnec t t othe b oa rd, p oke s tiff w ire through a nd
b
oa rd a nd s olde ri t
,l eaving a bout 1 /i
2 ns t
icking a bove t he
b
oa rd. T h
is w ill alow y ou t o solde r w i res on t he b oa rd
a
fter i th as b een b olted d own . Y ou w ill have t o u se
s
im i
la r b its o fw ire to c onnec t R V1, a s t he le
ads o n t h
is
w
ill n ot p oke t hrough t he h oles.
A v
ie w oft he r
eflector modificat
ions. The trans
istor should be
I
fp oss ib le, u se a " l
ash -up ' a
tt his s tage — ac ollection
p
laced w ith the sma l
l metal dot (
just v
isib
le ins
ide the protec-
o
f b i
ts o f o dd w ire c onnec ting t he b oa rd to the v ar
ious t
ive gel o f i
ts case ) t
o wards the rear of the co m municator
.
o
the r b its o ft he circuit — t oc heck t hat t he boa rd wo rks So me e
xper i mentation may be necessary to f
ind t
he ref
lector's
before y ou b o
lt i tin
. f
ocal point exactly
.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978 1
9
BOLT I
U
se p
T DO WN
i
lla rs o n the f ou r P CB moun ting b olts. T hese a re H
ow i
tWorks
p
lastic o r me tal c y
linde rs wh ich s l
ip o ve rthe f i
rst 1/ 4inor The c ircu itd iagra m s hows SW2 i nt he ' t
rans m it'
s
oo ft he b olts a nd w ill h o
ld t he b oa rd away f r
om t he t op pos ition . The s peaker ( LS1) a cts a s a
o
ft he c ase . microphone i n t h
is mode . C l, R I, Q 1 a nd R 2
Actua lly g ett
ing t he b oard i n i s ab it fiddley — b ut f
orm as imp le s ingle -stage amp lifier t ob oos t t
he
r
emembe rt haty ou c an a lways p ush SW2 i nt og et i tout s
i gnal b efore i tisf ed, v ia C2 , t o I CI. R 4
, R 6 and
o
fthe way . I tm igh t a lso b e a n i dea tot r
im t he s p
ind le of C2 s et t he a verage v oltage a t p in 3 o f I CI ( the
RV1 ab i
t b efore y ou moun t t he b oard — n ot too much , so-called ' b
ias ' v oltage )
.
t
hough r emembe r y ou d on't k now e xac t
ly wha t l ength i t For a d eta iled d escrip tion o f wha t Q2 i sa nd
s
hou ld b e u n t
il a f
te rt he b oard i sfi
tted ! does , see t he ' pho toce lls' f eature i nt his issue . Q2
Having f i
tted t he b oa rd a nd b oth o f the k nobs ( S W2 i
s i lum ina ted b y L P1. S uppose LP1 i s b right .
a
nd R V1) , y ou c an p roceed w ith t he w ir
ing . T h
is w i
ll c ause more c urrent t o pass t hrough Q2
The o nly c omp lica ted b it ist he w iring o ft he e xte rnal and c ause p in 2o f ICI t o g o t o ah igher v oltage .
s
peake r s ocke t a nd t he s peake r
. C onnec t the ' s peake r
' ICI i sc onnec ted a s a n i nver t
ing amp lifier ( in
p
oin to n the b oa rd too ne s ide o ft he s peake r a nd a lso to much t he s a me way a s t he o p -a mps i n the
t
he c onnec tion o n the s ide o f t he s ocke t. T he ' s
ocke t
' 'mixer ' p rojec t i n t his i ssue ) a nd s o t his w ill
o
utpu to ft he b oa rd g oes t ot he s ocke tc onnec tion wh ich cause t he o u tpu t (pin 6 )t of all inv o
ltage .T his in
i
sp arto ft he s prung c on tac to ft he socke t (put ap lug i n
to turn w il
l t urn Q3 d own a nd t he c urrent t hrough
t
he s ocke t — t he b i
t o f the s ocke t tha t moves i st he b it L P1 w ill reduce .
y
ou w an t). T he t hird s ocke t c onnec t
ion g oes t ot he o ther All i n a l
l, t he e ffec t w ill b e t o s et L P1 a t a
s
ide o ft he s peake r. Go t all t ha t? brightness d eterm ined b y t he p in 3i nput o f ICI.
I
fy ou 're c on fused , j us t c onnec t t he s peake r t o the A s this i sd erived f ro m L S1 , s peak ing i nto i twill
t
wo b oa rd o utpu ts men t
ioned t o make s ure i tal
l wo rks. cause ab r
ightness f luctua tion .
You c an c onnec t the s ocke t u p la
te r
. I
n t he ' rece ive' mode , t he l igh t v ar iations a t
The b atte ry h olders s hou ld b ec onnec ted i nse r
ies : the Q2 w illc ause av oltage v aria tion i nt he o utpu to f
"+" c onnec tion o fo ne g oes t ot he" — "c onnec t
ion o f I
CI. Th is i s used t o d rive Q3 wh ich i s n ow
t
he o the r. connec ted t o L S1.
The r ema in ing "+ " c onnec t
ion g oes t o the h and le Notice t ha t the r es t of t he c ircu it i s d̀ecoup -
sw
itch ( S W1 — r emembe r t hose w ires y ou c onnec ted l
ed' f ro m Q3 b y R 8 a nd C 4
. A s t his d evice i s
e
arl
ie r?) a nd t he o the r s ide o f the s witch g oes t o t he b
a t
tery -dr iven , t he c urrent d rawn b y Q3 w i
ll
b
oa rd. cause ma jor v aria t
ions i n s upp ly v oltage . S o
tha t t hese d o n o
t i nter fere w ith t he r es t o f the
circu it's o pera tion , t hey a re f i
ltered o ut b y
T
he c
ircu
itd
iagra m
. S W2 i
ssho wn i
n t
he '
t
rans m
it' pos
ition
.
R8/C4 .

SW
I
R
8
•
NOTE
:
1
0
j_ C
400u 6
8R
I
C1 I
S741
02 rT 1
0
V
0
1 I
SBC109
Q
2 I
SOCP71 R
4
0
3 I
SBFY50 4
7k R
V1 R
7
R
I R2
2M2 1
0k
1
0k

R
5

C2 6
SW2b 1
0
k 03

1
00n

W W
I

SW2a
0 5 SW2c
01

R
3 R
6
4
70R 4
7k
R
9 L
P1
L
S1 2
V8
1
00R
8
R0 300 mA

2
0 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 P
hoton P
hone

2 4 7 SW1
RV
1
T
8 5 HEATS
INK
'

02
H H 03
EMITTER k
ey

0
1 R6
• • • • • •
!W
IRE SW2
'
LINF • • • • • •
4
_

L
C
l

S
OCKET
BULB
02 COLLECTOR

— 0.LOUDSPEAKER

O
CP 7
1
How to posi
tion the co mponents on t
he PCB , make s ure the
t
rans
isters
, intergrated c
ircu
its, d
iode and e
lectrolyt
ic capac i
-
t
ors are the correct way r ound before soldering in place.

P
arts L
i
st
R
ESISTORS S
EMICONDUCTORS
E
ver Ready to
rch; t
wo 4 x HP11 ba
t tery ho
lders
;
R
1 2M2 Q1 BC109 3
.5 m m earphone socke
t + ma tching p lug; I
C
R
2 10k Q2 OCP71 s
ocke
t.
R
3 47OR Q3 BFY50 + h
eats
ink
R
4,6 47k I
C1 741
R
5,7 10k Most of t he componen ts f
or this project wi
ll b e
R
8 68R a
vailable b y ma
il orderf rom advertisemen ts i
nt his
R
9 10OR i
ssue. T he OCP71 i sa vai
lable from Wa t
ford Elec-
t
ronics, (33 C ardiff R oad, W ATFORD , Hertford-
M
ISCELLANEOUS s
hire) fo
r E 1.54 inclusive of VAT a nd P&P .
C
APAC
ITORS
You shou ld be able to ge
t the torches and b u
lb
C
l 1
0u 1 0V e
lect
roly
tic RV1 1M logor
ithmic
C2 1
00n p o
lyester L
S1 8R
, 2i n
ch f
r
om mos t la
rge departmen t s
tores.
C3 1
00n p o
lyester SW2 4pole 2w ay
. l
a
tching
.
C4 1
000u 1 0V e lec- P
CB -moun t
ing sw
itch
t
ro
lyt
ic L
P1 2V8, 300mA Approx
i mate Cost
: £9 p
er u
nit

Connectthe r
est u
pas p
er t
he d
iagra m
, a
nd t
he whole awe ll-placed e ar beside the receiving s et s
hou ld b e ab
le
t
h
ing s hou
ld wo rk
! Ifi
td oesn
't, check a
l
l t
he wir
ing t
o h ear y our v o
ice . (Needless to say , itwil
l n ot be your
c
are
ful
ly. e
ar i fit
's y our voice two yards away !). The v o
lu me o fthe
r
ece ived s ound c an b e adjusted b y RV1 t o g ive a
p
leasan t level
.
SPOCK TO ENTERPRISE ... You may f ind t hat putt
ing y our ear t o the s peaker
while p ointing t he device is abit ti
resome a f
ter a wh i
le.
With t
he s
ets sw
i tched on and the SW 2s to t
he r e
levan t This is whe re SK 1c omes in. As peake rs imi
lar tot he one
p
osit
ions (
one in
, o ne o
ut) poin
t the two devices ate ach a
lready u sed c an b e connected a cross a s ui
tab le plug
o
ther a
t adistance of ac ouple of y
ards. S peaking i n
to and i nserted into the socket. This h as the sa me effect as
t
he speaker o
f the one switched to t
ransmit ( S W2 o u
t), p
lugg ing a n earpiece into aradio. T he inte
rna l speaker is
y
ou should b
e able to s
ee the l
ight i
ntens
ity v ary
ing a nd '
disab led ' (tempo rari
ly!) and the h and -held o ne i sused

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978 2
1
 P
hoton P
hone

T
he p
rinted c
ircu
it board p
attern s
ho wn h
ere i
s t
he c
orrect s
ize
.

i
ns
tead
. P ut
ting t
he e
xterna
l speaker in a smal
l b
ox i
sa
g
ood idea
, as isu
sing 's
creened c ab
le for the c
onnec
-
t
i
ng lead. T he c
entre of the cable goes t o t
he ti
p
c
onnect
ion ofthe p
lug.

SU M MARY
T
his p
rojecbis d
iff
icult t
o bui
ld as afin
ished p roduct a
nd
t
he fac
t t hat two ( a
t least
!) are required may s ee m
d
aunt
ing . Howeve r
, i tc
an a lso be b u
ilt as a "bread-
b
oard
' t ype proto
type , o
r into any t
ype o f box you can
g
et your h ands on. Ifyou d o b u
ild ita s we sugges t
,
t
hough, you wil
l have av ery s
turdy produc t i
ndeed. H E

A rear v
ie w of t
he PHOTON , s
ho w
ing t he a
rtist
ic pat
tern o
f
ho
les we dri
lled t
o f
or m t
he s
peaker g
ril
le!

T
he bus
iness e
nd. Note h
ow t
he phototrans
istor i
s mounted
.

22 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
H
obby
E
lectronics
B
ook S ervice
B
UILD-
IT BOOK O
F O
PTOELECTRON
IC P
ROJECTS by B
UILD
-IT B
OOK O
F F
UN A
ND G
AMES b
y G
raf a
nd Wha
len
C
har
les A
dams £
4.75 £
3
.75
A48 p
ro
ject le
arn
-by-bui
lding gu
ide t
3th
e s
upe
r-pract
ica
l world o
fop
toe
lec
tron
ics A
lt h
e p
ro
jects inth
is b
ook ar
e d
es
igned f
or f
un a
nd game a
p
plica
tion
s T he p
r
ojec
ts
w
i
th th
orough
ly re
adable in
struc
tion
s o
nhow t
ocreate e
ve
ryth
ing f
rom a
nLED c
i
rcui
t i
n
clude asi
ghtn'sound me
tronome an e
l
ectron
ic fo
otbal
l g
ame and st
ereo b
a
lance
m
oni
tor toanel
ectronic st
opwatch m
eter
. asound
•activa
ted sw
itch a
nd ame
tal de
tec
tor

H
OW TO READ ELECTRON
IC C
IRCU
IT D
IAGRAMS b
y B ob I
MPROV
ING Y
OUR H
I
-Fl £
3.50
B
rown a
nd Pau
l £
4
.00 T
h
is bo
ok isa i
med att he no
vice who h
as j
us
t purchased h
i
s fi
rst aud
io se
t-up oris
T
h
is bo
ok isfo
r th
e be
ginner w
ho w
ant
s j
u
st e
nough p
r
act
ica
l k
now
ledge o
f a
b
out t
od oso. I
tbe
gins w i
th de
tai
ls ofhow t
oconnect t
he u
n
its to
gether t
oo b
tain t
o
p
e
l
ect
ron
ics t
opu
rsue ah
obby p
e
rformance and e
xplains th
e meaning a
nd p
roper us
e oft
he many con
tro
l knob s a
n
d
s
w
itches fo
und on modern hi
-li g
ear
E
ASY S
PEAKER P
ROJECTS b
y L
en B
uckwa
lter .
. £
3
.75
E
xp
lains how t
o make s
peake
r sys
tems r a
nging fr
om simp
le s h
elfbo
ard and G
UIDE T
O P
RINTED C
IRCU
ITS b
y G
ordon J
.King .£
3
.50
c
e
il
ing-moun
ted e
n
closu
res t
omore a
dvanced b
ass
-re
flex a
nd o
mnid
irect
ional o
nes T
h
e T e
xt i
sang
led e
s
pecia
lly a
tthe k
een a
mateu
r c
ons
truc
tor
, t
h
e e
xpe
rimen
ter t
h
e
s
e
rvice t
e
chnic
ian a
nd a
ppren
tice
E
LECTRONIC G
AMES A
ND T
OYS Y
OU C
AN B
UILD b
y Len
B
uckwal
ter £3
.75 E
LECTRON
IC T
EST E
QUIPMENT b
y H
arry T
.Ki
tchen £
5
.00
A'j
ust
-for
-tun
' b o
ok. No complex e
lec
tron
ics th
eory anywhe
re — ju
st s
t
ep-by
-step T
h
is b ook isd esigned to provide i n
teres
t f o
r a lmost e veryone in
volved with
i
n
struct
ions, cons
truction pho
tos. an
d de
tai
led w i
ring
-cons
truc
tion d
i
agrams f o
r e
l
ectronics
. The six ch
apters explo
re t h
e more general group s ofi
ns
truments such
b
u
ilding 15fa
scinating el
ect
ronic g
ames a
nd to
ys. a
s te
st m e
ter
s o fv a
rious ty
pes. audio and r.
l
. signal gene ra
tors. a
tenuators and
o
s
cil
loscopes. Each chapte
r explains the pr
inc
iples a n
d r equiremen
ts ofp ar
ticu
lar
M
ICROPHONES : H
OW T
HEY WORK & H
OW T
O U
SE T
HEM b
y t
y
pes ofl e
st eq
uipmen t
. in
clud
ing t y
pical ci
rcu
itry
. t h
en discusse s t
h
e choice, c
are
Mar
tin C
l
ifford £
4
.75 a
n
d u
s
e o
fth
e e
q
uipmen
t
T
akes a
l th
e my
ste
ry o u
t ofmicrophones. sh
ow s y
ou how t oreco
rd al
mos
t a
nyth
ing
w
i
th pro
fess
iona
l qual
ity, cl
ear
ly e xp
lains how tog e
t d i
f
ferent so
und e
fec
ts and F
UN W
ITH E
LECTRON
ICS b
y McEn
tee £
3.40
b
e
tter s
t
ereo, a
nd f
u
lly desc
ribes mike pos
it
ioning t
echniques. A
n e
xc
it
ing sh
ow-
tel
l-and
-bu
ild
-i
t b
ook t
h
at t
e
aches e
l
ect
ron
ics w
i
th p
l
enty o
ffu
n i
n
t
h
e p
rocess
.
B
ASIC E
LECTRON
ICS C
OURSE b
y N
orman H
.Crowhurs
t
£
5.50 AUD
IO AMPL
IFIERS F
OR T
HE H
OME C
ONSTRUCTOR b
y Ian
As
el
f-s
tudy t
e
xt fo
r t
h
e no
vice, h
o
bbyis
t st
uden
t — ape
rfec
t re
ference a
nd b
rush
-up
g
u
ide fo
r t
e
chn
icians a
nd o
the
rs who w
ant t
oad
vance t
h
eir k
nowledge o
fel
ect
ronics
S
inc
lair £
2.60
D
escribes inseven ch
apte
rs th
e working p
r
inciple
s o ftr
ans
istor amp
li
fiers an
d
o
u
tlines th
e s
teps an
d ci
rcu
it d
es
ign u
sing amodern si
mpl
if
ied tr
ans
istor t
heory
.
H
OW TO T
EST A
LMOST E
VERYTH
ING E
LECTRON
IC b
y J
ack
D
arr £
3
.50
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NTRODUC
ING E
LECTRON
IC S
YSTEMS b
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an S
inc
lair .
P
r
act
ical
ly e
v
ery t
es
ting t
echn
ique f
o
r a
lmos
t e
v
ery k
i
nd o
fel
ect
ron
ic e
q
uipmen
t i
s
l
a
id o
u
t fo
r y
ou i
neasy
. h
ighly r
e
adab
'e s
t
yle
. £
1.80
T
h
is bo
ok by a
u
thor-
lec
turer Ia
n S
i
ncla
ir i
sin
tended t
opr
ovide ab
a
sic i
n
s
igh
t i
n
to
w
hat m
ake
s el
ectron
ics '
t
ick
'.
E
LECTRON
ICS F
OR T
HE AMATEUR b
y L
ouis M
. D
eze
tte
l
£6
.55
W
ri
tten e
spec
ially f
o
r the rad
io amateur
, di
scus
ses rad
io-wave pr
opagat
ion as i
t I
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ING AMATEUR E
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ICS b
y I
an S
inc
lai
r
a
pp
lies t
oamateur b
and fr
equenc
ies, re
cept
ion a
nd tr
ansmis
sion a
st h
ey per
tain t
o £
1.55
t
h
e equ
ipment 'h
ams us
e a nd th
e s
pecia
l fi
e
ld ofan
tennas a
nd how tofe
ed th
em T
h
is i
sth
e b
ook f
o
r t
h
e c
omp
lete n
ov
ice o
fan
y a
ge
. i
nwh
ich a
u
tho
r I
a
n S
i
ncla
ir
a
ssumes n
opr
evious k
now
ledge o
fth
e s
u
bbed b
yth
e r
e
ade
r.
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LECTR
ICAL S
OLDER
ING (
2nd e
dit
ion
)by L
ouis M
. D
eze
ttel
£
4.45 E
LECTRON
ICS F
OR T
HE B
EGINNER (
2nd e
di
tion
) b
y J
. A
.
T
eaches t
he hows and whys o
felec
trica
l so
lder
ing T e
lls a bou
t solde
r aloy
s an
d
S
tan
ley £
4
.15
f
l
uxes Di
scusse s t
h
e va
rious t
ype
s ofs o
lde
ring de
vices T hen concent
rate
s on t
h
e
Ale
arn
-by
-doing a
pp
roach t
oelect
ron
ics
. E
ach pr
oject i
sofin
creas
ing d
i
ff
icul
ty, s
o
p
r
incip
les o
fg ood s
o
lder
ing and a
cqui
ring t
he n
eeded sk
ill
t
h
e beg
inner al
so p
i
cks u
p ali
bera
l d
ose o
fel
ect
ronics t
heo
ry al
ong t
he w
ay.

BU
ILD-IT B
OOK O
F H
OME E
LECTRON
ICS b
y G
raf and
Whalen £
3.45 A
BC'S O
F F
ET'S b
y R
ufus P
.Turner £
3
.05
P
u
t e
l
ect
ronic
s towork t
or y
ou i
nyou
r h
ome Th
e au
thor
s present t
h
ir
teen i
n
teres
ting D
esc
ribes t
h
e fi
e
ld efect t
r
ans
istor I
F
ETI i
nsimple l
anguage
. Dea
ls i
ndeta
il w
i
th th
e
a
n
d f
un p
ro
jects t
h
at us
e th
e la
tes
t soi
dst
ale d
ev
ices an
d ICs p
r
inc
iples o
fFE
T op
eration a
nd s
tre
sses t
h
e ap
plicat
ions ofFETs i
npr
act
ical c
i
rcu
its
.

4
BU
ILD -
IT B
OOK O
F S
AFETY E
LECTRON
ICS b
y G
raf and A
BC'S O
F E
LECTRON
ICS (
2nd e
di
tion
) b
y F
ar
l J
. Wa
ters
Whalen £
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4
.15
C
on
t a
ins ideas f
or bu
ild
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ove
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rojec
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opro
tec
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ddle
rs f
r
om i
n
vad
ing A
n i
nt
roduct
ion tothe e
ve
r•expand
ing fi
eld o
fel
ect
ronics Cove
rs t
he p
rinc
iples of
t
h
e m ed
icine ch
est to amo
tel ro
om fr
om abu
rglar a
nd t
osc
are aca
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ie
f a
nd m
ore e
l
ect
rici
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tions o
fat
oms and el
ect
rons, m
agne
tic fo
rce
s and t
h
eir r
ela
tionsh
ip
T
h
irteen tes
ted sa
fety pr
ojec
ts a r
e d
e
tai
led t
oel
ectron
ics

N
o
E
l
te t
ec
ha
tron
t a
l
l p
ics B
r
ices i
ook S
e
nc
rv
lude p
ice (i
os
n s
tage a
terl
nd p
ing o
n
ack
ly p
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lease
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) a
lease make c
nd send t
o:
heques
. e
tc
. p
ayab
le t
o 1
4
0
H
obby El
ectron
ics B ook S
erv
ice
.
P
.O
. Box 79
,
Ma
idenhead. Berks
.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978 23
 100 f
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2
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Hobby E
lectron
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f
ro m ETI
, Dece mber 1978 2
5
S
S
hort C
ircu
its
R2 0
2

REGULATOR
BOOSTER

V
rn V
out
d
iagra m !) wh ich w i
ll l imi
t the c ur- i
sn ow n ot what its hou ld b e itwi
ll
r
ent t hrough t he p owe r h andling p
ass o r h old b ack c urren t a s req-
C2 one to p ro tec t i td uring a s hort
220n u
ired a nd s o t he o utpu t w il
l b e
c
ircuito fthe o utpu t
. D u r
ing as hort s
table a nd s e
t a t the r egu lator's
c
ircuit
, t he r egu lator w i
ll presu m - o
utpu t v o
ltage. T he t wo c apacitors
0
1 I
SBFX88 OR EQU
IVALENT
ab
ly look a fter it
se lf
. a
re n ecessary t o p
reven t t he who le
02 I
S BD132 OR EQU
IVALENT
The o pe ration o f the c ircuit is t
hing f rom g o
ing i n
to a f rantic
f
a
irly s imp le. A s s oon a s t he v o
l- o
scil
la t
ion a s the regu lato r a nd 02
t
age d rop a cross A l isg reate rthan t
rytod ecide who i sd o
ing wha t.
I
fy ou've e ver been i n t
he u nfor- r
egula tor and b ypass i tto a n e- t
x he m ini mu m b ias v o
ltage f o
r 02 I
ft he c ur
ren t through R 2 r i
ses
t
unate position of having a r egula- t
ent. Init
so peration itissimilartoa (0V6 )
, 02 w il
l t urn o n. A s R 1 isa a
bove t hatn eeded t op rovide anV6
t
or in apiece o f equipmen t which '
curren t du mping' amp l
ifier. The 1 o hm r es istor , t his w ill o ccur d
rop a cross it, 01 w i
ll s w
itch o n
w
il
ls upply, say, 0.5 A a nd you fi
nd t
ransistor wi
ll pass a large amoun t when 0 .6A i s p assing i nto t he and s hor t o ut A l. t hus r e-
t
hat
, foro ne reason o ra nother, the o
fc urrentw ithout regulating itand regula tor. H aving s witched o n, 02 moving t he b ias f ro m 02 . T his
e
quipmen t n eeds t o draw 2A t hen t
he r egulator will do a l
l t he f
ine will supp ly c urren t d irectly t o the w
ill preven t Q2 f r
om p assing mo re
t
h
is li
tt
le circuit may s ave the day. t
uning t o make s ure the o utput is l
oad. T he r egula tor w i
ll s ense i t
's c
urren t t han i s good f or i t
. 02
E
ssent
ia lly
, itc onsists o
f at ran- s
table. The c i
rcuit al
so i ncludes a o utput v ol
tage a nd i f( as isl i
kely, s
hou ld b e moun ted o n ah eat sink
s
is
to r which w i
ll s w
itch o n at a s
econd t ransistor (ca
lled 0 1 here since t he c urren t t hrough 02 w i
ll t
o preven t itfrom glow ing r ed hot.
c
ertain c urrent f lo w into t he b
ecause i tappears at the le
ft of t
he beu n-regula ted )t he o utpu tv o
ltage

L
IGHT
SENSIT
IVE
SWITCH
r
-
9
V

The c ontrol
ling f actorf o
rt his who le
c
ircuit ist he light d ependen t res
is-
t
orL DR1 t ype ORP12 . T h
is h as the
p
roper ty o f h av ing a v ery h igh
r
esistance i n c o mplete d arkness
(
ove r IMO ) b ut i n the b righ test
l
ight t his falls t o nearly 30OR
(
although i ndiv idua l devices v ary
g
rea tly).
At fi
rst sight i twould s ee m p os-
s
ible t o u se t he ORP12 o n
ly, t o
c
ontro l the c ircu it b ut this h as
s
evera l disadvan tages i nclud ing f
ol
low ing t he c hain o f R 5a nd R 6 it s
l ow ly. 02 i ss witched c omp le tely n
ega tive l ine a nd s o protec ts 03 .
t
he f act that t he c urrent p assed A' dark o ff
' ( or 'l
i ght on') c i
rcu it
w
ill b e seen t ha t t he b ase of 03 i s o n a t ac er
ta in p oint, a nd 0 1 i s
t
hrough t he d evice mus t b e k ept c
onnec ted t o t he p os it
ive s upp ly, c
an b e made b y revers ing t he
s w
itched o ff
.
l
ow .
and ist he refo re n on -conduc ting . The c ircu it c onfigura tion j ust ORP12 a nd R 1 — wh ich n ow b e
-
F
or simp licity the c ircui
t w i
ll b e As the l ight l evel f a
ll
ing o n t he desc ribed i s known a s aS ch m i
tt comes 3 3k. I nt his c ondition 0 1 is
described f or 'dark o n' u sing a ORP12 g ets l ess a nd l e
ss, the v o
l- t
r
igge r a nd h as a n u mbe r o f a ppl
i- on b ut as t he l i
gh t l e
vel i ncreases
d
irectly litL DR . t
age a t Q1 b ase f alls, u ntil i t cations i n s evera l fields o f e lec- the v oltage a t t he b ase o f 0 1 f al
ls
When d aylight i sf a
lling o n t he r
eaches s uch a l eve l t hat 0 1 t ends t
r onic s wi tches . a
nd t he s a me a ction a pp lies a s
ORP12 t he r es
istance i sfairly l ow to c onduc t l e ss. A s t he c urrent When Q2 i s s w
itched o n, t he befo re.
— the a ctual v a
lue i sn ot impor tan t t
hrough 0 1 f a
ils , t he v o
ltage d rop voltage a tt he collecto rf al
ls a nd Q3 R1 i nb oth v ersions o ft he c i
rcu i
t
but itwil
l p robab ly b e i nthe r ange across i ti ncreases , a nd t his s tarts i
sb iased i n
to f u
llc ond it
ion t hrough c an b e r eplaced b y av ar
iab le r es
is-
o
f3 0OR t o 3KO . W ith R 1 t he t wo to bias Q2 i nto c onduc t
ion. R 6. W ith 03 o n, c urren t isp assed t or
, a nd t his e nab les t he li
gh t l e
vel
co mponents f or m a p otent ia l As Q 1 a nd 02 s hare t he s a me t
hrough t he b uzze r
. a
t wh ich t he c i
rcu it tr
igge rs t o b e
d
ivide r w ith t he b ase o f 0 1 c on - emit
te r r esisto r t here i s aregene r- Ar e
lay c an b e u sed i n place o f varied .
n
ec ted t ot he junct
ion . I fthe r esist- a
tive a ction . Q2 , b y b eco m ing t
he b uzze r — i ts c oil r esistance N o
te t hat 0 1 a nd 02 a re s i
licon
a
nce o f the ORP12 was h igh t he c
onduc t
ive , r aises t he v o
ltage o n hardly ma tters a nd d oes n o t u pset N
-P -N t ypes whe reas 03 i s ag er
-
v
oltage a t t he junc t
ion wou ld b e t
he trans isto r side o f R 4 and s ince c
ircu it c ond itions. H oweve r, r lay man
e iu m P -N -P t ype. Q3 p asses
l
ow b uts ince we a re d iscuss ing t he t
he base v oltage o nQ 1 i sst
il
la tthe c
oils, when u sed w i
th t ransis tors, q
uite al arge amoun to fc urren ta nd
c
ircuit w ith t he v oltage a t ar ea- s
a me l eve l t his b iases 0 1 e ven s
hou ld a lways b e b y-passed w ith a c an b ed estroyed u n
less ah eats ink
s
onab le l evel 0 1 i s biased o n — mo re i n
to n on-conduc tion . d
iode . T he r eason f or t h
is i s t hat i
s u sed — o ne o f t he f in t ypes
t
hati s
, iti sin ac onduc t
ing s t
a te. In The sw itch ing a ction i s e x- when t he r e
lay i s s w
itched o f a wh
f ich c l
ip o vert he b ody s hou ld b e
t
his c ond it
ion t he v oltage a cross treme ly r apid o nce i th as s tarted back v o
l tage o f v ery h igh l evel is adequa te.
t
he t ransis tor i s sma ll a nd s ince and t he o vera l
l e ffect i s t hat c
rea ted wh ich c an d estroy t he c on- When 03 i so ff the curren t con-
Q2's b ias d epends u pon t his v o
l- a
l
though t he v oltage a tt he b ase o f t
roll
ing t rans istor. T he d iode , h ow - sump t
ion i sve ry l ow — a bou t 4mA
t
age , iti s the refore h eld o ff a nd 0 1 iso nly c hang ing g radua lly a nd e
ver.,s afe ly s hunts t his t o t he a nd t h
is w il
l b e l i
t
tle d rain o n a
b
attery.
•
•

26 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
I
n
to
E
lectron
ics
b
y I
an S
inc
lair P
art 2
I
n t
his second part o
f our major s
eries which covers e
lectronics a
long t
he
0/A levelsyl
labus we look a
t passive co mponents a
nd ho w t
hey behave i
n
e
lectronics c
ircu
its
. Block d
iagra ms are a
lso exp
lained.

I
N A CO MPLETE c i
rcu it, DC c urren t i n the f orm o f o
ppos ite d i
rec tion . Even w ith a g ap i nt he ci
rcuit, then,
moving e lectrons c an f l
ow a round t he c i
rcui t
, p ushed b y t
here can b es ome t o
-and -fro movemen to felectrons, the
t
he EMF ( e
lectro-mo tive f o
rce ). I fthe c urren t is AC, the t
ype ofc urren t we c al
l alternating c urren t.
e
lectrons n ever f l
ow r ight r ound t he c i
rcu it
, b ut only You c ould c all acapac itor ac arefu l
ly d esigned g ap in
d
ance t oa nd fro
, mov ing i no ne d irection when o ne e nd aci
rcuit. L i
ke a ny other g ap in ac i
rcu it
, ac apac i
to r does
o
ft he circuit isp os
i tive, a nd i nt he othe r direction when n
o t al
low s teady c urren t to f low, b ut i tw i
ll allow
t
he EMF r everses . A s we 've s een, i td oesn' t ma t
ter toa e
lectrons t o a ccumu late o n one s ide a nd d rain o n the
r
esistor whe the r the e lectrons move s teadily o r to
-and - o
the r si
de o ft he gap. T he f i
rst capac i
to rs we re made i n
f
ro, the p ower i sc onve rted i n
to h eat anyway . F or some t
he shape o fj ars (because i twas though t t
hat electr
icity
o
the rc omponen ts though i tma tters al ot
. F ore xamp le, a was a li
qu id !) w ith g o
ld l eaf on the i nside a nd also (but
moving -coil me te r s imp ly c anno t c ope . T he c o
il and n
ot e l
ectrica lly c onnec ted) o n the o utside. L ater
, me tal
n
eed le c annot r eve rse d irec tion mo re than a f ew times p
lates sepa ra ted b y an i n
sulato r (known a s t he dielec-
p
e r second , sot hbt f or AC o f 1 0Hz o r mo re, the reading t
r
ic) we re u sed . N owadays , we u se p ape r or p l
astic
i
se f
fec t
ively s hown a s zero. i
nsulators c oa ted w ith me tal f
ilm e ach s ide b ut we s t
i
ll
Othe r c omponen ts b ehave d ifferen t
ly t h
ink o f a t
a
lk o f "plates" , and t he isymbo l for ac apac itor (F
ig. 2)
c
i
rcu it with a break i ni t
. B ecause e lectrons won '
t move s
hows t wo p l ates s eparated b y ag ap.
a
cross t he g ap, t he re i sn o s teady c urren t. When t he
EMF i sa l
terna t
ing , t he re i s s t
ill s ome movemen t of
e
lectrons i nt he rest o f the c ircu it
. W i
th t he EMF i no ne
d
irection o ne e nd o f the g ap i sp osit
ive, t he o ther end
n
ega tive. When t he EMF r eve rses , the p ola r
ity a c
ross F
ig. 2
. Sy mbol for a capacitor. This sy mbol i
s used for a f
ixed
c
apacitor
, mean ing a capacitor whose v alue i
s not de
liberately
t
he g ap mus t also r eve rse . c
hanged ( as for tuning a r
ad io). A s
lightly d
ifferent sy mbol i
s
u
sed for an e
lectro lyt
ic capac itor
.

I
ts not so simp le as ag ap i nthe circuit, though . T he
g
rea tert he a
rea o fthese p lates, and t he close rt hey are to
e
ach o the r
, the greate rthe n umbe ro fe lectrons t hath ave
AC AC
GENERATOR GENERATOR t
o b e s hif
ted f rom o ne s ide t o t he o ther t o c reate a
v
oltage a cross the p lates. E ven the t ype o f ma terial that
l
i
es b etween t he p lates c an a ffect t his n u mbe r of
e
lec trons . In e lectron ics l anguage ( par l
ia mo e lec-
t
ronico? ) alo
t ofc ha rge h as tob e s h
ifted t og et av o
ltage
a
cross t he plates. The r a
tio
F
ig. 1. An al
ternating E MF wi
ll cause a t
o-and f
ro move ment
o
fe lectrons even i
fthere i
s abreak in t
he c
ircui
t Each t
ime the amoun t ofc harge
E MF reverses, e
lectrons must move a long t
he wires a
s f
ar as amoun t otv o
ltage
t
he break. i
sc alled c apac i
tance a nd i s measu red i n units c al
led
N ow fo
r this to h appen, s
ome e lect
rons h ave t o f
arads ( abbr
ieva ted F )
. Al arge amoun t of c apac itance
move. F
oro ne end ofthe g
ap t
ob e p
osi
tive a
nd the other means t hat al ot of charge h as to move t o give o ne v o
lt
e
nd n egat
ive, electrons have had to move from t he b
etween t he plates, as mall capac i
tance means t ha t only
p
osi
tive end t o t
he n egat
ive end (r
emembe r that the as ma l
l amoun t of c harge n eeds t o move t o o btain t he
e
lectron is negatively charged)
. When t he v o
ltage s
a me o ne v o
lt between t he p lates oft his d ev
ice c al
led a
r
everses
, the electrons have t
o shuff
le around i n the c
apac itor.

2
7
H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 We boobed a b
i
t w
ith t
he u
nit
, t
hough
. U
sing t
he Po
larised? Yes
, l i
ke a b a
ttery there's a + a nd a—
d
ef
ini
tion c
onnect
ion t oan electrolyt
ic, and the markings mus t be
o
bserved, with t
he + l e
ad always c onnected to ahigher
c
apac
itance — c
harge p
osit
ive v o
ltage than t he — l ead
. G et these reversed
v
oltage
a
nd, at bes
t your ci
rcu i
t will not work, a
t worst you wil
l
and using t he units ofc oulombs f o
rc harge ( t
he coulomb h
ave t he corros
ive p aste f r
om i ns
ide t he capacitor
i
st he amoun t of cha rge t ha t moves when o ne ampe re s
prayed al over y
ou !
f
lows f or o ne s econd ) and v o
lts for v o
ltage , the u n
it o f
c
apac itance , t he farad , ist he c ou
lomb p e
r volt
, a nd i t
'
s
mi
les t oo b ig f or prac t
ical p urposes. We h ave to make
INDUCTORS AND
u
se o f the s ub-mu ltiples m ic ro-, nano - a nd pico- when TRA NSFOR MERS
we wo rk w ith c apac itors, s o t hat va
lues s uch a s 1 0uF,
I
f agap i n ac i
rcu i
t cart become ac i
rcuit componen t fo
r
2
.2nF ( written a s 2n2 ) and 1 00pF a re the sort ofv a
lues
AC si
gna ls, wha t el
se isi n store? Wa tch this space f
or
we are likely t osee a nd u se.
t
he cur
ly w ire tr
ick. Take al ength o fwire, c
onnec t i
tupin
The way we make c apac itors d epends o n the s o
rt of
aD C ci
rcu i
t, find i t
s res
istance . Af ew ohms , perhaps?
v
alues we n eed. F ort he sma lles t p
F ( p
ico farad) si
zes, we
F
ine, now c o
il the wire up, a nd find the r
esistance. J
ust
c
an u se sma ll discs o r rectang les o f insulators, such a s
t
he sa me , y ou f ind. D o al
l t h
is w ith an AC c i
rcu
it,
s
i
lve r-m ica , c oat e ach s ide w ith me ta l, then make
work
ing a th igh f r
equency , a nd y ou fi
nd that co
il
ing the
c
ontac ts t o t he t wo s epa ra te me tal l ayers. F or la
rge r
w
ire up h as a v ery great ef
fec t on the current, j
ust a
s if
v
alues, af ew n F p e
rhaps , we c an pi
le t hese p l
ates o n top
t
he re
sistance h ad increased.
o
f each o the r
, sepa ra ted b y u ncoa ted p lates for insula-
t
i
on, a nd c onnec t a lternate s ides t ogethe r (Fig. 3 b).

AC
GENERATOR

a
F
ig. 4. The c ur
ly -wi
re trick a) I
n an AC ci
rcuit astraight w i
re
wi
th low resistance h as only asmallvol
tage across i
t
.b ) Coi
ling
t
he w ire has t he e ffect of mak ing i
t behave like a h igher
- METAL r
esistance, s o that t
he v o
ltage across t
he wire i
sgreater. T h
is
would ben oticeab le on
ly when the supply f
requency was f air
ly
h
igh.
— I
NSULATOR
I
t's no mys te ry, r ea
lly . C oi
ling t he w ire u p makes i ta n
e
lectromagne t when a c urren t f lows , a nd when t he
curren t r everses , t he d irec tion o f t he magne tism h as t o
r
everse a lso. I tn eeds ab i
to fe nergy t o
.do t his though , s o
t
ha t p assing a n a l
te rna ting c urren t through s uch ac oil
,
ca
lled a n i nducto r
, i sn ot s o easy a s p assing t he s a me
curren t t hrough a s traigh t wire o r p assing DC t h
rough
t
he c o
il. T he s i
ze o ft h
is e ffect is measured b y aq uantity
c
alled i nduc tance , measu red i n u nits c alled h enries
(Mr H enry was a n Ame rican p hysic is t who d ied i n
1
878 )
. A s usua l, we make u se o f s ubmu ltiples l i
ke
mil
lihen ries ( mH ) a nd m ic rohen ries ( uH), t hough i tis
possible t o make c oils o fs eve ral h enries o f induc tance .
Because i nduc tance i s caused b y magne t
is m ,
F
ig. 3
. So me p ractical methods of construction
. a) Sing
le w
ind ing ac o
il o fw ire a round amagne t
ic ma terial, such
metallised p late. b) Mu ltiple p
lates — s ho w
ing plates a
s s oft ir
on , makes t he amoun t ofi nduc tance v ery much
s
eparated, w ith interconnections
, before pressing t
ogether g
rea tert han t hat oft he c o
il a lone. Ma te rials l i
ke s oft iron
a
nd c overing w i
th plastic c
oating
. c) Ro
lled paper or p
last
ic
c
onstruction. c
oncen tra te magne t
ism , a nd i t
's t his e ffec t, c a
lled
permeab ility, t hat makes a c o
il w i
th a n i r
on c ore h ave
When we g et t o v alues o f 1 0nF o r mo re, an e asier s
o much mo re i nduc tance t han as imila r c o
il w ith a n a i
r
c
onstruc tion i s t o u se a r i
bbon o f p ape r or plastic, c
ore. F or t wo s im i
la r c oils, t he a ddition o f a magne tic
meta
llise each s ide, t hen ro
ll t
he r ibbon u palong with a n c
ore c an make t he i nduc tance v alue many t housands o f
u
nme ta l
lised ribbon t o make s ure thatt he me ta
l surfaces t
imes g reate r
.
d
o nott ouch; t h
is g ives the tubu larc apac itor. Forvalues I
r
on c ores a re l ess u sefu l, though , when t he c urren ts
o
f luF u pward, e ven t h
is cons truction i stoo b u
lky, a nd t
hrough t he w ire i n ac oi
l a re h igh -
f requency s i
gna ls,
e
lect
ro lyt
ic c apac ito rs, construc ted l ike d ry cel
ls, a re b
ecause t hen t oo much e ne rgy i sw asted i n magne tising
u
sed. T he in
sula to rh ere isathin f i
lm ofh ydrogen g as, so a
nd d emagne tising t he i ron . Induc tors i n
tended f or u se
t
h
in tha ti tw
il
l b ed amaged b y h aving too g reat avoltage w
ith h igh f r
equency s igna ls mus t u se a i
rc ores o rs pecial
a
cross i t
. Electro lytic c apacitors c an h ave v ery l a
rge mate r
ials c a
lled f errites.
c
apacitance v alues i n av e
ry sma l
l size, b u
t wo rk only at That's n ott he e nd o ft he t r
icks we c an p lay w ith coils,
c
ompa rat
ively l ow v oltages, and mus t be p o
lar
ised . t
hough . S uppose we w ind t wo s epa ra te c oi
ls , i nsulated

2
8 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 I
n
to E
lectron
ics
f
rom e ach o the r
, o n t othe sa me magne tic c ore. C onnec t None ofthis happens when DC i sused. S
lap some DC
one coi
l toa n AC c i
rcu itand p ass AC c urren tt hrough t he t
hrough a t ransforme r and a l you g e
t is ah o
t trans-
c
oil. This w i
ll magne t
ise the c ore , butt he magne t
ism w il
l f
orme r
, asme llofb urn
ing a nd afew blown fuses. DC w i
ll
be a l
terna ting , c hang ing d i rec t
ion a s t he c urren t magne t
ise the iron co
re al right
, b u
t itwon' t c
ause t he
c
hanges d i
rec tion. N ow fort he c runch — t he al
te rnating a
l
te rnating magne tism t hat makes t he thing wo rk.
magne tism w i
ll g ene ra
te a l
te rna ting EMF i n the o ther Worse sti
ll
, b ecause the res
istance of the w
ire u sed for
c
oil. We c an u se t his otherc oi
l a s ifitwe re ag ene rato rof t
ransforme r windings isl ow, fa
r too much c u
rren t wi
ll
a
lternating EMF — wh ich itis
.T his arrangemen t i scalled f
l
ow t hrough t he wire if DC isu sed. Transforme rs are
at rans fo rmer . T he c oil wh ich i s u sed t o crea te t he s
t
rictly AC devices.
a
lternating magne tism i sca
lled t he prima ry c o
il
, a nd t he
c
oil wh ich h as t he EMF g ene rated i n i ti sc al
led t he JO
INING THE M UP
s
econda ry c oi
l.
T
he r eason f o
r t he n ame, t rans forme r, i st hat t he I
n ac i
rcu it, componen ts li
ke resis
to rs, capac itors a nd
vol
tage t hat c omes o ut of t he s econdary c oi
l i sn
't i
nducto rs can b e connected together. B efore we l ook at
necessa r
ily t he s a me a s the v oltage a cross t he p r
ima ry what happens i nsuch ci
rcuits, l
e
t's see wha tt he effect is
'
c
oil. We p ut a n alterna t
ing v ol tage , as ine wave , a c
ross o
f jo
ining s imilar c omponen ts togethe r
. T here a re t wo
t
he p r
ima ry w inding , and we g et an a l
terna t
ing v o
ltage , ways ofc onnec ting componen ts
, ins e
ries a nd i np ara
l-
asine wave w ith t he s ame f r
equency f rom t he seconda ry l
e. In aser
ies c i
rcuit, t
he sa me c
urrentf lows t hrough t he
w
ind ing , b ut the v oltages d on't h ave t ob e the s a me. I n c
omponen ts, one af
tert he o
ther. In ap ara
llel circu
i t
, the
f
actt he voltage a tt he seconda ry d epends o n the n umbe r s
a me v ol
tage i sa cross each c omponen t
, t hough t he
o
ft urns ine ach o ft he t wo co
ils a s we ll as o n the p r
ima ry c
urrents can b e di
fferent.
v
oltage . T he l aw o f t he tr
ansfo rme r i s V s /V p =n s/np ;
whe re ns i st he n umbe r of s econda ry t urns, n p ist he
numbe rofp rima ry t urns, Vs ist he seconda ry v o
ltage , V p
i
st he pri mary v oltage .

i
l R
tota
l =R
I.R2•R3

a
W
IND
INGS
L
AMINAT
IONS

2
^ .
1
•••••••••
•IP
1

a
R3 R
tota
l

B
OBB
IN R
io1.
1 R
1 12 R
3
C
ORE 1

F
ig. 6
. Resistor c
ircu i
t c onnect ions. a) In series
. Total r esist
-
a
nce means t he resistance v alue wh ich wou ld have the s a me
v
oltsge across i
ts t er m
ina ls for the s a me amount o f c urrent
p
assing through it
. b) In paret
ic& Us ing the sa me definit
ion o f
t
otalres
istance leads t o the f
or mu la sho wn.

Connec ting r es
is tors i n s er
ies h as t he e f
fect o f in
-
c
reas ing t he t otal r esistance , as we m igh t e xpect.
P
RIMARY S
ECONDARY Fo
rmu la R ,
..,=R i+R + R3 ...f or a s many r es
istors
a
s we h ave c onnec ted i no ne s er
ies circuitw ith the sa me

3
1 c
u
w
i
r

av
i
ren

a
s o
t f
th a 2
low
k2 r
lue we c
ne u
ing
es
an
se o
is
'
. F
to
t o
f s
rg

e
r
b
or e

ta
xamp
ives at
in i
ies c
nt
le
o
, a6
ta
he u
onnec
l o

t
f6
sua
k8 r
.8+ 2
l 1
ions
e

0% s
. A mo
s
istor i
.2 = 9
e
r
k
n s
. T
ies a
re v a
h
e
ries
is i
nd t
luab
h
is
le
s

F
ig. 5
. The transfor mer
. a) General appearance
, b
) Core a
nd
bobb
in, c
) Sectioned vie w
, d
) Sy mbol
. a
pplica t
ion i sthe p o
ten tial dividers hown i nP art 1oft h
is
s
er
ies .
F
or examp le, i fw e have a t ransforme r w
ith 5 0 00 Connec ting r esistors i n p aral
lel makes t he flow o f
t
urns of wi
re f or ap r
imary w ind ing, and a 2 50V AC c
urren te asier because t here are several p aths forcurrent
s
upply, what v oltage c an we e xpec t a
cross a 500 t u
rn now . F orma lly, 1/ R
, 0,.-= 1/R , + 1/ R 2+1 / R3f or a s
s
econda ry wind ing? T he e quation i s Vs /V
p =n s /np, many r e
sistors a s are c onnec ted in p arallel across the
a
nd f i
l
l
ing i n values we g et Vs/ 2 50= 5 00/5 0 00; so s
a me v ol
tage . F o
r e xamp le, a3 OR resis
to r connec ted i n
t
hatV s= 25V . pa
ra l
lel with a 2 OR w ill give
T
his we wou ld c a
ll as tep-do wn t r
ansforme r, be-
c
ause t he seconda ry vol
tage i s l e
ss than the prima ry 1/ =
1/20+1/30=5/60
v
oltage. We c ould j us
t a s eas
ily make t he seconda ry
w
inding h ave a g reater n umbe r o f t
urns, so that the s
o t
hat 6
0 /5= 1
2R.
t
ransformer is as tep-up t r
ansforme r
2
9
H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 I
n
to E
lectron
ics
T
his isthe value o f the r es
istor wh ich c ould r ep lace
t
he 2 OR a nd 3 OR i n paral
lel. No te t hat t wo i den t
ica l
res
istors in paral
le l produce a t otal r es
istance e qua l t o
hal
f t he value o f e ach r esisto r
, t hree i n p aralle l a re
equivalent to aresistor ofo ne third ofe ach resistor v alue
and s o on
; f or exa mple, three 3 k3 r esistors i n p arallel
g
ive 1 k1. P arallel c onnec t
ions a re v ery u sefu l f or
r
educ ing or tr
im m ing resistance v alues d own t o the s i
ze
we wan t. F o
r examp le, i f we wan t t o use 6 k a nd we
S
W
ITCH
have 6 k8, we mus t a dd a r esis tance R s o t hat O
N
a
1/ 6=1 / 6.8 +1 /R . P roduc ing t he o ld calcu lator a nd V
O
LTAG
E S
W
ITCH O
N
go
ing t hrough t he s teps we f ind R= 5 1k. (The n eares t O
UT C
U
RREN
T
p
referred value is4 7k.) 9
V

T
I ME T
I
ME
F
ig. 8. T
i me constants . a) A capacitor and a r
es istor connected
t
ogether h ave a n atural time constant equal t o CR s econds. In
t
he g raph of vol
tage aga inst t
ime t hat i
s sho wn here, t he t
ime
constant is the time a fter switch on f or t
he v ol
tage t o r
each
37 % o f t
he b attery v oltage. b) An inductor has r esistance R
(
because o f the w ire it
's made f ro m)
, a nd i
ts time c onstant is
L I?
. T he time constant o f an inductor c auses a delay i n
r
each ing a steady v alue o f current when a v o
l tage is applied
a
cross t he capac i
tor. T he time constant in this circuit i
s equal

TTT
t
o the t
ime t
aken
, a
fter sw
itch on
, t
o r
each 63 % o
f t
he f
ina
l
c
urrent
.

1+ 1
C
tota
l= C
1 +C
2 +C
3 v
oltage p lotted a ga inst time , the figure o f time c onstan t
C
tota
l C1 C
2 C3
i
sn ot the t ime for t he v o
ltage t o e ach z ero b u
t to fall to
37% o f i t
s s t
arting v alue . In t h
is e xa mple, t he t ime
F
ig. 7
. Capac itor c
onnect ions — the sa me for mulae apply
, but
c
onstan t i sthe time t aken f or the v o
ltage t o reach 3 7%
t
hey a pply to the opposite c onnect
ions. The s i mp
le add it
ion
f
or mula appl
ies to paral
le l c
apac i
tors, the inverse for mu
la to o
f 9 V, wh ich i s3 .3V . T he p oin t istha t the grea ter the
t
he series c
onnect ion. v
alue o f t h
is time c ons tan t (great c apac i
tance , g reate r
r
es
istance , or both) t he longe r ittakes f orc harging t o be
I
nductors obey the s
ame l aws — adding the va
lue for c
omp lete .
s
er
ies c onnections, and u s
ing t he reciprocal r
ule for The same a pplies t oc urren t ina n induc tor. Switch ing
i
nductors in para
llel. Capacitors, j
ust to b e awkward o
n av o
l tage a c
ross a l arge i nduc tor d oes n ot cause
c
omb ine the o
ther way round . Connecting capaci
to rs i
n i
nstant c urrent. I nstead , t he c urrent g rows g radua l
ly
p
aral
lel is l
i
ke a dding their pla
te areas, so creat
ing a w
ith a t ime c onstan t of L/ Rs econds .( Li n henries, Ri n
l
a
rge rcapacitance. For c
apacitors i
np aral
lel o
h ms )
. I nthis case, b ecause c urren t isgrow ing, the t ime
c
onstan t i st he time t o reach 6 3% o f the f i
nal c urren t
(
which i sV / R amps ).
C.
.
,= C1+ C
,+ .

Capac
ito
rs i
n s
er
ies b
ehave l
i
ke r
es
istors i
n p
ara
lle
l, s
o REA CTA NCE
, IMPEDA NCE
,
t
hat
RESONA NCE
1/
C .= 1/
C 1+1 /
C 2+1 /
C 3 ..
I
n a n AC c ircuit we c an h ave r e s
isto rs, i nduc tors a nd
capacito rs. A ny c ircu it that h as c apac itors c onnec ted i n
s
e r
ies w ith t he othe rc o mponen ts mus t b e ac ircuitf or AC
T
I ME CONSTA NTS only
, b ecause c apac ito rs d on ot p ass steady c urren t. Any
i
nduc to rs i n a DC c ircu it wil
l a ct o nly a s r esistors, t heir
A
ll ar esisto rc an d o istod iss ipa te power , conver t
ing i tt
o i
nduc tance h as n o e ffec t o nce t he c urren t h as s et
tled
heat
. C apac itors a nd induc tors c an store ene rgy a nd give down t o its fi
nal v alue . F or an AC c i
rcu it, h oweve r, both
t
he sto red e nergy b ack a ga in, b ut b o
th n eed s ome t ime c
apac ito rs a nd i nduc to rs p ass c urren t a nd w ill h ave
t
o act. T he thing t o remember i stha t we can 't i nstantly a
lterna ting v o
ltages a cross t hem . F or a c apac itor o r
c
hange e ithe r (
a) the v o
ltage a cross ac apacito ro r (b) the i
nduc to r
, t he r aio v
t a-meaning t he r at io o f s igna l
c
urren t t hrough a n i nduc tor. T ake f or exa mp le, t he vo
ltage t o signa l c urren t, isc al
led t he r eactance o f the
c
apac ito r a nd resisto r i
nF ig. 8. Sw itch ing o n causes t he c
apac ito r o r induc to r
, s ymbo l X , a nd i s measured i n
v
oltage o f plate ( 1) of t he c apacito r to ri
se f r om 0 t o ohms . I t
's measured i n o h ms b ecause r esis tance i sthe
+9V . B ecause o ft he instan t c hange r u
lE, the v o
ltage o f r
atio of V/I ,u s
ing DC v a
lues t ha t also r esul t int he u nit,
t
he othe r plate (2) isa l
so 9 V at switch-on . I
tc an't stay at o
hm .
t
he v o
ltage , t hough , b ecause c urren t will n ow f low Why u se ad ifferen t name f or these ' AC o h ms? We l
l ,
t
hrough t he r es
isto r — t h
is i st he movemen t of c harge f
or as tart, DC d oesn 't flow t hrough ac apac itor a tall, and
t
hat isn eeded t oc harge t he c apacito r
. When t he c harge t
he r e
sis tance o fa n i nduc tor iso n
ly t he r esis tance o ft he
h
as s topped mov ing , plate ( 2) voltage i sz ero a nd t he w
ire i t
's made f rom . F or a n encore , t he re's a nothe r big
c
apaci to r i s fu
lly c harged . T he t ime c onstan t f or this d
ifference . When a n alterna t
ing c urren t fl
ows t h
rough a
a
rrangemen t is given b y C ( i
n farads ) xR ( i
n o h ms), r
esistor, t here is
, o fc ourse , an alterna ting v oltage a cross
r
esult ins econds . B ecause o f the shape o f t he g raph o f t
he r esis tor. T his . voltage i s e xactly i n s tep w ith t he

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ecembe
r 1
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obby E
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obby E
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32 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
 I
n
to E
lectron
ics
C
apacitors h ave l
ess r
eactance a thigh frequencies t
han
I a
t low f r
equenc ies . Graphs s how ing r eactance si
ze
p
lot
ted a gainst f
requency look a s s
hown i nFig
. 10. For
a
n inducto r
, the s
ize o
fr eac
tance i sgiven by
X
, =6 .3 xfxL ,with f
in hertz
, Li nh enr
ies.
F
or exple, a0.1 H inducto r a
t afrequency o f 4
00 H z
h
as ar e
ac tance of 252 o hms.
F
or ac apacitor
, the s
ize o
fr eactance isgiven by

1
a
PHASE SHIFT
X
,-
IBEF ORE V
6 3xfxC

Now we h
ave tobec are
ful he
re . Chas t
ob e i
nun
its o
f
I_ t o o 0N - -
f
a
rads, a
nd we usua
lly use mic
ro farads o
r smal
ler u
ni
ts.
F
orexample
, the r
eactance o
f a0.1uF c apac
itorat 5kHz
i
s
1
Xr= 6
.3 x 5
000 x0
.1 x 1
0-6 = 3
17 o
hms

B
ecause r eactance i sd i
ffe ren t inv alue a te ach d if
fe ren t
f
r
equency , we h ave t oc a
lcu late the amoun t ofr eactance
f
rom t he f i
xed v a
lues o fi nduc tance o rc apac i
tance .
'
•
•-• When ac ircu it contains ar es
istance a nd ar eactance ,
HAS SHif r
V BEF ORE I t
he who le c ircu i
t i sn eithe r perfectly r es
is t
ive n or p e
r-
f
ec t
ly r eactive , b u
t am ix ture o f t he t wo i s c alled
F
ig. 9
. Phase s
hif
t. a
) When al
ternating current passes t
hrough
aresistor
, t
he waves of v
oltage and of current are i
n s
tep. b
) impedance ,s ymbo lZ .T he s imp le l aws f ora dding s e r
ies
When AC isapp
lied to ac
apac itor
, t
he cur
rent wave is a quar
ter o
r p ara llel c omponen ts d on't a pply t o r eactances b e
-
cyc
le (
90 ) before the v o
ltage wave . c ) When AC passes c
ause o f the p hase s hift, a nd t he p hase s hif
t o f a n
t
hrough a
n inductor
, the current wave i
s a quar
ter cycle (90 )
i
mpedance i ss omewhe re b etween 0 a nd 9 0 .
a
fter t
he v
oltage wave
.
One t ype o f i mpedance i s rathe r s pec ial
. When a
c
u r
ren t — when t he c u
rren t isz ero, t he v oltage i sz ero, c
i
rcu it c ontains ar esistor, ac apacito ra nd a n induc to r al
when t he curren t isati t
s p osit
ive p eak, t he v o
ltage i sat i
n s eries , o r a l i n parallel, i td oesn 't b ehave l i
ke a ny
i
t
s p os
itive p eak, a nd s o o n. R eactances d on
' t b ehave o
the rc ircuit we h ave me t s o fa
r. At l ow f requenc ies , t h
is
l
ike t h
is. Instead , the v o
l tage wave i ss hifted c ompa red c
ircuit b ehaves l i
ke a n i nduc tor, at h igh f requenc ies , it
t
ot he c ur
ren t wave , s o that we h ave max imum v o
ltage behaves l i
ke ac apac i
to r
. A t one f requency i n b etween ,
when t he cu rrent i sz ero a nd z e
ro v oltage when t he c
al led t he r esonant f requency , o r f requency o f
r
e sonance , t he circuit b ehaves l i
ke a r esistance . A t t h
is
curren t is max imum . T his e f
fec t isc a
lled a 9 0 p hase
shi
ft. T he reason f ort he 9 0 l abel i sthat t he shift i so ne f
requency , t he r eactances o f the c apac i tor a nd o f t he
quar ter of ac ycle, and a n alterna tor g ene rates o ne c ycle i
n duc to r h ave b a
lanced e ach o the r o ut, l e
aving o n
ly
o
f AC b y 3 60 o frotat
ion , hence aq uarte r cycle i s9 0 . r
e s
istance . H ow much r esistance?
Capac i
tors c ause t he v oltage p eak t o b e aq uarter I
ft he c apac itora nd i nduc tora re i ns er
ies , mak ing t h
is
cycle l a
ter t han t he c urren t p eak; i nduc to rs c ause t he as er
ies r esonan t c i
rcu it, t hen t he r esis tance a t t he
curren t peak t ob e aq uar te
r c ycle later than t he v o
ltage f
requency o fr e
sonance i sv ery low , justt he res
istance o f
peak . O ne simp le way t o remembe r wh ich w ay r ound i t t
he w i re i nt he induc to r u n
less o the r resistance h as b een
added . I fthe i nduc tor a nd t he c apac ito r h ave b een
isi sthe wo rd C -I-V -
1-1. C( f
or c apac itor), Ib e fo re V ; V
befo re Ii n L( i
nduc tor)
. connec ted i np arallel, mak ing ap arallel r esonan tc ircu it
,
t
hen t he r es
is tance a t resonan t frequency i sv ery h igh,

AE AC TA W! RE AC IAE
ICE
V•L UE VAL UE
a

vOt TAGE
CU AE
I1 NT

RESONANT
ERE OUF NC V HE , UF NCv
FRE OUENGv
RESONANT
FRFC
: ME RCY
F
ig. 1 0
. Reactance i s not c onstant. a) The reactance of a
c
apacitor is very h
igh for l
ow-frequency s ignals
, very l
ow f or
h
igh f
requency s ignals
. b) The reactance ofa n i
nductor i
s v
ery FRE O
IJE N(
7,
l
ow f or l
ow -f
requency s ignals, very high for h
igh-frequency R
E 0
10 NC

s
ignals.
F
ig. 11
. Resonance . a
) Series-resonant c
ircuit
; the resistance i
n
t
he circuit i
s the r esistance o f t
he wire of the inductor. The
The most noticab
le d
if
ference be
tween r e
actance and
cur
rent i s max i mu m a t t
he r esonant frequency , when t he
r
es
istance, though, becomes obvious when we c hange c
ircuit h
as o n
ly r esistance, no reactance. b) Para
llel-resonant
t
he frequency o f t
he AC supp
ly. Inducto
rs h ave mo re c
ircuit
. T he vol
tage ( and the resistance) i
s a max i mu m at t
he
r
eactance at high f
requenc
ies than at l
ow frequencies. r
esonant f
requency
.

33
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
unless o the
r r es
istances h ave been a dded i n paral
lel. a
re u se ful o n
ly i fy our c omponen ts l ook i den tical t o the
The e f
fect i
ss hown i n Fig
. 1 1. We u se resonan t ci
rcuits ones i n the p ho to, a nd i fy ou wan t t o c opy e xac t
ly t he
f
or t uning a frequency we wan t. Ifap aral
lel resonan t l
ayou t i nthe p hoto . Ify ou c an read c i
rcu it diagra ms , y ou
c
ircui t is u
sed a s al oad , then a s igna l current w i
ll c
an u se a ny s hape o f c omponen ts, a nd make y our
p
roduce a l arge v o
ltage a cross t
he load , but on
ly a tand c
ircu its a s y ou want t he m I t
's l i
ke t he d ifference
a
round t he f
requency o f resonance . R adio wave tuning , between b ui
ld ing f rom a k i
t a nd rolling y our own .
whe the r o
f radio, TV or r adar si
gnals d epends o n this C
ircuit d iagra ms u se s ymbo ls f or e ach c omponen t,
r
esonance e f
fec t which lets us selec
t t he frequency we a
nd s ome o f the mos t c om mon s ymbo ls a re s hown i n
wan t from a l
l the p ossible frequenc ies wh ich c an b e T
ab le 1 . No tice t he way a rrows a re u sed . F or c om -
p
icked u p o
r genera ted. ponen ts l i
ke r e s
isto rs, c apac itors a nd i nduc tors , a r
rows
a
re u sed t o mean a v ariab le q uan tity ( av ariab le r esistor
o
rp o
ten t
iome ter, variab le c apacito rs, v ariab le i nduc tors)
BLOCK D
IA GRA MS which c an b e a djus ted. A d ifferen t s ymbo l i su sed f or
p
rese t v alues t hat a re s et t o some v a
lue a nd t hen l e
ft
A block diagra m o f an e lectronic s ys
te m s hows u s
a
lone . A n a rrowhead u sed w ith c omponen ts s uch a s
what isdone to as i
gnal, w ithout a ny de
tail o
f h ow iti
s
d
iodes a nd t rans istors s hows t he n orma l ( + t o — )
done. Ablock d
iagra m of ac ar would show an o u
tline o
f
d
irection o fc urren t f l
ow .
a
n e ngine
, ag earbox , ac lutch a nd the fi
nal dr
ive, but
Acircuit d iagra m s hows wha t c omponen ts a re c on-
w
ithou t a
ny details of wha t happens i ns
ide these c om- n
ec ted t oge the r
, n ot h ow t hey a re a r
ranged . Ac ircuit
ponents. B
lock diagrams a re useful because they show may s how a l i
ne, r ep resen t
ing a c onnec tion , j o
ining a
u
s wha t t
o l
ook for i
n ad etailed ci
rcu i
t.
b
atte ry + p o
le t o one e nd o f ar esis tor. I n the p rac tical
l
ayou t o f the c ircu i
t, t hese c omponen ts m igh t b e n ear
VOLTAGE e
ach o the ro rs eve ralc en t
i me tres a par t, b utt hey mus t be
AMPL
IFIER POWER
AND AMPL
IFIER j
o
ined b y wires o r me tal strips T he g rea t a dvan tage o fa
CONTROLS
C
ARTR
IDGE L
OUDSPEAKER c
i
rcu it d iagra m i s that i ts hows t he a c
tion o f e ach
c
omponen t in ac i
rcu it
, n o ma tter whe re i th appens t ob e
F
ig.1 2
. Block diagra m of arecord p
layer. The cartridge c
on-
p
l aced p hys ically. T rying t o f i
gure o u t the a ct
ion o f a
ver
ts vibrat
ion oft he s
tylus i
nto an e
lectr
icalsigna l
, which i
s
amplif
ied and u
sed t odr
ive the l
oudspeaker. c
ircu it b y l ook ing a t i t
s a rrange men t o n ab oard i s
nobody 's i dea o f good c lean f un!
F
or exa mple, Fig. 12 s hows a b lock diagra m of a I
n many c ircuit d iagra ms t he s ymbo l fo r an e arth o r
s
imple record player
. The cart
ridge isthe tr
ansducer tha
t g
round c onnec tion i ss hown a nd t h
is s ome t
i mes p uzzles
c
onverts the squiggles on the d
isc i
nto electr
ical waves
. beginne rs. I t
's a h angove r f r
om t he o ld d ays o f t ele-
T
hese are then amp li
fied
, the amoun t of amplif
icat
ion is g
raphs . A t f i
rs t
, t he e lectric t e
legraph u sed t wo l i
nes
c
ontrol
led , a nd the amp lified signa l used t o dr
ive connec ting t ransm it
te r and r eceive r. T he p ionee rs t hen
a
nothert ransduce r
, the l
oudspeake r
. f
ound t ha t t hey c ould u se o ne w ire l i
ne , with t he r e
turn
c
ur ren t flow ing t hrough t he e arth i tself, a nd t o d o this,
R
ESET t
he r eturn was t aken t o al arge me tal p late b uried i nt he
g
round . F rom t hen o n
, i t
s b een e arth i n the U .K . a nd
1 °- 1
g
round i nt he U .S .A. a nd e ve r sha l
l b e
.
AMPL
IFIER SW
C
ITCH
IRCU IT
GENERATOR
(OSC
ILLATOR/
Nowadays , ma ins o pera ted c ircu its u se a n e arth
LOUDSPEAKER
c
onnec tion f ors a
fe ty, sot ha ta ny ma ins v ol
tage f au ltw ill
PHOTO
- RESIST
IVE c
ause a l arge c urren t t hrough t he e arth c onnec t
ion
CELL
(
rathe r than t hrough y ou) s o b low ing t he fuses .
F
ig.13. Block diagra m o
f al i
ght-operated alar m
. Light f
all
ing o n I
n ba tte ry p owe red e quipmen t
, t he e arth o r g round
t
he photoce llc auses a signal wh ich i
s amplif
ied a nd operates c
onnec tion may s imp ly b e t o a ny me talwo rk, s uch a s a
t
he electronic sw i
tch. T his in t
urn switches o n the osci
llator
, c
ase . This e nsures t hat the c ase i sa tt he s a me v oltage a s
a
nd s o s ounds a n alar m fro m t he l
oudspeaker . The a lar m
s
ounds u nti
lr eset by a switch. t
he s i
gna l z ero v o
ltage l ine, u sually b attery n ega t
ive . T he
p
urpose o f t his ist o make s ure t hat t he me talwo rk d oes
n
ot c ause i nter ference b y r ad iating s igna ls i n
to o r o ut o f
T
aking another e
xa mple, Fig
. 1 3 shows a n alarm t
he c i
rcu it. F or many c ircu its a n ear th c onnec tion i sn ot
wh
ich s ounds when a l
i
gh t b
ea m hits a p
hotocel
l. The n
eeded a t a l
l, b ut t he e arth s ymbo l i ss ome ti mes s t
ill
l
i
ghtf a
ll
ing on t
he c
el
l c
auses as igna
l which i
s ampli
fied u
sed o n c ircu it diagra ms t o s how wh ich l i
ne o f c onnec -
a
nd used t oswitch on an audio generator, which inturn t
i
ons i satz ero s igna l voltage .
c
auses as ound from aloudspeake r. The actual c
ircu
itf o
r
t
his would t ake much l onger t o unders tand . Block
d
iagra ms are part
icu
larly use fu
l for very co mplex elec
-
t
ron
ic systems s uch a
s T V
, radar or c
ompu ters
.
PRACT
ICAL C
IRCU
IT
CONSTRUCT
ION
L
ay ing o ut ac i
rcuit from a ci
rcuit diagra m isone o f the
C
IRCU IT D
IA GRA MS AND mos t sat
isfy
ing p arts of e
lectronics, a nd yet iss eldom
SY MBOLS t
augh t. Inthe old days ofvalves, lay
ing o u
t aci
rcu it used
t
ob e ame ta
l b ashing exerc
ise wh ich h ad the c
ons truc tor
I
f we a
re t o be able to b ui
ld electronics ci
rcuits (
and p
retty c heesed o f
f w ith t
he ci
rcuit b e
fore a ny wires h ad
t
hat
's wha t we're he
re for)
, we n eed to be a b
le to r
ead b
een s oldered , b u
t mode rn c omponen ts and c ircuit
a
nd unde rstand ci
rcuit diagra ms. Why n o
t u se photo
- boards h ave made t he who
le p rocess s o much e asie r
.
g
raphs and sketches of afi
nished ci
rcuit? Well
, it
's much
S
tar
t b y looking a t t
he c
ircuit and f i
nding the c ircuit
more d
i
fficult
, to s
tart wi
th . Photographs a nd drawings
j
unc t
ions . Ac i
rcuit junct
ion is whe re wires fr
om v arious

3
4 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 I
n
to E
lectron
ics
T
hree types of d iode. T he Ar
es
isto
r Two w
ires crossing on a
f
i
rst is just ad iode , the d
iag
ra m w
ithout t
ouch
ing.
s
econd i s al i
gh t em i
tting
Two t
ypes o
f capacitor
. T he
d
iode ( which glows when
l
ower one is o
f t he "elec-
c
urren
t p asses t hrough i t
)
. E
arth s y mbol. U sua
lly
t
ro
lyt
ic' or -t
antalu m - t
ype
T
he third is az ener diode. means b
atte
ry nega
tive t
er
-
a
nd c an on
ly b e used o ne
u
sed for crea
ting f ixed vol
- m
inal o
rchassis
.
way r
ound.
- 114- - t
ages

A co
il. The l
ines indica
te Two d ifferent types o f
what i
twas wound o n
. Two swi
tch. T he upper one is
Two t
ypes o
f t
r
ansis
tor The c
oi
ls which s
ha re t
he sa me on
ly c
losed wh i
le iti
sh e
ld
f
i
rst is NPN, the second l
ines represent a t rans- c
losed
.
PNP
f
ormer.

Al
oudspeake
r
I
n
tegrated c
ircu
its. The box V
arious f orms o f var
iable
c
an be o
falmosta ny shape, r
esistor. T he t op o ne is
a
l
though t he top o ne is p
ane l mount ing , the d ot
u
sually used t o indicate r
epresent
ing t he ri
ght-hand ,A f
use
.
s
ome form of ampl
ifier The s
ide when v i ewed from t he
n
u mbers refer to the pin f
ront. T he o ther t wo a re
n
u mbers o
n the I
C package. p
re-set resistors which a re

+
-
A bat
tery. The short ter
-
u
sed f or s ett
ing u p only.
m
inal is nega
tive (
easy to
The m idd le o ne h as i t
s
r
e me mber itlooks li
ke a
s
l
iding con tactc onnected to
L
ogic g ates. L
ogic I Cs one e nd o f t he resist
ive
u
sua l
ly c onta
in severa
l of t
r
ack."
t
hese each, and s
o they a
re
_
D A "
jack" socket a
nd a

1
o_ s
uffixed I Cla, I
C14b , et
Av
ar
iab
le c
apac
ito
r. "
phono" s
ocke
t
c
etera.

T
able 1
. Co m mon
ly-used c
ircu
it s
y mbo
ls.

c
omponen ts a re al j o
ined t oge the r. F ore xamp le , Fig. 1 4 h
oles, and it
's easy t om istake o ne fora nothe r ifthey a re
s
hows ap i ece o fc i
rcu itw ith f i
ve j unc tion p oints . At 1t he u
n marked . T he u ndrilled t ype o f b oard i s already
b
a ttery c onnec ts t o R 1 .A t j unc tion 2 t he i npu t signa l n
umbe red and n eeds n o othe r p
repa rat
ion .
(
f
rom a s ocke t) c onnec ts t o C l. A t 3 , c omponen ts C l, Mastered s oldering? Make s ure the b it of t he i r
on
R1, R 2, R 3 a re a l c onnec ted t oge the r a nd a t 4t he (
e
lect r
ic 25Wo rl ess) isclean , t
hen s wi
tch o na nd a low i t
o
u tpu t socke t j o
ins t o R 3 a nd C 2. 5i st he j unc t
ion a t t
ow arm u p. Place the c omponen tsot hat it
sl ead i satt he
which b atte ry n ega t
ive c onnec ts t o C 2 a nd R 2. E ach o f c
orrect part of the t rack of the b oard. H o
ld t he i ron s o
t
he c omponen ts i nt h
is c ircu it h as t wo l eads , a nd t hese t
hat its t
ip touches b o
th t rack and c omponen t l eadou t
two l eads mus t b e t aken t od i
ffe ren t j unc tions . Late r we w
ire. N ow touch t his h ot zone with the end o f ap iece o f
s
ha ll b e u sing c omponen ts w ith t hree l eads ( such a s r
esin-cored solde r a nd w atch the s o
lde r run around t he
t
rans istors) b ut t he s a me r u
les a pp ly, t he t hree d ifferen t w
ire a nd onto the t r
ack . When i t
's smoo th a nd b efore i t
l
eads o n e ach c omponen t mus t g o t o t hree d ifferen t s
tops smok ing , take t he ir
on away . Let ital c oo
l b e
fo re
j
unc t
ions . d
isturbing it
.T hat
's a l! Do c lean the wire a nd the t rack,
Why s hou ld we d isf
igu re o ur c ircu it d iag rams w ith k
eep t he i
ron h ot and c lean. Don 't snatch t he iron away
t
hese p enc illed l oops? We ll, the r eason i st ha t it makes b
efore the s o
lde r has f l
owed f r
eely or keep i to n so l o
ng
c
ircu i t cons truc tion s imp le , e lec tron ics b y n u mbe rs! t
hat the board s t
arts t ob urn. H
E
P
rac t
ically a l c ircuits n owadays a re b uilt o n i nsulating
boa rds wh ich h ave c oppe r s t
rips l a
id o n t hem . E ach o f
t
hese c oppe r s t
rips c an b e u sed a s aj unc tion , w ith t he
w
ire l eads o f c omponen ts s olde red t o the s trips. S ome
t
ypes o f b oa rds u se p er fora ted c oppe r s trips, w ith I
N

componen t l ead -ou t w ires f ed f r om t he p lain s ide .

_ C_ _

through t he h oles t o t he c oppe r s ide a nd s o

lde red . 2 C
I

A no the r t ype o f b oard u ses p lain u ndr il

led , r eady -
.
solde red s tr
ips , a nd t he c omponen t l ead -ou t w ires a re
s
olde red d irec tly i n p lace . Wha teve r t ype i su sed o ne 5
s
tr
ip r epresen ts o ne c i
rcu it j unc tion ( the s trip c an o f
c
ou rse b e b roken t of orm t wo o r mo re )
. F
ig.14. C
ircu
itj unct
ions. Marking out a s
i mple c
ircu
itd
iagra m
Us
ing o ure xamp le a ga in we t ake ac i
rcu it b oard, a nd s
o that i
tcan b
e e as
ily bu
iltonstr
ip-board.
make s tr
ips w ith n umbe rs , 1 ,2,3 ,4 ,5 . A ll we n eed t od o
now i sto c onnec t t he l eads o f e ach c omponen t a cross
t
he s tr
ips s hown i nt he c i
rcu it diag ram . F or e xamp le, R 1
i
sc onnec ted b etween s t
rip 1 a nd s tr
ip 3 , R 2 i sc on-
nected b etween s t
rip 3 a nd s tr
ip 5 , C 2 i sc onnec ted 2
between s t
rip 4a nd s trip 5a nd s oo n. O ne t ype o fb oa rd
e
b
d
r
ven h
e e
il
as
as t
ie
led t
r
! T
he s

ype o
he o
tr
ips a

f c
nly t
oppe
l
ready n
hirg t
r s t
r
o w
ip b
umbe
a
oa
tch i
rd
red f

, y
st
o
ha
r y
t i
ou mus
ou
fy
! C ou
ou u
t h
ldn
se t
ave t
't
he
he
-
T
.
- 6V BATTERY

s
trips n umbe red o n each s ide. T he r eason i st hat al i
ne o f OUT

holes l ooks p re tty much t he s a me a s a ny o the r l i

ne o f
F
ig. 1
5. P
iece o
fst
rip
-board w
ith t
he c
ircu
it o
fFig
.14
. a
sse mb
-
l
ed.
H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
3
5
Understand
ing
B
ias
T
ape recorder b
ias i
s a much misunderstood s
ubject
. Ron Harr
is s
hares
h
is u
nbiased v
ie ws. .

MOST USERS o f t ape mach ines , b e t hey c asset te

,
E
lcase t oro pen- ree l devotees a re awa re o fthe presence
o
f t he b i
as o scilla tor within t heir mach ine. I n recent
t
imes t hey can al so h ard
ly h ave missed t he tr
end toa low
u
se rs toa l
ter the b ias se
tting f or d
ifferen t types of tape
c
oating .
Many more a dvanced c a se tte r ecorders s port
sw
itches wh ich a llow f or t h
ree s et
tings l ow n oise,
-
c
hrome a nd f e
rrich rome . I tmay s eem s trange t ohave a n
e
lectricals wi
tch ma rked u pf ord i
fferen t ma ter
ials
, a nd it
i
sal t oo com mon f o
r people simp ly to l eave that switch
i
nt he p os
ition i th appened t o eme rge f rom t he packing
c
ase i n
, a nd t o u se wha teve r tape c omes t o hand —
e
i
the r from t he b ack o f ap assing l orry o r fr
om ' Shifty
S
id's S upe r D
iscoun t Empo r
ium '.

MAGNET
ISAT
I ON OF TAPE INPUT S
IGNAL
ApPL
IEC
I ON TOP OF B
IAS X
E

F
ig 2
: DC b ias
. This i
nvolves adding a s
teady voltage to t
he
i
nput s
igna
l and r
ecording the m both t
ogether
. As the d
iagra m
sho ws this effect
ively shif
ts the signal onto t
he useful linear
section o f t
he curve. L and LI are the l
imits of operat
ion f or
non-distorted output. Beyond t hese points the curve i
s not a
s
traight line, and the t
ransfer of s
ignal to tape i
s a non-l
inear
one.

Acr
im ina
l was
te ofpoten
tial p
erformance
, th
is. Tape
b
ias i
sthere t
o h
elp t
he machine o
ve rcome t
he grea
test
d
rawback of magnet
ic t
ape a s arecord
ing medium —
n
on-
linear
ity.

HEA DING FOR TROUBLE

L
et's start b y considering wha t h appens a s t
he t ape
p
asses t he reco
rding h ead, without any thought ofb ias.
I
ft he s ignal in t he record h ead i s very sma l
l, n o
F
ig 1: Graph of tape magnetisat
ion p
roduced against magnet - magne t
isa t
ion ata l wil
l occur on t
he tape.
i
sing s
ignal f
lo w
ing in t
he t
ape head
. T his c
lear
ly i
l
lustrates t
he
On the g raph o f fi
gure 1 , any amoun t of signa l
great proble m associated with t ape r ecording — t he fact t
hat
the effect i
s not a l
inear one . the s ection i
n the centre of t
he
b
etween A a nd B w i
ll produce the sa me effec
t o n t he
curve bet ween A and B s ho ws that over a r
ange o f smallsignal t
ape — z ero. At va
lues o fsi
gna l g
reater t
han B ,the tape
values, no magnet is m at al
l i
s impar ted to the tape
. Beyond C w
il
l reta
in s ome magne tism as it moves away — i th as
on the curve , 'saturat ion' occ ur s — no f urther increase is b
een r ecorded u pon . H owever, if we go on inc
reasing
possible r
egardless o f changes in t he s
ignal
.
o
ur value o f si
gna l u p to p
oint C, the tape re
fuses t o

3
6 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
a
ccep t a ny mo re magne t
isation — s atura tes — a nd AC OR DC - W HO
'S B
IAS?
d
iffe
ren t v a
lues o f current will n ow le ave t he sa me
One w ay a round t h
is wou ld be ton eve r lett he c urren t i
n
amoun to f magne t
isation on t
he t ape
. t
he h ead f a
ll to z ero, s o that the p ortion o f t he g raph
A
l
l t h
is means t hat only be
tween p o
in ts B a nd C can
b
etween A a nd B i sn eve r used . T his means p utt
ing a
we hope t or eco
rd av arying signal — speech , et
c — o n c
urren t through i tcons tantly to make t he l owes t value,
t
he t ape. i.
e., make t he amoun t o f magne t
ism o n i t s
ay, Xo n t he graph . D oing t h
is isc a
lled b iass ing .
f
ol
low t he signalfl
ow ing inthe recording h ead. Between An i ncom ing s ignal wou ld t hen b e a dded t o the
t
hese p oints the response isa lmos t astraigh t li
ne (ie
, c
onstan tf l
ow , sot ha tthe signal v aries a bou tt he v alue X.
l
inear
). T
he d isadvan tages o ft h
is are that t he signa l i sl imited to
v
alues wh ich p roduce magne tisation b etween v a
lues L
a
nd U o n figure 2 .T h
is steady DC c urren t — b ias c urrent
— al
so r a
ises t he amoun t ofn oise h eard o n replay o fthe
t
ape. T his i sdue t ot he factthatt he b ias c u rren td oes not
h
ave a n e qual e ffect o n al
l the magne t
ic p articles u pon
t
he tape. T he differences b etween t he e f
fec ts w ill a ppear
1
1
1
111
11
11 a
s a' noise ' signa l.
DC b ias i sn owadays u sed o nly o n s ome l ow -priced
c
asse tte r e corde rs, b ecause o f i t
s i nhe ren t di sadvan -
1
111
1
1
11
11
1
1 1
1 t
ages o f l ow s igna l-to-noise r at
io a nd l imited r ange o f
s
ignal.
AC b ias c an o vercome t hese d isadvan tages o f DC
b
ias, a nd a lows a much w ider r ange o f s igna l o nto the
t
ape. Ah igh f r
equency s ignal i su sed f or t he j ob, a nd it
F
ig 3: Add it
ion of the high frequency AC bias s
ignal with the
s
hou ld b e a t least f our times h ighe r t han t he h ighest
l
o wer frequency s ignal. T he total i
s used to perfor m the
magnet isation of the t ape. For best reproduction the bias f
requency t o b e r ecorded , t o make s ure i td oes n o
t
f
requency s hould be a
t least four t
imes t
he highest f
requency i
nter
fe re w ith t he s i
gna l we w an t to reco rd .
t
o be r ecorded a s a signa l
. Cassette mach ines use around
90k Hz usually
.

D
ISTORT I
ON

USEFUL B
IAS RANGE
I ON OF TAPE
I
ISAT
I
RANGE OF MAGNET

REPLAY L
EVEL
I

1
01
,1-
11

B
IAS L
EVEL

I
NPUT S
IGNAL •B
IAS F
ig 5: The e ffect of amount o fb ias on both distortion and high
f
requency r esponse . These g raphs a re the r
eason sw itching i
s
needed on t ape mach ines. For best c o mpro mise perfor mance
t
he mach ine s hould operate in t he centre o f the u seful b
ias
F
ig 4: Recording wi
th AC b ias
. Since the bias s
igna lused is AC r
ange . The amount o f bias signa l r
equ i
red t o achieve t h
is wil
l
i
tc an effect
ively '
f
ill i
n' t
he flat por
tion of the curve
, allo w
ing vary f
ro m tape t o t
ape — p roduc ing who le sets oft hese curves
t
he signa l t
o make u se of both linear parts of the curve and up and do wn t he graph — a nd bias l evel has to be adjusted to
doubl
ing t he r
ange of magnetisation possible with DC bias. correct
ly pos ition the operation.

37
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
 B
ias
T
his si
gna l isg enera
ted b y the bias osc
il
lator within
t
he reco
rde ra nd isgenera
lly around 1 00kHz in mode rn
machines. T his constan
t value high f r
equency s i
gna l i
s
a
dded tot he signal and both are r
eco rded o n t
he tape.
T
he bias cu r
ren t 'f
i
l
ls in
' the fl
at po
rtion oft he g
raph s o
t
hat t
he total current i
nthe recording h ead never f
al
ls to
z
ero
.

S
ince the bias i
s AC t he c
urrent takes the t
ape in
to
magnetisat
ion o n b
oth si
des ofthe ax
is, and soan added
s
ignal can ut
il
ise both sides of t
he graph s uch t
hat t
he
p
eak-to-peak v a
lues can b e tw
ice the DC v a
lue which
i
nduces saturat
ion int he tape
. N o
ise i sal
so much l e
ss
b
ecause the bias s
igna
l iss o weak.

RESPONSE
-IBLE DECISION

S
ince t
he fr
equency ofthe bi
as si
gnal isso much higher Sonys excellent EL 7recorder. Conce ived a s ac assette t
ape
t
han t
he audib
le spec
trum, there i
snoc hance o
fi tbeing machine which wou ld h ave open -reel perfor mance (by us
ing
p
icked u p by the h eads — w itness t he fact that t
ape at ahigher speed b asically
) e ven ifitis dependent upon
t
hose bias switches t
o optim ise perfor mance.
Nak
imich
i mach ines a
re famed fo
r the
ir ab
ili
ty to r
eplay
20kHz
, never mind 90kHz!

T
his s
a me b
ias s
ignal
, great
ly in
creased i
nle
vel
, c
an Th
is maximum w i
ll va
ry from t ape type t
ot ape type,
b
eal
so used t
oclean (
erase
)t he t
ape — an a
dded b
onus
. and should idea
lly be se
t u p f
or each brand ofr ecord
ing
t
ape. Herein li
es the r
eason fo
rt hose s w
itches
. E ach tape
B
ias
, then, reduces d
istor
tion as i tis i
ncreased. t
ype therefore can be (
nearly
)o ptim ised bychang ing the
However, t
here c
omes apoint where t
he h
igh frequency swi
tches o ver. S ome mach ines a re n ow carrying t h
is
r
esponse beg
ins tosuf
fer (
see F
ig. 5
)
. S o o
ptimising t
he t
rend a stage further
. For ins
tance , the Aiwa AD 6 800
b
ias means app
lying t
he maximum amoun t t
hat wi
ll n
ot a
lows t he bias to b
e al
tered b y t
he u ser t
oo p
tim ise the
d
egrade re
sponse. h
igh frequency r esponse b y 'f
ine tuning ina ddition to
t
he simple s w
itching usually p
rovided .

SU M MARY

4
111
1
111
1
111
1.1
1
11
111
11
11
111
16. B
ias i
f
r
s thus a
equency wh
n a
ich i
lterna
s a
t
ing c
dded t o t
urren
he a
t s
ud
igna
io s i
l o
gna
f h
l t
igh
o be
r
ecorded. B oth are recorded t ogethe r
. T his overcomes
.
71 m
oi c Q 1
?
4
4 .
°1
t
he non-l
inea r
i ty o
fthe magne tic prope r
ties oft ape
, thus
W ig =
-
• a
low ing ah ighe r v
alue ofs ignal tob e reco rded without
• d
isto
rtion and a id
ing signal-to-noise r a
tio.
• T
o make t he best u
se o f you r tape mach ine, se
t the

97
7 FE?
JEE b
i
y
as s
ou i
w
n
i
tching t
tend t o u
ot
se
he p
. I
os
fy
it
ion ma
ou d o n
rked f
ot, h
ort
igh f
he t
r
ype oft
equency r
ape
e
s-
4,1
4‘ p
onse a nd noise may w ell s
uffe r
.
H
E

The A
i wa AD68D0 c assette mach ine. Along with its younger
brother the 6900, th
is mach ine offers the best co mpro mise o
f
bias perfor mance. As we l
l as t
he u sual sw i
tches, fine t un
ing
controls are incorporated wh ich a l
lo w the u ser to peak -up
perfor mance for any t
ape.

I
t
l
iZotoG
it
ic
t 7
1
4E

Tg
a ngu M
ien Z
c
gr „
J tA
s 4

444 -
1 ,4
04 S
tREE
t•
1 .
1

• •

4
, 71

10. , C
ook * -t
ot
- 1
A
1C
.k0
cd_ppt

0 0 S
t 0
G
AAI
4 x
R
AI
GS '
% Ar
1
0
4
k o
1 "
Pf
lo
TO Sa uh
t 4u- (
teS 0
li
"ARA
.
1 14
, c&

3
8 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
H
obby
E
lectron
ics
4
-Channe
l E
qua
liser S
lave F
lash P
roject Daeda
lus

The Bri
tish I n
terplanetary S ociety h as just
pub
lished a report which shows t ha
t in
te rs
tel-
l
ar f
l
ight b y a
n u n
- manned v ehicle ispossible
Us
ing one f
l
ash gun i
sfa
irly s
tra
ight
forward w
ith mode rn techno logy The r eport i
sn early
— bu
t h ow do y
ou u
se two or more s
imul
t- 200 pages of d e
tailed d
rawings , calcu
lations
a
neously? a
nd s peci
ficat
ions We e xa m
ine i tclearly in
A fu
lly-f
ledged g raphic e qualiser with four d
etai
l
b
ands , al
low ing you toa d
just the response o f 11
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
y
ou r Hi-Fi to su
it t he roo m i t
's in
' A l
tern- 1
1
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
1
a
t
ive ly
, t his uni
t c an b e used a s a r ea
lly Touch Sw
itch
s
ophisticated tone c ontrol T h
is p ro
jec t was
d
esigned b y apro fess
iona l audic consultant BAS
IC P
rogra m m
ing
e
specially fo
r HE We t hink i
t lb e aw inner'
I
fy ou ve e ve
r wonde red e xact
ly what sin-
v
olved inp rogra m m
ing a c o mputer,
then t
h
is
1
11
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111 i
sfor you We l ook at BAS IC — o ne o
f t
he
most popular co mputer languages — and s
ee
V
ie wdata what i
t
's al
l abou t T h
is art
icle wi
ll r
equ
ire no
p
revious k nowledge a nd wil
l be much more
t
han an in
troduc t
ion t o t
he subject

1
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
Var
iwiper

As w
itch with no moving parts' Jus
t touch i
t
a
nd t u
rn o n the l
igh
ts, moto rs or whatever
t
urns you on B y t
he way
, the a bove photo i
s
n
ot an ilus
trat
ion of t
he swi
tch i naction but
o
ne ofo ur s
taf
f hav
ing a b
righ t i
dea

1
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
Ho
logra ms
One of the most exci
ting develop men ts in
modern T V t
echnology isthe a
dven t of data F
ollowing o n f
rom t he L ASER a r
tic
le in t
his
E
ve r been d r
iving i n one of those horr
ible
t
rans mission a nd display V ie wdata i s i
ssue, we look i
nto (I
) ho
log ra ms — what are
d
r
izzles wh
ich i stoo f
ine fo
r the w
ipers t
o work
B
rita
in's answer t o advances which c ou
ld t
hey, h ow are t
hey made a nd what use are
p
roperly? This ci
rcu
i t makes the m r
epeat one
mean shopping from the ho me
, ac ompu ter t
hey T his i
s af
ascinat
ing t op
ic and one wh
ich
sweep at pre-set time interva
ls — i dea
l for
t
erminal i
nevery r
oo m oreven t
he abol
ition of i
ss ure t
o make a big impact on a
l
l our l
i
ves in
t
hose cond
itions .
c
o m mut
ing' t
he future

J
anuary i
s
sue w
ill b
e o
n s
a
le o
n Dece mber 8
th
T
he i
t
e ms men
tioned h
ere a
re t
hose p
lanned f
o
r t
he n
ext i
s
sue b
ut c
i
rcu ms
tances may a
f
fec
t t
he a
ctua
l c
onten
t

39
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
A
ud
Th
io M
is p
ixer
roject s
hould prove i
nvaluab
le t
o anyone who i
sinto li
ve music
. T
hat
i
s
, un
less they've j
ust s
pent f
ive t
imes a
s much on aco m mercia
lone!

AT F IRST G LANCE t h
is may n o
t s eem a l t hat usefu l an
addition t o a sma ll b and 's e quip men t. I tc ons ists
basica l
ly o f i nput c ircu itry f or h andling u p t o f ive
microphones , g ui
ta rs or wha teve r. All itd oes t ot hese is
t
o m ix t hem t ogethe r
, p rovide s ome t one c ont rol a nd
s
end t hem b ack o ut of as i
ng le ou tpu t
.
Most sma l
l b ands wh ich d o not own a m ixer h and le
t
he p roblem o fs ound m ix b y using a P A amp l
ifier w ith
s
eve ra l inpu ts. T his means t ha t the b ass g uitarist
c
on trols the level of t he b ass g uitar, etc e
te ra. T his c an
l
ead t op roblems when membe rs oft he b and d ecide t hat
t
hey're n ot b e
ing h ea rd a bove t he rest o f t he i nstru-
men ts! U s
ing a m ixer , h owever , the o vera ll s ound
b
alance c an b e mon ito red a nd c ontrolled b y s omeone
s
i
tting i nt he audience .
This m ixer a l
so g ives c on tro
l o ver t he t otal o utpu t
l
evel
. T h
is means t hat the b and c an b e faded i no ro ut at
t
he st a
rta nd f i
nish o f an umbe r
.
B
2 B
1
—VE T
ERM
INAL +
VE T
ERRM
INAL
S
HORT P
IN I
S
O
N T
HIS S
IDE

4
0 T
O I
NPUT J
ACKS H
obby E
l
ect
ron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 A
partfrom the f a
cili
ties o f
fered, wha t di
fferen t
ia tes a be careful that none o f t
he I C pins are b ent unde r the
g
ood m ixe
r from a med ioc re one i sthe level o
f ' noise'. body oft he IC.
T
his isthe amoun t o f ' h
iss' you h ear w i
th e ve rything The LED w il
l only work one way r ound — o ne lead wi
ll
t
urned tofu
llv o
lume a nd n o i
npu t
. T he noise level inthis b
e l onge r than t he other s ee the o verlay t o fi
nd o ut
d
esign c ompares v ery l avourab ly w ith c om me rcial which o ne.
m
ixers in amuch h ighe r price range . SW1 i sn ot designed for p r
inted circuit board ( PCB)
B
eing bat
tery-driven , th
is u n
it isp art
icula r
ly s ui
ted t o moun t
ing a nd s o the h o
les f or itw i
ll b e large. T he
on the road' a pplica t
ions , b ut o ther p oss
ib le u ses potentiome te r s
p
ind les wil
l h ave to cut to length — t he
i
nc
lude s t
age s ound e f
fec ts c ueing , tape r eco rding , f
inal length d epend ing on wha t t
ype of k nobs you b uy.
e
l
ectronic music synthes is, etcete ra. Don't c ut t
hem u nti
l you've c onstructed t he res
t o f t
he
projec t
. T he p o tentio me ter leads w il
l h ave t o be
'l
eng thened ' by s o
ldering s t
if
f wires o nto them s o t
hat
t
hey w il
l reach the b oard
.
CONSTRUCT
ION - THE BOARD
T
he i mportant t
hing t
o w a
tch isthe orien
tation of C12,
C
13 a nd I d. Ify ou f
ol
low t he 'over
lay' carefu
lly you
s
houldn't have any t
rouble. Ano
the r th
ing tob e wary of
i
fyou a re us
ing a n I
C s o
cket for IC1 (an IC socket is
u
sua
lly s o
ldered onto t
he board — the ICthen plugs in
to
i
tt
os ave the r
isk o
fheatd amage d uring s
oldering)
, then

P
arts L
i
st
R
ESISTORS (a
ll 1
4 W
/ , 5% to
lerance
)
R
1, 4 10k
R
2, 5 100k
R
3, 6
, 13, 1
9 4
k7
R
7, 8
, 9
, 10, 1 56k
R
12 100k
R
14, 15
, 16 O
k
R
17, 18 3
k9
R
20 1
k0
R
21, 22 4k7

CAPAC
ITORS
C
l, 3 5
6p p
olyes
ter
C
2,4 2
20n p
olyes
ter
C
5,6,7 1
00n p
olyes
ter
C
8 5
6p p
olyes
ter
C
9,10 4
7n p
olyes
ter
C
11 4
n7 p
olyes
ter
C
12, 13 2
20u 1
6V elec
tro
lyt
ic

P
OTENTIO METERS
R
V1, 2
, 3
, 4
, 5 2
5k l
ogar
ithmic 1
1
111
1
11
1
11
1
11
11
11
111
1
1M r
R
V6 1
00k l
i
near T
hese shots sho w ho w t
he LED
, switch and potent
io meters
R
V7 5
00k l
i
near a
re s o
ldered into p
lace
. Do not s older t
he pots unt
il you have
R
V8 5
k l
ogar
ith m
ic bolted t
he m i
n or y
ou wil
lrisk s
training the s
oldered j
oints
.

S
EM ICONDUCTORS
I
C1 LM324
L
ED1 a
ny r
ed L
ED
M
ISCELLANEOUS
P
r
in ted ci
r.cui
t b oard s i
ngle-pole double-
throw
sw
itch, 2o ff P P3 9V b at
tery (o
r sim
ilar
), bat
tery
c
l
ips tosui
t, 14-p in in
tegrated c
i
rcuitsocket
, VERO
s
loping-
front c ase, k nobs
, 6 mono s hort
ing j a
ck
s
ockets.

App
rox
i ma
te Cos
t: £
15

T
he case forthis p
roject i
sfr
om the VERO range o
f
c
ases. Itshould be ava
ilable f
rom most mai
l o
rder
f
i
rms and t he s
a me goes f
orthe o
therc omponen
ts
T
he s w
itch isa n R
S sirgle p
ole
, double t
hrow t
ype
—a ny other t
ype may n ot f
i
tthe PCB,
An i
nterna
l v
ie w
. Note t
he wir
ing l
ayout
.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978 4
1
 C
l 5
6p

The c
ircuit d
iagra m
. T
he po wer s
upply s
ect
ion i
s s
ho wn
NOTE s
eparately
.
I
CI I
S L
k4324

RV6
R
14 1
00k R
15
L
IN 1
0k

C
3 5
6p

P
i
t
OUTPUT
5
6k SK6

T
O P
IN4
.1C1 R
17 RV7 R
18
3
k9 5
00k 3
k9
SWI L
IN
R
V3 C5 R
7

I
F -
1
-95
25k
L
OG L
ED
1
00n 5
6k
C
12 R
21
8
1 2
20u 4
k7
4
T P
P3

R
V4 C
6 R
E
I
2
5k •I 8
2 •C
13 R
22
L
OG 5
6k PP3 2
20u 4
k7 a
1
00n
I
CI
S
KS 9
5

RV5 C
l R
9 T
O P
8,4
1
1,tC1
2
5k .
15
LOG 1
0 1 1
2 1
3 1
4
5
6k
T
OP V
IE W
Hobby E

P
inout d
iagra m f
or I
CI.
•
G
ROUND .
lectron

The L M324 IC contains

four o
perat
iona
l ampl
ifiers
w
ith c
o m mon po wer s
upp
ly

1 — i
nputs
.
ics
, Dece mber 1
978

T
O BOARD
 A
udio M
ixer
H
ow i
tWorks
An o
pera
tiona
l amp
lif
ier i
sshown l
i
ke t
h
is: Now,i fwe p u
tc urrent into t
he inverting input
t
hrough t he i nput r es istor, the o p-a mp
(
operationa l amp lifier) w i
ll change t he o utput
v
oltage u nt
il the who le t hing balances a ga
in.
The current t hrough t he feedback r es
istor w il
l
a
lways b e the sa me as t he current through t he
i
nputr esistor and t he i
nver ting i
npu tw i
llstay at
z
ero volts.
The ou tpu t vo
ltage w i
ll always b e an egative
n
umber t imes the i nput v o
ltage:

VO
UT =— GXVI
N

Connect
ions a a nd b a
re the power supp
ly
l
eads
.T hese a
re sometimes (
as h
ere
) omit
ted for T
he value o
f Gw
il
l be 1
,112,N
c
l
arity
. This l
eaves
: I
f we t
hen a
dd as
econd input
:
RF

V OUT

The leads a t the left are i nputs a nd the one at

t
he right i st he outpu t. T he "—" i nput i scal
led The v oltage a t t he i nver ting i npu t w il
l s tay a t
t
he inver ting i nput a nd t he "+ " i npu t iscal
led zero — t he ci rcuitw illo pera te e xact ly asb efore ,
— in ab urst o f ingenu ity, n o d oub t — t he excep tt ha t the o utpu t w ill b e Vo uT =( G
, x
n
on-inver t
ing i npu t
. + Vi2 )
N .I n o ther words , t he o utpu t v ol-
The o pera tiona l amp lifier i s av ery simp le t
age w ill b e t he s um o f t he amp lified i nput
d
evice i n i t
s o perat ion , a lthough e ach may voltages . U sing t his c ircu it, we c an ' mix' signa ls
c
onta in ( in as ub-m iniature f orm) d ozens o f t
oge ther t o f o rm ac ompos ite o utpu t.
t
ransistor s
, c apacitors , e
tc. This f orm o f c ircu it i sc al
led a ' virtua l e ar th
A
lli td oes ist osub tract t he "—" i nput voltage mixer ' b ecause t he i nver ting i npu t rema ins a t
f
rom t he "+" i npu t v o
ltage , mu lt
ip ly the result zero v olts ( ie e ar th v oltage ). Any n umber o f
b
y av ery l arge n umber ( called the ' open-
loop i
npu ts may b em ixed i nt h
is way b ya dding more
g
ain' for reasons wh ich we won 't g o in
to at th
is i
npu t re s
is tors .
s
tage) a nd o u tput the r esul t
. T hat's al
l itd oes, Look ing a t t he c ircu it d iagram , i t
's p re t ty
a
nd y et i t
's o ne o f t he mos t f l
ex ible active obvious wha t's h appen ing ( although t here a re
c
omponen ts i nuse. some l iddley b its' wh ich w il
l r equ ire e xplana -
S
uppose we c onnec t itlike this: t
ion) .
ICl a a nd I Clb a re u sed t o b oos t t he low -leve l
i
npu ts f rom SK Ia nd SK2 . T he g ain , G,o fe ach
will b e 1 00k/10k= 1 0 t imes . C I a nd C 3 a re
r
equ ired f or t he s tability o f t he o perat iona l
amp lifier a nd R 3 a nd R 6 a re ' pu ll-down ' res is-
t
o rs
. T hese a re r equ ired b ecause t his p articu lar
V
OUT device i sg ood a t s upp ly ing c urrent b ut u seless
a
ts hor ting i ttoe ar th. T hese r esis tors h elp.
The o utpu ts a re AC c oup led ( to r emove a ny
DC b ias wh ich may b e p resent ) b y C 2 a nd C 's 4
t
hru 7 .T he i npu ts t o SK3 , 4a nd 5s hou ld b e o fa
h
igh e nough l evel t hat t hey d on 't r equ ire a ny
S
ince t he non-inver t
ing i nput i
s'e arthed ', t
he e
x tra amp l
ifica tion . R esis tors 9t hru 1 2a nd I Cl c
v
oltage o n it must bez ero. Let
's s
uppose f or t
he f
o rm t he v irtua le ar th m ixer i tself. Aga in,C 8a nd
momen tt hatthe invert
ing i nputisabove z ero — R13 a re t here t o h elp t he d evice a long . I Ci d a nd
t
he o utputw il
lg obelow z ero. I
nfact,i tw il
lg oa a
ssoc iated c omponents f orm a s tandard
l
ot below z ero (remember , the open l oop g ain i
s '
Baxenda ll' t one c ontro l c ircui t wh ich we won 't
av ery large n umber, typically 200 00. T his wil
l go into h ere.
c
ause t he inverting inpu t t
o b e '
d
ragged ' d own' The p ower s upp ly t o the I C ist hrough L ED1 .
(
due t o the current through R E th e '
— feedback ' This means t hat t he e ffect ive s upp ly v oltage i s
r
es
is tor)
. E ventually, t
he who le th
ing w ill set
tle 9+9 -2= 1 6 v olts ( the v oltage d rop a cross a
d
own w ith the invert
ing i nput atzero v o
lts. LED i sa bou t t wo v olts )
, b ut this i ss ufficien t.

Hobby E
lect
ron
ics
, December 1
978 43
 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978

T
he foi
lp atte
rn. P
rinted c
ircuit b
oards c
an either be made at
h
ome ( see PCB feature i
n th
is issue
) or bought fro m adver
-
t
i
sers
.
CONSTRUCT
ION - THE REST b
oard. Use b
atte
ry c
l
ips — t
hey
're u
sefu
l when c
hang
ing Don't le
ave l eads plugged i n
to t he u n
it when t here's
b
atte
ries , no input from t he m — s uch a s g u
itar leads w ith n o
The P CB should h ave ho
les which ma tch threads on the
.
c
ase b ut d on
't screw i tdown u n
til you've solde
red t he gu
itars o n the end o f the m
. T he socke ts connec t each
w
ires o n! i
nput to earth ifthere's no plug inserted a s t
his r
educed
F
ollow t he diagram when i tcomes t o wir
ing u p the US ING I T t
he amoun t of '
hu m ' p
resen t
.
s
ocke ts a nd you s hould h ave n o trouble — b u
t u se I
nputs 1a nd 2 are 'l
ow-level
', s u
itable f
or microphones, The tone con t
ro ls bo
th h ave a 'neu t
ral' posi
tion w i
th
s
creened c able or you w il
l run into proble ms d ue to gu
itars
, etc
. T he o
the rthree inputs are f
orelectr
ic p
iano, the spindle rotated t o h
alf way between t he end stops.
'
hu m' pickup. s
ynthesiser and the li
ke. Ag ood r ule o
f thu mb ist
hat if I
tisu sual to l e
ave the mas ter v o
lu me c ontrol at fu
ll
T
he b atter
ies are connec ted i
ns er
ies — t he negat
ive whaty ou
're plugging inh as e
ithe ra) amains plug o
rb )a excep t when f ading i n or out
. T his means t ha t t
he f u
ll
t
ermina l o
f one connec ted tothe posi
tive termina
l of t
he b
attery
, then itcan go in
to one oft he h
igh-level i
npu 3 t
ts ( rave
l o f the con trol can b e ut
il
ised , g iv
ing a smoo th
o
ther. T he othe r two t e
rm ina
ls are c onnected t o t
he t
o 5)
. The H E Waa - Waa fa
lls in
to this c
ategory. f
ade. H
E
L
asers a
re beco ming part o
f our everyday work and l
eisure
. J
im Perry
r
evie ws t
he s
tate o
fthe a
rt.

THE F IRST L ASER was b ui

lt b y ar esearch s cien tist
c
al
led T heodo re Ma iman , wh ile wo rk ing f or the H ughes
Airc raft C orpo ration , i n 1960 . A t the t ime t he lase r was
cal
led T he i d
ea l s o
lu tion t o y et u nfound p roblems ."
The p rob lems h ave b een f ound b y t he s co re int he l as
t
18 y ea rs!
T
he wo rd l ase r is s hort f or L igh t Amp lif
ica t
ion b y
St
imu la ted Emm ission o f Radia t
ion , i nfac t laserd ev ices
a
re o sc illa tors — b ut who wou ld d eve lop a l ase r?
Rad ia tion f rom a l a
se r i s monochroma tic, t hat i s
, i t
occu rs a s as pecific f requency a nd t here fore i s ap ure
s
ou rce o f l ight
. T h
is c harac teris t
ic e nab les l a
se r l i
gh t t o
be d etec ted i n the p resence o f c onside rab le l evels o f
o
the ro ptica l n o
ise ( ie li
gh t
), wi th li
ttle mo re t han ag ood
optica l f i
l
te r.
L
ase r l i
gh t i sa lso c ohe ren t
. T his means t ha t t he
majo r
ity o f t he w aves i nthe b eam a re i n p hase , g iving
t
he l i
gh t t he a b
ility t o b e used t o produce i n
terfe rence TM c
ont
rolp
ane
lat L
ase
rium
.
patte rns . L aser l i
ght a lso eme rges a s ac ol
lima ted r ay,
nota s ap o
in tsou rce r adiating i na l
l d irections , a nd o nly
d
ive rges b y typica lly o ne p a rt in am illion . W ithou t
mod ifica tion t he b eam c an a ct as a we igh tless l i
ne i n
s
pace , e nab ling a who le h ost o f a l
ign men t measure -
s
hows a re e xtreme ly s ophistica ted , u s
ing p owerful
men ts t o b e made . B ecause t he l i
gh t isg athe red i n
to a
Krypton l asers a nd t housands o f p ounds wor th of
small a pe rture , i ti sof e xtreme i n
tens i
ty . W i
th f urthe r
e
lec t
ronics, w ith d ozens o f s canne rs. S canners are
f
ocuss ing l aser beams c an b e u sed t o produce p o
in ts o f
m
i rrors moun ted o n g alvanome te rs, signals fr
om t he
e
ne rgy c apab le o f r each ing m illions o f d egrees i n
e
lectronics are fed into t he co
ils oft he galvanome ters —
t
empe ra tu re.
a
nd t he l
aserb eam d ef
lec ted byt he m irror. Itmay s
ound
s
imp le, bu
tt he s pecia l s
canne rs u sed c ostatl e
ast £400!
•i
r
•10
14 10•1

With two scanne rs a tr ight angles, f ul

l X-Y movemen t o
f
t
he l a
ser beam i sp ossible — a nd w ith u pwards of 24
s
canne rs shows l ike l aserium n eed t o be seen, to be
b
elieved.

M EASURE MENTS
Surveyo rs (a nd the M i
litary) u se lasers inv arious ways t o
measu re d istance ( range ). A modu la
ted b ea m o f laser
I
n the r
uby l
aser, as f
irst devel)ped b
y Theodore Mai man
, pu mp l
i
gh t ist ransm it
ted o ut to ap ossible t arge t
, then i ti s
l
ight f
ro m a Xenon l a mp ra
ised the energy l
evel o
f chro m
iu m
a
to ms in ar
uby r od u nt
il ap u
'se o
f coherent r
ed l
ight emerges
r
eflected b ack t ot he ma in u nit. K now ing t he v e
loc ity of
f
ro m t
he par
tia
l reflector l
i
gh t (which we d o t oa bout o ne p art in am il
lion i na ir)
,
t
he d is
tance t ravelled i seasily c alculated f rom t he time
t
aken f o
r t he l aser b eam t o r eturn. T he ma in d esign
USE OF LASERS p
rob lem i st hat of ' marking ' t he b eam i nsome w ay, s o
t
hat the retu rning b eam c an b e detected . This isu sua lly
Poss
ibly the mos t publicised u se isinl a
ser li
ght shows , done e i
the r b y send ing o ut as ingle p ulse, a nd w aiting
s
uch a s Laserium a nd L aserock. T hese t wo shows a re f
or i t
s r e
turn — o r b y t ransm itting a c ontinuous ly
p
acking a udiences i n
to p laneta r
iums a l
l over the world. modu lated b eam , a nd c ompa ring t he p hase d i
fference
Because of the v ery p ure n ature, and p owe r
, o f l
aser b
etween s igna ls.
l
i
gh t i
thas a n almost i ndescribeab le 'l
ook' abou t i
t— a Because t he t imes i nvolved a re s o sma ll
, t he l a
se r
l
i
gh tso pure isn everf ound i nn ature. When l a
se rs were r
ange f inding d evices a re n orma lly o nly u sed f or q u
i te
o
nly seven y ears old peop le started experimen t
ing w ith l
arge d istances ( hence g iv ing a l onger t ime ), a nd
t
he art
istic e f
fects made p ossible, by projecting t he r
esolution c an b e w ithin af ew c enti mete rs o ver seve ral
b
eam t hrough c ut glass a nd smoke . Mode rn laser li
ght k
i
lome tres.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978 45
 s
econds. The bea m burnt ah o
le through t he si
de o f the
h
angar, two parked a
ircraf
t, another hangar wa ll (on the
o
pposite si
de o f t
he air
fie
ld ) and t wo mo re aircraf
t —
b
efore fi
nally stopp
ing i nside a f i
fth ai
rc ra
ft. L uckily
n
obody was i nthe way, as athree inch ho
le i ny our side
i
snot much f un. As sa
id we c anno t con
firm t his story,
b
ut can well believe i t
!
S
o lasers c an d o many t hings, we h ave o n
ly men -
t
i
oned a f ew o f the many a ppl
ica t
ions . Other u ses
i
nc
lude med ical ( eye s urgery
) e nginee r
ing ( l
evell
ing o f
b
ui
lding s i
tes) a nd c om mun ication (as ingle la
ser b ea m
c
an car
ry a m il
lion T V channels )
. Af urther use of la
sers,
a
nd p o
ten t
ially t he mos t e
xciting ish o
lography — t he
s
ubject o
f af uture a r
ticle in Hobby Elec tronics
. H
E

An exa mp
le of aL aseriu m disp
lay ( unfortunately we c annot
r
eproduce the v
ivid c
olour which is amajor character
ist
ic o
fs uch
d
isplays
).

A developmen t o f the range f i

nd ing u se i s i
n mea -
s
uring t he p
rofi
le of l and, f
rom amov ing plane . I
f alaser
b
ea m i sb ounced o ff the ground f rom a p lane in le ve
l
f
l
ight, ar eadou t o
f t he ground p rof
ile isp ossible. When
t
his techn ique was f i
rst used t he r esearchers were
p
uzzled b y some o bviously w rong r esul
ts, when f ly
ing
o
ve r l
a kes. Itturned o ut that t
he l aser bea m c an e ven
t
ravel t hrough wa ter, and r eturn ( at ar a
ther l ower
i
ntensity) to t
he airc raf
t — t hey were g et
ting a p rofi
le of
t
he lake b ot
tom ! F urther research h as now b een started
i
nto l
ase r depth fi
nde rs.

LASER WEAPONS
T
he d ea
th r ay la
ser i snota sf ar away asy ou m igh tt h
ink ,
b
u t i
tisn
't h and h eld! A s long a go as 1971, t ests we re
made w ith 60k W l asers c apab le of igniting wooden
t
argets at u p to 4 k i
lome ters. Mo re recen tly we h ave
h
eard as tory (uncon firmab le) a bout a 3 megawa tt l
aser.
I
ts eems t his h uge b east i s moun ted i n ac onverted
p
assenger j et — w ith a n e xtra engine t o s upply t he
powe r n
eeded . The l aser isa1 92 foot carbon d ioxide
d
evice, fo
lded i no rde rfit i
nside the ai
rcraft. B ecause t he
b
eam f rom aCO 2 l aser isinfra-red (and can't b e seen), a
smal
l vis
ib le laser i s used a s a' t
racke r
' b ea m — t hat
people can fol
low t he ma in b ea m.
One d ay t he t r
acker l aser was o u
t o f o rde r, and Al
aser r
angef
inder
.

s
omeone moved t he r ef
lecto r to c
lean i t
. Un fo r
tuna tely
s
omeone e lse s w
itched t he mons ter o n — f or af ew

'
T O WS \
NTTEL4 -1
\
14-
a 4 "
f\VAC Wt
. E
x-
°s
.A14
41 S
olLp
k
.ais Oo
ter
ite
sre
!

1
4
0,0 ,
400
4.*
'
L
OSER
S
i
to
?" -4A
ws/
Ai
rre
s,

4
6 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 L
asers
To understand LASER a c t
ion itisn
H
ow i
tWorks
ecessary to TON EM ISSION a nd n
orma lly occur very rapidly
r
eview atom ic theory to some e xtent. All other (
less t
han am icrosecond after exci
ta t
ion).
e
lectron
ic systems make u se ofthe energy o ffree I
f aphoton oft he c
orrect fr
equency i sincident
e
lectrons in the atomic s ystem. Lasers, o n the upon an atom a l
ready in the excited state
, i twi
ll
o
ther hand, use p
rocesses within t
he atom i t
self t
o emit ap hoton having exactly the s ame p hase as
p
roduce coherentr adia
tion
. t
he fir
st photon, and tr
avelling int he same d i
rec-
t
ion. This mechanism isk nown a s S TI MULATED
.
-- 0---
, EM ISSION.
K
.
er . .
"- I
s 2E
LECTRONS

r
THE RUBY LASER
i
a.
l .- -
...
. 8 ELECTRONS

-
18 E
LECTRONS
8
- 3
6 ELECTRONS T he o rigina l l a ser a s b uilt b y T ed Ma iman
nowadays a ppear s r idicu lous ly s imp le. I tc ons ists
o
f ar uby r od c on ta in ing a bout 0 .05% c hrom ium
(
t he c hrom ium c omponen t g ives t he r uby i t
s c ha-
r
ac ter is tic p ink ish c olour ). T he r od i ss ur rounded
by aX enon f l
ash l amp . T he p urpose o f t he f lash
lamp i st o p rov ide e xcita tion , c alled p ump ing , a t5
600 a ngs trom ( blue g reen l ight ) t o wh ich t he
chrom ium a toms r e spond .
T
he s
tructure o
fthe a
to m
. The c hrom ium a toms , o nce e xc ited , w ill s pon t
-
aneous ly r eturn t og round s t ate i nt wo s teps .T hey
This diagram s hows t he n ow we l
l k nown s truc- f
i
r st r etu r nt o a n i ntermed ia te l eve l, k nown a st he
t
ure oft he atom .T h
is consists o f acen tral nuc leus m etas tab le s tate, w ith t he em ission o fr ed l igh t at
o
rbited b y o
ne o r more e lectrons . The c omp lex ity 6
943 a ngs trom .
o
ft he n ucleus a nd t he number o fo rbital elec trons A
t t his p o
in t t he r uby r od w ill g low w i th r ed
i
su n
ique t o p articu lar e l
ements . T he e lec tron l
igh t.T he f lash l amp c on tinues t op ump e nergy t o
o
rbital p aths a re c onf,ned t o discrete l e
ve ls o f
t
he c hrom ium a toms p ush ing more o f t hem t o
s
hells
,e ach shellc orrespond ing t oa n e nergy l e vel
. uppe re nergy l eve ls u ntil, t here a re more a toms a t
Ane lectron c anno t exist i
n as table sta te between t
he h igher e nergy l e vel t han a t t he l ower . T his i s
s
hells and i fsub jec t to r
adiation t hat i ncreases i t
s
known a s p opu la tion i nvers ion a nd a t t his p oint
e
ne rgy i twil
l j ump t o the n ext highes t s hel
l. T he t
he o pera t
ion s udden ly c hanges . Now p ho tons
q
uan tity ofelec tromagne t
ic r adiation n ecessary t o begin t oi nterac tw i th e xci ted c hrom ium a toms t oa
j
ustc ause a n el ectron t o move t o ahigher s he ll is s
i gn ificant e xtent , w i th a r esu ltant s timu lated
c
al
led a p hoton . P ho tons c an b e t hough t o f as em iss ion o fo ther i d en tica lp ho tons wh ich t rave li n
m
inu te p ackets o fe nergy wh ich h ave t he charac - t
he s ame d irec tion a st he i nciden tp hotons .
t
eristics o f .both mat ter a nd e lectromagne tic The r uby r od, wh ich i ss evera l c en time tres l ong
r
adiation . and h alf ac en time tre i nd iame ter , w i
ll h ave s ome
pho tons t rave ll
ing p ara lle lt oi t
sa xis,a nd t hese w il
l
THE PHOTON
b
er ef lec ted a tt he e nds b ack i nto t he c rys ta l where
The Pho
ton i s afundamen ta
l c oncept in t
he t
hey p roduce s ti
ll more p ho tons . T hose t rave lling
q
uan tum t
heory and t
he r
e
la t
ionship ofthe p
hoton i
no the r direc tions emerge f r om t he s i des a nd a re
f
requency and t
he e
nergy l
evelto wh
ich t a tomic l
os t
. T he b uild u p o f p ho tons p ara llel t o t he r od
s
ystem isr
aised i
sgiven b
yt he e
quation: c
on tinues u n ti
l, a t ac ritica l p oin t, s ome o f t he
E= hv c
ohe ren tr ad ia tion b ur sts o u tt hrough t he p artia lly
where r
eflec tive e nd f ace .T hus , al aser p ulse i sb orn .T he
pump ing p rocess c ont inues g enera t
ing f urther
E=E nergy l
eve
l ine
rgs p
u lses o fc oheren tr ed l igh te ach h av ing ad ura tion
h= P
lanck's c
onstan
t(6.624 x 1
0- 2
7 e
rg-sec
) o
fa bou to ne o rt wo m i
lliseconds .
v= F
requency ofthe p
hoton Although s uch a ction i sp ossib le w ith a s imp le
r
uby r od h av ing b oth e nds p olished a nd p erfec tly
A p ho ton o f the r ight frequency i st here fore parel lelt oe ach o ther ,i ti sf arb etter t ou se e xterna l
r
equ ired t or aise ane lectron of ap ar
ticular a tom ic mir ror s t o d o t he r eflec tion . T hese a re s pec ia lly
s
ystem t o ah igher e nergy level
. When a na tom i si
n c
ons truc ted mu ltilayer ( dichro ic ) m irrors s uch
i
t
sl owes te nergy s tate itissaid tob ei nthe ground t
ha t t hey r ef lec t t he f requency o f inte res t w i th
s
tate a nd when i t
se nergy h as been i n
creased b ya h
igh e fficiency . One o f t hem i s made p ar tia lly
p
ho ton i ti ssaid tob eina n exci
ted s tate
. t
ransm issive t oa llow t he l aser p u
lse t o emerge .F or
From t he e xci
ted s tate, an umber o fp ossibil
ities t
he l ase r t o o pera te a t max imum e ff
ic iency i ti s
e
xist f or t he r e
turn t o ground s tate. Firstly t he d
e sirab le t o g et a s much l i
gh t a s p ossib le i nto t he
e
lectron may f al
lt oa n intermed ia te level and t hen r
uby r od. F or t his r eason t he f l
ash l amp i s wound
t
o the g round s tate
. Ap hoton w ill be em itted a t a
round t he r uby i n ah e
l ix.
e
ach t rans ition h aving al ower f requency t han t he S
ince Ma iman 's f i
r st l aser b egan p ulsing , s ome
i
nciden tp hoton ( because e ach energy l e
velj ump i s 1
3y ea rsa go ,e normous s trides h ave b een t aken i n
smaller) o r a l
terna t
ive ly it may j u mp straigh t to t
he d eve lopmen t o f l aser t echno logy . Many n ew
g
round s tate a nd em it a p ho ton o f the s ame l
asing t e chn iques h ave b een d eve loped a nd b oth
f
requency a s the i ncident r ad iation . T hese p
eak a nd a verage p ower h ave b een i n creased t o
mechan isms a re known a s SPONTANEOUS PHO - s
tagger ing l evels .

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978 47
P
hotoce
l
ls
Photocells are t he devices we u se to detect li
ght by making u se o f the
energy that i
s car r
ied by the li
ght to generate an electrica
lsignal
. T here's a
r
e markab le nu mber o fdifferent v
arieties o
f photoce lls
, due t
o t
he f act that
there's an equally re markable nu mber ofs ubstances which are affected by
l
ight
. K
. T
. Wi
lson exp
lains ...

L
ET 'S S TART w ith a ny s ol
id -
look ing c hunk o f ma terial. j
ust means b unch ) tha t h as a n effect o n ma terials.
A
ll t hese ma te rials are made u p o f a toms wh ich , i n a Measured i nt his way , r adio waves a re r athe r f eeb le
s
olid ma terial, are p acked t igh t
ly t oge the r. These a toms , t
h
ings , jus t a bou t a ble t o c arry o ut the e asy j ob o f
t
hough , a re h o
llow , ma inly emp ty s pace , c on taining a moving e lec trons i nw ires . Ligh t waves c ar ry a l ot mo re
posit
ive ly-charged c ore c a
lled t he n ucleus a nd a l o
t o f quantu m e nergy , a nd t he e nergy o f o ne o f t hese
i
ncred ib ly sma ll n ega tively -charged p art
ic les c alled bunches o f l i
gh t waves c an b e e nough t o s hift a n
e
lec trons . T hese e lec t
rons a re i nvolved i n e very thing e
lectron f rom i ts own e ne rgy le veltot he n ext highe ro ne
e
lec tr
ica l ore lec t
ron ic ( and a l o
t more b esides ). Can? Y es
, b ecause t he g ap b e
tween e nergy l evels i sn ot
Now we c an g et h old o f elec trons i n c ompa ratively t
he sa me f ora l
l s ubs tances a nd o nly s ome o ft he m i
llions
sma l
l n umbe rs, just af ew m illions a t at ime, a nd make o
f subs tances we k now h ave j ust the r i
gh t arrangemen t
measu remen ts o n them . We 're p retty s ure, a s ar esult, o
fe lectrons f or p acke ts o f li
gh t waves t o s hift one .
t
ha t al
l e lectrons a re i dentical. T he e lec trons i n
side a n The fi
rs t s ubs tance d iscove red b ehav ing i n this way
a
tom d on't b ehave a s ift hey a re i dent ical, t hough , was t he e lemen t s elen iu m . S e
leniu m i s p hotovo ltaic,
because s ome c an b e removed much more e as i
ly t han mean ing t hat t he e f
fec t o f l ight i s to f r
ee e lec trons
o
the rs. We e xp lain t h
is b y saying t hat t he elec trons h ave c
omp letely f rom t heir a toms . I fap iece o f selen iu m i s
d
ifferen t e ne rgy l eve ls, mean ing t hat s ome a re much part o
f ac ircu it
, t hen t he a ction o f li
gh t o n the s eleniu m
mo re t i
gh t
ly h eld b y t he attrac t
ion o f t he n ucleus t han i
st o make i tb ehave l i
ke a b attery, c aus ing c ur ren t to
o
the rs. T his i dea of e ne rgy le vels i sp robab ly o ne o f the f
low i n the c ircu it. S e
len iu m i s sti
ll u sed f or l ight-
mos t i mpo rtan t ideas o f modern p hysics , a nd i t
's prac t
i- measur ing me te rs, b ut mo re modern p ho tovo lta ic c e
lls,
c
ally i mposs ible t o discuss why e lectron ic c omponen ts based o n a no the r s em iconduc to r
, s i
l
icon , h ave b een
behave a s t hey d o w ithou t b ring ing i n e ne rgy l evels developed . I t
's t hese s i
licon c e
lls wh ich a re o ur ma in
s
omewhe
re. hope f or g ene ra ting e lec tricity d irec t f rom s unligh t
,
i
n c
iden tally, s o t hat the re's a l ot of resea rch g oing o n a t
t
he momen t.
L
IGHT REA DING
Wha t a bou t t he l i
gh t
, t hen? L igh t
, l ike r ad io, i s a n
e
lectromagne t
ic wave . T hat, trans lated ab it, means t ha t
where y ou have a l i
ght r ay the re's a v o
l tage o sc
il
la tion
and a magne tic o scil
la t
ion a s we l
l. I t
's t he v oltage
o
scil
la t
ion t hat we 're i nterested i n — t ha t's t he o ne we
C
ATHODE
p
ick u p i na n a er
ia l when we r ece ive a r ad io b roadcas t.
Wha t h appens i n a n aerial ist ha t the e lec trons i n t he
metal follow t he o scillat
ions o f t he v oltage wave , so t hat
an a
lte rnating v oltage i sc reated i n the w ire . T hat's t he
r
adio s ignal tha t we d e
tec t and amp lify.
ANODE
Now we c ome a c ross o ne of t hese h orses -for-courses
cho
ices . We f ind e lectromagne t
ic waves a t all so r
ts o f
f
requenc ies, f rom a f ew h undred k Hz ( long waves ),
t
hrough t he UHF b and o fseve ral h und red MHz , pas tt he +
100-300V
much h ighe r f requenc ies o f l i
gh t waves a nd b eyond .
These waves a l
l h ave t wo things i n c om mon — t hey
t
ravel a t the sa me s peed i ns pace — a bou t 300 m il
lion
metres p er s econd — a nd t hey a re a ll em itted i n
bunches , n ot con tinuous ly. Each b unch o f waves c arr
ies S
IGNAL
O
UT
adefinite amoun t ofe nergy , an amoun t t hat d epends o n
t
he f requency o f t he waves i n t he b unch . A b unch o f
l
ight waves a t af requency o f 6 h undred -m i
llion- MHz
t
here fore c arries a l o
t mo re e nergy t han a b unch o f
mediu m -wave r adio waves a t 1MHz , a nd i t
's this b unch
energy c a
lled t he q uan tu m e ne rgy ( the wo rd q uan tu m F
ig. 1
.A v
acuu m photoce
ll, and t
ypical c
ircu
it.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
4
8
PHOTO EM
ISS
ION c
an make e lec trical c onnec t
ions t o e ach e nd o f s uch a
t
rack , s o tha t t he c ell can b e w ired i nto a c ircu it a s i fit
Af ew s ubs tances h ave e lectrons w ith s uch l ow e ne rgy
we re a r es
is to r
. I n d arkness , t he c ad m iu m s u
lph ide i s
l
eve ls tha te lectrons c an b es hoto uta thigh s peeds when
p
rac t
ically a n i nsulato r, a nd ac el
l w ill h ave a r es
is tance
al i
gh t b eam s trikes t he ma terial. Ma te r
ials l i
ke t his a re
o
f 1M o r mo re . L igh t f a
ll
ing o n t he ma teria l c auses
c
alled p ho toem iss ive , b ut t hey c an b e u sed o nly i n a
e
lec trons a nd h oles t o s epa ra te, s o t hat t he ma terial
v
acuum . T here a re t wo r easons f or t h
is. O ne ist ha t t he
conduc ts, a nd t he r esistance f alls v ery g rea tly , to l k or
ma ter
ia ls t hemse lves a rec hem ically a ttacked ( oxid ised )
l
ess d epend ing o n the w idth a nd l eng th o ft he t r
ack .
b
y a i
r; the o the r i st hat t he e lectrons t hat a re r e
leased
c
an 't g et ve ry f ar ift he ma terial i ss urrounded b y a ir. A Cadm ium s ulph ide c el
ls h ave s ome p ecu liar a dvan -
v
acuum p ho toce l
l c ontains a p ho toca thode — a n i ckel t
ages a nd d isadvan tages c ompared t o o the r t ypes o f
c
ells. T hey c an b e u sed i n c ircuits whe re q uite h igh
p
late c oa ted w ith t he e l
ec tron -releas ing ma te r
ial s uch a s
t
he me tal c aes ium — a nd a n u ncoa ted a node , b oth v
oltages e xist, 3 00 V f or s ome t ypes o f c ells, s o t hat
i
nside a b u
lb f r om wh ich t he a ir h as b een r emoved . T o these c ells c an b e c onnec ted d irec tly a cross t he ma ins
supp ly. T hey c an a lso p ass q uite l arge c urren ts, s o t hat
u
se t he c el
l, av oltage o f9 0t o2 00 V i sc onnec ted a cross
r
e
lays c an o ften b e d riven d irec tly w ith n o n eed f or
t
he t erm ina ls ( anode p ositive). When l i
gh t s t
rikes t he
trans istors.
p
ho toca thode , e lectrons a re r eleased a nd a re a t
trac ted
t
o t he a node b y t he p osit
ive v ol
tage . T he c urren t t hat Photod iodes a nd p hoto trans is tors a re t he o ther
f
l
ows i nt he c i
rcu it c an b e d etec ted b y am ic roa mme ter; impo rtan t c lasses o f mode rn p hotoce lls. Un l
ike t he
i
ts s mall b ut i ts t he re. T his t ype o f v acuu m p ho toce ll c
adm ium s ulph ide p ho toce l
l, wh ich c ons ists o f as i ngle
was o nce t he ma in me thod - o f d etec t
ing l i
gh t
, p articu - ma ter ial, ap ho tod iode h as a PN j unc tion . P -type
l
a
rly o f r apid ly-chang ing p u
lses o f l i
gh t such a s t hose s
em iconduc to r ma te r
ia l conduc ts ma inly b y h ole move -
f
r
om t he s ound t rack o f a mov ie f i
lm. Wha t made t he men t, N-type ma in ly b y e l
ectron movemen t
, a nd we c an
v
acuum p ho toce ll p art
icu ,a r
ly s uitab le was i ts q uick f
orm t h
in f i
lms wh ich a re P -
type o n o ne s ide a nd N -type
r
esponse — t he re w as very l i
tt
le t ime b etween s tarting o r ont he othe r, w ith a n e lectr
ica l c ontac tt oe ach . T his i s
,o f
s
topp ing t he l i
gh t a nd s tar t
ing o r s topping t he c ur ren t. c
ou rse, t he f am i
lia r junc tion d iode , a nd ad iode l i
ke t his
V
e ry l i
ttle t ime means l ess t han a m icrosecond , i n which i s reve rse b iased d oes n ot n orma lly c onduc t
c
on trast t ot he s e
len ium c el
l wh ich t akes a bou t aq ua r ter because t he v oltages t hat are a pplied h ave t he e ffec t of
o
f as econd t or espond e ithe r way . pull
ing t he h oles a nd e lectrons away f r
om t he p lace
whe re t he t wo t ypes mee t, the j unc t
ion .
I
fl i
ght h its t he j unc tion, t hough , e l ectron -ho le p airs
a
re g ene rated a nd t he j unc t
ion b ecomes c onduc ting .
With as teady v oltage a cross t he j unc tion , ac urren t w il
l
f
low when t he j unction i s i lum ina ted. T he c u r
ren t i s
sma ll, only af ew m ic roamps , b ut the r esponse s peed i s
v
e ry f as
t, measured i n nanoseconds . ( 1 n s= 1 0- 9s )
.
Pho tod iodes o f t h
is t ype , plus f ast p ulse amp li
fie rs a re
t
he n atural c hoice f or d e
tec ting v ery s ho rt f l
ashes o f
l
i
gh t.

PHOTOTRA NS
ISTORS
F
ig. 2
. T
he Cadm
iu m Su
lphide LDR
, a
nd s
y mbo
l.
T
he phototrans
istor isthe t
ype of l
i
gh t de
tec tor which is
c
hosen fo
r mos t appl
ications t
hat don't need u lt
ra-high
F
or many y ears
, t he selenium c ell and v ar
ious f orms s
peed or very l
arge c u
rrents
. Ap hototransistor isc on-
o
f v acuum p hotocell we re t he only t ypes o f pho tocells s
t
ructed i
nt he s
a me way asa ny o
thert r
ansisto r
, with the
we k new — t hen t he s emiconduc tor a ge b egan . We 've s
andwich of PNP a nd NPN s emiconduc tor ma ter
ials
. I n
l
earned s o much a bou t energy l evels a nd h ow t o play t
he da
rk, it
'l
l work away l i
ke any other transistor
, with
w
ith t hem t hat a who le n ew s et o f p ho tosens i
tive
mate r
ials has been i nvented . Sem iconduc to r ma terials +
10V
h
ave t he
ir energy l evels a r
ranged s o t hat o nly a sma ll
amoun t of energy i s needed t o r e
lease a n electron ,
a
low ing t he material t o conduc t bette r
. T his process i s
c
alled e lectron-hole p a
ir p roduc tion , b ecause e ach
l
kO
e
lectron that isre
leased l eaves as pace , c a
lled ah ole, in
t
he c rysta
l structure o f t he s emiconduc tor. T he h o
les
b
ehave l i
ke conduc ting p articles
, a ssist
ing t he ma terial TO
t
oc onduc t. Le
t's s
ee h ow t h
is process i su sed i n mode rn AMPL
IFIEF
s
em iconduc tor mate rials.

HARD CELL
One of t
he most f
amilia
r c e
lls i
st he cadm ium s u
lphide
p
hotoconduc t
ive ce
ll
. C adm iu m sulph ide is a mate
rial -
VE
t
hatcan be evapo
rated o n
to any smoo th s
urface, so t
hat
Fig
. 3. The photodiode sy mbo
land typicalcircui
t. Though t he
i
t
's easy to make into a thin fi
lm: c admium s u
lphide action o
fthe c e
llis f
ast
, the max
i mu m f
requency o f operat
ion
p
hotocel
ls (of
ten ca
lled L DRs — l i
ght dependen t res
is- i
slim i
ted by the c
apacitance oft
he d
iode , t
ypically 1nf(1 000
t
ors
) use t
racks o
ffi
lm oft he shape s hown inF i
g. 2. We pF)
.

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978 4
9
 P
hotoce
l
ls
t
he c urren t b etween t he b ase a nd em i
t ter l aye rs c on-
t
rol
ling much l a
rge r curren ts b e
tween t he c ollec to r a nd
emitter l ayers . I n t he li
gh t, t hough , i nte res t
ing t hings
h
appen — a s t he a dve rt s ays! A p ho totrans isto r i s
COLLECTOR N
o
pe rated w ith n o c onnec tion made t o t he b ase — s ome
photo trans isto rt ypes h ave n o base c onnec t
ion t e rm ina l
. BASE REG
ION
Now i fy ou o pera te a n o rdina ry t r
ans isto r i n t his w ay,
nothing h appens , b ecause i t
's the c ur ren t i nto t he b ase
t
erm ina l wh ich f i
l
ls u p the b ase-to -em itte r j unc tion w ith
e
lec t
rons o r h o
les a nd s o makes t he l ot c onduc t. A
p
ho to trans isto r isc onstruc ted s ot hat l igh tc an r each t h
is
F
ig. 4
. T
he phototrans
istor — s
y mbo
l and a
rrange ment o
f
b
ase -em itter j unction , a nd t he l i
gh t w il
l h ave t he u sual
j
unct
ion
.
a
ction o fs epa rating e lectrons f r
om h o
les a tt he j unc tion.
Now n ei
the r o f t hese c an f low t o t he b ase c on tact,
b
ecause i t
's d isconnec ted , s o t ha t t he o nly p oss ible l
oses e lectrons a nd h oa rds h oles. P re t
ty s oon, t his
d
irection i stowa rds t he em itter o rt he c o
llec to r. pos
itive voltage d oes e xac t
ly wha t p os
itive bias d oes to
S
uppose t he p hoto t
rans is tor isa n NPN t ype , w i
th t he a
n o rdinary t r
ansis tor — i tattrac ts electrons f r
om t he
c
ollec tor v oltage p osit
ive a nd t he em itte r v o
ltage emit
te r
. Mos t of these e lectrons g o straight to the c o
l-
nega t
ive . When a n electron i ss epa rated f rom a h ole a t l
ector, t
hough , because t he b ase l ayer isso t
hin, and t he
t
he b ase -em itte rj unc t
ion , the e lect ron w ill h ead t owa rds phototransistor then p asses s eve ral mill
iamps o fc urrent
t
he c o
llec tor, b ut t he h o
le i s
n't s o l u cky . A t t he s tart
, between c ollector a nd em itter j ust to make s ure t hat a
t
he re's p ractica l
ly n o voltage b etween t he b ase a nd t he f
ew m icroamps f low tot he b ass. T he result i
s ap hotoce l
l
emitte r
, s o t here's n o reason f or t he h o
le t o move . T he which can p ass much h ighe rc u
r ren ts t
han ap ho todiode ,
r
esu lt ist hat t he b ase g ets mo re a nd mo re p ositive a s i t t
hough w i
th as l
owe r switching s peed . HE

S
hort C
ircu
it R
1

CMOS M ONOSTABLE
C
l
1
0n

A monos tab le i s a n e lec tron ic

c
i
rcu it t ha t g ene ra tes a n o utpu t INPUT R2
p
ulse o f d efined d ura tion , when 47k
t
r
igge red b y a n i npu t s igna l trans i-
t
i
on . T he monos tab le a ct
ion c an b e + VI:
1
0
14 8 OUTPUT
u
sed f or many d iffe ren t f unctions ,
f
or e xamp le When a c heap p ush
b
u tton i s u sed t o t r
igge r d ig ital
c
i
rcu itry, s pu rious p ulses o ften f i
nd 4011 B
MONOSTABLE WAVEFORMS
t
heir way i nto t he c i
rcu itry. T his i s
due t o the c on trac ts i nside t he
button b ounc ing , when i t is
1 7
p
ressed a nd r eleased — d ig ital
c
ircu itry w ill r egard a ll o f t he V
ss
bounces a sv a
lid i npu t signa ls, a nd f rom p osit
ive t o zero v o
lts. T his is f
lp
a
ct a cco rd ing ly — t h
is c an b e d is- called a n egat ive -go ing e dge .
a
ste rous i n c oun ting a pplications . Trans it ion o f p o
int A i n t he _ /" THRESHOLD
A monos tab le c an b e u sed t o ' de- oppos ite d i
rec t
ion ( apositive -go ing
bounce ' t he p ush b ut
ton . B y s e
t- edge) w ill have n oe f
fec t
.

[
t
i
ng t he o utpu t p ulse d ura t
ion f or a A nega t
ive e dge a t A c auses .
_ MONOSTABLE
p
e r
iod l onge r t han t he l onges t e x- point Bt o g o to zero v o
lts momen - PERIOD
p
rected b ounce t ime , a ll t he t a
rily
. T h
is w il
l then d r
ive p oin t Et o MONOS T ABLE
bounces w ill g ave n o effec t o n t he zero a nd t his w il
l h old p o
in t Ba t
A leng th o f time f or wh ich C THRESHOLD
main c i
rcu itry. S o w i
th a s imp le zero volts, e ven when t he p ulse a t
monos tab le b e tween e ach p ush A i sfin
ished . T he circuitw ill stay i n r
ema ins p osi
tive i sd e
term ined b y
button a nd t he i npu t circu it
ry , t he th
is state wh ile C 2 c harges . When t he v a
lues o f C l, R 1, C 2 a nd 1 3
2.
d
igital d evices a re p rotec ted f rom C 2 isf ully c harged , t here w il
l n o T
his isc a
lled t he ' t
ime cons tan t
'. If
t
he h orro rs o f u nta med p ush b u
t- longerb e ac urrentt hrough R 2 and ei
the rt he r es
is tance o r t
he c apac i
t-
t
ons . T here a re h undreds o f o the r point Dw i
ll fa
ll toz ero a gain Ew ill a
nce i s increased , t he time f or
u
ses f o
rt he monos tab le, t h
is c i
rcu it g o positive a nd s o w i
ll B . a fter a wh ich the monos tab le is'
tr
igge red'
i
so ne o f t he c heapes t way o f c on- time d ete rm ined b y the v alues o f w
il
l i n
crease .
s
truc t
ing t hem . C
l a nd RI . Point Cw i
ll fal
l t o zero The e qua t
ions f or ca
lcu la t
ing
Only t wo i nve rte rs a re n eeded a nd C 2 i sfully c harged , t here w ill t
he monos tab le p er
iod are given o n
f
or a monos table c ircu i
t. H ere, we n o l
onge r be ac urren t through R 2 t
he c ircu it d iagra m P olar ised MONOSTABLE P ERIOD r
have u sed a 4 011B q uad NAND a nd p oin t Dw i
ll fa
ll toz ero a gain . Ecapac itors s hou ld n ot be u
sed , and r=0.69
(R1 xC 1 + R 2 xC 2
)
package , a s t hey a re e ven c heape r willgop osi
tive a nd s ow i
ll B ,a fter athe resistance v a
lue o f Rs hou ld be
I
F R
1 =R 2 AND C 1 =C2 THEN
t
han aCMOS i nver te rp ackage a nd time d e term ined b y t he v alues o f k
ep tw ithin t he r ange 1 0k to 1 0M .
I
f R I =R2 a nd C I =C2 t hen r= 1
.38
(141 xC 1)
work j ust a s we ll. Cl and R I. P oint Cw i
ll fal
l t o z e
ro
The monos tab le p er iod i s i n
- and C 2 w ill b e discha rged , r eady typica l v alues a re IOmS 1 00k.
i
t a
ted b y t he t rans ition o f p oin t A for t
he n ext p u
lse f rom A . 68p. 1 0mS IMO , 6n8 I
F R =47k, c =1 0n THEN r=0.7 mS
.

50 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
R
adio
S
ervic
ing T
Here a
ips
re t
en effective ways t ohelp you l
ocate r
adio f
aults f
aster
. They are
usua
lly obvious (though o f
ten u nre me mbered
) ideas t
hat have b een u
sed
and p
roved profitable. By Terry L
. O'Connor.
1
. Check B at
tery Vo ltage a nd Current With t he radio off, p lace a n o hm - meter (20 000
Make th
is a r egular procedure. T est receive r battery o
hms p er volt o
r bet
ter) a cross the B ase a nd Col
lector o
f
v
ol
tage with itturned ON . Check the c urren t drain wi
th t
he transistor; and reve rse the t est leads
. T here should
t
he vo
lu me control t
urned d own. T he curren t drain may b
e mo re resistance ino ne d i
rec t
ion t han i nthe o
ther. Do
b
ec hecked by plac
ing am il
lia m mete r (
mos t mu lt
i meters t
he same f r
om B ase to Em itter. T ypical r
eadings may b e
h
ave a m il
lia mp range) a cross the r eceiver 's o n/off 3
,000 o h ms ino ne di
rec tion a nd 20 o h ms inthe o
the r
.
sw
itch te
rm ina
ls ( s
et of
f). The a verage t r
ans istor radio Th
is usua l
ly indicates thatt he transistor isgood, asthere
may draw some 5 t o 1 5 mA i fituses Class B ou
tput i
se v
idence o f d
iode action .
s
tages and s
omewha t mo re i
fthe outputstage i
sClass A
. A tr
ans istor can also s ho r
t c ircuit f
rom C o
llec
tor to
E
xcessive c
urren
t d ra
in may b e caused by s
horted o
r Emi
tter
, without a
ffect
ing the a ppa
rent d
iode a
ct
ion o
f
l
eaky bypass c
apaci
to rs, inco
rrect b
iasing ofone o
r more t
he Base-Co
llec
tor. Base-E m
itte
r paths
.
t
rans
istors o
r by adefective trans
istor.
2
. F ind t he Obv ious F aults 6
. Signa l T race o r Signa l Substitute
Y
ou can u se a s
igna l g enerator f
or si
gna l t
racing . Start
P
ossib ly mo re t han any thing e lse, trans istor radios s uffer
w
ith t he a udio a nd s uccessively t r
ace b ackwards
f
rom b roken w ires a nd t e
rm ina ls usua lly c aused b y the
t
owards t he fron
t e nd. N ever be t
r
icked , though , b y the
owne r d ropp ing t he radio. B roken w iring may b e q u
ite
l
ow-
i mpedance b ase circuit o
f atr
ansisto r
. Itwil
l g reat
ly
d
i
fficu lt to a nalyse, e i
the r b y s ignal t racing o r v oltage
a
t
tenua te t he signal g ene ra
tor's outpu t
. Al ways i nject
r
eadings . Al o
t of time c an b e saved b y visual c heck ing .
t
he si
gna l into t
he h ighe r impedance c ol
lector circuit, if
The u se ofa n il umina ted magn i f
ierc an h e
lp f i
nd b roken
p
ossible.
c
onduc to rs.
Try s l
igh t
ly f lex
ing t he p rin ted c i
rcu it b oard t o f i
nd
7
. Never Be T ricked b y Ga in o f Rece iver
t
racks t hata re b roken o r in
term i t
ten t. Sma l
l resistors a re
At r
ans istor rad io may a ppear t o b e o perating n orma l
ly
e
asily c racked a nd often g o o pen c i
rcu it.
e
spec ially o n s trong l ocal s tations , b ut refuse to wo rk
H eavy c omponen ts, s uch a s trans formers , o f
ten p ull
when t aken t o af ringe area . Ify ou wo rk q ui
te al o
to n t
he
away f rom t he p rinted b oard a nd b reak t heir connec ting
s
a me k ind of r adio , you may s et up t ests with an o utpu t
l
eads i nt he process . Try mov ing e ach p art from s ide t o
meter a nd y our s ignal gene rator t o d e
te rm ine ifthe g a
in
s
ide g ently a nd l i
sten f or ap op i n t he s peake r
. U se a
i
su pt os cratch . I fiti
sn ot, c heck t he t uning a nd tracking
j
umpe r wire w ith n eed le p oin t probes a t e ach e nd t o
(
as d etailed i n T IP 1 0)
. U se a s ubs t
itu te c apaci
to r and
check i fthe p r
in ted track i sopen .
s
hun t e ach a nd e very b ypass a nd c oup ling capac itor in
3
. Don 't worry a bout t ransistors or I
Cs. t
he rad io.
No
t a t f
i
rst a nyway . Iti sjust an advert
ising agency's Capac itors a nd I Ft r
ans fo rmers c an c ause mo re weak
d
rea m — b ad trans
isto rs or I
C's do a
ccoun t f
or o
nly 2 t
o r
adio f aults than a nything e lse. Trans is tors can s hort or
3% of al
l transisto
r r adio defects — check other t
hings open. T ry toc heck I F
's b y re-tuning t he m . Ift
hey c anno t
f
i
rst
. be p eaked , t hey a re f aulty . Ift he t un ing h as t o b e
A
lso check e a
rphone s ocke ts — t
he type which sw
itch
c
hanged d rastica lly (un
less t he radio h as been ta mpered
o
f
f the speake r some t
i mes leave ito
ffI
w
i th b y so meone ), it is l i
ke ly t he I F transformer i s
4
. Don 't re
ly o n t
ransistor g a
in c hecks defective a nd w ill have l ow g a
in , e ven t hough i t may
Unless there is labora
to ry e quipmen t ava
ilable
, y our appear t o peak a ts ome p osition o f the s lug.
c
hances o f le
arning anything f r
o m ag ain check are ni
l.
The DC gain has a
lmos t nothing t od owith t
he manne r i
n
8
. Check t he Osc illator With Another Rad io
which a tr
ansistor wi
ll perform i n apract
ica
l R F c
ircui
t. P
osit
ion a wo rking r adio, t uned to as tat
ion a t the h igh
There a
re too many othe rf ac
to rs invo
lved, such a
s input
e
nd o f the b and , n ear t he r adio w ith a s uspec ted
and ou
tpu t impedance o r biasing. o
sci
llator stage. Sweep t he d e
fective radio t hrough i t
s
5
. Check t ransistors w ith an in-circuit trans istor t
uning range . A t some p o
in t a whistle or squea l shou ld
A
s the trans istors used i n portables u sually are n o
t b
e h eard i n t he g ood r adio i fthe d efective r ad io's
p
lugged in, we mus t have some e xplo ra
tory me thod fo
r o
sci
llator iso pe ra
ting . This wh ist
le o r squeal s hould b e
c
hecking that d oes no
t mean u nsolde r
ing t he tr
ansistor
. h
eard ata pprox i mately 455 k Hz b e
low t he station tuned
T
he q u
ickes t way isto use an in-c
ircu i
t transistor tes
ter
, i
no n t
he g ood r adio, ifthe g ood radio uses a455 k Hz IF
a
vai
lable f r
om many r adio componen ts re
tailers. How- (
mos t do
). T his a l
lows y ou t o know t ha t t
he o sc
illator
e
ver
, i fy ou d o n o
t own a t ransistor tester ( i
n-c
ircui
t t
uning ci
rcu i
t o n the d efective radio iso perat
ing .
v
ar
iety) you c an use a mult
i meter instead. I
tisalso p ossible to u se a p eak-to-peak me te
r o r a

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, Decembe
r 1
978 5
1
 R
adio I
nPs
w
ide-band osc
il
loscope (
even some na
rrow band s
copes) An open transistor c an b e found b ecause t here isn o
t
o te
st osci
lla
tor ac
tion. Most rad
ios should deve
lop v
oltage d rop a cross the em it
te r res
istor. Of course, y ou
a
pproximately 0
.2 t
o0 .8 vo
lts p
eak-
to-peak a
tthe base s
hall always c heck t he b ias f i
rs
t, as incorrect bias w il
l
o
fthe osc
il
lator t
r
ansis
tor
. c
ause t he em it
te r r
esis tor vol
tage t od rop toz e
ro.
CAUT ION When t aking bias readings , watch o ut
, for
9
. T ake Accurate Vo ltage Read ings a nd Reason s
ome r ece
ive rs wi
ll have p ractical
ly n o (o
r even r everse)
Ou tt he F ault DCb ias on the conve rte rs t
age, when i ti
sa l
so used a sa n
Mo re than h al
fo ft he tough t ransistorr adio fau lts may b e o
scillator. Y ou may t h
ink t ha t the transistor c anno t
d
iagnosed b yv ol
tage r eadings . Remembe r, w ith re spect o
pe rate, but itdoes so b ecause o fthe AC bias deve loped
t
o t he Em itter
, t he b ase i st he same p olarity a s the b
y t he osc
il
la tory ci
rcu it.
Co
llec tor. Ifthe c o
llecto r i
sp ositive then the b ase w i
ll be
p
os it
ive; i fitisnega t
ive t he base w il
l be n ega tive, u nless 10. U se a No ise Source t o A l
ign Osc illator a nd
t
he re isaf ault
. T he bias voltage b etween t he em i
tte ra nd Antenna C ircuits
b
ase i so f
ten 0 .2 v ol
t orl ess, bu t t
he base mus t have t he F
irs
tly al
ign t he I F
'swith an accurate si
gnal g enerator to
s
a me p olarity ast he collector. In atypical e xamp le B ase t
heirs peci
fied f r
equency .
t
o Em itter 0 .2 v olts, C ol
lec to r to Em itte r 3 .5 v ol
ts. Second , u se a N o
ise G enerato r (o
r af luorescen t
Ano ther examp le B ase to Em itter — 0 .4 v olt
, C ollecto r l
amp ), and p lac
ing t he radio c
lose t o t
he noise sou rce,
t
o Em itter — 5 .5 volts
. t
une i ntot he low frequency e nd oft he b
and a nd adjust
Now l e
t u s s uppose t hat t hese r ead ings were t
he oscil
lato rc o
il fo
r max imum n oise.
obtained — Th
ird n ow t une the rad
io tothe high fr
equency e nd of
Base t o Emitter p
lus 0 .2 v ol
ts t
he b and a nd adjust the antenna tr
im me r fo
r max imum
Col
lec tort o Em it
te r minus 6 v ol
ts no
ise.
I
ti so bv
ious t ha tthe b ase a nd the col
lec tora re n o
t o fthe I
fc a
libration i soff somewha t
, y ou can touch u p the
s
a me p o
larity. The t r
ans is
to rc anno t operate ; i ti
sc ut off
. o
scil
lator tr
imme r
, then repeat t
he a bove st
eps .

S
hort C
ircu
+9V (
it
HUMFREE)
HU M SELECT 5
0Hz/
100Hz
R
8 /
NOTC H 2
k2
C
l
F
ILTER

1
00n

V
R1b
1
0k UN
CI
O
UTPUT
1
2k

l
uO /TUNE
,NOTCH
/FREQUENCY

vR2
5
0k
*OUTPUT I
S 6dB L
ESS
THAN I
NPUT 1\ 1 \t
S
ET
A
LL T
RANS
ISTORS B
C109 NOTCH
F
REQUENCY
Mains h um o n
ly c omes f rom o ne e
i
the r of these t ypes o f h
um , w ith o
the r ( wan ted) s igna l i s virtually O
UTPUT
source — t he e lec trical ma ins . t
he s e
lec t
ion o f 5 0Hz or 1 00Hz unaffec ted . RV1a , bi su sed t ov ary
Howeve r t he
re a re many ways i t ope
ration b y as witch. t
he c entre o f t
he n otch f requency , N
OTCH F
REQUENCY R
ESPONSE
c
an g et into a n electrical circu i
t T
he u nwanted h um isa ttenu - by p lus o r m inus 40 % . W ith t he
(
particularly t hose t ha t deal w ith a
ted by p assing t he signal th
rough switch o pen c ircuit t he f requency
l
ow l evel s
i gnals), and i ti
si nt hese anotch fi
lter, o perating atthe h um o
fo pe rat
ion i s1 00Hz .
c
ircuits that ah um n o
tch fil
ter c an f
requency . T he f i
l
te r i
s made f rom Of c ourse t he b est way t o
s
ome t
i mes b e n eeded . t
wo t r
ans istor s tages wh ich e ach e
lim ina te h um i s t o p reven t i t
There a re t wo types o f h um . d
elay the s ignal b y 90 ,t he total c
reep ing i na tal
l. T his can b e done
i
nter ference f ro m magnet ic d
elay through Q2 a nd 03 ist here- b
y c areful smoo th ing a nd r egu la- 1
00Hz F
REI (
Hz)
s
ou rces (such a st r
ans fo rmers) a nd f
ore 1 80 a t p o
in t X. The d e
lay t
ion, o f t he p owe r s upp ly — a nd
r
ipple o n the s upply l ine (
because 5
0Hz
o
nly affec ts the h um p art of t he c
are ful e lectricar s creen ing o f all
o
f p oor p owe r s upply r egulation )
. s
ignal
, a nd t h
is d elayed (or rather, mains ( orl ow v o
ltage AC ) l eads. All c
onnec ted at one end
. Also in a
Magnet ica lly i nduced h um i s p
hase s hi
f ted) h um i sm ixed b ack i
te ms o f e qu ip men t s hou ld b e s
ystem o nly one it
em s hou
ld b e
g
ene rally at af r
equency o f 5 0Hz , i
n
to the ma in si gnal via RV2 T he e
arthed a t o ne p oint o nly i nter- c
onnec ted to t
he mains ear
th, a
l
while r ipp le h um i s ma in ly a t h
um i nthe ma in signal iscance l
led n
ally, a nd a ny internal l ead w ith a t
he other equ
ipmen t mus
t use i
tas
100Hz . T his circui
t c an d eal w ith b
y the 1 80 s h
ifted h um, a nd t he s
creen s hould o n
ly h ave t he s creen t
heir r
oute toea
rth

5
2 Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
S
TEVENSON
L
S95 65p
Z
TX
Z
TX
109 1
300 1
41
)
6p
7
4
1-S L
S
L
123
S125
5
6p
4
0ti
2
N697 1
2p 1
St 2
6 4
0p
3
N1302 38p 1
.
300 1
6p L
S132 60,)
AC127 1
7p BCY 7 1 1
4p 2
N2905 22p L
S01 1
6p L
S136 3
6p

E
l
ect
ron
ic C
omponen
ts AC128 1
61) BC V7 2 1
4p 2
N2907 22p L
SO2 1
60 L
S138 5
4p
AC176 1
8p 80131 3
5p 2
;
43053 18p L
SO3 1
6p L
5139 5
0p
AD161 3
8p BD132 3
5p 2
N3055 50p 1
504 1
6p 1
St 5
1 5
0p
AD162 3
8p 80135 3
8p 2
N3442 1
35p L
SO8 1
6p L
S153 5
0p
BC107 8
s) 80139 350 2
N3702 8
t
) L
S10 1
6p 1
5155 8
0p
BC108 8
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30140 3
51
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N3704 8
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S13 3
0p L
S156 8
0p
BC109 8p 8F244 13 3
6p 2
N3705 9
1
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S14 7
0p L
S157 4
5p

P
LUGS A
ND S
OCKETS B
B
B
C147
C148
C149
7
1
)
7
8
p
p
B
B
F Y50
FY5 1
1
5p
1
5p
1
5p
2
N3706
2
N3707
2
N3708
9
1
3
9
p
8
P
L
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L
S30
L
S32
1
6p
1
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L
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164
174
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6
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l
rn m p
lug
s a
nd s
ocke
ts s
uitab
le t
ut l
ow BC158 9
1) 2
N3819 22p L
S37 2
6p L
S190 8
0p
MJ2955 9
8p
v
oltage c
ircu
its
. Ava
ilab
le i
n r
ed o
r b
lack
, BC177 1
4p MPSA06 2
0p 2
N3904 8
r
) L
S40 2
2P L
S192 7
0p
P
lug
s 6p e
ach
. Socke
ts 7
p e
ach
. BC178 1
4p MPSA56 2
0p 2
N3905 BP L
S42 5
3p L
5193 7
0t3
BC179 1
4p T
IP29C 6
0p 2
N3906 8
P L
S47 7
0p L
S196 8
0p
BC182 1
0p T
IP30C 7
0p 2
N4058 12p L
S48 4
8p L
S251 6
0p
4m m p
lug
s a
nd s
ockets
. Ava
ilab
le i
n b
lack
, BC182L 1
0p T
IP31C 6
5p 2
N5457 32p L
S54 1
6p L
S257 5
5p
b
lue g
reen
, b
rown
, r
ed, wh
ite a
nd y
ello w
. BC184 1
0p T
IP32C 8
0p 2
N5458 30p L
S73 2
9p L
5258 5
5p
P
lug
s 1
1p e
ach
. Sockets 1
2p e
ach
. BC1841 1
0p ZTX107 1
4p 2
N5459 32p L
S74 2
9p L
S266 4
0p
BC212 1
0p ZTX108 1
4p 2
N5777 50p L
S75 4
4p 1
3283 6
0p
BC212L 1
0p L
S76 3
5p L
S290 5
5P
J
ack p
lug
s a
nd s
ocke
ts BC214 1
0p D
IODES L
S78 3
5p L
S365 4
5p
BC214 1
0p 1
N914 4
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N4148 3
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S83 6
0p L
S366 4
5p
u
nscreened p
lug s
creened p
lug s
ocke
t 1
N4001 4
p 1
N5401 1
3p
BC477 1
9p L
S85 7
0p L
S367 4
5p
2
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3p 7
p BC478 1
9p 1
N4002 4
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N5402 1
54
, L
S86 3
3p L
5368 4
5p
3
.5 m m 9p 1
4p 8p BC479 1
9p 1
N4004 5
P 1
N5404 1
6p L
S90 4
50 L
S386 3
5p
S
tandard 1
6p BC548 1
0p 1
N4006 6
p 1
N5406 1
8p L
S93 4
5p L
S670 1
80p
3
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5P
S
tereo 2
3p 36p 1
8p BCY 7
0 1
4p B
ZY88 s
e
rie
s 2V7 t
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peach
7
493 3
4p
7
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2p
D
in p
lugs a
nd s
ocke
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I ON ONL Y
'
p
lug s
ocke
t L
I
V
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ILS I
N CAT AL OGUE
.
7
495
7
496
5
2p
5
0t3
7
400 1
2p 7
4121 2
5p
2p
in s
peaker 7
p 7
p 7
401 1
2p 7
4122 3
3p
3p
in 1
1p 9p 709 2
5p LM324 5
0p NE556 60t
3 7
402 1
2p 7
4123 4
0p
5p
in 1
80° 1
1p 1
0p 7
41 2
2p 1M339 5
0p NE563 1
20P 7
404 1
2p 7
4125 3
5p
7
47 5
0o LM380 750 NE567 1
70p 7
408 1
4p 7
4126 3
5p
5p
in 2
40c 1
3p 1
0p
7
48 3
0p LM382 1
20p SN76003 2
00P 7
410 1
2p 7
4132 5
0t3
CA3046 5
5p LM1830 1
50p SN76013 1
40P 7
413 2
5P 7
4141 5
6P

C
ABLES CA3080
CA3130
CA3140
7
0p
9
0p
7
0p
LM3900
LM3909
MC1496
5
0p
60
6
0p
S
S
T
N76023
N76033
BA800
1
40P
2
00p
70p
7
414
7
420
7
427
4
8p
1
2P
2
4p
7
4148
7
4150
9
0p
7
0p
Connec
ting w
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4151 5
0p
LM301 AN 2
8p MC1458 350 TDA1022 6
50p 7
430 1
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4156 5
2p
Ava
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acks o
f e
ight me
tres t
one metre o
f e
ach c
olour
) LM318N 125p NE555 2
5p ZN414 154
, 7
442 4
3p 7
4157 5
2p
o
r p
acks o
f f
orty me
tres (
f
ive me
tres o
f e
ach c
olour
). 7
447 5
5P 7
4164 7
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s
ing
le s
tandard 7
448 5
8p 7
4165 7
0p

0
00
7
454 1
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4170 1
25 0
E
ight me
tre p
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6p 1
6p
7
473 2
50 7
4174 6
8p
Fo
rty me
tre p
ack 76p 7
0p 7
474 250 7
4177 5
8p
7
475 3
2p 7
4190 7
2P
S
creened C
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ibbon c
able 7
476 2
8P
L
EDs 0
.
125
in. 0
.2in
. 7
4191 7
2p
S
ing
le s
creened 8p 1
0 way 5
8p me
tre 7
485 7
0p 7
4192 6
4P
R
ed T
iL209 T
IL220 9
p 7
489 1
45p
t
win i
ndiv
idua
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creened 11
p 2
0 way 1
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tre 7
4193 6
41
)
G
reen T
IL211 T
IL221 1
3p 7
490 3
2p 7
4196 5
5P
Y
ellow T
IL213 T
IL223 1
3p 7
492 3
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V
EROBOARD
7
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5p
C
l
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D
ISPLAYS
S
ize i
n d 1
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.15
in. Verop
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ILS
01704 0
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n CC 1
30p I
N CAT AL OGUE
2
.5 x 1 1
4p 1
3p s
ing
le s
ided 01707 0
.3 i
n CA 1
30p
2
.5 x 3
.75 42p 40p p
er 1
00 FND500 0
.5 i
n CC 1
00p 4
029 60P
4
040 6
8p
2
.5 x 5 5
2p 5
0p Olin 3
5P 4
001 1
5p 4
042 6
4P
3
.75 x 5 60p 60p 0
.15
in 40p Carbon f
ilm re
sis
tor
s. 4
002 1
5p 4
046 1
00P
3
.75 x 1
7 1
95p 1
ROP
R
ESIS
TORS H
igh st
abi
lity
. low no
ise 5% 4
007
4
011
1
5p
1
5p
4
049
4
050
2
1
3P
2
8p
4
013 3
5p

A
LUM
INIUM B
OXES
E
12 s
e
rie
s 47
ohms t
o 1
0M. Any m
ix 4
066 4
0p
4
015 6
01) 4
068 2
0o
e
ach 1
00+ 1
000+ 4
016 3
50 4
069 1
6P
Boxes c
o mp
lete w
ith l
i
d a
nd s
crews 4
017 5
50 4
071 1
6p
025W 1
p 0
.9p 0
.8p
0
.5W 1
.5p 1
.2p 1
p
4
(
4
18 6
50 4
075 1
6p
Mode
l L
eng
th w
idth h
eight P
rice 4
0
23 1
5p 4
093 4
8p
S
pecia
l deve
lopmen t pa
cks cons
ist
ing o
f 1
0 of e
ach 4
024 4
5p 4
510 7
0P
ALI 3 2 1 48p v
a
lue f rom 4.7 ohms t
o 1Megohm 1650 r
es
.) 4
026 9
5P 4
511 7
0p
AL2 4 3 IY
, 5
8p 0 5W E7 50
. 0 .25W f5.70 4
027 3
5p 4
518 7
0p
AL3 4 3 2 65p 4
028 5
2P 4
520 650
AL4 6 4 2 7
0p
c
k
s HERE ARE JUST
AL5
AL6
6
8
4
6
3
2
85p
1
16P c
ow CAPAC
A FE W OF THE
ITORS STOCKE D s
l
as
TANT AL U M BE A D e
ach
0I.015
, 02 2
, 033, 0
.47
, 0.68,1 8
,2 2
uF @ 3
5V 9
p
We now have a
n expres
s te
lephone orders e
rvice
. We 4
.7
. 68
, 10uF @ 25V 1
3p
2
2 @ 1
6V, 47 @ 6V
, 100 @ 3V 1
6p
g
uarantee t
hat a
l orders r
ece
ived before 5pm. a
re s
hip
-
M YL AR F
IL M
p
ed fi
rst c
las
s on t
hat day
. Contact our S
ales Of
fice
0
.001
. 00
1, 00
22, 0
.033
, 0
.047 3
p L
ow p
rof
ile b
y T
exa
s
n
ow! T e
lephone: 0
1 -464 2951/5770. 0
.068
. 01 4
p 8pin 1
0p 2
4 p
in 2
4p
RA D
I AL LE A D ELECTR OL YT
IC 1
4 pin 1
2p 2
8 p
in 2
8p
1
6 pin 1
3p 4
0 pm 4
0p
6
3V 0
.47 10 2
.2 4
.7 1
0 5
p
Quantity d
iscounts on any mix T TL, 2
2 3
3 4
7 7p S
olde
rcon p
ins 1
00 5
0p
CMOS , 74LS and Linear c
ircuits
: 1
00 1p 1
000 3
70p

2
5+ 1 0%. 100+ 15%. Price
s VAT i n
c.
2
5V 1
0 2
2 3
3
2
20
4
7 5
P AT LAST
) OUR
s
y
v
fs
c
or
i
P
lease add 30p f
or car
riage. Al
l ra 8
4
) NE W 40 PAGE
p
rices va
lid t
o 30th April 1979. 2
20 1
CATAL OGUE
O
f f
icial o
rders we
lcome . 4
70
1
000 2
3p OF CO MPON
-
by 2
20 ENTS I
S
4
70 AV A
IL ABLE
.
BARCLAYCARD AND 1
000 1
31
)
ACCESS WELCOME
. ‘
1
. 1
“.•• 2
200 2
3p
S
END S
.A.E
.
c
oE
'
e
c
t
„
,r
on
,c
'
°
l^e
ot
s
Ma
il o
rde
rs t
o. S
TEVENSON (
Dep
t HE
)

2
36 H
igh S
t
,Brom
ley
,Ken
t,B
R11PQ
,Eng
land
 4
1
4
,,
Making printed ci
rcuit boards i
s si mple and makes project
-bu
ild
ing e
asier a
nd t
he
p
rojects more r
eliable
. Phil Cohen s
ho ws ho w i
t
's done
.
I
N ORDER TO AVO ID u sing large n u mbe rs of wires t o
c
onnec t componen ts toge ther — wh ich i s av ery c os
tly,
t
ime -consum ing a nd e rror-prone me thod — manufac -
t
urers o f electronic e quipmen t almos t i nvariably u se
p
rinted c i
rcuit boards (PCBs )
. These c ons ist of as hee: of
"synthe t
ic resin b onded p aper" ( usually r eferred t o as
SRBP , for obvious r easons ) on wh ich t here a re c oppe r
t
racks t o c onnec t the c omponents e lectrically. T he
c
omponen t wires are p ushed t hrough h o
les i n the P CB
a
nd s oldered o nto the c opper tracks o n the o ther s tle
(
see facing p age)
. T his means t hat the c omponen ts are
c
onnec ted t ogethe r (with l i
t
tle possibility of e rror) and
s
uppo rted mechan ically a t the sa me t ime. T his t echni-
q
ue i snotc onfined toi ndus tr
ial use, however , a nd many
e
lect
ron ics enthusiasts u se itto great a dvan tage .

W HA T YOU NEED C
lean t
he copper s
ide o
f t
he b oard w
ith s
andpaper — b
e carefu
l
n
ot t
o touch t
he cleaned sur
face , a
s t
his w
ill c
ause t
rouble i
n
A
lthough r eady - made p r
in ted c i
rcuit b oards are l
a
ter s
tages.
a
vailable for many Hobby E lec tronics pro
jects (see
a
dvertisers i
nth
is issue)
, they t end to be r
a
the r e
xpens-
i
ve — although otherwise excellent — a nd many people
may prefer t
o make t he
ir own . T h
is can be done very
c
heaply w i
th only a sma l
l o u
tlay , the most expens
ive

i
t
em b e
ing a m iniature dril
l. T he other it
ems r equ
ired Rub do wn the HOBBY -PR I NT: This i s done using a soft p enc
il,
The par
ts of the HOBBY -PR I NT wh ich stick to the board w ill
a
re ab lank c oppe r-clad board , a
n etching tray (must be
p
rotect the copper f
ro m the etchant . A PCB mark ing p en c ou
ld
p
last
ic) and a q uantity o
f ferric ch
loride etchan t
. These be u
sed at t
his s
tage, but t
he p a:te r
n wou ld have to h
_e copied b y
a
re al
l o b
tainab le f r
om elec tronic componen t stock
ists. hand (
the pen i
so f t
he f
elt
-tipped v ariety, fi
lled with a s
ubs tance
T
he a pprop r
iate "HOBBY -PR INT" ( a
s advertised intnis which wil
l r
esist t
he ac
t o n o
f t he ferric ch
loride when d ry
).
i
ssue
) i salso required , a
l
though t hose of you inten
t o n
d
oing things the h ard way c ould use a PCB marking p en.

5
4 Hcbby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
E
tch t he board: Fol
lo wing the i
nstructions on the etchant bottle, I
nsert t
he co mponents one by one a
nd s o
lder the m i
n
. Be careful
d
ilute enough o f the etchant :
o half-f
ill t
he tray
. Put the board in not t
o bend the wires t
oo close to the co mponent b ody a
s this
t
he l i
quid copper s ide do wn and p rop up one e nd o f i
t with may da mage i
t
.
so mething non- metall
ic. Leave i
tf or a bout 15 mins. The copper
r
eacts t o f
or m a b
lack po wder wh ich floats to t
he botto m of the
t
ray.

W ash the board thorough ly (the etchant wil

l sta
in c
lothes and Solder t
he w ire onto the c
opper strip — app
ly the so
lder a nd t
he
may b e har mfu
l t o the eyes) and t hen dr
ill t
he holes for t
he so
ldering iron at the sa me t
ime. The solder should flo w even
ly
co mponent wires . Sma ll battery-driven dri
lls can be bought over both the wire a nd copper track. A
llo w the so
lder time t o
which are i
deal for t
his purpose. so
lidify (
about 5 s econds) before moving the board
.

C
lean t he r es
ist f ro m the board, a gain using s andpaper . It i
s T
rim the w ires t o length. This c an be done u s
ing a p a
ir of
worth do ing t h
is t horough ly, as the board may o ther w
ise b e "
side-cutters" a s sho wn. Be s ure t
o tr
i m do wn to where the
d
iff
icult t o so
lder . Inspect h e board carefully — t here may b e s
older begins , t
o prevent the wire ends f
ro m t
ouching e
ach other
small b
reaks i n t he copper " tracks" due t o scratches i n the when they a re posit
ioned c losely on t
he board.
HOBBY-PRI NT a fter i
th as been applied, o
r "bridges" f ro m t
rack
t
o track due t o fingerprints on the board b efore etching. Solder H
E
a
cross a ny gaps a nd scrape away b r
idges.

55
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
 H
obbypr
ints An e
asy
, p
atented me
thod o
f mak
ing PCBs f
or HE p
rojec
ts.

F
ors ome time ith
as been poss
ible t
obuy a
cid r
esis
t r
ub-down p
ads a
nd tr
ack — infa
ct we u
se them
i
nt he HE workshops and t
hey work ve
ry wel
l. HOBBYPR INTS t
ake t
h
is idea as
tage f
urthe
r — the
c
omp lete PCB p a
ttern isal
ready on the s
heet and c
an be r
ubbed down i n s
econds — a nd t
he
p
atterns a
re nice and c
r
isp, made fr
om the o
rig
inal a
r
two rk
, u
sed f
or t
he pro
totype
.

I
fyou have t
he f
ac
il
ities f
o
r ul
trav
iolet e
xposure
, HOBBYPRINTS make e
xce
llen
t mas
ters — b
eing
s
o
lid bl
ack on at
ranslucent f
i
lm. With t
h
is method y
ou c
an u
se t
he HOBBYPRINTS time a
nd t
ime
a
gain
!

HOBBYPRINTS are p
roduced e xc
lusive
ly f
or HE
, a nd t
he who
le sys
tem isp
rotec
ted by paten
ts
1445171 and 1
445172 . E
ach mon th we w
i
ll b
e br
inging o
ut anew HOBBYPR
INT , c
onta
ining t
he
p
atte
rns f
o
r each i
s
sue's p
rojec
ts.

HOBBYPR INT A — c onta

ins t
he f
ol
lo w
ing
p
atterns f
ro m i
ssue 1
:

5 W ATT STEREO AMPLIFIER

, W AA
- WAA
P
EDAL . B
EDS IDE RAD
IO.

HOBBYPR INT B — c onta

ins t
he f
ol
lo w
ing
p
atterns f
ro m i
s
sue 2
:

7
5p
D
IGITAL DICE
. PHOTON (
2)
. METRONO ME
.
AUDIO MIXER.
1
.Clean t
he PCB asyou would f
orany work g
iv
ing itarub do wn
w
ith f
i
ne sandpaper(we e
ven supp
ly t
his i
nthe k
it
). Aqu
ick wipe
o
verwith l
igh
terfuelwi
llh e
lp tor
e move any g
rease marks
.

2
. Lay down t he HOBBYPR INT and rub over wi
th a sof
tp enci
l
u
nti
lt he pa
ttern istransfer
red tothe board. Peeloffthe backing
s
heet careful
ly mak ing s u
re that the r
esist has tr
ansferred. If
y
ou've been ab i
tc areless t
here
's even a 'r
epairki
t'o n t
he sheet
t
oc or
recta ny breaks!

3 C
ut t
he b
oard t
o s
i
ze a
nd p
ut i
tin t
he F
err
ic C
hlor
ide
.

4
. When e tching is c
omp leted
, wash the board and u
se t he
s
andpapero r ascour
ing po wdertoremove t
he res
ist
. The r
esist
p
attern i
spret
ty hardy bu
ti seas
ily r
emoved a
t the f
ina
lstage
.

5
. A
llyou've g
ot t
o d
o now isdr
il
l t
he b
oard. T
ime? On
ly a
bout
t
en minutes fr
om beginning t
o end plus e
tching t
ime (15
m
inutes u
sual
ly wi
th agood a
cid
).

ORDER TODAY

S
end cheque o
r p
osta
l o
rde
r (
payab
le t
o H
obby
E
lec
tron
ics
) t
o

HOBBYPRINTS
,
HOBBY E
LECTRON ICS
,
25
-27
, OXFORD STREET,
LONDON W1R 1RF.

7
5p I
NCLUS
IVE OF VAT AND POSTAGE
.

P
lease mark t
he l
e
tter
(s) o
fthe HOBBYPR
INTS on
t
he ou
tside o
fthe e
nvelope
.

5
6 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
ush B
P utton
D
ice at • 6

• 5 THROW

We t
hink t
his p
roject w
illb
e aw
inner...
• 4 H
E
o3
•2 LED
GENERATORS OF RANDO M -NU MBERS i n the range
o
ne t o six (d
ice t o most of u s)
, are essentia
l items i n
g
ames r anging f rom L udo t o B ackga m mon . This is
f
ortunate f o
r t hose us who c oun t elec
tronics amongs t
o
u r hobbies. Why? y ou ask, we l
l the answe r
's simp le
.
When a sked wha t your hobby i s
, ifinrep
ly y ou answer
e
l
y
ec
awn
tron
, p
ics
i
c
, a
tu
s o
res o
f
ten a
f bor
s no
ing t
t t
heo
h
is w
ry a
il
l be g
nd moun
ree
ta
ted w
ins o
i
th a
f tes
t
D
ICE
g
ea t be
ing c onjoured u p bythe q uest
ioner. Br
ing o ut a
n
e
lectronic game , howeve r
, a nd a l th
is changes. E lec
-
t
r
on ics can b ef un
.

NEVER SA Y D
IE
Unfor
tuna te
ly, mos t games , in o
rder to be interes
ting,
i
n
k
l
volve al
eep t
amps
r
, s w
i
oto
ack o
f
fd
. T
tches
i
h
f
fe
is
ren
, i
, a
nt
nd w
t f
e
i
acto
rms o
rs t

re — c
ha
f '
ha
omp
t our e
rdwa
licat
l
re
ectronics mus
' means l
ions . Happi
o
t
ts o
ly
f
, t
o
P
arts L
i
st
b
ui
ld a d i
ce, ifour plans are fo
llowed , isan e asy ta
sk, R
ES ISTORS (
a
ll 1
4 w 5%)
a
nd wil
l i mpress your fr
iends as itis adi
stinct improve- R
1, 3. 5 1
00k
ment overthe tr
aditional spot
ty blocks of wood. R
2 1
0k
R4 5
6k
R6 4
7OR

STRAIGHT AS A D
IE CAPAC
ITORS
Our photog raphs s how that o ur die isb u
ilt in
to a sma l
l C1 1
00n p
olyes
ter
b
ox that h as a l ine of Li
gh t Em it
ting D iodes ( LEDs ) t
o C2 1
00u 1
6V elect
rolytic
C3
, 5 1
0n p
olyes
ter
r
epresentt he s ix nu mbers plus ap ush b u
tton . Operating
C4 1
00u 3
5V tantalu m
t
he but
ton w ill act
iva te t
he circui
ta nd when t he button is
r
e
leased o ne o ft he six L
EDs w il
l be l i
t
, t
he p art
icular one S
EM ICONDUCTORS
b
eing i mposs ible t o predict. The L ED will stay o n f
or I
d 1CD4011B
a
bout f i
ve to t en seconds b e
fore g oing o ut
. T he dice is I
C2 CD4017 1
3
L
EDS 1-6 T
IL209
n
ow r eady t ob e "rolled" aga in
.
T
he dice d oes n ot have a n on/ o
ff swich, as with the SWITCH
L
EDs offt he ci
rcu itd raws such asma ll amoun to fcurrent P
E
11 M
inia
ture p
ush t
o make
f
rom the b attery that such as w
ith i snot necessary.
M
ISCELLANEOUS
P
CB a
sp a
tte
rn, P
P3 b
atte
ry p
lus c
l
ip. V
ero b
ox, w
ire
, e
tc
.
CONSTRUCT
ION
A
sw ith any project, t he exact me thod o fconstruc tion is T
he I Cs used i n the L ED dice are d ig
ital CMOS
l
a
rgely a ma tter of p ersonal c hoice. T he photographs d
evices, t
he l e
tter Ba fter t
he n umbe r refer
ring to
c
lear
ly show h ow o ur d ice wen t together, bu
t the re isn o t
he f
actthatt he ICf e
atu res p
rotect
ion d evices atit
s
r
eason why y ou shou ld n ot puty ou r p
rojec
t in adifferen t i
nput
. D o not wo r
ry i fthe l
e
tter Bd oes not appear
t
ype of c ase
. A t a ny r a
te t he f i
rst th
ing t o d o i s to i
nthe adve r
ts for t
hese I Cs a
s mos t CMOS d evices
a
ssemb le the PCB a cco rding t oo ur over
lay. o
n sa
le today a re o
ft he B ser
ies.
T
he dice uses a t ype o f I
C k nown a s CMOS a nd th
is C
arefu
l s canning o f the adver
ts i nthis is
sue of
r
eason we s ugges t t hat y ou u se IC s ockets when Hobby El
ec tronics should locate suppliers f
orall o
f
b
uild
ing t he project a s CMOS I Cs are mo re electrical
ly t
he componen ts used i nthe LED dice.
'
f
ragile
' than other t ypes o f I
C.
When moun t
ing t he componen ts, make sure t hat t
he App
rox
i ma
te c
ost £4
.50
.
I
Cs and the e
lectrolytic a nd tantalum c pacitors are fi
tted

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978 5
7
 AB OVE: t
he c ase opened t o s
ho w what makes t he dice t
ick.
LEFT: t
he 'co mponent overlay' which li
nks the c
ircuit d
iagra m
with t
he above photo. BEL O W: the pattern f
or t
he c opper fo
il
s
ide ofthe pr
inted c
ircuit board.

TO L
1-6
E DS
f
c
.
N
1
AN ODES

NOTE: t
he ri
gh t way round . F ai
lure tod o so w i
ll resu
lt in adead
TO ALL
P
IN 6 MUST CATH ODES L
ED d ice.
BE CUT OFF When ma rking o ut the f r
ont p anel take care tha
t the
Belo w
: P
in o
ut d
ata f
or I
CI a
nd L
EDs a re in as traight l i
ne. The L EDs a re moun ted with
LEDs 1-6 s
pecial moun ting c l
ips t hat should b e avai
lable from the
p
eople who s upp ly the L EDs themse lves .
1
4 The re is afair bit of wiring to d o so take care when
d
oing t h
is job. It
's easy t o make am istake h e
re, and any
e
rro
rc an take a long t ime tof i
nd.
1
3
When a l
l cons truction isc omp lete, fi
t the ba
ttery and
g
et ready to ro
ll y our fi
rst elect
ron ic d
ie . H
E
1
2

a - ANODE
1 k = CATHODE

No
v.. n
o I
amok i
ti
n
1
0

o
n !
hi u
t
l.

.
.nu, l
e
vee
LEFT: So me t anta
lu m c apaci
-
t
ors are not marked with a "+"
0
\
./ as i
n the photo . They instead
have a dot o
n one side on
ly.

5
8 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
 P
ush-Button D
ice
NOTE.
I
C1 I
S CD4011
I
C2 I
S CD4017

0 0
f I
C11 )
:2-
6
L
I I
P, 1 I
,

1
5 2

R
1
1
00k
C
,
1
I 1
4
1
0

1
3

R6
4
7011
The ci
rcuit d
iagra m
. A feature
o
n circuit sy mbo
ls appears in R2
t
his i
ssue. 10k

H
ow i
tWorks
THE d igital d ice , i no rder t o simu la te t he a c t
ion but as R 4 g oes t o t he.ou tpu t o f I Cla , wh ich i s
o
f ar ea ld ie,i srequ ired t o" stop" w ith o ne o ft he l
ow , the c harge o n C 5 w ill l eak away . A t s ome
c
i rcu it's s ix l i
gh t-em it ting d iodes ( LEDs ) l i
t
, p
oin t the v ol tage a t this j unc tion , h aving f allen
each L ED c orrespond ing t o o ne o f t he s ix t
on ear t he O Vr ai
l,w illc ause t he o utput o fI Cla
numbers o nt he f aces o ft he r eald ie.T od ot his,i t t
o g o h igh a nd t ha t o f ICI /b t o g o l ow . C 5 w ill
quick ly t urns e ach LED o n i n s equence when n
ow c harge u p v ia R 4 wh ich w ill i n turn c ause
t
he s t art b u tton i sp ressed , stopp ing w ith o ne t
he c i
rcu it t oa ssume i t
so r
ig ina l sta te.
L ED o n when t he b ut ton i sr eleased . B ecause T
he s eries o fp ulses g enera ted b yt he a stab le i s
t
he c ircu it c ycles t hrough t he s equence v ery f
ed t o I C2 . T h is i s ac ounter I C, h av ing t en
quick ly i ti sn ot p ossib le t o c hea t b y wa i ting f or outpu ts. A s t he p ulses a re f ed t o its i npu t
, e ach
ap articu lar L ED t o light a nd r elease t he b utton o
ft he t en o utpu ts w illb et urned o n i ns equence .
a
t t h
is p oint ! For this c ircu it,h owever , we o nly wan tt he I Ct o
The c ircu it c an b e b roken d own i nto t wo c
oun t u p to s ix. T o a chieve t his we c onnec t the
s
ec tions , o ne d ea ling w ith t he d isp lay a nd t he s
even th o utpu t o f I C2 t o a no ther o f t he I C's
o
ther w ith t im ing a nd c ontro ls i gna ls .T he l atter i
npu ts c alled t he ' reset' p in . When t his p in i s
a
re p rov ided b y t wo ' class ic' c ircu it b uilding t
aken h igh i tr ese ts t he c ounter b ack t ot he s tart
b
locks , n ame ly t he ' astab le' f ormed b y I Cl a We n ow h ave o ur c ount o fs ix.
and I C1b a nd t he m̀onos tab le' c onf igurat ion o f The o utpu ts o f I C2 a re t aken t o L EDs 1 - 6
.
IC1c a nd I CI d. LEDs a re l ike o rd inary d iodes i n t hat t hey w i
ll
Lau ) c i
rcu i t i sf ormed f rom t wo o ut o f t he only p ass c ur ren t i n o ne d i rect ion , b ut i n a ddi-
f
our i og ic g ates o f I CI. T he i nputs o f the l ogic t
ion when t hey a re p assing c urren t w ill em it
gate c an b e i n o ne o ft wo c ond itions . T hey c an l
ight . When a n o utput o f I C2 i s h igh t he
e
ither b el ow t ha t is
,n ear 0 V ), o r' h
igh ' n ear a
ssoc ia ted L ED w il
l em it l ight i ft he c om mon
t
o t he s upp ly v oltage , 9V i n t his c ase) . The pointt o wh ich t he L EDs a re t aken , R 6, i sl ow .
outpu to ft he g a te c an a l so a dop to nly t hese t wo R6 ist aken t o t he o utpu t o f I Ci d
. Th is p o
int
values ,t he c ho ice b eing d eterm ined b yt he s tate i
sn orma lly h igh a nd t hus t he L EDs a re a ll o ff
.
o
f t he i nputs . I n t his C ase a s t he g ates a re When t he s tar t b utton i sr eleased , h owever , t he
'
NAND 'g ates t he o utput w illb eh igh a ta llt imes i
npu t o f I C1c . j unc tion o fC 3 a nd R I, g oes l ow
e
xcep t when b oth t he i npu ts are h igh a t wh ich f
or ab rie fp eriod o ft ime a nd c auses t he o u
tpu t
poin t t he o utpu t w i
ll g o l ow. ' NAND ' stands f or o
ft his g ate t o g o h igh . C 4 ' coup les' t his c hange
ǹot-and ', the o utpu t b eing l ow whenever b oth t
o t he i nput o f I Ci d a nd c auses t he o utput
one i npu t' and ' t he o ther a re high . t
his g ate t o g o l ow , a ctiva ting t he d isp lay a nd,
The a s
tab le w ill n ot f unc tion u nt il t he s tart b
y v i
r tue o f t he f act t ha t t he o utput i s also
bu t
ton t akes o ne o f I CIa 's i npu ts h igh . A t t h
is c
onnec ted t o I C1c . ma inta in ing t he h igh o n t he
poin t t he o utpu t o f I C1b w il
l o sc illa te b e tween output o f t his g ate. T he c harge o f C 4 w il
l l eak
OV a nd 9V .T he c ircu iti sr eferred t oa sa na stab le away ,h owever ,v ia R 5 —a nd c ause t he c ircu itt o
mean ing ' no t s table ') b ecause t he o utpu t c an a
ssume t he p rev ious s tate a f
ter s evera ls econds .
a
ssume t hese t wo c ond i t
ions b ut i s stab le i n This c ircu it i st ermed a monos tab le b ecause i t
neither . h
as t wo p oss ib le s tates, o nly o ne o f wh ich i s
A d eta i
led d escr ip tion o f the c ircu it wou ld s
table mono= o ne )
. I ti sn ecessary t o i nclude
t
ake u pt oo much r oom b utb r
ief ly t he o scillator R6 int he c ircu it b ecause t he c urren t p assed b y
works l i
ke t his: S uppose t he o utput o f I Cl a is t
he L EDs mus t b el imited t o as afe v alue .
low a nd t ha t a s o ne o ft his g ates -i nputs i s' t
ied' C
2 a nd C l a re i ncluded t o ' decoup le' t ht•
high t he o ther , c onnec ted t o R 3
, mus t a lso b e s
upp ly t ha t i s, r emove a ny f luctua tions i n tht
h
igh . T he j unc tion o fR 3, R 4 and C 5 i sthus h igh , s
upp ly v oltage t hat m igh t u pse t c ircu it a ction .

59
Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
C
hoosing a
C
alcu
lator
MI .0
U
PC W. In NB
.
07

1
• 00
/1
a.
0
.40
1
1
1
C
il I.
1 1 11:
;:j
1 00
10 • O M

BEIC IO D
1
3131111
311
• a [M O O D
1
1131 31
1

im m
i nu mer
iv
.

Af ewy ears ago t

he pocket calculator would have been c onsidered ami rac
le. Then it
beca me a novel
ty and no w i
th as beco me an everyday o bject. Th
is rapid g
ro wth h as
brought with itav ast r
ange o f d
ifferent ca
lcu lator t
ypes a nd v ar
iants. Phil Cohen
expla
ins so me ofthe more co m mon jargon to help the p
rospect ive buyer c hoose.

W HAT I
SIT? For t
he major
ity ofc a
lculator a ppl
ica -
FOUR
-FUNCT
ION l
ions these wi
ll be suff
icient for a dd-
T
his means tha
t t he ca
lcu
lator can i
ng co
lumns o f fi
gures, c a
lcu lating
a
dd, s
ubt
ract
, mu l
tiply a
nd d
iv
ide.
VAT and checking wage s l
ips. O n the
o
the r hand, wh ile mo re a dvanced
W HO NEEDS I
T? ca
lculator f
unct
ions a re not essential,
T
hese f
ac
il
ities a
re c
ommon t
oalmost t
hey are sometimes useful and a lways
a
l ca
lcu
lators — even t
he c
heapes
t. f
un top l
ay with!

W HAT I
SIT? much better than i srequ
ired. Eigh
t-
8
-DIG
IT ACCURA CY
T
his re
fers tothe f
ac
t tha
t the c
a
lcula
- d
igit c alculators h ave b eco me
t
or can wo rk wi
th n umbers up to 8 s
tandard (a
lthough s ome r un to 12
d
igi
ts long (s
uch as 1
.2345678 o r 1
2 d
igi
ts) and iti svery se
ldom , ifever
,
345 678 ) t
hat t
hei
r ful
l a ccuracy isrequ
ired fo
r
a
ny appl
ication.
W HO NEEDS I
T?
C
alcu
lato
r a
ccu
racy i
s
, i
n g
ene
ral
,

W HAT I
S I
T? p
r
iate message o
rsymbo
l.
OVERFL O W I
NDICA TOR
'
Ove r
flow o ccu
rs when t
he ca
lculato
r W HO NEEDS I
T?
i
s asked t o perform a ca
lcu lat
ion T
his i
scommon t o a/
/ calculators and
which wi
ll give a r
esu
lt t
oo large to a
dver
tisemen ts s
ometi mes men t
ion it
Er r o r. d
isplay (s
uch as 1 0= ?)
. The c a
lcu
- a
s af aci
lity on cheap c alculators
l
ator wi
ll then disp
lay s
ome a ppro
- wh
ich have f
ew otherfacil
ities.

CONSTA NT W HAT I
SIT?
Say
, f or ins
tance , t hat you have a t u
rn and press t
he "=" k ey t
ofind t
he
c
olumn o ffigures a nd wanttof i
nd o u
t a
nswe rs
. T he ca
lcula tor has remem-
what 8% o f each o f them is
. I fthe b
ered the ".08X" a nd saves you t
he
c
alculator does n o t have a constant tr
ouble ofre-en
tering i te
ach time (
See
f
aci
lity
, y ou will h ave to en
ter e ach '
P
rogram mab le")
.
nu mber a nd t hen "x .08 = - a f
ter
e
ach o ne. Using t he cons
tant, al
l you W HO NEEDS I T?
h
ave tod o istop ut in".08 X K" atthe This a
lows a r epet
itive calcu
lation t
o
s
tart and then e nter each nu mbe r in b
e pe
rformed e asi
ly.

6
0 H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
 XE
sv,
k bu
s S
ivai
ru.
_
"Don
't y
ou h
ave anything t
hat wi
ll go wi
th mink?"

FULL Y
-FLOAT
ING W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
A '
fu
lly-f
loat
ing' ca
lcula
to r c
an work Very few calcu
la tors are not ful
ly-
i
nfr
ac t
ions. Ca
lcula
tors which a
re not f
loat
ing and the o nes which are n o
t
f
u
lly
-floating c
an only work in whole a
re usua
lly t
he very cheapes
t. Iti
s wel
l
n
u mbe rs
. Ca
lcula
tors which can work worth t
he ex
tra expense to be ab
le to
i
nfr
ac t
ions have adec
i mal po
int key
. work in f
rac
tions o f ap ound rather
t
han to h
ave to work inpence.

PERCENTAGE KEY W HAT I

SIT? 43 is
, you could u
se - .12 2 x 43 ="
T
he percentage k
ey is aconven
ience o
r " 1 2
.2 ÷100X43 =" o r, ify our
f
unc
tion, used t
o reduce t
he nu mber c
alculator h as a percentage k ey
o
f k
eystrokes i
nca
lculat
ions. "
1 2.2 % x 43 =". Each wi
ll give the
s
a me answe r
, but t
he th
ird ise as
iest
W HO NEEDS I
T?
t
o understand.
I
fyou wan
t t
ofi
nd o
ut wha
t 12
.2 % o
f

SC
IENT
IFIC NOTAT
ION W HAT I
SIT? 1
.2345 3 = 1
.2345 x
10 x
10 x
10
When wo rking with very large or very
smal
l n umbers , an 8-digi
t c alculator 3t
ime
s
c
anno t display a ny nu mber g reater 1
234
.5
I
.23 O
H t
han 9
0
9 9
.000 000 1
99 9 99 o r sma
. One way o
ller t
f g et
han
t
ing
With v ery sma ll n u mbers t he
nu mber
-of-
ti mes-
to - mu
ltiply
-by-1 0
r
ound t his i s t
o move t he d eci mal
(
also c
al
led the e
xponen t
) isnegat
ive,
po
int around i n t
he n u mbe r and dis-
t
his means d
ivide by 10 t
hree t
imes.
p
lay the n u mber and the n u mbe r of
p
laces the point has b
een moved 12
3 -
3 = 1
.23 4
-
10 ÷
10 +
10
1234
.5
.3 3t
ime
s
=0
.00123
1
.2 34 5 3
Not
ice t
hat y
ou c an g
et the or
iginal
n
u mber b
ack a
gain by mul
tip
lying the W HO NEEDS I
T?
v
alue s
hown by 10 anu mberoftimes. Most ' s
cientific' applicat
ions wil
l
T
he n umber o
f times i
st he nu mber r
equire this f
acil
ity (i
nclud
ing schoo
l
s
hown to t
he r
igh
t work a
fter the age o
f about 16
)
.

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978 8
1
 W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
ALGEBRAIC LOG
IC I
n general, algebra ic log
ic i s t
he
T
his re
fers to t
he organisation of the
machine — a problem e ntered o n an e
as
ier to u
se b ut RPN h as it
s advan-
a
lgebra
ic log
ic calcu
lator isentereb as t
ages — i tis fas
ter (once l e
arned),
(
1
+2)x 3= d
oes away with the need fo
r brackets
i
ti swrit
ten. The a l
ternative to t h
is
t
ype oforganisa
tion is'Reve rse Po
lish a
nd is used i n the more a dvanced
Nota
tion' (
see i
nset)
. s
c
ienti
fic c
alculators
.

ME MORY W HAT I
SIT?
B
y using a calculato
r's memo ry
, any w
rit
ing d own t he n umbe r fo
r future
n
umbe r which h as been worked out u
se ( a
l though i ft he c alculator is
o
n the calculato r c
an b e s
to red fo
r sw
itched o f
f itw il
l s uffer as ort of
f
uture use wh ile the ca
lcu lator is e
lect
ron ic amnes ia a nd f o
rget every-
b
eing u sed t o work w ith o ther t
hing )
. I n the e xa mp le g iven i n
n
u mbers. Many c a
lculators h ave '
Parenthes is
' t
he f
ol
low ing k
ey
s
everal memo r
ies which can b e u
sed s
equence c ould h ave b een u sed
i
ndependen t
ly . (
M =' store in memo ry' k ey, MR = 're
-
c
all f
rom memo ry' key)
"2x5= M 3X4= + MR =" .
W HO NEEDS I
T? The n u mbe r 1 0 wou ld h ave b een
T
he u
se o
f memo
ry i
sequ
iva
len
t t
o t
empo ra r
ily sto
red i n memo ry
.

W HAT I
SIT? 2 9
SU M M
ING ME MORY 6 1
4
T
he M+ b utton a dds whatever i
s 4 3
b
eing d
isplayed t o t
he memo ry
. The a
nd you w an
t tof i
nd o u
t what (2 x9
)
b
utton subtracts t
he d
isp
lay f
rom + (6x 14) + (4 X3) is
, the e
asy way
M
+ M-
t
he memo ry
. t
o do iton acalculator with memory
would b e " 2 x 9 = M+6 X14 =
M+4x3 = M+ MR" .
W HO NEEDS I
T? Th
is d oes away w ith t he need fo
r
I
fyou h
ave t
wo c
o
lu mns o
ffi
gures b
rackets int
his example.

FOUR
-FUNCT
ION W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
ME MORY T
his means u sual
ly tha
t the memo ry Memo r
ies i n ac a
lcula
to r are useful
c
an be a dded t o
, s ub
tracted f
rom , o
nly o ccasiona l
ly a nd e ven t hen
r
eca
lled or c ancelled (s
et to z
ero). r
equire more e
ffort t
han atfi
rst seems
M+ M- m
R
I M
C S
a
ome c
a
lows (
lcula
2+ 9
tors a
) x(
l
6+
so h
14
ave Mx
) x(
, wh
4+ 1
ich
3
)t o
t
o b
Po
l
e the c
ish Nota
t
ase. T
ion r
he u
ende
se of R
rs memo r
everse
ies toa
b
e worked o ut i
n asimi
lar way t
o the c
ertain e
xtent unnecessary.
e
xample a bove.

W HAT I
SIT? a
l
ternative istod o t
he f
ollowing
PARENTHES
IS
"2 x 5=" a nswe r 1 0 — w r
ite it
B
rackets
. P a
renthes
is keys on ac a
l-
d
own .
c
ula
tor are u
sed inthe s
a me way t
hat "3 x 4=" a nswer 1 2 "+ 1 0 ="
t
hey a
re used when aproblem iswr
it-
a
nswe r 2 2
t
en down (2 x 5) + (3 X4) = 7te
lls
P
arenthes is is use
ful for eva
lua t
ing
t
he ca
lculator t
o work out 2X 5 a
nd
f
ormulae , bu
t R PN isbet
ter (s
ee inse
t
t
hen add 3x4 .
o
n Reve rse Pol
ish N o
tat
ion).
W HO NEEDS I
T?
T
his i
suse
ful
, b
ut n
ot e
ssen
tia
l. T
he

t
ure r
esul
ts trom a n e xpe
ri ment, s
ay,
PROGRA M MABLE W HAT I
SIT? a
nd iti s requ
ired t o convert them
T
his f
aci
lity a
lows the st
orage o
f a f
r
om C t o F, the k ey sequence for
s
equence o f k eys wh
ich c an be t
he c
onve rs
ion (÷ 5x9 + 3 2
) Can be
I
r
n r
un p
ut in
to the ca
lcu lator and cal
led u p
'
p
layed back' a
ny number o
ftimes o
n
f
or e
ach v a
lue int u
rn . Th
is feature i
s
r
eques
t.
v
ery u seful for e ngineering a nd
s
c
ience students.
W HO NEEDS I
T?
I
fyou h
ave a c
olu mn o
f t
e mpe
ra-

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978
6
2
 C
hoos
ing a C
alcu
lator
CARD
-PROGRA M MABLE W HAT I
S I
T? W HO NEEDS I
T?
Th
is type a lows you tostore the k
eys Th
is t ype o
f mach ine i ss o expens -
which y ou programmed i twith on a i
ve that i
tisrea
lly o n
ly c ost
-effect
ive
c
ard a bou t the si
ze o f as t
ick of f
or engineer
ing consu ltan ts and ast
-
c
hew ing g um. The card iscoa
ted with r
onau ts
. Howeve r
, i fy ou c an af
ford
amagme t
ic mater
ial sim
ilartor eco
rd- '
o
ne ( a
t acouple o
f h und red pounds )
,
i
ng t ape . A sma l
l mo tor i n the t
hey're probably g reat f un to play
machine d raws the card through the w
ith.
c
alculator.

FULL Y SC
IENT
IFIC W HA T I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
This means that the c a
lculator can T
hese funct
ions are i
n u
se fr
om the
'
l
og' s
i
n cos t
an wo rk o
ut square roots, logs, s
ines, a
ge of a bout 1 3 upwards in t
he
c
os ines a
nd o the
r 's c
ien t
ific
' func- e
ducat
ional sys
tem a nd i
n any c
ase
t
ions. a
re f
un toplay w
ith
.

FUNCT
IO N KEY W HA T I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
T
his enables e ach k ey t
o b e used f o
r A function k ey a llows more f unc-
more than o ne th
ing. Itworks li
ke t
his t
i
ons t o be b u
ilt into a mach ine of a
t
here are two sets o
f markings o n e
ach g
iven s ize. Un fortuna tely, i talso
r
1
1- k
ey ( u
sually o ne on the key a nd o ne makes it mo re dif
ficul
t t o use. Some
a
bove i t
)
. T here isal
so ak ey set as
ide machines h ave t wo func t
ion k eys —
f
rom the rest, usual
ly ma rked w i
th a n e
ach oft he res
t oft he keys have three
F
.A f
tert h
is k ey has been pressed, the s
ets of mark
ings o n them i nd if
ferent
n
ext key will have the ef
fec t which i s c
olours. T h
is makes t he c alculator
w
rit
ten a bove i t
. a
lmost imposs ible to use quickly.

REVERSE POLISH T
he 'e
nter
' key (
orcom ma a
s i
tiss
hown i
nthe e
xamp
le
.,
moves a
l the memo
ries u
p one
NOTA T
IO N (
RPN)

There i s aru mour t hat R everse P o

lish N otation (or R PN;
3
was s o c alled b ecause ,h e mos t d if
ficu lt E uropean 9
l
anguage t o learn i s Polish ( o
r so t he s tory g oes) a nd T
he 2 now goes i
nto t
he bo
ttom memo ry
p
eop le c onside red R PN t c be a bou t a
s e asy t o learn as
Pol
ish b ackwa rds . T his i n fact n ot the c ase. R PN i s
n
amed a f
te r it
s i nven tor. R PN i sal so easy t o use ( once 3
y
ou g et the h ang o f it
)a nd v e
ry q uick to wo rk with. 2 2
Wha ti sR PN? I no rde r toexplain, let
's l ook at asimp le
p
rob lem 3x 2+ 1=? . Mos t calculators w il
l give y ou the a
nd the x mul
tip
lies t
he bo
ttom two and p
uts t
he re
sult
i
nthe bo
ttom memo ry
a
nswe r ify ou k ey i nt he problem a s i
ti sw rit
ten. O n an
RPN c alculato rt he prob lem wou ld h ave tob ee n
te red as
3
, 2X 1+ ( the comma r epresen ts the 'enter' key). This i
s
not te
rribly e asy t of o
llow a tf i
rst. A n RPN c a
lcula tor has
what i su sually r eferred t o as a' s
tack '
. T his is ap i
le of 6
iX
memo r
ies , o ne ' on top o f
' the othe r T
he 1 goes in
to the bot
tom memo ry a nd pushes the
r
esu
lts b
ack up

6
1
When t
he nu mbe
r 3i se
rrered i
nthe e
xample above
, it a
nd the + a
dds t
he t
wo bo
ttom memor
ies a
nd p
uts t
he
g
oes in
to the lowes
t leve
l of the s
tack
. This i he r
s t esu
lt i
nthe bo
ttom
. The d
isp
lay n
ow r
eads 7
.
memory which is s
hown o n the d
isp
lay and so the
d
isp
lay w
il
l show a '
3
'

7
RPN isnoteasy t
olearn — the eas
iest way t
od o i
tist
o
g
et ho
ld of an RPN ca
lculator and play with it
. Once it
.
2 3 h
as been le
arned, h
oweve r, i
td oes away with the need
f
o
r bracke
ts and makes ca
lculations mur.h eas
ier,

H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecemt e
r 1
978 6
3
 W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
LED DISPLA Y
T
his ist he type, o
f display wh ich i s T
he d isadvantage of L ED displays
c
om mon o n t he c heapest a nd t he i
sthatthey c
onsume al o
to fcurrent —
most expensive calculators — n ot on t
hat i s
, they wear o ut batteries
t
he med ium-p r
iced o nes! The display q
uick
ly . The advantage isthat they
i
s made u p of dozens o f ti
ny l i
gh t
- c
hange v e
ry qu
ickly, g
iv
ing an ins
tant
emi
tting diodes ( LEDs) which g low i
nd
ication of whether akey has been
r
ed when e nergised. p
ressed.

LCD D
ISPLA Y W HAT I
S I
T?
f
l
uid b ecomes o paque . A sthis p
rocess
T
his type of d
i
splay changes c
olou
r, i
se ssent
ially c hem ical
, i tisvery much
p
arts of i
tgo
ing from c
lear t
o o
paque s
lowe r than t he L ED t ype o f disp
lay
t
of o
rm n umbers. a
nd t h
is, espec ially i
fc oupled wi th a
n
absence o f k ey -c
lick ( see, above )
,
makes i fd
ifficult totel
l whe ther akey
W HO NEEDS I
T? h
as b een p ressed h a
rd e nough. L CD
LCD stands for li
quid crys
tal dis
- d
isplays t ake a bout 1/ 10s to change -
p
lay
. This c
onsis
ts of af
l
uid between (
t
yp ical
ly). T he ma jor a dvan tage o f
t
r
ansparent conduct
ive p
lates
. When L
CDs i sthatt hey u se very li
t
tle p ower
,
avo
ltage i
ss upp
lied t
othe pl
ates t
he e
xtending b at
te ry li
fe
.

RECHARGEABLE W HAT I
S I
T? T
he o ther isthatthe amoun to fc harge
t
hey h o
ld i s li
mited t o af ew h ours
R
athe r than h av ing t o c hange c
on t
inuous u sage ( for LED c a
lcu la-
b
atteries every so o ften, iti s v
ery t
ors)
, wh ich i sle
ss than its eems. T his
u
seful to b e able t o recharge t he means t ha
t t he ca
lcu lator h as to b e
I
T e
xist
ing o nes. Un fortuna te
ly, this r
echa rged ( which usua l
ly t akes abou t
r
equires s
pecial ba
tteries. 12 h ours) every c oup le o f weeks ,
depend ing o n how o f
ten t he mach ine
W HO NEEDS I
T? i
s used . N o
rma l b atteries w il
l l ast
There are t wo disadvantages to s
eve ral times a s long a nd b uy
ing a
r
echargeable b a
tte
ries
. One is t
hat new s et is a, l
ot less t r
oub le t han
t
hey a
re expensive (
i
n t
he s
hor
t t
erm). r
echa rging.

M AINS ADA PTOR W HAT I

S I
T? W HO NEEDS I
T?
T
his is adevice which provides power When b uying a r echargeab le cal-
i
n aform s u
itable fo
r c
ulator
, b e care
tul tha
t y ou take in
to
a
) r echarg ing a c alculator's a
ccoun tthe pr
ice ofthe mains adaptor
b
atter
ies or — the calculator is v
irtual
ly u se
less
b
) running t he calcula
tor without w
ithout i t
. Most dealers include the
i
t
s batter
ies or p
rice o
ft he adaptor inthe pr
ice ofthe
c
)b o
th aa nd batt he s
a me t
ime. machine.

GUARA NTEE W HAT I

S I
T? W HO NEEDS I
T?
7
-
1 C
alculator guarantees are of the Calculato
rs (especially t
he med iu m
UC
itaran
ter
- s
t
anda rd s
or
t usual
ly f
ound w
ith smal
l t
oe xpensive ones) are e
xtremely re
l
i-
e
l
ectronic e
quipmen t — r
ang
ing fr
om a
ble. As long as the mach ine works
90 d
ays to 1year
. when i tis bough t and i s no
t mal-
t
reated subsequen tly, i
ts hould la
st
unt
il t
he keys wearo ut — Which i
snot
c
ove red b
yt he guarantee inany c
ase.

KEY S
IZE W HA T I
S I
T? W HO NEEDS I
T?

T
he major a
dvantage o
f l
a
rge ca
lcula- P
eople with l a
rge f
inge
rs s houldn't
t
o
rs i
st ha
t the k
eys a
re e
asie
r to hi
t. b
uy calacu la
to rs w
ith sma l
l k eys.
T
he d
isadvantage i
slo
ss o
fpor
tabil
ity. D
on'
t be blinded by t
he compactness
o
f asmall machine — itis more di
ff
i-
c
u
lt t
ou se.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
64
 C
hoos
ing a C
alcu
lator
KEY
-CLICK W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
Th
is isexactly what itsays
. When y ou This i
s essen t
ial ifthe c a
lculator i s
p
ress a k ey in, itg oes "cl
ick". On going t
o be used as anyth
ing e xcep t a
s
ome c a
lcu lators the keys are s
i
lent, t
oy. Itis surpris
ingly dif
ficult to tel
l
b
ut a small loudspeake r i
nthe device whether ak ey has been pressed h ard
g
oes " beep" e very t ime a key is enough ifthis fac
il
ity isn ot presen t
.
p
ressed. On the other h and, so me manu fac-
t
urers g
ot oo farand make k eys which
h
ave to b e pressed d own v e
ry h ard.
The opti mu m d epends o n t he in-
d
ividua
l.

ULTRA-SLI M W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?

LCD t
echno logy (
see above
) h as made The ma jor a dvantage o f ul
tra slim
i
t possible to produce c alculators c
alculators seems to be that they wil
l
which run off hear
ing-aid b at
teries. not produce a n 'uns
igh tly b ulge' in
Th
is means t hat they can b e made t
he breast p ocke
t. The d isadvan tage
v
ery t
hin indeed (l
ess t
han 1/ t
4 hick)
. i
st ha
t the key depression d is
tance i s
l
imited, mak ing the k eyboard more
d
if
ficult t
o use.

ULTRA-S MALL W HAT I

SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
The s a me a dvances wh ich make T
r-I
t• i s al
l v ery we l
l i f you h ave
u
ltra-sl
im c alculators poss
ible also pencil-shaped f ingers, b ut n ot so
make itfeas
ible toproduce c
alcula
tors good ify ou don't
. T o be f
a
ir, th
is s or
t
which are s
o small t
hat apenci
l has t
o o
f d evice i s not much u se f or the
be used to p
ress t
he keys
! *
ser
ious ' u ser (i
.e. so meone who
wants t o use the mach ine f o
r a r
ith-
metic) b ut makes a g ood b irthday
p
resen t.

WR
IST W HAT I
SIT? W HO NEEDS I
T?
F
or t hose who f ee
l t hey may b e P
ersona
lly, Ith
ink this s
ort o
f t
h
ing
smit
ten b y t
he urge t o calcula
te a
t a i
s v
ery si
l
ly indeed
, a l
though Isup
-
momen t's no
tice, t
here a re some ca
l- p
ose there must b e someone who
c
ulators ava
ilable wh ich c ome c
om - f
i
nds t
hem invaluab
le
p
lete wi
th a wa tch
-strap a nd a
re o
f a
s
i
ze c omparable to awa tch.

STOP WATCH W HAT I

SIT?
One notable e xception in the n ovelty e
spec ially f or r em ind ing t he u ser
c
alculator marke t is t
he c alcula tor- about p a
rking me te rs
, a ppointmen ts,
p
lus -a
lar m-c lock -plus-s top watch . a
nd s o on (they're n ot loud enough t o
These are u
sua lly smal
l e nough t o b e wake t he u ser — we ll, not loud e n-
c
arr
ied i n ap ocket and c onsist o f a ough t o wake me , a nyway ). In this
d
isplay ( LCD ) capab le o f show ing c
omb ina tion o f calcu lator
-plus-clock
e
ither the results of ac alculation o r t
he c a
lcu la
to r ist he t a
il which wags
t
he time ofd ay, date, e
tc etera. t
he d og — t hese d evices are a dver-
t
ised a s c alcu lators a lthough a
miniature c
lock wou ld probab lybe just
a
s u seful. T he a dvan tage o f having
W HO NEEDS I T?
t
he c alculator in t he s ame d evice is
These mach ines a re very u seful — t
hat itsaves y ou carrying t wo devices.

Hobby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecember 1
978 6
5
•
e
l
c
W
t
r
ha
on
ic
st
t t
ol
o
d
a
n
t
e
r
n
t
o
y
i
o
n
a
l
ok f
o
r i
nth
e J
anua
ry i
s
sue
: O
n s
a
le D
ec 1
s
t
i

L
OUDSPEAKER
S
I
.EL
IMINATOR P
RINC
IPLES
Fed up w ith lo w qua lity r ecords? Had a
h
ard d ay and d ropped y our favourite LP?
K
iddies u sed B ach f or target practice?
We c an h e
lp — do not d espa ir
.
Next month we p resent a d esign to re move
t
he c
licks a nd s cratches f ro m records . The
s
yste m works i n a nove l manner , and the
s
yste m can b e b u
ilt at afraction o f t
he cost
o
f co m mercial u n
its.
An a rticle t o explain what
goes on b ehind t he gril
les on
those l arge w ooden boxes
dominat ing t he li
ving r oo m
. A l
l
t
he ma jor types will be covered,
moving c o
il e
lectrostatic piezo -
e
lectric e tc, as well as explana-

D
IGITAL t
ions o
o
f '
j
l
ob b
oad
f the d
ing t
etter.
ifferent methods
he units to do the
ir

TACHO
co mput
ing
C
ompac
ange t
r o9
t
, easy t
999 r
pm
ob
. Wi
ui
ld, 1
th al
lt
0r
ev r
hatg
e
o
so
lut
ion
ing f
, f
or i
as
th
t r
ow c
esponse d
an you a
f
ue t
oP
ford t
om
LL t
iss i
t
ique a
echn
?Sui
tab
nd
le f
o
r
t o 3
oday n
s
tandard
. CD!,a nd t
r
ans is
tor a
ssis
ted i
gni
tion s
ystems.
NE WBEAR'S BEARGAGS a re an
e
cono m
ical way of adding extra

LOG /
EXP
p
ower to any smal
l sys
te m
. Nex t
month we t
ake a l
ook a
t atypical
b
ag — the p
eti
tevid VDU I kit
.

CONVERTER This des

ign c an beset up
f
or either log or exponen -
t
ia
l c onvertion, and incor-
p
orates a n eat heater for
t
empera ture s tab
ili
ty. Has
a
n eight octave range .

BAS
IC I
T 's l
andy e
vel t
wo BAS
IC u
pgrade f
or TRS
-
8
0 machines isnow ava
ilab
le i
nt h
is coun
-
t
ry — wha t e
xtra p
ower does t
h
is conver
-
s
i
on provide?

CO MPUTERS I N BUSINESS. Alook

1
a
t how one smal
l bus
iness man u
ses
A
rtic
les mentioned h
ere are i
na n a
dvanced m
icroco mpu
ter a
t work
.
s
tate o
fpreparat
ion butcircu ms
tances may
a
ffec
t the f
i
nal con
tents.
K
it R
eview
P
ROGRA MAGA ME
With so me TV ga mes c
ost
ing a
bout a t
enner
, why shou
ld anyone buy a
k
it costing three times a
s much? Ho wever when t
he kit g
ives t
en
t
imes as much e njoy ment it should be taken ser
ious
ly. We got our
hands on t
his un
it fro m Te
lep lay and put i
tthrough i
ts paces

WHEN T ELEV ISION GA MES we re fi

rst i
nt
roduced t othe r
eperto
ire o fs i
x g ames. Two of these games n eeded an
mass ma rket they we re all very simp le — t o p
l ay rather e
xternal 'r
ifle'
, w ith bui
lt in light senso r and t r
igger
,
t
han make . T he e arly v ersions u sed h undreds o f n
eedless to s ay mos t game s e
ts u s
ing t he 8 500 c ame
s
epa rate l o
gic d evices, to p roduce t wo bats a nd b oun- w
ithou t the ' r
ifle' — l im
iting t he g a mes t o tennis
,
c
ing b a
ll — a l
l t he s ound e ffects a nd s cor
ing we re f
ootbal
l, squash a nd s
olo squash.
p
erfo rmed b y the p layers ! These e ar
ly u n
i ts we re S
ince the e ar
ly days o
ft he now o bsolete AY-3 -8500,
p
roduced b y a n Ame rican c ompany b y the n ame o f General I nstru men ts have d eveloped s evera l new
Magnavox . I t was u p t o a nothe r company , G eneral g
ames . N ow y ou can emulate J ames H un t
, E v
il K nev
il
I
nst
rumen ts, to produce a ' dedicated' circui
t t ha
t was o
r R omme l o n y our TV se
t, and t he basic games n ow
c
apab le o f generating d i
sp lay, sco re and sound e f
fects. i
nc
lude b aske tball and t
arget games t hat do n ot need a
T
his pionee ring d evice w as the AY -3-8500 , which h ad a s
pecial '
r
i
fle '.

The a
sse mbled progra maga me wi
th ga me c
artr
idge i
n p
lace
a
nd hand contro
ls connected

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Decen-ber 1978 67
T
he p
rog
ra maga me PCB
.

HO W I
T CA ME r
emaining p art o
f the console were the loudspeake r and
p
owe r s ocket, which is a3.5m m m ini jack. From start to
The k i
t was p acked i n seve ral p lastic b ags , ins
ide a n f
i
nish, t he console took about two h ours to cons
truc t
.
e
xpanded p olys tyrene c on taine r. The r esisto rs
, c apaci- C
ompared t othe console, t
he cartridge was ad oddle ,
t
ors, transisto rs, etc were a ll int he sa me p ackage . After w
ith less than ad ozen parts o
nt he P CB — i tt
ook o n
ly t en
s
i
fting t hrough a l
l t he parts a nd p acks, t o c heck them m
inu tes t o assemb le. Wi th the conso le a nd cartr
idge
a
ga inst the p arts lis
t, itb eca me a pparen t t hat ar ogue a
ssemb led i ton
ly n eeded p ower, the h and c ontrol
le rs,
j
oystick pack h ad b een included — a nd no ma ins adap tor a
nd a c o
lour TV t o try the syste m o ut
. E ach h and
a
ta l
l! c
ontrol
le r t
ook a further ten minutes t o assemble , then
T
here a re d i f
feren t t ypes o f hand c ontroller f or c
ame t he momen t oftruth!
d
ifferen tcar t
ridges , the pack t hat had b een i ncluded was
mean t for t he s tunt r i
der c artridge . A p hone c al
l t o
Te
lep lay p roduced a po
log ies, t he c orrect j oyst
ick p ack TRY
ING I
T OUT
a
nd ama ins a dap tor by the n ex t post. Wh ile wa it
ing f or
t
he m t o a rrive t he ma in u nit a nd c artridge were
a
ssemb led. A
fte r afina l check t o see ife very thing l ooked c orrec t a
TV was c onnec ted t o the P rogra maga me a nd t he
s
ystem s w
itched o n. H ey p resto! No thing , a part from a
ASSE MBL Y p
l
ip p lop o uto fthe l oudspeaker . O fc ourse, I'd forgo tten
t
o t une i n the T V to t he c hanne l t hat the g a me was
Cons truc t
ion i ss imp l
ified b yo nly h aving as ingle printed t
ransm itt
ing o n. Aq uick turn o f the d ial soon f ound a
c
ircu it board ( PCB ) a nd v i
rtua lly e very thing f i
ts directly g
ame o f b asketba ll inf u
ll colour, b ut the b ats wou ldn '
t
on to i t
. First s tep was t o fi
t al
l the w ire links, resistors, move .
d
iodes a nd c apaci tors — f o
llowed b y t he i n
tegra ted Ab i
t of d etective wo rk soon u ncove red the c ulp r
it —
c
ircuits, c rys tals a nd t ransisto rs
. A s a l
l the c omponen t me. I'd m issed o ut ac ouple o f the p ins o n the 3 2 way
r
efe rence n u mbers a re c learly s ilk s creened , o n t he e
dge c onnec tor when s o
lde ring i t
, when s olde red t he
board , the a ssemb ly was v ery s t
raigh tforward . b
ats worked . All the g a mes wo rked a se xpected . a nd .t
he
The c olour modu lation c ircu itry i s supplied p re- t
hree h and icap s wi
tches a lso f unc t
ioned c orrec t
ly —
a
ssemb led o n asma l
l P CB, wh ich f i
ts o n t
op o f t
he ma in c
hang ing b at si
ze, b al
l size and s peed .
board , and i sf i
tted l i
ke a l a
rge i ntegra ted c ircuit
. A l
l s i
x Overall t he T elep lay P rogra maga me k it i s we ll
switches we re moun ted o nt he P CB a nd t he 3 2 way e dge t
hough t o ut
, t he 1 2 p ages o f i nstruc t
ions c onta in
c
onnec to r (for t he plug -
in c artridge ) s o
ldered i nplace a t e
nough i nfo rmation f or mos t peop le to b u
ild i t
.W ith the
t
his p o
in t
. A fte r the s witches we re i nstal
led t he b oard a
vai lability o f d ifferent g a me c artridges i t is a n
was moun ted i nthe u ppe r h a
lf of t he c onsole b ox. B oth e
conom ica l way o f h aving f un w ith y our TV , a nd n o
t
t
he D IN c onnec tors ( for t he h and c ontrollers) were g
ett
ing c omp letely b ored w ith the s a me g a me s e
lec tion,
s
upp l
ied w ith l eads f i
tted a nd t he l oose e nds were o
vera nd o ver aga in.

6
8 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
 K
it R
eview
SL OT I
TIN

The ma in d rawback f o
r t he h ome c ons truc tor to al
l the
games h as b een c ost. E ach t ime an ew g ame i sr e
leased
t
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ild,
wel
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ings i nthis
f
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ld. HE
T
he p
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it i
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h
is ar
tic
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up-
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leplay (at 14 S
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nside t
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artr
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.

T
EE-HE
1
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EE-SH
LECTRON
IRTS
ICS
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E
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ey're
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building ita nd we c an help o r
H
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v
4 o b by E
lectronv
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H
obby Electron
ics.
2
5-27 Ox
ford Street
. then either s end u s al
etter (w ith
L
ondon W 1R 1RF. enclosed s ta mped addressed
enve lope ) marked "TECHN ICAL
ENQ UIRY" a t t
he top or ring u s
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ll be publ ished
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n Mon i
tor .

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978 6
9
T
he Tes
la
C
ontroversy
I
t i
s not doubted today t hat Tes
la's na me r
anks w ith t
he major early
r
esearchers into t
he n ature of e
lectr
icity but so me people c
laim that
much ofhis work h as never been made pub lic
. We look at h
is li
fe and
c
areer
BY THE B EG INN ING o f the 1 880s , electr
ica l mach ines
we re f inding t heir way i nto b oth t he com merc ial a nd
domes t
ic fields. Although t he n ature of AC was u nde r
-
s
tood , p ractical
ly a l
l mo tors a nd g enerators we re DC
E
l ec t
ricity was b ecom ing a ccep ted a nd arc-la mps , elec-
t
r
ic l i
fts, pho to-
flood l amps a nd a w ide v ar
ie ty o f other
dev ices we rea appearing .
I
n 1 882 h oweve r
, ay oung man N ikola T esla who h ad
been b orn in Sm ijan in wha t isn ow Y ugos lav ia, started
t
o d evo te his u ndoub ted t a
len ts to inves tiga t
ing AC .
T
es la h ad the u nusua l fl
air f o
r men ta
l v isua lisation o f F
ig. 1
. D
iagra m u
sed by T
esla i
n -T
he E
lectr
ician" t
o e
xpla
in
h
igh ly c omp lex ideas, av irtue s hared b y F araday who h
o w ar
otat
ing f
ield may be p
roduced by a po
ly -phase s
yste m
.
was a lso wo rking a tthat time.
A
t t he end of 1 883 . Tesla exh ibi
ted awo rking mode l (
see Fig
. 2)ofeno rmous propo r
tion at Niagara F
al
ls.
T
esla was a man ofgreat generosity. Iti
ssa
id he to
re
u
p ac ont
ract binding Wes t
inghouse t o p
ay him $12
m
ill
ion — s aying t ha
t it was mo re i mpor
tant for t
he
N
iaga ra p
lant t
o keep the home -l
ights b urn
ing than for
Westinghouse to become bankrup t b ecause o
f adebt to
h
im.

TESLA AND RA DIO

Notw ithstand ing h is already s i
gn ifican t wo rk i n p ower
e
lectrical e nginee r
ing T esla t u
rned t ot hough ts of higher
F
ig. 2
. Sketch o f turb
ine and f
requency ( RF) currents — h ighe r b y fa
r than t he t yp
ical
dyna mo instal
led a t Niagara
Fal
ls — 5000 horsepo wer a t
1 00 H z limit of power g ene rators o f that time .
2000 V. Ten units were instal- T
he p ionee rs of radio h ad s hown h ow a s park d is
-
l
ed. T hey consu med 26 , 000 charge p roduced w ith a n i nduc tor a nd c apac itor
l
bs of water per second . Turb- (
L eyden j a
rs t o begin w i
th ) was f ina
lly p roven t o be an
i
ne (TS) s haft was 1 40 f eet
osci
llatory p rocess l y
ing t ypically i nt he radio f requency
l
ong o f 38 in dia meter. Pen -
s
tock ( P
) del
ivers water t o the band . Rigs t hat produced s uch d ischarges c on t
inued t o
t
urb
ine (
T). be d eve loped . T he a dd i
tion o f av ibrating b e
ll-
like
contac t or spark-gap d ischa rge a rrangemen ts p roduced
o
fa n AC mach ine i nP ar
is. ( F
igure 1i so ne o fT esla's own ac on t
inuous t r
ain of d ischarges . When s tep -up t rans
-
p
ictures.) H e t hen b egan a c a mpa ign h ope fu lly t o f
o rme r action was a l
so i nco rpora ted, t he T esla c o
il was
p
ersuade t he eme rging e lectr
ica l gian ts. s uch a s the f
o rmed . ( Ano ther na me i sthe R uh mko rf
f coil.) Figure 3
Cont
inen tal Edison C ompany , t hat AC t ransm iss ion was i
sa 1
910 T
esla a
ppara
tus
.
more ef
ficient than DC a nd this r esul
ted i n ajob o ffer to
work wi
th E d
ison i n Ame rica. Ac hance s oon c a me , t
he
r
epair of DC g ene rators i n t he o cean -go ing s tea me r
"Oregon ," for him t o show h is skil
ls.
H
is wo rk mus t h ave b een g ood a s h e s oon b ecame
Ed
ison's c h
ief a ssis
tan t.
Afew y ears laterT esla s e
t u p his own l aborato ry from
which he final
ly r epo r
ted ( i
n 1 888 ) t
he e lectromagne tic
r
otary fi
eld wh ich e nabled t hree -phase p owe r transm is-
s
ion t o b e i mple men ted . S ho rt
ly a fter t his, Geo rge
Westinghouse , o f Wes t
inghouse E lectric C o
. b ough t
F
ig. 3
. Modern (
at l
east i
n 1
910
) T
esla c
oil a
pparatus
.
i
nto Tesla's i n
te rests a nd b uil
t ah ydro-e lectric s yste m

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978
7
0
•
I
t was t
he spectacu
lar t
hings Tesla d
id with hi
s radio
f
requency extremely h
igh vol
tage generators t
hatg a
ined
h
im so much f ame. At ale
cture to t
he Ame r
ican Inst
itu-
t
i
on o f Elec
trica
l E ng
ineers, given around 1 891. h e
made a memo rable impression being reported at the
t
ime as

"
his work p laces Tes
la among t he g
reates
t of our
p
resent
-day s c
ientis
ts and inven
tors
, s
uch as E
dison,
Graha m B
el
la nd Thomson."

M ADE H
IS M ARK WITH SPARKS
I
nvita t
ions p oured i n for his s pectacular d isplays w i
th
man -made l i
ghtning a nd R F discharges . His e quip men t
used t wo ki nds ofg enerato r
.
T
he f i
rst was a 3 84 p ole AC d yna mo r unning a t 5 0
r
evo lutions p erm inute tog ive 1 9.2 k Hz
. T he othe r was a
Ruh mko rff-type i nduction c o
il u sed w i
th a c ondense r
(
capac itor) a nd a s park g ap. T his produced t he then
amaz ing h alf am il
lion v ol
ts a t "sco res of thousands o f F
ig. 4
. Tesla amazed the s
cient
ific world i
n 1893 by h
old
ing
g
lo w
ing tubes a
loft w
ithout any electr
ical c
onnect
ions be
ing
c
ycles p er s econd" . It was the l a
tter that impressed h is
made to t
he t
ubes.
audiences , f o
r Tesla "brand ished f laming swords l i
ke a n
a
rchange l" — s ee Fig. 4( or shou ld itb e arc-ange l
! —
d
istance o f 26 m
iles'
. Itissa
id hi
s i
deas f
a
iled to b
e
Ed)
.
e
xploited b y c
om merce because t
he t
r
ansmitted e
lec
-
F
ortuna tely for everybody t hese R E discharges we re
t
r
ic
i ty cou
ld not b
e charged f
or
.

P
‘.
PO WERFUL SECRET?
12
1
;1 .
,

:
, ;I V •

•t T
es
c
la d
osm
ied i
ic r
n 1
ays a
943
s ene
, h is l
rgy s
ast wo
ources
rk b
. T
eing o
he F
n t
ree P
he u
ress r
se o
epor
f
t
c
la
i med t hatthe F BI se
ized h is pape rs and confisca ted a
ll
o
fh i
s r eports
.
D
id T es
la h ave a u nique a nd p owe r
ful s ecret? H e
c
ertainly was a v is
ionary , p erhaps h e did d iscover
s
ome th ing great that isb e
ing w i
thhe ld .
I
th as been sugges ted t hat the R ussians have r ecent
ly
f
ound o ut how h i
s way -ou t expe ri men ts were d one and
i
n d o
ing s o have t apped s ome n ew f orm o f e nergy.
= AL

F
rank ly we d oubt ifthe re isa ny truth int he suppression
— or rediscovery — o f his wo rk b u
t al ot of p
eop le do not
.
••
•••
•••• =•
•
•• a
gree.
F
ig 5.Ac onte mporary p
rint o
fTes
la's expe
ri ments c
onducted Today he istr
uly acknowledged H is na me isused a
s
i
n Be
rlin i
n 1
894. t
he now a dopted u n
it of magnetic fi
eld insens
ity and
mos
t labo
ra to
ries possess Tes
la-coi
ls f
or ion
ising gas i
n
e
vacuated tubes
.
not lethal b u t T esla s a
id when a bou t t o try them o ut f o
r H
E
t
he first time ( expe r
i men te rs we re n aive t osay t he l e ast)
,
"
i
t was a s i f / were p oised t o j ump f rom B rook lyn
Br
idge" .
D
e mons trations i ncluded d raw ing a rcs b etween a
s
tr
ing o f p eop le, a s reco rded , Fig. 5 , i n ac on tempo rary
magaz ine . A no the r was t o make Ge issle r tubes ( g
lass
t
ubes f il
led w ith r arified a ir b ut h aving n o e lec trical
c
on tac t w ith e xterna l c ircui ts
) g low wh ilst s uspended
be
tween , b ut we ll free o f, the p oles o f h igh h igh -vo ltage
t
ransfo rme r.
I
n hi s 1 899 h e b u
ilt ah uge e xpe ri men tal b arn a t
Co
lo rado S prings i nC o
lo rado — 3 0 me tres long a nd 7/ 2
1

metres w ide o n t op o f wh ich was a 2 5 me tre t owe r

s
uppo rting a 6 0 me tre mas t. At t he t op was a 1 me tre
d
ia me te r coppe r b a
ll.
H
e s ubsequen t
ly p roved t he e arth i s elec trica lly
c
ha rged a t ah igh p oten t
ia l. T he L os A ngeles F ree P ress
r
epo rted v isiona ry i deas n o
t y et e xplo i
ted — u se o f t he
e
arth's r esonance e ne rgy a nd t he l aunch ing o f waves o f
e
lectrical e ne rgy t o t ransm it p owe r t o p laces r e mo te
f
rom g ene rato rs. T he re was t a
lk o fc ha rging t he e arth t o
p
roduce t remendous v oltages a nd o ft e
rm ina ls toe xtrac t F
ig. 6
. Th
is pr
int of1894 s
ho ws t
he l
aboratory equ
ip ment u
sed
i
t
.T esla i ss aid t o have ' l
it 200 i ncandescent l amps a t a i
n Tes
la's exper
i ments
.

Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1978 7
1
 T
E
LEPHONE
SECOND GENERAT
ION T
ANITRON
IK L
TD. (
Dep
t. H
E) O
RL E
TTER

I
NDUCT ION Wes
t M
id
217 T
ollEnd R
lands DY4 O
HW
oad
.T
.T
e
i
cnon
l 021-557 9
144

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P
lus £
1-00p8
.p P
ius i
f-80 VAT

S
rrid i
i
, 1
1, 1
,111 p 0111 .1“, slu r TAMTRON IK 4 Dept
. HE/2
4
6 LO WFIELD ROAD
C
o m mun
ica
tion Measu
re men
tLt
ri VIDEOTIME 4 S
TOCKPORT, CHES.061-480 2
179
1
5 M A11
.1 NS O N OVAL H A RR O GATE YORKS

7
2 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
G
ood E
vans
Gary E
vans s
ho ws u
s a
nother peek a
t t
he l
atest d
eve
lop ments

WH ICH CAME F IRST — T he custome r or the c h

ip? Iask a
nd p roviding either ad ecade count (9999 ) o
r tim
ing
because Ir emembe r the days when i twas f a
irly obvious c
ount ( 5959 ) —you '
ll have some idea of a
n al
l-s
inging,
what a ny n ew I C from a s emiconduc tor manu fac
turer a
l-danc ing produc t
.
was mean t tod o. Marke t research h ad been c arried out
, P
eop le are undoub ted
ly going to use t
hese ICs but
a" need" i denti
fied a nd the device to sui
t d esigned a nd o
ne feels the dev
ice h as no p
art
icu
lar user i
nm ind — It
's
manu factured, w ith i t
s re
lease a ccompan ied b y com- r
a
the r ab l
itz a
pp roach.
p
rehens ive a ppl
ica t
ion i n
forma t
ion . Ac lear e xa mp
le of
t
his sort of p rocess a re t he early d ays o f T rans
istor
T
ransistor L og
ic (TTL )
. R
ISE AND CH
I ME
The f i
rst series o f T TL was d esigna ted Sma ll S cale One o ft he mos td ifficu ltt hings If i
nd a bou t d oing my j ob
In
tegra t
ion ( SS I), t h
is r efer r
ing t o t he n u mbe r of l og
ic i
sg etting u p int he mo rning . E njoy ing my d aily toil a s I
gates o n o ne c h
ip . A s manufac turers g ot b etter a t do, i t
's s t
i
ll a n e no rmous t ask t o c onvince my s leep ing
p
roduc ing t he I Cs s o the n u mbe r ofg ates i twas p ossible body t hat t he time h as o nce a gain c ome t o r epo rt f or
t
o p ut in as ing le c hip r ose — wha t to do w ith the e xtra wo rk.
power? F ie
ld s urveys s howed t hat t he s imp le l og ic Af ew y ears a go Iwas woken u p b y the mos t effec tive
f
unc tions o fS SI we re b e
ing c omb ined i ncerta in ways ( to
, o
fa larm c locks, organ ic b ased , itn eve rf a
iled t o wake me
f
orm s hif
t registe rs, J K fl
ip f lops etc.) by many e nd u se rs and made t he who le p rocess o f return ing t o t he l and o f
— i twas o bvious wha t t o provide w i
th in MS 1 packages . l
a bour a ll the mo re p leasan t b y prov id ing v arious f oods
ages . t
os et me u pf o
rt he d ay. T he d evice was , n eed less t os ay
The manu fac ture rs, b eing v ery c lever, k ept on p ack - unique a nd u sually r e
fe rred t o as Mu m .
i
ng more a nd mo re into l ess and l ess u nt
il we r each t he My f i
rst digita
l c l ock me t mos t of my r equ iremen ts. It
s
i
tua tion t oday when i ti s possible t o i mp lemen t the neve rs topped , didn 't keep me awake b yt icking a nd h ad
equ iva len t o
f awho le a r my o fT TL circuitry o nto as ingle ana larm t hat blea ted f ora n h our — more t han e nough t o
c
hip o f si
licon. T his i st he s i
tua t
ion t hat promp ted my ove rcome a ny early mo rn ing r eluc tance o n my b eha lf.
i
nitial q ues t
ion . Going b ack t o my f ond ly-remembered o rgan ic s ys-
W ith s o much ' Powe r- a vai
lab le a nd so much money t
em , t hough , Is t
ill m issed s ome s us tenance a t wak ing
i
n ves ted i nthe d evelopmen to fany p articular d ev
ice , itis up t ime . T he solu t
ion was t o build my own t a
ilor made
imposs ible f or t he s em iconduc tor manufac turer t o s
ys tem b ased o n t he " STAC" t imer f rom N a tiona l.
dedica te a n IC t o o ne s pecific func tion ( unless h e c an This i s ap rogra m mab le t ime r t ha t has f our o u tpu ts
p
red ict v ast sales o f t h
is o ne produc t i.
e. t he AY -8500 e
ach o f wh ich c an b e c onnec ted t o v arious i t
ems o f
TV g a mes c hip ). I nstead h e mus t try a nd g o f o
r a n a
ppara tus a nd can b e s w
itched o n o r off a t four s e
lec t-
a
l
l-s ing ing , al
l-danc ing d evice thatw i
ll tryt oa ppea l toa s a
ble t imes .
many u sers as p ossible. T he dange r is
, of course , tha t it Connec t o ne o utpu t t o ak ett
le , o ne t o t he b eds ide
w
ill a ppea l t
o n obody . l
amp , a nothe r to t he r ad io a nd t he l a
st to al oud b uzze r
a
nd y ou h ave t he p erfec t a larm s ystem t ha t c an b e
An exa mple ofth
is la
test breed ofdevices that Ihad t o a
djus ted t o y our own n eeds .
d
eal wi
th t he othe
r day ist he ICM 7 21 7i 7227 s er
ies Rad io f i
rst, fol
lowed b y light a nd k ettle w ith a larm
f
r
om I n
tersi
l. t
imed t o c oincide w ith t he b oiling o f t he k et
tle , o r
If Isay t hat the ICs a re f our digit, prese ttab le p
erhaps k ettle fi
rs t w ith t he r est g o
ing o f
f i n o ne g o a s
u
p/down c ounters wi
th a n onboard prese ttab
le r egister t
he k ettle b oi
ls — i t's u p to y ou.
c
ont
inuous ly compa red to the counter
, i n
tended f or use I
two rks f or me — n oto nly d o Ig ett o wo rk o n time b ut
i
n hardwired or process c ontrol si
tuations, capab le o f I
'm a ble t o g et o n w ith i t when Ia rr
ive h aving b een
d
r
iving c om mon a node o r c om mon c athode d isplays , f
ortified w ith the v ital e arly mo rning c uppa .

Co
w Aqf o
N
tS Noo
k
p
o\o
,
.1 c
iRour N
AS $1
, r aca
(kUll
.1

5
(0 M IS '
<Y•E
• FROI:OSEt
i ‘
0, m
ok
pt
.
SO
rnow Pe
crS
i.c
.3
1,-A w
oo
10 =
4
.
0)0
44.. -r
y
i. -(
t
+
c
i
t
A
.PAH1 err
c
ou
rif
tNS
114:>-

H
obby E
lec
tron
ics
, D
ecembe
r 1
978 7
3
 Ie l
a
y
T
E L
eEPLAY

T
e
h
av p
roduced an ew product J u st
o
feasy t
oIa
ss
yem
ou
rblef
a
rni
c
a
lr
yt
,
ridt
h
ga
e
tgaw
i
ll
me s,
n
otA
f
oDD
r
g
o oue
a
tch
ofnew
d
at.c
e a
rtr
idge,
a
si tb
ecome sa v
ailable,and your
• c ent
re w i
ll b
eu p to

p
r
esen
ts
You w
ill
c
olou r v
iT way.
e
leplay Wh
d
ate t
he
y
o a n e l
t
h o
ng run. Works OK o n Black and i
teT V
.

P
ROGRAMA9A
o
falt
i
me! T
he Te
leplay itc ons
i stsof aProfe
ssiona
l Fin
ished
I
nject Moulde d Box - Joystick Fl
and Cont
rols -
o
oe c
ar tr
idge which con
sists of10garne
s -
F
ootba l
l, Tennis, S
o
lo S quash (1&2
p
l
ayer s
)
, Hockey, Basketbal
l (1&2
p
layers), Shoo
t e
tc. Mains Adap
tor .A
l
l
h
o
le sa
re p
re
-d r
il
led - No Spec
ia l
e
quipmen
t required
. Yo u
'
l
l bes u
rpri
sed
h
ovv e
a
s yi
tistoa
s
semble t
hi
s
s
i
onal k
t !I
i n
struc
tion Manua
l
s
upp
p
r l
i
o
fe
esd s
epa
ra tly a
e t0.
45p
. TELEPLAY
G
IVES YOU T V
VICE T UN E
HE F S
BS
UIOING
ILD L

AND P
LAY
ING T
HE MOST P
ROF NA
GAME K
IT E
VER O
FFERED
.

*
C Ma
3F
ac
in C
il
i
onso
ty H
Sw
i
le h
and
as
icap
tches
.
ing

E
very 3months aN
EW game wil
l become a va
ilable t
oy ou
a
nd tho
se a
l
ready u
nde
r p S
p
roda
ucc
te W
ionari
n
c,
lV
uip
deS
e uO
uta
bm a
n
rdne
i m
sany
,
more. The price o
f the
se wi
ll
v
ary fr
orn £12 w £ 19 cl
epending s
F
eri
jn
Ib
l
Vle
u
pon t he co:ep
lexity o.
fthe g
ame. a a
dd
+ 5
6 V
AT 1
295 3 0
f 5
A
dditiona
l c tr
idges NOW 08 VAT
4games C
art
ridgesans
o
dt
ru
ol
Hsr
li a
.
l
rE
D EFFE
l
B
e
a
l
t
C
c
r.
o
Td
9
I
Sy5w
s
ith b
asickit+ E
E
l
l c1
4meVAT
omple
te w ith
o c
a
va
S
ti
l
una
tb
le In
clu
cle
: Hand C
on Car
tridge
sse and
- d,e n
- Con tr
oIs p
rinted ca
ss
emb l ye
a
s y
tt
i
n
s r
ou
ct
if
o
l
olnow
s
.
1
e- Car
tri
Road R e -2g
ac arnes C
artr
idge REALISTic
lan"Ba" A
ll parts

E
lec
tri
calk
now
ledge i
snot an
ece
ssi
ty t
oas
semb
le t
h
isp
rojec
t -j
us
tsimp
le s
o
lde
ring
.
C
heques a
nd Pos
tal Orders t
ob e m
ade payable t
oT ELEPLAY ; s
end y
our o
rder (No S
tamp Needed
) t
o
T
elep
lay, F
reepos
t, Ba
rne t
, E N5 2BR orte
lephone your o
rder q
uot
ing y
our Ba
rclayca
rd orAccess n
umbe
r.
Que
ries a
nd T echn
ical Adv
ice o
ffered e
i
ther by p
hone o
rby c
al
ling atour s
hop
.
B
ARC
LAYCARD
SHOP OPEN -
10am t
o7pm -Monday t
oSa
turday Af
t
CLOSE TO NE W BARNET BR S
TAT
ION MOORGATE L
INE B
Y*A
rle
vek
tre
.

W
atch t
h
isp
age e
ach month f
o
rnew c
ar
tridge
s, a
sth
ey b
ecome a
vai
lab
le. A
l
l p
r
ices i
nc
lude P
ostage
.
C
o mpare o
ur p
rice
s w
ith s
imi
lar p
roduc
ts i
n t
he b
ig s
tore
s, wh
ich c
ost w
ello
ver £
100
.
EUROPE
'S LARGEST S
TOCK
IST OF TV GA ME CO MPONENTS
.

1
4 S
t
dtion R
oad
, N
ew B
a
tne
t, H
ert
s E
N5 1
QW T
e
l 0
1 4
40 7
033 0
1-44
1 2
922

7
4 Hobby E
lectron
ics
, Dece mber 1
978
H
obby E
lectron
ics
RES
ISTOR COLOUR CODE CAPAC
ITOR COLOUR CODE

1
.
1A B C

D(
t
ole
rance
)
BLACK 0 --o
hms B
LACK 2
0%
WH
ITE 1
0%
-k -
Aa
nd B: As f
or
r
e
sisto
rs.
YELLOW 4 -- k E(
vo
ltage
)

V
IOLET
GREY 8
WH
ITE 9

D(
t
olerance
) A =1
, B =0
, C = --0 k
,s o v
a
lue
i
s100 k
; D =a
ccuracy = 2%

A =4, B =7, C = --n

,s o v
a
lue i
s
• 4
7 n; D =accuracy = 1
0%; E-
C v
oltage = 2
50 V

BR
ITISH S
TANDARD COMPONENT MARK
INGS

M (
p
ronounced mega
) means mu
ltip
ly b
y 10
00 0
00,
k(
pronounced k
i
lo) means multip
ly b
y 1000,
m (
p
ronounced mi
lli) means d
iv
ide b
y 1000
,
u(
p
ronounced m
icro
) means d
iv
ide b
y 10
00 0
00,
n(
p
ronounced n
ano
) means d
iv
ide b
y 10
00 0
00 0
00 a
nd
p(
p
ronounced p
ico
) means d
iv
ide b
y 10
00 0
00 0
00 0
00.
S
o when w
e w
rite 1
0 mV
, w
e mean (
10 /1
000
) V
, o
r 0
.01 V
. N
ote
: i
tisu
sua
l t
o l
e
ave t
he "
F" a
nd "
oh m"
o
ut a
l
together when wr
iting
, but a
sw e r
arely t
a
lk about r
e
sis
tance
s l
e
ss t
han one o
hm or c
apac
itances g
rea
ter
t
han o
ne fa
rad, t
his d
oes no
t cause t
oo much confi
ision
.
E
xamp le
s: 1 0 uV = (
10 /10 00 000) V =0
.000 001 V; 3
30 R =330 ohms (
R i
sused f
or ohms when
no mu
ltipl
ier i
sn eeded
); 1 0 k -10 000 o
hm s
; 3.9 mV =0.003 9 v
ol
ts; 3
.9 u = 0
.000 003 9 f
arads
.
N
ow, a
tso me s
tage, s
o meone dec
ided to j
azz u
p the s
ys
tem by p
utting t
he s
uff
ix i
nplace of t
he d
eci mal p
oin
t,
s
o t
hat
: 4
k3 i
s43
00 o
hms a
nd 4
u9 i
s0.000 0
04 9 f
a
rads
.
A
lso
, i
ncase one of t
he d
igits g
ot l
os
t, i
tw as d
ecided t
hat t
here s
hou
ld a
lways b
e a
t l
eas
t t
hree n
umbe
rs o
r
l
e
tte
rs i
nt he v
alue, s
o
: 5 k iswr
itten 5
k0, etce
te ra
.
E
xamp les
: 3M0 = 3 M o hms = 3 0
00 000 o hm
s; 4n5 =4.5 nF =0
.000 000 0
04 5 f
a
rads
.

I
NTEGRATED C
IRCU
IT NUMBERS

TTL
: E
xamp
le: DM 7
4121

manu
facture
r d
evice f
unc
tion (
2 o
r 3d
ig
its
)

CMOS
: D
)4 E
xamp
le: CA 4
015 B

manufac
tu-e
r d
evice f
unc
tion e
lectr
ica
l frag
il
ity (A =do no
t h
andle — s
ta
tic
(
2d ig
its
) c
harges wi
ll des
troy d
evice
; Bor C =p
rotected
a
gainst s
tat
ic)

OTHER TYPES
: E
xamp
les
: LM 3
09, CA 3
011, NE 5
55

manu
fac
ture
r d
evice f
unc
tion (
3 o
r mo
re d
ig
its
)
 e
very
thing f
o
rthe mode
rn DI
Y
.el
ect
ron
ics e
nthus
ias
tand m
ore
.

10 CH A N NEL STE RE O
CR AP HI C EQU AL
ISER
'i
ew des
ign wth no do
ff
icu
ll co
ils tow
ind but as p
ecif
ica
tion th
at
1
00 W RMS STEREO D
ISCO xint h
e l
op f
li
ght hrtocl
ass A l t
h
is t
o
r a r
ound f7 0 i
nc
luding
I
NTE GR ATE D C
IR CUITS
pu
nched and pr
inted me
talwo rk a
nd woodwo rk Send to
r our
Ag
enu
ine I
DOW A
MP p
e
r c
hanne
l l
h
oth c
hanne
ls d
r
iven
' s
t
ereo d
i
sco n
ponent sch
edule now F u
ll const
ruc
tion de
tails pr
ice 25
13 lAl
w
i
th a
u
to f
a
de o
n m
icrophone V
U m
ete
rs f
u
l
l m
oni
tor
ing a
nd c
ue
ing I,CS i
nc
lude kA Ia nd pPsP 1 D
yer 35 p
ages i
nour s
ataloque Peewee toh u
ndreas o
h
f
a
cil
it
ies a nd avery high u
s
efin IC s Al w
ith da
ta p in connec
tions and many
q
ual
ity lo
ght show C om / w
i
th app
lica
tions c
i
rcu
its and pr
otects t
ob u
i
ld P o
st t
he
p
i
ele const
ruchoo booklet c
oupon n
owt
M
ES4 1 pr
ice 259 Cabinet
t
omes c omple
te w i
th l i
d
a
nd ca
rrying h
andles

0 0 0 0 O m
il
i1 111 111 1
,111 1 4 .1
777
1; W r1
/
4,

VERY LO W
- DIST ORT
ION
AUD
IO OSC
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i
ncludes s quare wave o u
tpu t
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he re
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CAY I1320 f
i
rst se
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orld now a va
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Cs tor
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6 86 Pre
lim
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a
round C 21 F ull c
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tai
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r Octobe
r news
let
ter Comp
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deta
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n o u
r c a
talogue S end a
trac
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le s
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t
t
he c oupon b e
low n owt A l
l r
ea
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ounding el
ectron
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ano we t
o eve
r h ea
rd a nd
prices Include V A T a nd i
n
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amping lo
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o
ft p
eda
ls Fu
ll d
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ils i
n
o
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r n
ews
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ters l
A
l p
r
ices i
n
clude VAT a
n
d p6
9 1

SW
ITC HES
PE D AL UNIT
W
e s t
ock aw ide range ols w
itches inc
luding areal
ly
Ac omple
tely s e
ll con
tained p eda
l u n
it 1 3 no
te 2O c
tave
l
ow pr
iced hi
gh qua
lity in
ter
locking push but
ton s
witch
r
a
nge 4o r gan slaps I tcan be added toan
y o rgan Ar e
ally
s
y
stem w hich isex
tremely versati
le W e o
n go
t to
ggle
u
nusual ext ra i s the bass guitar slop w h
ich u ses l our
s
witches s l
ide s witches p ush s w
itches r o
tary
e
nvelope shape rs togi
ve ar ea
l bass gu
itar s
ound Am us
t t o
r
s
wi
tches - t here a
r e d
ozens t ochoose from bu
t i ts
t
h
e s o
lo g
uita r
ist F u
l
l construct
ion deta
ils i
no u
r c a
talogue
o
n
ly at i
ny pa
rt ofour fa
ntast
ic range
p
ost th
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