Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Engineering Science and Technology,

an International Journal
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jestch

Full Length Article

Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in

Djibouti-city, Djibouti
Abdoulkader Ibrahim Idriss a, Ramadan Ali Ahmed b, Abdou Idris Omar a, Rima Kassim Said b,
Tahir Cetin Akinci c,⇑
a
Laboratoire de Recherche en Science et Technologies Industrielles (GRE), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical, and Energy Engineering, University of Djibouti,
Street Djanaleh, B.P. 1904, Djibouti
b
Laboratoire de Recherche en Science et Technologies Industrielles (GRE), Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Djibouti, Street Djanaleh, B.P.
1904, Djibouti
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Djibouti has an ambitious program to develop and expand its energy demand to satisfy local demand and
Received 5 May 2019 increase the energy access in rural and urban areas. The renewable energy development is vital in
Revised 15 June 2019 Djibouti’s strategy including 2020’s vision. To increase investment in clean energy by reducing depen-
Accepted 16 June 2019
dence on oil and derivative products, Djibouti want to be the first sub-Saharan African nation using
Available online xxxx
100% clean energy. This paper examines, for the first time, wind energy potential at Djibouti-city using
5-years (2014–2018) wind speed data collected at 10 m height of wind power using Weibull parameters.
Keywords:
Such a study was not feasible before due to the lack of data in this urban area. The results showed the
Wind speed
Weibull distribution
possibility to implement and develop urban wind energy sector in Djibouti-city for domestic applications.
Wind power density The statistical wind speed, the wind rose, and the power density were computed. This study is also part of
Wind turbine the implementation project of five micro wind turbines of 1–25 kW in different height areas. The strong
Capacity factor wind flows are Eastern and Western over the considered period.
Urban The Polaris P12-25 wind turbine provided the best capacity factor (CF = 9.629%) and energy output
Djibouti (AEP = 2.1
104 MWh) comparing to the others technologies because the study site having low monthly
wind speeds. Finally, according to the analysis of wind power production, Djibouti-city needs to install
the wind turbines with high hub height greater than 30.5 m for efficient harvesting.
Ó 2019 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction development, the plants using renewable energy sources should

Depending on oil price volatility, EDD which stands for
Electricity of Djibouti has the legal monopoly of the transport
and the distribution of electric energy on the whole national terri-
tory. The EDD [1] tariffs range from a social price of 0.21$/kWh to
0.52$/kWh paid by industrial customers. The cost of electricity in
Djibouti is high compared to neighboring countries like Ethiopia
and Kenya [1].Although Djibouti is rich by geothermal resources
from renewable energy sources, it does not have hydroelectric
power plants. In this sense, it is dependent on foreign energy.
The demand for energy is constantly increasing in the world. In
order to meet the need for energy, thermal power plants using
fossil fuels are used. In order to ensure continuity in economic
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: akincitc@itu.edu.tr (T.C. Akinci).
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University.
be increased [2].In this sense, small wind turbines are designed
and implemented to contribute to meeting the local energy needs
[3–7]. The development of technology ensures the continuous
improvement of wind turbine dimensions and performance. The
efficiency and performance of wind turbines are increasing in pro-
portion to the quality of energy production in the turbines [8–13].
The wind speed measured in urban centers can be affected by
the positioning of buildings in the city [4,14]. In this case, the wind
prediction for enterprises using small wind turbines should be
done with a two-parameter Weibull probability distribution
[15,16].
In this study, a five-year wind speed data of Djibouti was ana-
lyzed by micro wind turbine in the city center of Djibouti. The data
obtained from the anemometer at a height of 10 m were used in
the analysis. The goal of this study is to determine the economic
impact of energy produced by micro wind turbines and attract
the interest of investors. Moreover, this study is one of the first

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004
2215-0986/Ó 2019 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article as: A. I. Idriss, R. A. Ahmed, A. I. Omar et al., Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in Djibouti-city, Djibouti,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004
2 A.I. Idriss et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

studies evaluating the wind potential in the Republic of Djibouti.

Weibull distribution function gives good results in the analysis of
variable data. This is the most efficient method for the distribution
functions that best fit the measured data [17–21].
In this study, the data collected is located at different heights of
five wind turbines, examining the performance of these five-year
data, the average daily and monthly wind speed was considered
average power output and capacity factor.

2. Site description and theoretical background

The location of the weather station for the wind energy poten-
tial assessment is in Djibouti-city (11.5658 °N; 43.15435 °E; alti-
tude 7 m). The city is situated in East Africa and has a typical
tropical climate and is officially classed as a maritime desert: a cli-
matic region that is hot and humid in winter and extremely hot
and humid in the summer. In the maritime desert, the air temper-
ature is only slightly less than those of the inland regions. How-
ever, the presence of the warm ocean in the area creates a high
level of humidity. The temperatures are high at 20–30 °C during
the cool season from October to April and 30–45 °C during the
hot season from May to September.
Detailed analysis is required for small wind projects. In this
planning, the country’s altitude, meteorological characteristics,
and wind speeds of past periods are the main criteria for estimat-
ing data. There are several methods used in the literature to deter-
mine the wind potential [22–27].
In this study, wind speed was evaluated on meteorological data.
Table 1 shows the performancemeasure of the wind speed and def-
inition. Wherein the Weibull probability density function (f (v)),
cumulative distribution function (F (v)), power density (PD),
energy density (ED), the average power output (Pe, ave), capacity
factor (CF) as shown, and annual energy output (AEP). These quan-
tities describe the performance of micro-turbine in relation to
wind potential, wind characteristic in the site and energy produc-
tion. In determining the potential of wind energy, the turbine
should be installed in the location and wind performance [24].
3. Results and discussions
The wind speed data was measured at Djibouti-city weather
station over a period of 5 years and was recorded every 10 min
interval and was measured at 10 m. Fig. 1 shows the probability
density function and cumulative distribution function. The his-
togram represents the measured wind speed data. The probability
density function and Weibull cumulative density function are
given in Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively. The values of the shape
Fig. 1. Statistical functions at 10 m height upon 5 years.
and scale parameters are 1.88 and 1.96 m/s, respectively. The prob-
ability density curve indicates the most frequent wind speed,
which is 1.3 m/s with the probability of 42.1%. In statistical analy-
sis, the cumulative distribution gives the possibility of being equal
to or lower than the wind speed. Djibouti Republic of Djibouti as a
result of the analysis made in the city’s maximum winds of 6 m/s
was measured to have reached.
Table 2 shows the monthly mean wind speed characteristics
and wind energy potential. The results show that the values of c
and k parameters, obtained are in the range from 1.462 m/s to
2.830 m/s and from 1.410 to 2.410, respectively. VF and the VE val-
ues were obtained using Equations (4) and (5). The mean wind
speed value is low 1.247 m/s was in June, while February appears
to have the highest mean wind speed value of 2.329 m/s. The low-
est and highest VF is 0.609 m/s for June and 2.266 m/s in February,
respectively. The value of wind speed denotes VE ranges from
2.223 m/s to 4.212 m/s. According to the Equations (6) and (7),
the min. and max. power densities occur in June and February,
respectively. The energy density gives the minimum value of
0.855 kWh/m2 in June and the maximum value of 5.2 kWh/m2 in
February, respectively.
To estimate the wind energy potential, Fig. 2 shows VFand VE
wind speeds for the monthly periods (5-year average). The values
of VF are ranged from0.6 m/s (in June) to 2.26 m/s (in February).
Also, the values of VE are ranged from 2.22 m/s (in October) to
4.21 m/s (in August). These two values included in wind turbine
design calculation [28,29].
Fig. 3 displays a 2-years (2015 and 2016) distribution of wind
speed series, the hourly variation of mean wind speed, the wind

Table 1
Summary of the performance measures equations for wind resources analysis.

Performance measures Definition Equations

Vertical variation of wind speed VðZ R Þ ¼ VðZÞ½lnðZ R =Z 0 Þ=lnðZ=Z 0 Þ (1)
Probability density function (PDF) f ðVÞ ¼ ðk=cÞðV=cÞk1 eðV=cÞ
k
(2)
Cumulative distribution function (CDF) FðVÞ ¼ 1  eðV =cÞ
k
(3)
Most probable wind speed (VF) V F ¼ cððk  1Þ=kÞ
1=k (4)
Wind speed carrying maximum energy (VE) V E ¼ cððk þ 2Þ=kÞ
1=k (5)
Power density (PD) P D ¼ 12 qV 3m (6)
Energy density (ED) ED ¼ P D T (7)
Weibull shape parameter (k) kðhÞ ¼ k0 ½1  0:088lnðh0 =10Þ=½1  0:088lnðh=10Þ (8)
n
Weibull scale parameter (c) cðhÞ ¼ c0 ðh=h0 Þ (9)
Exponent n n ¼ ½0:37  0:088lnðc0 Þ=½1  0:088lnðh=10Þ (10)
n o 
Average power output (Pe, ave) (11)
ðeðV c =cÞ  eðV r =cÞ Þ=ððV r =cÞk  ðV c =cÞk Þ  eðV f =cÞ
k k k
P e;av e ¼ P eR

Capacity factor (Cf) Cf ¼ P e;av e =P eR (12)

Annual energy output (AEP) AEP ¼ Cf
P eR
t (13)

Please cite this article as: A. I. Idriss, R. A. Ahmed, A. I. Omar et al., Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in Djibouti-city, Djibouti,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004
 A.I. Idriss et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx 3

Table 2
Analysis of wind speed characteristics in Djibouti over considered period.

Month Vm (m/s) c (m/s) k VF (m/s) VE (m/s) PD (W/m2) ED (kwh/m2)

Jan 1.710 2.135 1.802 1.363 3.230 3.063 2.279
Feb 2.329 2.830 2.410 2.266 3.636 7.738 5.200
Mar 1.801 2.180 2.290 1.697 2.868 3.578 2.662
Apr 1.541 1.877 2.095 1.377 2.585 2.241 1.614
May 1.339 1.612 1.710 0.964 2.536 1.470 1.094
Jun 1.247 1.462 1.410 0.609 2.736 1.188 0.855
Jul 1.669 1.598 1.966 1.113 2.283 2.848 2.119
Aug 1.782 2.348 1.47 1.081 4.212 3.466 2.579
Sep 1.375 1.716 1.668 0.991 2.752 1.592 1.146
Oct 1.688 1.660 2.207 1.263 2.223 2.946 2.192
Nov 1.839 2.297 2.060 1.664 3.194 3.809 2.743
Dec 1.502 1.840 1.527 0.917 3.183 2.075 1.544
Annual 1.652 1.963 1.885 1.276 2.953 3.001 2.169

Fig. 2. Comparing the periodic VF and VE wind speeds.
rose and the detailed monthly mean frequencies for main prevail-
ing wind direction at 10 m hub height. Speed and direction of wind
change rapidly with time. An example for a 2-years distribution of
wind speed series over the study area is shown in Fig. 3(a). Here,
the wind fluctuates between 0 and 7.1 m/s. The lack of data during
the data acquisition is observed for few days between the 9th and
30th are missing for September 2015 due to a technical problem of
the cup-anemometer. We can see a close similarity of the wind
speed for both years confirming a constancy profile of data for all
considered period. These values from the distribution obtained in
Fig. 3(a) are statistically analysed to generate monthly wind speed
contour map obtained in Fig. 3(b). The hourly wind speed values
range from 0 to 3.2 m/s. Maximum wind speed was observed from
10 h to 8 h pm. Also, the results reveal that from January to March,
the wind speeds values are relatively high and till 3.2 m/s. From
April to August, wind speeds are low (1–1.5 m/s). Wind speed den-
sity was high during working hours, which is crucial for micro-
wind generators users in the urban zone. The wind rose diagram
is a favourite method to represent wind speed as a function of
direction. Fig. 3(c) shows a frequency rose with a relative
frequency of different wind speed ranges (indicated by the color
code in the legend section of the graph) of the study site upon
5 years analysis. Fig. 3(d) illustrates the detailed monthly mean

Fig. 3. (a) A two years (2015 and 2016) distribution of wind speed series, (b) Monthly hourly mean wind speeds contour map (c) Annual frequencies of wind rose and (d)
Detailed monthly mean frequencies for main prevailing wind direction at the Djibouti-city at 10 m hub height.

Please cite this article as: A. I. Idriss, R. A. Ahmed, A. I. Omar et al., Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in Djibouti-city, Djibouti,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004
4 A.I. Idriss et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx

frequencies for main prevailing wind direction obtained in Fig. 3 of the selected wind turbines are shown in Fig. 5. The graph illus-
(c). The dominant wind direction is eastern winds throughout trates the power available from each wind turbine (indexed from A
the year (61.3%) and it reaches its minimum (10.39%) the summer to E) across a range of wind speeds.
periods. The second dominant sector of wind direction observed is The chosen horizontal wind turbines have various capacities
western winds (36.05%), recorded from May to October due to rel- from 1 kW to 25 kW from different manufacturers to estimate
atively high levels of the Khamsin which is a hot dry wind that their performance in the Djibouti-city. These turbines were also
brings clouds of sand. Also, some south-easterly and north- considered for their reasonable cost.
easterly wind exist during the transition months of April and The estimated Capacity factor (Cf) and the annual energy output
September with the frequency values range from 0 to 15.57%. (AEP) are the performance indicator of the turbine’s generation
Fig. 4 presents the monthly mean wind speed profile and the capacity. The Eqs. (8)–(12) were usedto calculate the monthly power
average energy density in Djibouti-city for the different heights output from each turbine. Fig. 6(a) and (b) depict the monthly aver-
for the five-year period. As can be observed in Fig. 4(a), throughout age Cf and AEP of generation for five turbines upon 5 years.
the whole year, the monthly average wind speed has similar distri-
bution and varies from 1.2 m/s to 2.65 m/s for different heights,
with maximum values observed in February, August, and Novem-
ber. The wind speed increases with height variation (H = 10, 20
and 30 m) as expressed in Equation (1) (with Zr is the reference
height (10 m) and Z0 is the roughness length, which is 0.0024 m
for open terrain with the smooth surface has been used in the cal-
culation). It is also noted in the histogram plot in Fig. 4(b) the aver-
age energy density varies between 0 kWh/m2 and 7.5 kWh/m2
with maximum points obtained in February, August, and Novem-
ber. The PD in Djibouti-city can be included into class 1 with a value
of 3 W/m2 and it is limited but it is appropriate for low potential
wind turbines in urban and small communities. In a study con-
ducted by [30,31], the Ethiopian wind energy is categorised as class
1 with the wind speed data according to class of 3.5–5.6 m/s.
Djibouti-city is located in the coastal Djibouti region on the Gulf
of Tadjoura, and its wind energy potential varies depending on
the region. The available wind potential for Djibouti-city couldn’t
be estimated due to lack of data on other areas.

4. Wind turbines characteristics and performance

Depending on the site’s wind speed profile, we selected five

commercial wind turbines with technical parameters (cut-in (Vc),
rated (Vr) and cut-off (Vf) wind speeds, hub height, and the rated
electrical power (PeR)) are given in Table 3 and the power curves Fig. 5. Power curves of selected five turbines (indexed from A to E).

Fig. 4. Plots comparing monthly average (a) wind speeds variations and (b) energy density at the different hub heights (10, 20, and 30 m) of whole-year data series covering
2014–2018.

Table 3
Technical details of the wind turbine model from different manufacturers.

Turbine index Wind turbine Model Vc (m/s) Vf (m/s) Vr (m/s) Hub height (m) PeR (kW)
A AEOLOS-1 1.5 50 10 2.8 1
B AEOLOS V-5 2.5 52.5 10 5.3 5
C HAWT-5 3 60 11 12 5
D HAWT-11 3 25 10 18 11
E POLARIS P12-25 2.7 25 10 30.5 25

Please cite this article as: A. I. Idriss, R. A. Ahmed, A. I. Omar et al., Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in Djibouti-city, Djibouti,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004
 A.I. Idriss et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 6. Monthly mean of (a) Cf and (b) AEP of five wind turbines using mean wind speed at 10 m hub height of whole-year data series covering 2014–2018.
In August, the values of Cf are 4.324, 5.397, 3.337, 5.509 and
9.629 respectively while been lowest in July and October.
Turbines E and D had the highest capacity factors. The highest
annual power energy output is given by turbine E with a
value of 2.1
104 MWh, whereas the lowest value is given by
turbine A with a value of 0.14
104 MWh. The results are
affected by the wind speed’s profile of the site and characteristic
of each wind turbine. The highest capacity factor of the wind
generators will give the highest value of annual power energy
production. Although, the Cf was relatively low (10%) in the
study area.
5. Conclusion
In this study, the first wind energy potential and micro-turbine
performance analysis were carried out in Djibouti. Five years wind
speed data were subjected to Weibull k and c parameters and other
statistical analyses. The most important outcomes are summarized
as follows:
1. The monthly mean wind speed is recorded as 1.247 m/s and
2.329 m/s in June and February, respectively. The monthly
mean energy and power densities values are respectively com-
puted as 1.188 W/m2, 0.855 kWh/m2 in June and 7.7738 W/m2,
2 kWh/m2 in February.
2. k ranges from 1.41 to 2.41 while c is ranged from 1.462 m/s to
2.83 m/s.
3. The measured time history of wind speed confirming a con-
stancy profile of data for all considered period. The monthly
wind power class in Djibouti-city is class 1, but, this potential
is appropriate for low capacity wind turbines in urban and
small communities.
4. The prevailing wind direction is eastern winds (61.3%) and the
second prevailing sector of wind direction observed is western
winds (36.05%) upon 5 years over the study area.
5. The performance of five wind turbines were analyzed and the
results illustrate that Polaris P12-25 turbine yielded the high-
est capacity factor (Cf = 9.629%) and energy output
(AEP = 2.1
104 MWh) in August.
Finally, the results show that Djibouti-city has a potential to
develop the small-scale applications wind turbines and to facilitate
further actions for similar research projects in other locations, an
extensive study on power feasibility should be done in larger geo-
graphical areas of Djibouti-city to choose the best possible options
for different scale wind power generation. This study is only the
first phase of a project to set up a power system with micro-
turbines for an urban community not connected to the electricity
grid.
Please cite this article as: A. I. Idriss, R. A. Ahmed, A. I. Omar et al., Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in Djibouti-city, Djibouti,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004
5
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Please cite this article as: A. I. Idriss, R. A. Ahmed, A. I. Omar et al., Wind energy potential and micro-turbine performance analysis in Djibouti-city, Djibouti,
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.06.004