Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
SIPROTEC 5 Introduction 1
Generator Protection Basic Structure of the Function 2
7UM85
System Functions 3
V8.40 and higher Applications 4
Function-Group Types 5
Manual
Protection and Automation Functions 6
Control Functions 7
Supervision Functions 8
Measured Values, Energy Values, and
Supervision of the Primary System 9
Power Quality – Basic 10
Functional Tests 11
Technical Data 12
Appendix A
Literature
Glossary
C53000-G5040-C027-8 Index
NOTE
i For your own safety, observe the warnings and safety instructions contained in this document, if available.
Target Audience
Protection system engineers, commissioning engineers, persons entrusted with the setting, testing and main-
tenance of automation, selective protection and control equipment, and operational crew in electrical installa-
tions and power plants.
Scope
This manual applies to the SIPROTEC 5 device family.
Further Documentation
[dw_product-overview_SIP5_device-manual, 4, en_US]
• Device manuals
Each Device manual describes the functions and applications of a specific SIPROTEC 5 device. The printed
manual and the online help for the device have the same informational structure.
• Hardware manual
The Hardware manual describes the hardware building blocks and device combinations of the SIPROTEC 5
device family.
• Operating manual
The Operating manual describes the basic principles and procedures for operating and assembling the
devices of the SIPROTEC 5 range.
• Security manual
The Security manual describes the security features of the SIPROTEC 5 devices and DIGSI 5.
• Product information
The Product information includes general information about device installation, technical data, limiting
values for input and output modules, and conditions when preparing for operation. This document is
provided with each SIPROTEC 5 device.
• Engineering Guide
The Engineering Guide describes the essential steps when engineering with DIGSI 5. In addition, the Engi-
neering Guide shows you how to load a planned configuration to a SIPROTEC 5 device and update the
functionality of the SIPROTEC 5 device.
• SIPROTEC 5 catalog
The SIPROTEC 5 catalog describes the system features and the devices of SIPROTEC 5.
Indication of Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities
on harmonization of the laws of the Member States concerning electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC Directive 2014/30/EU), restriction on usage of hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU), and
electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low Voltage Directive
2014/35/EU).
This conformity has been proved by tests performed according to the Council Directive
in accordance with the product standard EN 60255-26 (for EMC directive), the standard
EN 50581 (for RoHS directive), and with the product standard EN 60255-27 (for Low
Voltage Directive) by Siemens.
The device is designed and manufactured for application in an industrial environment.
The product conforms with the international standards of IEC 60255 and the German
standard VDE 0435.
Standards
IEEE Std C 37.90
Additional Support
For questions about the system, contact your Siemens sales partner.
Training Courses
Inquiries regarding individual training courses should be addressed to our Training Center:
Siemens AG Phone: +49 (911) 433-7415
Siemens Power Academy TD Fax: +49 (911) 433-7929
Humboldtstrasse 59 E-mail: poweracademy@siemens.com
90459 Nuremberg Internet: www.siemens.com/poweracademy
Germany
Notes on Safety
This document is not a complete index of all safety measures required for operation of the equipment (module
or device). However, it comprises important information that must be followed for personal safety, as well as
to avoid material damage. Information is highlighted and illustrated as follows according to the degree of
danger:
! DANGER
DANGER means that death or severe injury will result if the measures specified are not taken.
² Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries.
! WARNING
WARNING means that death or severe injury may result if the measures specified are not taken.
² Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid death or severe injuries.
! CAUTION
CAUTION means that medium-severe or slight injuries can occur if the specified measures are not taken.
² Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid moderate or minor injuries.
NOTICE
NOTICE means that property damage can result if the measures specified are not taken.
² Comply with all instructions, in order to avoid property damage.
NOTE
i Important information about the product, product handling or a certain section of the documentation
which must be given attention.
Proper Use
The equipment (device, module) may be used only for such applications as set out in the catalogs and the
technical description, and only in combination with third-party equipment recommended and approved by
Siemens.
Problem-free and safe operation of the product depends on the following:
• Proper transport
• The equipment must be grounded at the grounding terminal before any connections are made.
• All circuit components connected to the power supply may be subject to dangerous voltage.
• Hazardous voltages may be present in equipment even after the supply voltage has been disconnected
(capacitors can still be charged).
• Operation of equipment with exposed current-transformer circuits is prohibited. Before disconnecting the
equipment, ensure that the current-transformer circuits are short-circuited.
• The limiting values stated in the document must not be exceeded. This must also be considered during
testing and commissioning.
The product contains, among other things, Open Source Software developed by third parties. The Open
Source Software used in the product and the license agreements concerning this software can be found in the
Readme_OSS. These Open Source Software files are protected by copyright. Your compliance with those
license conditions will entitle you to use the Open Source Software as foreseen in the relevant license. In the
event of conflicts between Siemens license conditions and the Open Source Software license conditions, the
Open Source Software conditions shall prevail with respect to the Open Source Software portions of the soft-
ware. The Open Source Software is licensed royalty-free. Insofar as the applicable Open Source Software
License Conditions provide for it you can order the source code of the Open Source Software from your
Siemens sales contact – against payment of the shipping and handling charges – for a period of at least
3 years after purchase of the product. We are liable for the product including the Open Source Software
contained in it pursuant to the license conditions applicable to the product. Any liability for the Open Source
Software beyond the program flow intended for the product is explicitly excluded. Furthermore, any liability
for defects resulting from modifications to the Open Source Software by you or third parties is excluded. We
do not provide any technical support for the product if it has been modified.
When using DIGSI 5 in online mode, you are provided with the option to go to the main menu Show open
source software information and read and display the Readme_OSS file containing the original license text
and copyright information.
To do this, the following steps are necessary:
NOTE
i To read the Readme_OSS file, a PDF viewer must be installed on the computer.
In order to operate SIPROTEC 5 devices, a valid DIGSI 5 license is required.
Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................49
1.1 General.............................................................................................................................50
1.2 Properties of SIPROTEC 5................................................................................................... 52
3 System Functions....................................................................................................................................... 71
3.1 Indications........................................................................................................................ 72
3.1.1 General....................................................................................................................... 72
3.1.2 Reading Indications on the On-Site Operation Panel..................................................... 72
3.1.3 Reading Indications from the PC with DIGSI 5............................................................... 74
3.1.4 Displaying Indications.................................................................................................. 75
3.1.5 Logs............................................................................................................................ 78
3.1.5.1 General..................................................................................................................78
3.1.5.2 Operational Log..................................................................................................... 79
3.1.5.3 Fault Log................................................................................................................81
3.1.5.4 Ground-Fault Log................................................................................................... 82
3.1.5.5 Setting-History Log.................................................................................................84
3.1.5.6 User Log................................................................................................................ 86
3.1.5.7 Communication Log............................................................................................... 87
3.1.5.8 Communication-Supervision Log............................................................................ 89
3.1.5.9 Security Log........................................................................................................... 90
3.1.5.10 Device-Diagnosis Log............................................................................................. 91
3.1.5.11 Motor-Starting Log.................................................................................................92
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs....................................................................................... 94
3.1.7 Spontaneous Indication Display in DIGSI 5....................................................................96
3.1.8 Spontaneous Fault Display on the On-Site Operation Panel...........................................96
3.1.9 Stored Indications in the SIPROTEC 5 Device.................................................................98
3.1.10 Test Mode and Influence of Indications on Substation Automation Technology ............99
3.1.11 Resetting Stored Indications of the Function Group ..................................................... 99
3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition ........................................................................................... 100
3.3 Sampling-Frequency Tracking and Frequency Tracking Groups.........................................102
3.3.1 Overview...................................................................................................................102
3.3.2 Sampling-Frequency Tracking.................................................................................... 102
3.10 General Notes for Setting the Threshold Value of Protection Functions.............................199
3.10.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................199
3.10.2 Modifying the Transformer Ratios in DIGSI 5.............................................................. 199
3.10.3 Changing the Transformation Ratios of the Transformer on the Device....................... 206
3.11 Device Settings............................................................................................................... 208
3.11.1 Settings-Group Switching.......................................................................................... 208
3.11.1.1 Overview of Functions .........................................................................................208
3.11.1.2 Structure of the Function..................................................................................... 208
3.11.1.3 Function Description............................................................................................ 208
3.11.1.4 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 209
3.11.1.5 Settings............................................................................................................... 210
3.11.1.6 Information List................................................................................................... 210
3.11.2 General Device Settings............................................................................................. 211
3.11.2.1 Overview............................................................................................................. 211
3.11.2.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 212
3.11.2.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 213
3.11.2.4 Information List................................................................................................... 213
3.12 Using a SIPROTEC 5 Device as a Client or Merging Unit ....................................................215
4 Applications.............................................................................................................................................. 219
4.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 220
4.2 Application Template and Functional Scope for Device 7UM85........................................ 221
5.4.4 Settings.....................................................................................................................317
5.4.5 Information List......................................................................................................... 318
5.5 Function-Group Type Voltage/current 1-Phase................................................................. 319
5.5.1 Overview...................................................................................................................319
5.5.2 Structure of the Function Group................................................................................ 319
5.5.3 Write-Protected Settings............................................................................................ 322
5.5.4 Settings.....................................................................................................................322
5.5.5 Information List......................................................................................................... 323
5.6 Function-Group Type Voltage/current 3-Phase................................................................. 324
5.6.1 Overview...................................................................................................................324
5.6.2 Structure of the Function Group................................................................................ 324
5.6.3 Write-Protected Settings............................................................................................ 328
5.6.4 Settings.....................................................................................................................329
5.6.5 Information List......................................................................................................... 329
5.7 Function-Group Type Circuit Breaker............................................................................... 330
5.7.1 Overview...................................................................................................................330
5.7.2 Structure of the Function Group................................................................................ 330
5.7.3 Application and Setting Notes....................................................................................332
5.7.4 Trip Logic.................................................................................................................. 333
5.7.4.1 Function Description............................................................................................ 333
5.7.4.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 334
5.7.4.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 335
5.7.4.4 Information List................................................................................................... 335
5.7.5 Circuit Breaker........................................................................................................... 335
5.7.5.1 Overview............................................................................................................. 335
5.7.5.2 Tripping, Opening, and Closing the Circuit Breaker............................................... 336
5.7.5.3 Acquisition of Circuit-Breaker Auxiliary Contacts and Further Information..............337
5.7.5.4 Definitive Tripping, Circuit-Breaker Tripping Alarm Suppression.............................339
5.7.5.5 Tripping and Opening Information....................................................................... 340
5.7.5.6 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 340
5.7.6 Circuit-Breaker Position Recognition for Protection-Related Auxiliary Functions........... 343
5.7.6.1 Overview............................................................................................................. 343
5.7.7 Detection Manual Closure (for AREC and Process Monitor)......................................... 344
5.7.7.1 Function Description............................................................................................ 344
5.7.7.2 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 345
5.7.7.3 Settings............................................................................................................... 346
5.7.7.4 Information List................................................................................................... 346
5.8 Function-Group Type Analog Units.................................................................................. 347
5.8.1 Overview...................................................................................................................347
5.8.2 Structure of the Function Group................................................................................ 347
5.8.3 20-mA Unit Ethernet..................................................................................................349
5.8.3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 349
5.8.3.2 Structure of the Function..................................................................................... 349
5.8.3.3 Communication with 20-mA Unit Ethernet .......................................................... 350
5.8.3.4 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 351
5.8.3.5 20-mA Channel.................................................................................................... 351
5.8.3.6 Application and Setting Notes.............................................................................. 354
5.8.3.7 Settings............................................................................................................... 355
5.8.3.8 Information List................................................................................................... 357
5.8.4 20-mA Unit Serial...................................................................................................... 357
5.8.4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 357
7.5.15 Settings...................................................................................................................1601
7.5.16 Information List....................................................................................................... 1604
7.6 User-Defined Function Block [Control]........................................................................... 1606
7.6.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1606
7.6.2 Function Description................................................................................................1606
7.6.3 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1607
7.6.4 Settings...................................................................................................................1609
7.6.5 Information List....................................................................................................... 1609
7.7 CFC-Chart Settings........................................................................................................ 1611
7.7.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1611
7.7.2 Function Description................................................................................................1611
7.7.3 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1611
7.7.4 Settings...................................................................................................................1612
7.7.5 Information List....................................................................................................... 1612
7.8 Tap Changers................................................................................................................ 1613
7.8.1 Function Description................................................................................................1613
7.8.2 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1617
7.8.3 Settings (Properties Dialog)......................................................................................1624
7.8.4 Settings...................................................................................................................1624
7.8.5 Information List....................................................................................................... 1625
7.9 Voltage Controller......................................................................................................... 1627
7.9.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1627
7.9.2 Structure of the Function.........................................................................................1627
7.9.3 Function Description................................................................................................1628
7.9.3.1 General..............................................................................................................1628
7.9.3.2 Logic of the Function......................................................................................... 1635
7.9.3.3 Control Response............................................................................................... 1637
7.9.3.4 Function Supervision..........................................................................................1640
7.9.3.5 Dynamic Voltage Control (DVC).......................................................................... 1640
7.9.3.6 Line Compensation............................................................................................ 1642
7.9.3.7 Limiting Values.................................................................................................. 1644
7.9.3.8 Blockings........................................................................................................... 1644
7.9.3.9 Parallel Operation.............................................................................................. 1645
7.9.3.10 Creating a GOOSE Later Binding for Parallel Control ........................................... 1657
7.9.3.11 Functional Measured Values...............................................................................1665
7.9.4 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1669
7.9.4.1 General..............................................................................................................1669
7.9.4.2 Controlling.........................................................................................................1671
7.9.4.3 Voltage Controller.............................................................................................. 1672
7.9.4.4 Dynamic Voltage Control (DVC).......................................................................... 1677
7.9.4.5 Line Compensation............................................................................................ 1679
7.9.4.6 Limiting Values.................................................................................................. 1682
7.9.4.7 Blockings........................................................................................................... 1683
7.9.4.8 Parallel Control...................................................................................................1684
7.9.5 Settings...................................................................................................................1685
7.9.6 Information List....................................................................................................... 1698
7.10 Point-on-Wave Switching.............................................................................................. 1703
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System........................................... 1781
9.1 Overview of Functions.................................................................................................. 1782
9.2 Structure of the Function.............................................................................................. 1783
9.3 Operational Measured Values........................................................................................ 1784
9.4 Fundamental and Symmetrical Components..................................................................1786
9.5 THD and Harmonics...................................................................................................... 1787
9.5.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1787
9.5.2 Structure of the Function.........................................................................................1787
9.5.3 Function Description................................................................................................1788
9.5.4 Information List....................................................................................................... 1789
9.6 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)...................................................................................1792
9.6.1 Overview of Functions............................................................................................. 1792
9.6.2 Structure of the Function Group.............................................................................. 1792
9.6.3 Function Description................................................................................................1792
9.6.4 Transmitted Data..................................................................................................... 1797
9.6.5 PMU Communication (IEEE C37.118)....................................................................... 1797
9.6.6 Parameterizing the PMU with DIGSI..........................................................................1799
9.6.7 Parameterizing the PMU on the Device.....................................................................1810
9.6.8 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1811
9.6.9 Settings...................................................................................................................1814
9.6.10 Information List....................................................................................................... 1815
9.7 Average Values............................................................................................................. 1816
9.7.1 Function Description of Average Values................................................................... 1816
9.7.2 Application and Setting Notes for Average Values.................................................... 1816
9.8 Minimum/Maximum Values...........................................................................................1819
9.8.1 Function Description of Minimum/Maximum Values.................................................1819
9.8.2 Application and Setting Notes for Minimum/Maximum Values.................................. 1820
9.9 Energy Values............................................................................................................... 1821
9.9.1 Function Description of Energy Values..................................................................... 1821
9.9.2 Application and Setting Notes for Energy Values...................................................... 1822
9.10 User-Defined Metered Values........................................................................................ 1824
9.10.1 Function Description of Pulse-Metered Values.......................................................... 1824
9.10.2 Application and Setting Notes for Pulse-Metered Values........................................... 1825
9.11 Statistical Values of the Primary System......................................................................... 1828
9.12 Measuring Transducers................................................................................................. 1829
9.12.1 Overview of Functions ............................................................................................ 1829
9.12.2 Structure of the Function ........................................................................................ 1829
9.12.3 Function Description................................................................................................1829
9.12.4 Application and Setting Notes..................................................................................1832
9.12.5 Settings...................................................................................................................1833
9.12.6 Information List....................................................................................................... 1835
9.13 Circuit-Breaker Wear Monitoring....................................................................................1836
9.13.1 Overview of Functions ............................................................................................ 1836
9.13.2 Structure of the Function.........................................................................................1836
11 Functional Tests......................................................................................................................................1897
11.1 General Notes............................................................................................................... 1898
11.2 Generator Differential Protection...................................................................................1899
11.2.1 Secondary Tests.......................................................................................................1899
11.2.2 Primary Tests........................................................................................................... 1900
11.3 Commissioning Notes Transformer Differential Protection............................................. 1901
11.3.1 Secondary Tests.......................................................................................................1901
11.3.2 Primary Tests .......................................................................................................... 1903
11.4 Commissioning Notes Motor Differential Protection.......................................................1913
11.4.1 Secondary Tests.......................................................................................................1913
11.4.2 Primary Tests........................................................................................................... 1914
11.5 Commissioning Notes for Restricted Ground-Fault Protection.........................................1915
11.6 Functional Test Impedance Protection........................................................................... 1916
11.6.1 Secondary Test........................................................................................................ 1916
11.6.2 Primary Test............................................................................................................ 1916
11.7 Power-Swing Blocking Functional Test .......................................................................... 1918
11.8 Functional Test Stator Ground-Fault Protection 90 %..................................................... 1919
11.8.1 General Information................................................................................................ 1919
11.8.2 Unit Connection...................................................................................................... 1919
11.8.3 Busbar Connection.................................................................................................. 1923
11.9 Functional Test Ground-Fault Protection 100 % (20 Hz)................................................. 1928
11.9.1 Primary Test on the Machine at Standstill................................................................. 1928
11.9.2 Primary Test with the Machine Running................................................................... 1930
11.10 Functional Test for Overexcitation Protection ................................................................1932
A Appendix................................................................................................................................................ 2209
A.1 Order Configurator and Order Options...........................................................................2210
A.2 Ordering Accessories.....................................................................................................2211
A.3 Typographic and Symbol Conventions........................................................................... 2213
A.4 Available Protection and Control Functions in the Function Groups of the Generator
Protection..................................................................................................................... 2216
Literature................................................................................................................................................ 2257
Glossary.................................................................................................................................................. 2259
Index.......................................................................................................................................................2281
1.1 General 50
1.2 Properties of SIPROTEC 5 52
1.1 General
The digital multifunctional protection and bay controllers of the SIPROTEC 5 device series are equipped with a
powerful microprocessor. As a result, all tasks, from acquiring measurands to entering commands in the
circuit breaker, are processed digitally.
Analog Inputs
The measuring inputs transform the currents and voltages sent by the instrument transformers and adapt
them to the internal processing level of the device. A SIPROTEC 5 device has a current transformer and,
depending on the device type, a voltage transformer. The current inputs are therefore intended for the detec-
tion of phase currents and ground current. The ground current can be detected sensitively using a core
balance current transformer. In addition, phase currents can be detected very sensitively for a particularly
precise measurement. The voltage inputs detect the measuring voltage of device functions requiring current
and voltage measured values.
The analog values are digitized in the internal microcomputer for data processing.
Microcomputer System
All device functions are processed in the microcomputer system.
This includes, for example:
• Storage of indications, fault data, and fault values for fault analysis
• Administration of the operating system and its functions, such as data storage, real-time clock, communi-
cation, interfaces, etc.
Front Elements
For devices with an integrated or offset operation panel, LEDs and an LC display on the front provide informa-
tion on the device function and report events, states, and measured values. In conjunction with the LC display,
the integrated keypad enables on-site operation of the device. All device information such as setting parame-
ters, operating and fault indications or measured values can be displayed, and setting parameters changed. In
addition, system equipment can be controlled via the user interface of the device.
Serial Interfaces
The serial interface in the front cover enables communication with a personal computer when using the DIGSI
operating program. As a result, the operation of all device functions is possible. Additional interfaces on the
back are used to realize various communication protocols.
Power Supply
The individual functional units of the device are powered by an internal power supply. Brief interruptions in
the supply voltage, which can occur during short circuits in the system auxiliary voltage supply are generally
bridged by capacitor storage (see also the Technical Data).
General Properties
• Powerful microprocessor
• Fully digital measured-value processing and control, from sampling and digitizing of measurands to
closing and tripping decisions for the circuit breaker
• Complete galvanic and interference-free isolation of the internal processing circuits from the system
measuring, control, and supply circuits through instrument transformers, binary input and output
modules, and DC and AC voltage converters
• Easy operation using an integrated operator and display panel, or using a connected personal computer
with user interface
• Storage of min/max measured values (slave pointer function) and storage of long-term average values
• Storage of fault indications for system incidents (faults in system) with real-time assignment and instan-
taneous values for fault recording
• Continuous monitoring of the measurands as well as the device hardware and software
• Communication with central control and storage devices possible via the device interface
Modular Concept
The SIPROTEC 5 modular concept ensures the consistency and integrity of all functionalities across the entire
device series. Significant features here include:
• Functional integration of various applications, such as protection, control, and fault recorder
• The same expansion and communication modules for all devices in the family
• Innovative terminal technology with easy assembly and interchangeability and the highest possible
degree of safety
• The same functions can be configured individually across the entire family of devices
• Automatic logging of access attempts and safety-critical operations on the devices and systems
Redundant Communication
SIPROTEC 5 devices maintain complete communication redundancy:
• Redundant and independent protocols to control centers possible (such as IEC 60870-5-103 and
IEC 61850, either single or redundant)
NOTE
i The availability of certain settings and setting options depends on the device type and the functions avail-
able on the device!
EXAMPLE
A 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout of the 7SA86 distance protection device serves as an example. The following
protection functions are required for implementation (simplified and reduced):
Several predefined function packages that are tailored to specific applications exist for each device family. A
predefined functional scope is called an application template. The existing application templates are offered
for selection automatically when you create a new device in DIGSI 5.
EXAMPLE
When creating the device in DIGSI 5, you must select the appropriate application template. In the example,
select the application template DIS overhead line, grounded systems, 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout. This
application template covers the required functional scope. Selecting this application template determines the
preconfigured functional scope. This can be changed as necessary (see chapter 2.2 Adjustment of Application
Templates/Functional Scope).
EXAMPLE
The selected application template DIS overhead line, grounded systems, 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout
comprises 3 function groups:
[dweifkfg-021012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Depending on the type of device, there are different types of function groups:
EXAMPLE
The measuring points are assigned to the function groups in the application template in Figure 2-1 as follows:
• The protection function group Line is assigned to the measuring points I-3ph 1, I-3ph 2, and V-3ph 1.
The function group therefore receives the measured values from the current transformers 1 and 2, as
well as from the voltage transformer 1. The currents of measuring points I-3ph 1 and I-3ph 2 are
geometrically added, for a feeder-related processing.
• The circuit-breaker function group QA1 is assigned to the measuring point I-3ph 1 and receives the
measured values from current transformer 1.
• The circuit-breaker function group QA2 is assigned to the measuring point I-3ph 2 and receives the
measured values from current transformer 2.
The user can change the assignment as needed, that is, function groups can be assigned to any available
measuring points of the device.
To check or change the assignment of measuring points to the function groups, double-click Function-group
connections in the DIGSI 5 project tree.
[scfgverb-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The window for routing of the measuring points opens in the working area (see the following figure, does not
correspond to the example).
[scmscofg-180311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Which circuit breaker(s) is/are started by the protection functions of the protection FG.
• Starting the Circuit-breaker failure protection function (if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group) through the protection functions of the connected protection function group
• Starting the Automatic reclosing function (AREC, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group)
through the protection functions of the connected protection function group
Besides the general assignment of the protection function group(s) to the circuit-breaker function groups, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Further information on this is included
later in the section. Figure 2-6 shows how to reach the detail configuration. Figure 2-7 shows the possible
assignments in detail.
These definitions are also set appropriately for the specific application by the selected application template.
EXAMPLE
The linkage of the function group in the example shown in Figure 2-1 is as follows:
The protection function group Line is linked to both circuit-breaker function groups QA1 and QA2.
This means that an operate indication in the Distance protection function generates a trip command in both
circuit-breaker function groups and thus controls both circuit breakers. The function Circuit-breaker failure
protection is started in both the QA1 and QA2 Circuit-breaker function groups if they are configured.
The user can change this linkage, as needed. That is, the protection function groups can be assigned to the
circuit-breaker function groups as desired.
To check or change the assignment of the protection function groups to the Circuit-breaker function groups,
double-click Function group connections in the DIGSI 5 project tree → Name of device (see following
figure).
[scfgverb-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The window for general routing of the function groups opens in the working area (see following figure).
[scfgcols-220211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 2-5 Connection of Protection Function Group with Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Besides the general assignment of the protection function group(s) to the circuit-breaker function groups, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Proceed as follows:
• Open the appropriate protection function group in the DIGSI 5 project tree, for example Line 1 (see the
following figure).
[sclsinta-190214-01, 1, en_US]
• The window for the detailed configuration of the interface between the protection function group and
the Circuit-breaker function group(s) opens in the working area.
• In this view, configure the interface via the context menu (right mouse button), see Figure 2-7.
[scdetail-220211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 2-7 Detail Configuration of the Interface Between the Protection Function Group and the Circuit-
Breaker Function Group(s)
• Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
EXAMPLE
In Figure 2-1 you can see that the function Overcurrent protection, phases (51) has 3 stages. The number of
zones of the function Distance protection is not shown.
Each stage, each function block, and each function (without stages/function blocks) can be individually
switched into specific operating modes (for example, switch on/off). This is termed function control and is
explained in chapter 2.3 Function Control.
To adjust the functionality to the specific application, functions, tripping stages, and function blocks can be
added, copied, and deleted (see chapter 2.2 Adjustment of Application Templates/Functional Scope).
• Single-line configuration
• Information routing
• Function settings
Siemens recommends the Single-line configuration Editor to adjust the functional scope.
Complete missing functionalities from the Global DIGSI 5 Library. Then, the default settings of the added func-
tionality are active. You can copy within a device and between devices as well. Settings and routings are also
copied when you copy functionalities.
NOTE
i If you delete a parameterized function group, function, or stage from the device, all settings and routings
will be lost. The function group, function, or tripping stage can be added again, but then the default
settings are active.
In most cases, the adjustment of the functional scope consists of adding and deleting functions, tripping
stages, and function blocks. As previously described, the functions, tripping stages, and function blocks auto-
matically connect themselves to the measuring points assigned to the function group.
In few cases, it may be necessary to add a protection or circuit-breaker function group. These newly added
function groups do not contain (protection) functions. You must individually load the (protection) functions
for your specific application. You must also connect the protection or circuit-breaker function group to one or
more measuring points (see chapter 2.1 Embedding of Functions in the Device). You must connect newly
added protection function groups to a circuit-breaker function group (see chapter 2.1 Embedding of Functions
in the Device).
Functions, tripping stages, function blocks, and function groups can be added up to a certain maximum
number. The maximum number can be found in the respective function and function-group descriptions.
Function Points
Function points (FP) are assigned to specific functions, but not to other functions. Further information can be
found in the description of application templates, in the chapter 4 Applications.
The device is supplied with the acquired function-point credit. Functions with function points can be loaded
into the device only within the available function-point credit. The functional scope cannot be loaded into the
device if the required number of points of the functional scope is higher than the function-point credit. You
must either delete functions or upgrade the function-point credit of the device.
No function points are required to add additional stages in functions.
Proceed as follows:
• Determine the function point requirement of certain functions, for example, with DIGSI 5 or the
SIPROTEC 5 Configurator.
• Order the additional function points from your local distributor or at http://www.energy.siemens.com.
• Siemens provides a signed license file for your device, either via e-mail or for downloading.
• Use DIGSI 5 to load the signed license file into your device. The procedure is described in the Online Help
of DIGSI 5.
NOTE
i Simplifying functions and function control will be discussed in the following. The description also applies
to tripping stage control and function block control.
Functions can be switched to different operating modes. You use the parameter Mode to define whether you
want a function to run (on) or not (off). In addition, you can temporarily block a function or switch it into test
mode for the purpose of commissioning (parameter Mode = test). Additionally, the state of the stage can be
influenced using the controllable Mod in the IEC 61850 representation. The controllable Mod ( _:51 Mode
(controllable) in the DIGSI 5 Information routing) supports the states On, Off, Test, BO blocked, and
Test/BO blocked.
The function shows the current status – such as an Alarm – via the Health signal.
The following explains the different operating modes and mechanisms and how you set the functions into
these modes. The function control is shown in Figure 2-8. It is standardized for all functions. Therefore, this
control is not discussed further in the individual function descriptions.
[losteurg-040411-01.tif, 2, en_US]
State Control
You can control the state of a function via the parameter Mode, the controllable Mod, and the input Superor-
dinate state.
You set the specified operating state of the function via the parameter Mode. You can set the function mode
to on, off, and test. The operating principle is described in Table 2-2. You can set the parameter Mode via:
• DIGSI 5
• IEC 61850-8-1
• CFC
The superordinate state can have the values On, BO blocked, Test, and Test/BO blocked.
The state of the function resulting from the parameter Mode, the controllable Mod, and the superordinate
state is shown in the following table. The resulting state of the functions results from the combination of all
sources (parameter Mode, controllable Mod, and superordinate state). As a simplification, the table only
shows the combination of 2 sources.
1 With the parameter (_:151) Oper.bin.outp. under test, you can set whether the relay outputs are to be activated by functions in the
Test state. If this parameter is deactivated (default setting), the Test state of a function is changed to Test/BO blocked.
NOTE
i The browser-based user interface shows a clear list of the states of all functions, if they differ from the On
state.
Note:
Logics outside this function block, for example, superordinate group indications, are not
affected by the blocking. Issuing these indications to a relay still leads to an activation.
Off The function is turned off. It does not create any information. The health of a disabled func-
tion always has the value OK.
Health
Health signals if a selected function can perform its designated functionality. If so, the health is OK. In case the
functionality is only possible in a limited way or not at all, due to state or problems within the device, the
health will signal Warning (limited functionality) or Alarm (no functionality).
Internal self-monitoring can cause functions to assume the health Alarm (see chapter 8 Supervision Func-
tions). If a function assumes the health state Alarm, it is no longer active (indication not active is gener-
ated).
Only a few functions can signal the health state Warning. The health state Warning results from function-
specific supervision and - where it occurs - it is explained in the function description. If a function assumes the
Warning status, it will remain active, that is, the function can continue to work in a conditional manner and
trip in the case of a protection function.
Not Active
The indication Not active signals that a function is currently not working. The indication Not active is
active in the following cases:
• Function is disabled
• All protection-function steps are disabled via the Enable protection controllable (state = false). The
indication Protection inactive is active.
2.4 Text Structure and Reference Number for Settings and Indications
Each parameter and each indication has a unique reference number within every SIPROTEC 5 device. The
reference number gives you a clear reference, for example, between an indication entry in the buffer of the
device and the corresponding description in the manual. You can find the reference numbers in this docu-
ment, for example, in the application and setting notes, in the logic diagrams, and in the parameter and infor-
mation lists.
In order to form unique texts and reference numbers, each function group, function, function block/stage, and
indication or parameter has a text and a number. This means that structured overall texts and numbers are
created.
The structure of the texts and reference numbers follows the already shown in Figure 2-1, hierarchy:
EXAMPLE
The structure of the text and reference number is shown in the protection-function group Line as an of
example of the parameter Threshold value and the indication Pickup of the 2nd definite-time overcur-
rent protection stage of the function Overcurrent protection, phases (see Figure 2-9). Only one function and
one function group exist in the device. The representation of the stage is simplified.
[lostuumz-180311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 2-9 Stage of the Overcurrent Protection Function, Phases (without Representation of Stage
Control)
The following table shows the texts and numbers of the hierarchy elements concerned:
Name Number of the Type Instance Number
Protection function group Line 2 1
Function Overcurrent 3ph 20 1
Stage Definite-time overcurrent 66 2
protection
Settings Threshold value 3 –
Indication Pickup 55 –
The structure is simplified accordingly for parameters and indications with fewer hierarchy levels.
3.1 Indications 72
3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition 100
3.3 Sampling-Frequency Tracking and Frequency Tracking Groups 102
3.4 Processing Quality Attributes 112
3.5 Fault Recording 129
3.6 Protection Communication 137
3.7 Date and Time Synchronization 174
3.8 User-Defined Objects 181
3.9 Other Functions 188
3.10 General Notes for Setting the Threshold Value of Protection Functions 199
3.11 Device Settings 208
3.12 Using a SIPROTEC 5 Device as a Client or Merging Unit 215
3.1 Indications
3.1.1 General
During operation, indications deliver information about operational states. These include:
• Measured data
• Power-system data
• Device supervisions
• Device functions
NOTE
i All indications are assigned to certain device functions. The text of each indication contains the corre-
sponding function designation. You will find explanations of the meaning of indications in the corre-
sponding device functions. However, you can also define indications yourself and group them into your
own function blocks. These can be set by binary inputs or CFC logic.
Reading Indications
To read the indications of your SIPROTEC 5 device you can use the on-site operation panel of the device or a PC
on which you have installed DIGSI 5. The subsequent section describes the general procedure.
Procedure
The menus of the logs begin with a header and 2 numbers at the top right corner of the display. The number
after the slash signifies the number of indications that are available. The number before the slash indicates
how many indications have just been selected or shown. The end of the indication list is closed with the entry
***END***.
[scoprlog-090413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
To reach the desired log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
² Navigate inside the log using the navigation keys (top/bottom). You will find the most current indication
at the top of the list. The selected indication is shown with a dark background.
Which indications can be shown in the selected log depends on the assignments in the DIGSI 5 information
routing matrix or is predefined. Every indication contains date, time and its state as additional information.
You will find information about this in chapter 3.1.5.1 General.
In some logs you are given the option of deleting the entire indication list by softkey in the footer of the
display. To learn more about this, read chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
NOTE
Procedure
To read the indications with DIGSI 5 your PC must be connected via the USB user interface of the on-site
operation panel or via an Ethernet interface of the device. You can establish a direct connection to your PC
via the Ethernet interfaces. It is also possible to access all connected SIPROTEC 5 devices via a data network
from your DIGSI 5 PC.
² You reach the desired logs of the SIPROTEC 5 device using the project-tree window. If you have not
created the device within a project, you can also do this via the Online access menu item.
After selecting the desired log, you are shown the last state of the log loaded from the device. To update, it is
necessary to synchronize with the log in the device.
² Synchronize the log. For this purpose, click the appropriate button in the headline of the log (see the
ground-fault indications example in Figure 3-2 a)).
[scgrflmd-191012-01, 1, en_US]
You will find additional information about deleting and saving logs in chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the
Logs.
Which indications can be shown in the selected log depends on the assignments in the DIGSI 5 information
routing matrix or is predefined. You will find information about this in chapter 3.1.5.1 General.
Displayed indications are supplemented in DIGSI 5 and on the on-site operation panel with the following infor-
mation:
Indication Columns
The following table shows the meaning of the individual columns in the log:
Indication Column Meaning
Time stamp Time stamp of the indication in device time using the local time
zone of the device or the query time for the motor log
Relative time Relative time to a reference entry
Error number Number of the error that occurred in the device. This number incre-
ments continuously.
Entry number Entry identification of buffer entries. This identification displays the
sequence of buffer entries.
Indication number Number of the indication that occurred in the device. This number
increments continuously and is necessary for an analysis by
Siemens.
Indication Indication text
Function structure Path of the signal with the signal name
Name Signal name
Value Current state of the command. Also pay attention to the value
quality to check whether the value is up to date.
Quality The quality of the value shows the source of the value and whether
the value is up to date.
Cause Additional information such as the cause and validity
Number DIGSI address of the signal
Motor startup time Time of motor starting
Starting current Current needed by the motor to start up
Starting voltage Voltage needed by the motor to start up
Start duration Time needed by the motor to start up
3.1.5 Logs
3.1.5.1 General
Indications are saved in logs inside the device and are available for later analyses. Different logs allow catego-
rization of indication logging based on operating states (for example, operational and fault logs) and based on
fields of application.
Log Logging
Operational log Operational indications
Fault log Fault indications
Ground-fault log Ground-fault indications
Setting-history log Setting changes
User-defined log User-defined indication scope
Security log Access with safety relevance
Device-diagnosis log Error of the device (software, hardware) and the connection circuits
Communication log Status of communication interfaces
Motor-startup log Information on the motor startup
Communication-supervision log Communication supervision (GOOSE)
Log Management
Logs have a ring structure and are automatically managed. If the maximum capacity of a log is exhausted, the
oldest entries disappear before the newest entries. If the maximum capacity of the fault or ground-fault log is
reached, the number of the last fault is generated via the signal Fault log is full. You can route this signal in
the information routing. If indications in the information routing of DIGSI 5 are routed to a log, then they are
also saved. During a supply-voltage failure, recorded data are securely held by means of battery buffering or
storage in the flash memory. You can read and analyze the log from the device with DIGSI 5. The device
display and the navigation allow you to read and evaluate the logs on site using keys.
Configurability of Logs
The indication capacity to be recorded in configurable logs (for example, ground-fault log) is laid down in
columns of the information routing (matrix) of DIGSI 5 specifically defined for this purpose.
Procedure
To reach the information routing of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window. Access is only
through the project:
[scinfpuf-191012-01, 2, en_US]
For non-configurable logs (for example, setting-history logs) scope and type of logged indications are
described separately (see following chapter about logs).
• Measured data
• Power-system data
Exceeding or dropping below limiting values is output as an operational indication. Short circuits in the
network are indicated as an operational indication Fault with sequential fault number. For detailed informa-
tion about the recording of system incidents, please refer to the description of the fault log (chapter
3.1.5.3 Fault Log). Up to 2000 indications can be stored in the log.
• To reach the operational log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Device → Process Data → Log → Operational log
• The status of the operational log last loaded from the device is shown to you. To update (synchronization
with the device), click the button Read log entries in the headline of the indication list (Figure 3-4 a)).
[scbetrmd-030211-01, 1, en_US]
• To reach the operational log via the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu → Indications → Operational log
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
• Using the Info softkey, you can retrieve auxiliary information on the entry depending on the context.
[scoperlog1-081217-01, 1, en_US]
Deletability
The operational log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. This is done usually after testing or commis-
sioning the device. To know more about this, read chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The indication scope of the operational log is configured in a specifically defined column of the information
routing (matrix) of DIGSI 5:
Target → Log → Operational log column
Selected application templates and functions from the library bring with them a predefined set of operational
indications which you can adjust individually at any time.
Fault Definition
In general, a fault is started by the raising pickup of a protection function and ends with the cleared pickup
after the trip command.
When using an automatic reclosing function, the complete reclosing cycle (successful or unsuccessful) is pref-
erably integrated into the fault. If evolving faults appear within reclosing cycles, the entire clearing process is
logged under one fault number even in multiple pickup cycles. Without automatic reclosing function every
pickup is also recorded as its own fault.
User-defined configuration of a fault is also possible.
NOTE
i The definition of the fault is done through settings of the fault recording (see Device manual). Events are
logged in the fault log even when fault recording is switched off.
Apart from the recording of fault indications in the fault log, spontaneous display of fault indications of the
last fault on the device display is also done. You will find details about this in chapter 3.1.8 Spontaneous Fault
Display on the On-Site Operation Panel.
Deletability
The fault log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. You will find details about this in chapter 3.1.6 Saving
and Deleting the Logs.
• To reach the fault log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu → Indications → Fault logs
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
[scfaullg-090413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-6 Reading the Fault Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Configurability
The indication scope of the fault log is configured in a specifically defined column of the information routing
(matrix) of DIGSI 5:
Target → Log → Fault log column
Selected application templates and functions from the library already bring a predefined set of operational
indications with them which you can adjust individually at any time.
The operational measured values and the measured values of the fundamental components and symmetrical
components (see Device Manual) are calculated every 9 cycles (at 50 Hz, this is every 180 ms). However, this
can mean that the data are not synchronized with the sampled values of the analog channels. The recording
of these measured values can be used to analyze the slowly changing processes.
• Directional sensitive ground-fault protection for deleted and isolated systems (67Ns)
• To reach the ground-fault log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Device → Process data → Logs → Ground-fault log
The status of the device-diagnosis log last loaded from the ground-fault log is shown to you.
• To update (synchronization with the device) click the button Read log entries in the headline of the indi-
cation list (Figure 3-7 a)).
[scgrflmd-191012-01, 1, en_US]
• To reach the ground-fault log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation
panel.
Main menu → Indications → Ground-fault indication
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
[scgfllg1-191012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-8 Reading the Ground-Fault Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Deletability
The ground-fault log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in chapter 3.1.6 Saving
and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The indication scope of the ground-fault log is configured in a specifically defined column of the information
routing (matrix) of DIGSI 5:
Target → Log → Column Ground-fault log
Selected application templates and functions from the library already bring a predefined set of operational
indications with them which you can adjust individually at any time.
• To reach the log for setting changes of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Device → Process data → Log → Setting changes
The status of the setting-history log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
• To update (synchronization with the device), click the Read log entries button in the headline of the
indication list (Figure 3-9).
[scparamd-030211-01, 1, en_US]
• To reach the setting-history log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation
panel.
Main menu → Indications → Setting changes
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
[schislog-090413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-10 Reading the Setting-History Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
NOTE
• The log, which is organized as a ring buffer, cannot be deleted by the user!
• If you want to archive security-relevant information of the device without loss of information, you
must regularly read this log.
• To reach the user-defined log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Device → Process Data → Log → User log 1/2
The status of the user-defined log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
• To update (synchronization with the device) click the button Read log entries in the headline of the indi-
cation list (Figure 3-11 a)).
[scanwnmd-030211-01, 2, en_US]
• To reach user-specific logs from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu → Indications → User-defined log 1/2
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
• Using the Info softkey, you can retrieve auxiliary information on the entry depending on the context.
[scuserrlog1-081217-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-12 Reading the User-Defined Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Deletability
The user-defined log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. You will find details about this in chapter
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
[scdiu1u2-280415-01, 1, en_US]
• Use the project-tree window to reach the communication logs of your SIPROTEC 5 device.
Online access → Device → Test suite → Communication module
• Then select:
J:Onboard Ethernet → Communication log
The communication log is shown to you in the state last loaded from the device.
• Before this, refresh the contents by clicking the update arrows in the headline.
[sccompuf-140912-01, 2, en_US]
• To reach the communication log from the main menu, use the navigation keys on the on-site operation
panel.
Main Menu → Test & Diagnosis → Logs → Communication logs
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
[sccommlg-270618, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-15 Reading the Communication Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Deletability
The communication logs of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in chapter
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The communication logs are not freely configurable. The entries are preconfigured.
• To reach the communication-supervision log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Device → Process data → Logs → Com supervision log
The status of the communication-supervision log last loaded from the device is shown.
• To update (synchronization with the device), click the button Read log entries in the headline of the
indication list.
[sc_comsuperv, 1, en_US]
• To reach the communication-supervision log from the main menu, use the navigation keys on the on-site
operation panel.
Main menu → Logs → Com supervision log
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
[sc_comsupervlg, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-17 Reading the Communication-Supervision Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Deletability
The communication-supervision log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in
chapter 3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The communication-supervision log cannot be freely configured. The entries are preconfigured.
• To reach the security log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window. The device must be in
Online access.
Project → Online access → Device → Device Information → Logs tab → Security logs
The state of the security log last loaded from the device is displayed.
• Before this, refresh the contents by clicking the update arrows in the headline.
[scsecmld-180816-01, 2, en_US]
• To reach the security log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main menu → Test & Diagnosis → Logs → Security log
• You can navigate on the on-site operation panel using the navigation keys (top/bottom) inside the
displayed indication list.
[scseclog-280618, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-19 Reading the Security Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
NOTE
• This log, which is organized as a ring buffer, cannot be deleted by the user!
• If you want to archive security-relevant information of the device without loss of information, you
must regularly read this log.
• Compatibility problems
Up to 500 indications can be stored in the device-diagnosis log. In normal operation of the device, it is suffi-
cient for diagnostic purposes to follow the entries of the operational log. This specific significance is assumed
by the device-diagnosis log when the device is no longer ready for operation due to hardware defect or
compatibility problems and the fallback system is active.
• To reach the device-diagnosis log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Online access → Device → Device information → Logs tab → Device-diagnosis log
The status of the device-diagnosis log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
• Before this, refresh the contents by clicking the update arrows in the headline.
[scdevdia-180816-01, 1, en_US]
Reading on the Device through the On-Site Operation Panel in Normal Operation
• To reach the diagnosis log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel.
Main Menu → Test & Diagnosis → Logs → Device diagnosis
• You can navigate on the on-site operation panel using the navigation keys (top/bottom) inside the
displayed indication list.
[scdevdia-280618, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-21 Reading the Device-Diagnosis Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
NOTE
• Use the project-tree window to reach the motor-starting log of your SIPROTEC 5 device.
Project → Device → Process data → Logs → Motor-starting log
The state of the motor-starting log last loaded from the device is shown to you.
• To update (synchronization with the device), click the Read log entries button in the headline of the
indication list (Figure 3-22).
[scmotmlp-160713-01, 2, en_US]
• To reach the motor-starting log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation
panel.
Main Menu → Indications → Motor-starting log
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
[ScMotLog-280618, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-23 Reading the Motor-Starting Log on the On-Site Operation Panel of the Device
Deletability
The motor-starting log of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. Read details about this in chapter
3.1.6 Saving and Deleting the Logs.
Configurability
The motor-starting log is only present in the Motor function group. There is no column for the motor-starting
log in the DIGSI information routing. The entries in the motor-starting log are preconfigured and cannot be
changed.
Deleting the logs of the device in the operating state is unnecessary. If storage capacity is no longer sufficient
for new indications, the oldest indications are automatically overwritten with new incoming events. In order
for the memory to contain information about the new faults in the future, for example, after a revision of the
system, a deletion of the log makes sense. Resetting the logs is done separately for the various logs.
NOTE
i Before you delete the content of a log on your SIPROTEC 5 device, save the log with DIGSI 5 on the hard
disk drive of your PC.
NOTE
i Not all logs of your SIPROTEC 5 device can be deleted. These limitations apply especially to logs with rele-
vance for security and after-sales (security log, device-diagnosis log, setting-history log).
NOTE
i Upon deletion of the fault log, the associated fault records are also deleted. In addition, the meters for fault
number and fault-record number are reset to 0. In contrast, if you delete fault records, the content of the
fault log, including the allocated fault numbers, remains.
NOTE
i If the device executes an initial start, for example after an update of the device software, the following logs
are automatically deleted:
• Operational log
• Fault log
• Ground-fault log
• Setting-history log
• User-defined log
• Motor-starting log
• Communication-supervision log
Back up the deletable logs using DIGSI 5.
NOTE
• To reach the selected log from the main menu, use the navigation keys of the on-site operation panel
(example operational log):
Main menu → Logs → Operational log
[scoprlog-090413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-24 Deleting the Operational Log on the On-Site Operation Panel
• You can navigate within the displayed indication list using the navigation keys (up/down) on the on-site
operation panel.
• The option to delete the entire log is offered to you in the footer of the display at the bottom left. Use the
softkeys below under the display to activate the command prompts. Confirm the request to Delete.
• After being requested, enter the password and confirm with Enter.
• After being requested, confirm the Deletion of all entries with Ok.
• To reach the selected log of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window (for example opera-
tional log).
Project → Device → Process data → Logs → Operational log
With DIGSI 5 you have the possibility of displaying all currently transmitted indications of the selected device
in a special indication window.
Procedure
• Call up the spontaneous indications of your selected device in the navigation window under Online
access.
• The raising indications appear immediately without you having to wait for a cyclical update or initiate the
manual update.
[scspnmld-230211-01, 2, en_US]
After a fault, the most important data of the last fault can be displayed automatically on the device display
without further operational measures. In SIPROTEC 5 devices, protected objects and even circuit breakers can
be freely created and configured depending on the application (even several instances). In DIGSI 5, several
spontaneous fault displays can be configured, depending on the application, with each individual one being
assigned a particular circuit breaker. These displays remain stored in the device until they are manually
confirmed or released by LED reset.
• To reach the Fault-display configuration of your SIPROTEC 5 device, use the project-tree window.
Project → Device → Display pages → Fault-display configuration
• In the main window, all configured circuit breakers are displayed. A list of a maximum of 6 configurable
display lines is offered for each circuit breaker. The activation of a spontaneous fault display occurs for
each circuit breaker by selection via checkmark in the column Display.
• With the parameter (_:139) Fault-display (under Device → Parameter → Device settings) you
determine whether spontaneous fault displays should be shown for each pickup or only pickups with the
trip command.
[sckonstf-230211-01, 2, en_US]
For every display line the following display options can be selected:
[scstfanz-090413-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Press the softkey button Quit in the base bar of the display. The display is irretrievably closed. Repeat this
step until no further spontaneous fault displays appear.
• After completion of all confirmations the last display view is showed before the faults.
Method 2: Acknowledgment via LED reset
• An LED reset (device) causes the reset of all stored LEDs and binary output contacts of the device and also
to the confirmation of all fault displays stored in the display.
You can find more details on the topic of LED reset in chapter 3.1.9 Stored Indications in the SIPROTEC 5
Device
In your SIPROTEC 5 device, you can also configure indications as stored. This type of configuration can be
used for LEDs as well as for output contacts. The configured output (LED or contact) is activated until it is
acknowledged. Acknowledgment occurs via:
• DIGSI 5
• Binary input
• Right-click the routing field of your binary indication in the desired LED or binary output column in the
routing range of the targets.
You are offered the following options:
If the test mode of the device or of individual functions is switched on, the SIPROTEC 5 device marks indica-
tions sent to substation automation technology station control system with an additional test bit. This test bit
makes it possible to determine that an indication was set during a test. Necessary reactions in normal opera-
tion on the basis of an indication can thus be suppressed.
You can configure indications of individual functions as "stored" in a function group. This type of configuration
can be used for LEDs as well as for output contacts. The configured output (LED or contact) is activated until it
is acknowledged.
The protection and the circuit-breaker function groups contain the block Reset LED FG. The block
Reset LED FG is visible only in the Information routing under the corresponding function group in DIGSI 5.
You use the binary input signal >Reset LED to reset the stored LEDs in the respective function group. The
configured outputs (contacts) are not reset.
• Sampling-frequency tracking:
The analog input channels are scanned for valid signals in cycles. The current power frequency is deter-
mined and the required sampling frequency is defined by using a resampling algorithm. The tracking is
effective in the frequency range between 10 Hz and 90 Hz.
The following figure shows the basics of dealing with sampled values (SAV) in the measured-value acquisition
chain. Figure 3-28 shows to whom the various sampling frequencies are made available. In order to limit the
bandwidth of the input signals, a low-pass filter (anti-aliasing filter to maintain the sampling theorem) is
installed downstream. After sampling, the current input channels are adjusted. This means the magnitude,
phase, as well as the transformer time constant are corrected. The compensation is designed to ensure that
the current transformer terminal blocks can be exchanged randomly between the devices.
[dwmeserf-250211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The internal sampling frequency of the SIPROTEC 5 devices is fixed at 16 kHz (sampling rate: 320 samplings
per 50-Hz cycle). All current and voltage inputs are sampled. If the magnitude, phase, and transformer time
constant are corrected, the sampling frequency is reduced to 8 kHz (160 samplings per 50-Hz cycle). This is
the basic sampling frequency to which various processes, such as fault recording, RMS measured values, refer.
For the RMS measurement, the measured-value window is adjusted on the basis of the power frequency. For
numerous measurement and protection applications , 20 samplings per cycle are sufficient (if frated = 50 Hz:
sampling every 1 ms, at frated = 60 Hz: sampling every 0.833 ms). This sampling rate is an adequate compro-
mise between accuracy and the parallel processing of the functions (multi-functionality).
The 20 samplings per cycle will be made available to the algorithms processed in the function groups in 2
variants:
NOTE
i The measuring points for current and voltage are in the Power-system data (starting in chapter 6.1 Power-
System Data). Each measuring point has its own parameters.
3.3.1 Overview
Starting from platform version V07.80, you can merge measuring points into Frequency tracking groups in
SIPROTEC 5 devices. The device operates with a maximum of 6 Frequency tracking groups..
The chapter 3.3.2 Sampling-Frequency Tracking provides the necessary hints on the operating principle of
sampling-frequency tracking and its application.
The chapter 3.3.3 Frequency Tracking Groups describes the principle and application of frequency tracking
groups.
SIPROTEC 5 devices are equipped with powerful sampling-frequency tracking as explained in the chapter
3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition . This ensures high measuring accuracy over a wide frequency operating
range (10 Hz to 90 Hz).
To determine the actual sampling frequency, the voltage and current measuring points are checked for valid
input signals, the actual power frequency is determined and the tracking frequency (sampling
frequency = 20 ⋅ tracking frequency) is adapted. The method is implemented in such a way that the number of
samplings per actual power frequency or the frequency of the system is always constant. The number of
samplings is 20 per cycle, as per chapter 3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition .
During engineering, you set the parameters specifying which measuring points are used for frequency
tracking. All 3-phase voltage and current measuring points and 1-phase voltage and current measuring points
are allowed.
NOTE
i Using a measuring point for sampling-frequency tracking requires this measuring point to be suitable for
reliably determining the power frequency. This is the case, as long as the measuring point is connected to
the power system and the rated voltages and currents are measured. If the measured values for the rated
voltages and currents are unavailable, the sampling-frequency tracking must be switched off for this meas-
uring point.
Examples of these kind of conditions are as follows:
• 1-phase measuring points: Measuring points that measure zero-sequence voltages or zero-sequence
currents must not be used for frequency tracking.
• 3-phase measuring points: Measuring points that measure unbalanced currents and voltages for a
capacitor bank must not be used for frequency tracking.
The following figure shows where you set the parameters for the corresponding measuring point and activate
sampling-frequency tracking in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Settings → Power-system data.
Figure 3-29 Using the Measuring Point to Determine the Sampling Frequency
If the parameter Tracking = active, the measuring point is used to determine the actual tracking
frequency. If the parameter Tracking is set to active for several measuring points, the ID of the measuring
point determines the sequence in which these are checked for valid input signals. The algorithm starts with
the lowest ID number, as follows:
• First, the 3-phase measuring points are scanned. If no valid voltage is found, the selected current meas-
uring points are next. In this case, the following sequence applies:
3-phase voltage measuring point → 3-phase current measuring point → 1-phase voltage measuring point
→ 1-phase current measuring point
If a trigger signal comes from a current measuring point, the voltage measuring points are still continu-
ously scanned for valid voltages and switched immediately if a voltage is found.
• If the true RMS value is greater than 2.5 % of the set secondary device rated value, a measuring point is
valid. For example, this is 2.5 V at 100 V, 25 mA at 1 A or 125 mA at 5 A.
• The tracking frequency is tracked using different interval steps. If the tracking frequency deviates only
slightly from the measured frequency, the frequency is tracked using small steps of 0.010 Hz. In the case
of greater deviations, the interval is 1 Hz. To react faster in the event of larger deviations, for example in
switchover conditions, tracking occurs in 5-Hz steps. When switching on measurands immediately the
measured tracking frequency is used.
• If no tracking frequency can be determined, the appropriate rated frequency of the electrical power
system is used as the tracking frequency. This case occurs before the measurands are switched on, after
they are switched off or when the device is powered on. If the measurands are switched on, the starting
frequency is the set power frequency, for example 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Since rated-frequency input variables
can be assumed for most applications, the measuring algorithms start with the fixed sampling frequency,
for example, 1 kHz for 50 Hz and 1.2 kHz for 60 Hz.
Figure 3-30 shows the behavior of sampling-frequency tracking across the frequency band and at the
frequency limits.
The x-axis shows the actual power frequency (fsys) and the y-axis shows the set tracking frequency (ftrack).
Between 10 Hz and 90 Hz, the relationship is linear. If the actual power frequency is less than 10 Hz, the
tracking frequency is kept at 10 Hz. In this case, sampling occurs at 20 ⋅ 10 Hz = 200 Hz. If the power
frequency is greater than 90 Hz, the tracking frequency is kept constant at 90 Hz.
If the frequency is outside the frequency operating range (10 Hz to 90 Hz), frequency tracking generates the
indication Freq. out of range. The individual protection functions evaluate this indication. If an over-
function can occur, the protection functions are blocked internally to avoid a failure.
You can find more detailed information on the behavior of the protection functions in the chapter 12 Tech-
nical Data.
[dw_working-area_sampling-frequency-tracking, 2, en_US]
Siemens recommends routing the calculated power frequency (fsys) and the determined tracking frequency
(ftrack) as a measured value trace in the fault record. In this way, you can document the behavior of the device
in transient conditions. The following figure shows that you find the both measured values in the information
routing under Power-system data → General:
EXAMPLE:
Figure 3-32 shows the behavior of sampling-frequency tracking using an example.
The voltage was reduced linearly from 57.7 V (100 V phase-to-phase) to 35 V (60.6 V phase-to-phase) and, at
the same time, the frequency was reduced from 50 Hz to 35 Hz, for example motor coasting down. Then, an
abrupt switch to the rated values of 57.7 V at 50 Hz was made.
The upper trace shows the power-system voltage on 1 phase (A) as an example. The center trace is the calcu-
lated power frequency and the lower trace is the determined tracking frequency. If you multiply the deter-
mined tracking frequency of the lower trace by 20, you can determine the sampling frequency.
Figure 3-32 Example of Frequency Tracking and Reaction to a Step Change in the Input Variable
In the SIPROTEC 5 devices before platform version V07.80, sampling-frequency tracking applies to the entire
device. This means that the 1st valid measuring point, for example a 3-phase voltage measuring point, deter-
mines the selected tracking frequency based on the detected frequency.
If all measuring points in a system are galvanically coupled to each other, the power frequency is identical for
all measuring points.
There are problems with electrical power system states or system states where galvanic separation is possible
and measuring points of the separated system parts are connected to the SIPROTEC 5 device. For these prob-
lematic electrical power system states or system states, different frequencies are possible for a limited time.
Depending on the measuring point set for tracking, the device selects which frequency to use. As a result,
measuring errors and a failure of protection functions are possible.
Starting with platform version V7.80, you can assign the measuring points to different frequency tracking
groups. This ensures high flexibility and high measuring accuracy for a variety of applications. In this case,
every frequency tracking group specifies its own sampling frequency. In the case of galvanic separation and
different system frequencies, different sampling frequencies arise as a result. This occurs temporarily in
systems with rotating machines, for example. A way to achieve galvanic separation is to use an open circuit
breaker.
NOTE
i In the measured-value acquisition chain in Figure 3-28 in the chapter 3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition ,
only the data stream designated as tracked is adapted. The data stream represented as fixed derives its
sampling frequency exclusively from the set rated frequency. In this case, the constant sampling frequency
of 1 kHz at frated = 50 Hz and 1.2 kHz at frated = 60 Hz is used. This applies to every measuring point, regard-
less of the frequency tracking group to which it is assigned.
EXAMPLE:
Figure 3-33 shows an example for the necessity of frequency tracking groups. The generator circuit breaker
(GCB) and the high-voltage circuit breaker (HVCB) are the galvanic disconnection points. In this way, different
switching states are possible. The device uses current measuring points (CTs 1 to 6) and voltage measuring
points (VTs 1 to 4) located on different sides of the circuit breakers. In addition, it is assumed that the gener-
ator is started using a starting-frequency converter. In a gas-turbine application, the starting-frequency
converter accelerates the generator from 0 Hz to about 70 % of the rated speed (roughly 35 Hz at
frated = 50 Hz). After this, the gas turbine is fired up and brings the generator to the rated speed. Then, the
voltage is built up to the rated voltage and synchronized. During this start-up operation, the GCB is open and
the HVCB is closed. As a result, the measuring points VT 1, CTs 1, 2, 4 have a frequency that deviates from the
other measuring points during start-up operation. The other measuring points are usually at the rated
frequency due of the connection to the power system.
Furthermore, protection tripping can result in a switching state where the HVCB is open and the GCB remains
closed. In this case, the generator and a generator transformer can assume a frequency that deviates from the
power frequency. In the event of load shedding, the generator accelerates before the speed controller inter-
venes. This is particularly pronounced in hydro generators.
An evaluation of the individual scenarios shows that different frequencies can occur at the different meas-
uring points for a limited time. For this reason, 3 frequency tracking groups are necessary in this example.
These groups are marked with different colors in the following figure.
NOTE
i The measuring point (CT 4) marked with 1) in the following figure will be discussed later.
[dw_example_frequency-tracking-groups, 1, en_US]
To strike a balance between application flexibility and the required computing power, the number of addi-
tional frequency tracking groups was limited to 5. Together with the basic functionality, a total of 6 frequency
tracking groups are possible.
If you wish to use frequency tracking groups, use the following engineering recommendations. Before starting
work, make sure you know how many frequency tracking groups are needed. Select only the required
number.
If you start with an application template that you have expanded by the necessary measuring points, you must
load the necessary number of additional frequency tracking groups from the Global DIGSI 5 Library into the
Power system folder.
If you instantiate an additional frequency tracking group, the system automatically assigns the ID of the
frequency tracking group in DIGSI using consecutive numbers. As the device already has 1 frequency tracking
group, the ID numbering for additional frequency tracking groups starts with 2.
NOTE
i If you have activated several frequency tracking groups during engineering and you then delete a
frequency tracking group again later, the assigned ID is also deleted. All other frequency tracking groups
retain their assigned IDs.
Try to avoid discontinuities by deleting the frequency tracking group with the highest ID if possible.
You will find the frequency measured values and the indications of the corresponding frequency tracking
group in the routing matrix (see Figure 3-31).
Assign the measuring points to the frequency tracking groups in the Function-group connections Editor. As
soon as you have instantiated another frequency tracking group from the Global DIGSI 5 Library, the addi-
tional column Frequency tracking group ID appears in the routing matrix. In this column, you select the
number of the corresponding frequency tracking group for each measuring point using the list box.
Figure 3-36 Assignment of the Measuring Point to the Frequency Tracking Group
NOTE
i Keep the following in mind when assigning the measuring points to the frequency tracking groups:
• The function groups (FGs) can operate only with 1 frequency tracking group.
• This applies also to interconnections between the function groups as for the Transformer differential
protection.
In the case of the Transformer differential protection, the Transformer side FG is interconnected
with the Transformer FG and all Transformer side FGs of one transformer must operate in the same
frequency tracking group.
The same applies when the neutral-point current is measured using a 1-phase function group.
There are also exceptions such as the FG Circuit breaker (see chapter 5.7 Function-Group Type Circuit
Breaker). The voltage measured values are processed by the Synchronization function which operates
only with a fixed sampling frequency. In this way, voltage measuring points from different frequency
tracking groups can be connected.
The cited rules are checked using scripts and infractions reported during engineering.
Now, you can select the measuring points to be used to determine the tracking frequency for the appropriate
frequency tracking group as explained in chapter 3.3.2 Sampling-Frequency Tracking. If possible, use at least
1 voltage measuring point and 1 current measuring point. Give preference to 3-phase measuring points.
When the tracking frequency has been determined, all measuring points of the frequency tracking group are
set to this frequency and the tracked sampling frequency is adapted.
NOTE
i As described in the chapter 3.2 Measured-Value Acquisition , the measured-value current with fixed
sampling frequency is unaffected by this.
To avoid errors, the ID of the measuring point and the ID of the assigned frequency tracking group are
displayed in the setting sheet of the measuring points in DIGSI 5 (see Figure 3-37).
Figure 3-37 Example: Settings of the 3-Phase Current Measuring Point; Additional Display of the ID for the
Frequency Tracking Group
In addition, the ID of the frequency tracking group is displayed in the function group in the General block (see
Figure 3-38). Here, you can also check the consistency.
Figure 3-38 Display of the ID for the Frequency Tracking Group in the Block General of the Function Group
If you use frequency tracking groups, you must keep in mind special features when interpreting the measured
values. The measuring points of a frequency tracking group are to be treated as decoupled for measurement
purposes. This means that the complex measured values of a single function group, like phasor measured
values, always match. Since phase A of the 1st measuring point is always assumed to be the reference value
when representing the measured value, the phasor measured values cannot be compared between frequency
tracking groups. This also applies if all measuring points are galvanically connected to one another.
NOTE
i When selecting the reference variable, a voltage measuring point always takes precedence over a current
measuring point. If the frequency tracking group does not contain a voltage measuring point, the 1st
current measuring point is used.
EXAMPLE:
Figure 3-39 shows an example of the phasor representation of the analog measured values of the measuring
points.
The phasor representation of the analog measured values of the measuring points can be found in the DIGSI 5
project tree under Online access → Device → Test suite → Analog inputs.
Each of the 2 frequency tracking groups contains one 3-phase voltage measuring point V-3ph and one 3-
phase current measuring point I-3ph.
Frequency tracking group 1 contains the measuring points V-3ph 1 and I-3ph 1, frequency tracking group 2
contains the measuring points V-3ph 2 and I-3ph 2. The frequencies between the frequency tracking groups
differ by 0.5 Hz. A phase displacement of -30° is set between the voltage and the current.
In Figure 3-39, you can see that the fundamental RMS measured values are identical. The phasor measured
angles are shown as decoupled (see Phase angle). In this case, VA is the reference value in the corresponding
frequency tracking group. With decoupled sampling-frequency tracking, the measurement of the measurands
is exact, even with a different system frequency.
[sc_measured_val_DIGSI, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-39 DIGSI Online Mode: Phasor Representation of the Measuring Points with 2 Frequency Tracking
Groups and a Different Frequency
If the circuit breaker in a system is closed, the measuring points are galvanically connected to one another. If
you want to compare the phasor variables of all measuring points to one another when using frequency
tracking groups, Siemens recommends starting a fault record. Evaluate the fault record using SIGRA in the
Phasor representation mode. The comparison is possible here because sampled values that are not
frequency-tracked are used in the fault record. If the frequency deviates from the rated frequency, the meas-
ured values differ slightly.
3.4.1 Overview
The IEC 61850 standard defines certain quality attributes for data objects (DO), the so-called Quality. The
SIPROTEC 5 system automatically processes some of these quality attributes. In order to handle different appli-
cations, you can influence certain quality attributes and also the values of the data objects depending on these
quality attributes. This is how you can ensure the necessary functionality.
The following figure describes roughly the general data flow within a SIPROTEC 5 device. The following figure
also shows at which points the quality can be influenced. The building blocks presented in the figure are
described in more detail in the following.
[loquali1-090212-02.tif, 2, en_US]
• In the Information routing editor for binary input signals of device-internal functions
The following chapters describe in more detail the options regarding this influence as well as the automatic
quality processing.
If a GOOSE connection is the data source of a binary input signal of a device-internal function, you can influ-
ence processing of the quality at 2 locations: at the GOOSE connection and at the input signal of the function.
This is based on the following: A GOOSE date can be distributed within the receiving device to several func-
tions. The GOOSE connection setting (influence) affects all functions. However, if different functions require
customized settings, these are then set directly at the binary input signal of the function.
The properties of quality processing have changed with the introduction of GOOSE Later Binding. You can find
information about the former quality processing in chapter Previous Quality Processing/Affected by the User
for Received GOOSE Values, Page 118.
In the Information Routing Editor, you can influence the data value and quality of all data types. The
following figure shows the possible influence using the example of a DPC data type. All setting options are
effective for the device receiving the data.
• Select either the desired signal in the External Signals group or the signal of a function activated via the
GOOSE column.
• Open the Properties window and select the Processing Quality Attributes sheet.
[sc_LB_GOOSE_2, 2, en_US]
Figure 3-41 Influence Option When Linking a DPC Type Data Object
Depending on the selected data type of the object, various selection options are offered to you for the Safe
state item in the Common settings section. At this point, you select the manually updated values that allow
a safe operating state as soon as the data access via the communication path is disturbed.
• Open the Properties window and select the Advanced quality attributes sheet.
[sc_LB_GOOSE_1, 2, en_US]
With the following advanced quality attributes, you can filter the transmitted GOOSE indications and check
and set their quality. The values that have been adapted, if necessary, are forwarded to the receiver.
For the tests, you can select from the following setting options depending on the data type.
These settings of the Advanced quality attributes apply to the advanced quality attributes listed below. The
selection can vary depending on the data type.
[sc_LB_GOOSE_3, 2, en_US]
You can also forward the quality attributes unchanged. To do this, you must mark the Keep flag check box.
Communication Outage
There is communication disturbance (time allowed to live) between the transmitter and the receiver indicated
by the transmitter. The indication is set in accordance with the settings (Table 3-9).
Invalidity
The transmitting device sends this indication with the quality information Validity = invalid. The receiver
recognizes this for this indication and reacts according to the settings (Table 3-9).
Questionable
The transmitting device sends this indication with the quality information Validity = questionable. The
receiver recognizes this for this indication and reacts according to the settings (Table 3-9).
Test Mismatch
The transmitting device or the function in the transmitting device that issues this indication is in test mode. As
a result, the indication is transmitted with the quality information test. The receiving function block recog-
nizes this for this indication and reacts, depending on its own test-mode state (specified in IEC 61850-7-4
Annex A), according to the settings (Table 3-9).
NOTE
i Follow the sequence of tests. First, the Functional logoff by operator blocked is tested. Then comes
Communication outage and so on. If a case is recognized as active, the test chain is canceled with the
configured setting for the active case.
In the case of Invalidity, the tests are first performed for Functional logoff by operator blocked (not appli-
cable) and then for Communication outage (not applicable) and canceled with the configured action for
Invalidity.
If an indication is routed into the log, manual updating of a value is also logged based on the conditions listed
above and on the reason for the manual update. Manually updating a value based on the conditions listed
above causes a change in the Health Warning function block, inherited up to Device health (specified
in IEC 61850-7-4).
Keep Flag
The quality attributes and values indicated by the transmitter are accepted without change. Quality processing
must be performed by the user via a logic diagram. The outputs of the logic diagram following the user-
specific quality processing can be connected to the function-block inputs as before.
For controllable types, the following substitute values apply in addition to the settable state values or meas-
ured values:
ctlNum = 0
stSeld = False
origin.orIdent = Substituted by quality processing
origin.orCat = AUTOMATIC_BAY
• Open the Properties window and select the Processing Quality Attributes sheet.
Figure 3-44 Influence Option When Linking a DPC Type Data Object
The setting options work for the device receiving the data.
Quality Attribute: Validity
The validity values reserved and questionable are replaced at the receiving end by the invalid value.
• Check box is not set. The validity attribute and data value are forwarded
without change.
• Check box is set and receipt of Validity = good
Check box is set and receipt of Validity = invalid is • The validity attribute is set to good and
set (also applies to values reserved and ques- processed further using this value.
tionable). • The data value is set to the defined substitute
value and processed further using this substitute
value.
In DIGSI 5, you can control the quality processing of CFC charts. In the project tree, you can find the CFC
building block (see the following figure) under Device name →, Settings → Device settings in the editor:
With the CFC chart quality handling parameter, you control whether you want to influence the
quality of CFC charts in a Manual or Automatic (default setting) manner.
If you select Manual, the quality attribute of the CFC chart is always valid regardless of the quality of indi-
vidual signals (Validity = good)!
Only the Test quality attribute of the CFC chart is processed. If the device is in test mode or the input TEST of
the CHART_STATE CFC building block is set, the quality attribute of the CFC chart is set to Test.
If you select Automatic, the quality processing of the CFC charts is influenced as follows:
In the case of CFC charts, a distinction has to be made between the general quality processing and certain CFC
building blocks that are specifically designed for quality processing.
General Processing
Most of the CFC building blocks do not have an explicit quality processing. For these building blocks, the
following general mechanisms shall apply.
Quality Attribute: Validity
If one invalid signal is received in the case of CFC input data, then all CFC output data will also be set to
invalid if they originate from building blocks without explicit quality processing. In other words, the
quality is not processed sequentially from building block to building block but the output data are set glob-
ally.
This does not apply to CFC output data that originate from building blocks with explicit quality processing
(see next section).
BUILD_BSC
BUILD_DPS
BUILD_ENS
BUILD_SPS
BUILD_XMV
CFC charts have a standard behavior in the processing of signals. If an input signal of the CFC chart has the
quality invalid, all output signals of the CFC chart also get the quality invalid. This standard behavior is
not desirable in some applications. If you use the building blocks for quality processing, the quality attributes
of the input signals in the CFC chart are processed.
• The interlocking condition for switchgear interlocking protection is stored in the device as a CFC chart.
• The removed device sends the release signal for the interlocking condition via a GOOSE telegram.
If the communication connection has been interrupted, the release signal (GOOSEStr) incoming via the
GOOSE telegram gets the quality invalid. If the CFC chart obtains an invalid input signal, there are the
following possibilities: The last signal valid before the communication interruption is used (quality = good) or
a substitute data value with the quality good is used (True, False).
To do this, you have to create a separate CFC chart in addition to the interlocking plan of the switchgear inter-
locking. Use the building blocks for quality processing in a separate CFC chart. With the SPLIT_SPS building
block, split the input signal (data type = SPS) into data value and quality information. You can then continue to
process these signals separately in the CFC chart. Use the quality information as an input signal for a
BUILD_SPS building block and assign the quality good to the signal. You obtain an SPS signal as a result, with
the quality good. You can use this to process release messages correctly. You can process the release
messages with the quality good in the CFC chart of the actual interlocking. Therefore, the release signal for a
switch illustrated in the interlocking logic is available as a valid result with the quality good. The following
figure shows an example of the CFC chart with the building blocks for quality processing:
[sccfcran-220415-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-46 CFC Chart with Building Blocks for Quality Processing (Switchgear Interlocking via GOOSE)
If you do not want to convert the invalid release signal to a valid signal, as described, during the communica-
tion interruption, you can also assign a defined data value to the release signal. Proceed as follows: With the
SPLIT_SPS building block, split the input signal (data type = SPS) into data value and quality information. Link
the VALID output of the SPLIT_SPS building block with the data value of the input signal (AND gate). This way,
you can set the value to a non-risk state with the valid input signals. In the example, the output of the CFC
chart is set to the value FALSE when the input signal is invalid.
Figure 3-47 provides an overview for processing the quality of data objects within a device-internal function.
A function can receive internal data or input data that is routable by the user (binary input signal or double
commands). The respective quality attributes supported are evaluated by the function on the input side. The
attributes are not passed through the specific algorithm/the specific logic of the function. The output data are
supplied with a quality that is specified by the function state and device-operating mode.
NOTE
i Take into account that pickup of chatter blocking (see chapter 3.9.1 Signal Filtering and Chatter Blocking
for Input Signals) sets the corresponding Validity attribute to invalid.
[loquali3-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• CFC chart: See description in chapter 3.4.3 Quality Processing/Affected by the User in CFC Charts
• GOOSE connection: See description in chapter 3.4.2 Quality Processing/Affected by the User for Received
GOOSE Values
[loquali2-230212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
For this signal type (SPS), you can influence the processing of the quality, see overview in Figure 3-47.
The following figure shows the possible influence on a binary input signal of a protection stage.
• In the Properties window, select the Details entry. There, you will find the item Processing quality
attributes.
Figure 3-49 Influence Options for a Binary Input Signal (SPS Input Signal)
Output Data
The quality is not processed through the actual algorithm/logic of the function. The following table displays
the conditions required to set the quality of output signals of a function.
Cause D0 Value Quality Attribute
After internal (to To the IEC 61850
the SIPROTEC 5 interface, in buffer
system, for example,
in the direction of a
CFC chart)
Functional state = Test Unchanged Test = TRUE Test = TRUE
(thus, result of device operating
mode = Test or function mode
= Test)
Functional state = Off Function-specific, corre- Validity = good Validity = invalid
(thus, result of device operating sponding to the definition for
mode = Off) switched off
All SIPROTEC 5 devices have a fault memory in which fault recordings are kept securely. Fault recording docu-
ments operations within the power system and the way in which protection devices respond to them. You can
read out fault recordings from the device and analyze them afterwards using evaluation tools such as SIGRA.
A fault record contains the following information:
• Any binary signals (for example, pickup signals and trip signals of protection functions)
You can individually configure the signals to be recorded. Furthermore, you can define the starting condition,
the record duration, and the saving criterion of a recording. Fault records saved in the device are also available
after a loss of auxiliary voltage.
The Fault recorder function is a central device function. Both the recording criterion and the measured-value
and binary channels to be recorded are functionally preconfigured through the application templates. You are
able to individually adapt the configuration in DIGSI 5. The fault recording and the fault log are subject to the
same control. This ensures that real time, relative time, and numbering of the fault data are synchronized.
This means that all fault recordings function on the same real-time and relative-time basis.
The data read out via the DIGSI-PC are saved in COMTRADE format. Fault recording data can be transferred to
the substation automation technology by request in accordance with the standards via existing communica-
tion connections (such as IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-103). The central device analyzes the data using appro-
priate programs.
The Fault recorder function records the sampled values, specific to each device, of all analog inputs, the inter-
nally calculated measured values and the binary signals. The configuration, which is predefined for each
device via an application template, can be adapted individually.
NOTE
i You can find detailed information about selecting and deleting fault records in the Operating Manual
(C53000-G5040-C003).
The fault memory of the device is automatically updated with every recording. When the fault memory is filled
completely, the oldest records are overwritten automatically. Thus, the most recent recordings are always
stored safely. The maximum number of recordings is 128.
Sampling Frequency
The analog measuring channels are sampled at a different sampling rate for fault recording. The Sampling
frequency parameter is used to set the desired sampling frequency. Possible setting values are 1 kHz, 2 kHz,
4 kHz, and 8 kHz . This setting value applies only to fault recording and does not affect protection functions or
calculated measured values.
Record Duration
The overall duration of a single fault recording comprises the total duration of the configurable recording
criterion, the Pre-trigger time and the Post-trigger time . You can set the parameters for these
components individually.
[dwsigrar-070813-01, 1, en_US]
With the Fault recording parameter, you specify the start criterion of the recording.
You can set the following values:
• with pickup:
The fault recording records the complete fault until dropout. The resulting pickup signals of all function
groups are taken into account.
• user-defined:
With this setting value, you can individually specify the recording criterion for the fault recording in
DIGSI 5. Function-specific recording criteria can be realized in this way.
If a recording criterion reoccurs during the pickup time and post-trigger time, the recording which is currently
active is extended to include a new post-trigger time.
For a sampling frequency of 8 kHz and 24 analog channels to be recorded, the duration of one individual fault
recording can be up to 20 s.
The maximum record duration can be limited by the Maximum record time parameter.
In addition to starting the fault recording via the pickup, the following alternatives are possible:
• Externally via binary input signal >External start (for example, from an external protection device
without fault recording by an object transferred via a GOOSE message)
• By way of a configurable input signal >Manual start, you can start fault records with a configurable
length (parameter Manual record time).
• From DIGSI 5, you can start test fault records with a fixed length of 1 s.
• With a command from a central device via an existing communication connection (IEC 61850,
IEC 60870-5-103)
NOTE
i If a pickup signal is present continuously, the fault record is closed after the Maximum record time
expires and the fault recording is not restarted!
Fault Memory
The device manages its available fault memory dynamically, so that the maximum recording capacity is always
available. When exceeding the limits of the fault memory, the oldest recordings are automatically overwritten.
This means that the most recent recordings are always available. The sampling rate, type, and number of
measured value trends to be recorded are the crucial variables when it comes to restricting the length and
number of recordings possible. Parallel to the sampled tracks, up to 50 tracks with function-specific measured
values and up to 200 binary tracks can be recorded. The following table provides an overview of the maximum
storage capacities, in seconds, for different connection variations of the protection devices.
In the following table, you can find input signals of the Fault recorder function:
Name Type Description
Control: Start recording SPC Start recording via the function key
Control: Reset memory SPC Delete all recording via the function key. The
error numbers are reset.
Control: Delete memory SPC Delete all recording via the function key. The
error numbers remain as is.
Control: >External start SPS Start recording with an external binary signal,
for example, by the trip command of an external
protection device. The set pre- and post-trigger
time are taken into account.
Control: >Manual start SPS Start a recording of fixed duration (parameter
Manual record time ) by way of an
external binary signal, for example, manually via
the function key or by an external binary signal.
In the following table, you can find output signals of the Fault recorder function:
Name Type Description
General: Mode ENC Status feedback of the fault recording according
General: State ENS to chapter 2.3 Function Control
General: Standby ENS
Control: Error number INS The indication of the current error number
allows a unique allocation of entries in the
message buffers for the recorded fault records.
Control: Recording started SPS Fault recording running
Parameter: Storage
• Recommended setting value (_:2761:141) Sampl. freq. IEC 61850 rec. = 8 kHz
With the Sampl. freq. IEC 61850 rec. parameter, you define the sampling frequency of the fault
record that you want to download using the IEC 61850 communication protocol. Possible setting values are
8 kHz, 4 kHz, 2 kHz, and 1 kHz.
You cannot set the Sampl. freq. IEC 61850 rec. parameter to be greater than the maximum setting
value of the Sampling frequency parameter.
If the size of the COMTRADE file exceeds the maximum permissible storage capacity of the device, the original
recording is truncated. The truncated data are discarded.
NOTE
i If you have created a fault record with a certain sampling frequency and then set the sampling frequency to
a lower value, you can no longer download this fault record using the IEC 61850 communication protocol.
You must reset the sampling frequency to the original value. Then you can download the fault record again
using the IEC 61850 communication protocol.
Parameter: Cal.zero.seq.cur.channel
The zero-sequence currents can be calculated only with the following current-transformer connection types:
• 3-phase + IN-separate
• 3-phase + IN
• 3-phase
• 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN
• 3 ph-to-gnd voltages
3.5.5 Settings
3.6.1 Overview
Protection communication includes all functionalities required to exchange data via the protection interface
(PI). It manages one or a maximum of 2 protection interfaces. The Protection communication is generated
with the configuration of the channels as a protocol.
You can find detailed information in the section Protection interface in chapter 3.6.3.1 Overview of Func-
tions.
• Topology detection
• Remote data
The following figure shows the structure of Protection communication:
[dwstrufg-171012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If the teleprotection scheme is to work via a protection interface, the receive block Rec. PI# must be
instantiated. Proceed as follows:
• Open the Global DIGSI 5 library and instantiate, for example, the 85-21Perm.overr. function. You can
find the function under FG Line → Teleprotection scheme → 85-21Perm.overr..
• Use drag and drop to add the receive block Rec. PI# from the Global DIGSI 5 library in Information
routing under Line → 85-21Perm.overr.. If a receive block Rec. bin.sig.# is already available
besides Rec. PI#, delete the receive block Rec. bin.sig.# from the Information routing.
It's not necessary to route the send and receive signals separately.
Topology Detection
The topology detection determines the physical structure of the device combination, that is, the topology
detection determines the way the devices are connected to one another. The communication is controlled on
this basis.
Remote Data
The Remote data functionality is applied if you route a specific signal or a measured value to the protection
interfaces. The protection interface then attends to the transmitting and receiving of such signals. The
maximum amount of remote data is defined by the available bandwidth.
• Topology data and values are exchanged for monitoring and testing the connection.
The results are displayed on the device or with DIGSI 5.
• Protection data or teleprotection scheme binary data, are transferred for distance protection and ground-
fault protection.
• The devices can be synchronized in time via the connection, whereby a device of the protection topology
assumes the role of the timing master.
The connection is continuously monitored for data faults and outage, and the time delay of the data is meas-
ured.
The protection interfaces are typically used with the teleprotection scheme for distance protection and
ground-fault protection. In SIPROTEC 5, you can configure protection interfaces in all devices and then use
them for further protection applications. At the same time, any binary information and measured values can
be transferred between the devices.
[dwstruct-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The protection communication runs physically via a serial optical communication module. This module can
have 1 or 2 channels. The protection communication can take place via various modules. This depends on the
type of interface and the application. DIGSI 5 is used to configure 1 or 2 channels of a serial optical module as
a protection interface. This enables communication with the values set at the protection interface via this
channel.
NOTE
i In the case of devices with differential protection function, for example 7SD and 7SL, protection communi-
cation type 1 is preset in the application templates of the devices. Type 2 is preset in the application
templates for other devices, and is used for other data transmission.
Type 1 and type 2 protection communication do not work together in pairs via a protection function.
[dwintert-030211-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-53 Data Exchange between 4 Devices with Protection Communication of Type 1 or Type 2 in a
Protection Topology
[dwinterf-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-54 Data Exchange for 2 Devices, Each with Protection Communication
NOTE
i The index describes the consecutive numbering of the devices in a protection topology (see parameter
Local device is device).
A maximum of 2 protection communications can be integrated in one device (see next figure). If 2 protection
communications of the same type are connected to one another, this results in 100 % redundancy regarding
the transmission route. The devices then search for the communication connection with the highest band-
width (for example, optical fiber). If this connection fails, the system switches over automatically to the 2nd
connection until the 1st connection is available again. As the connection with lower bandwidth defines the
maximum amount of transferable information, the same information is exchanged via both connections. One
application of this is differential protection routed via a redundant communication connection. Both protec-
tion communications in the device are then of type 1.
[dwintera-030211-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-55 Data Exchange for 2 Devices, Each Having 2 Protection Communications/Redundant Transmis-
sion Route
• Chain topology
• Ring topology
The chain topology is shown in the following figure.
The protection communications must be of the same type to belong to a topology. All protection communica-
tions are of type 1 in a multiple-end differential-protection configuration.
The configuration shows that the indexing of the devices does not have to correspond to the order of the
communication chain.
[dwchaint-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The communication ring has the advantage over the communication chain that the entire communications
system and, for example, the differential protection function also work if one of the communication connec-
tions fails or if a device in the topology is taken out of operation.
For more information, refer to 3.6.3.5 Device-Combination Settings.
The devices detect failure or logging off, and switch over automatically to the remaining communication
routes.
The following figure shows, for example, a four-line-end differential-protection application if all protection
communications are of type 1. A typical application with protection communications of type 2 is the exchange
of indications and measured values between 4 devices (for example, between switchgears), whereby the
connection can occur via different communication routes. This is the application for a protection-data trans-
mission device.
[dwringto-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If a connection fails in the ring topology, this configuration continues to function as a chain topology. In
addition, a device in the constellation can be logged off from the topology.
• Priority 1: Use Priority 1 for the transmission of fast protection signals that are transferred and updated
at a maximum of every 20 ms in a telegram.
• Priority 2: Use Priority 2 for the transmission of fast single-point or double-point indications that are
transferred and updated at a maximum of every 40 ms.
• Priority 3: Use Priority 3 for all indications, measured, and metered values that are transferred and
updated a maximum of every 100 ms.
The number of customer-specific signals, indications, and measured values conform with the remaining band-
width. The remaining bandwidth is lower than with all other protection functions (type 2) when using a differ-
ential protection (type 1). Customer-specific measured values consume more bandwidth than single-point
indications.
Communication Media
The communication takes place via direct fiber-optic connections, via communication networks or via 2-wire
copper conductors. Siemens recommends a direct fiber-optic connection, as this offers the highest transmis-
sion rate of 2 MBit/s and is immune to failures in the communication route while offering the shortest trans-
mission time. This also enables the transmission of a large amount of additional information on differential
protection routes and the remote control of devices at the remote end with DIGSI 5.
The distance to be bridged and the transmission paths available determine the settings of the protection inter-
face. External communication converters are used for the connection to communication networks via
G703.1-, X21-, or G703.6 interfaces. The connection to 2-wire copper cores also takes place via a communica-
tion converter. The C37.94 interface, for example, with 2 MBit/s, offers a direct fiber-optic connection to a
multiplexer with the corresponding interface.
Table 3-11 to Table 3-12 show examples of communication connections.
In the case of a direct connection, the transmission distance depends on the fiber type of the optical fiber. This
distance can also be extended via external repeaters.
The modules in the device can be replaced from outside, so that adaptation to a transmission route is possible.
In the case of the 820-nm double module USART-AE-2FO with 2 channels, 2 protection interfaces can be oper-
ated on one module.
The modules can be located at slots E and F in the base device, and at slots N and P in the plug-in module
assembly with integrated power supply.
When using communication converters, the connection from the device to the communication converter by a
module is established via optical fibers.
Table 3-11 Plug-In Modules for Applications with the Protection Interface
Plug-In Modules
Plug-In Modules
Plug-In Module
USART-AD-1FO
USART-AE-2FO
Physical Connection
1 x optical serial, 820 nm, ST connector, 1.5 km via 62.5/125 μm multimode optical fibers ●
2 x optical serial, 820 nm, ST connector, 1.5 km via 62.5/125 μm multimode optical fibers ●
Application
Protection interface (Sync. HDLC, IEEE C37.94) ● ●
NOTE
i The USART plug-in module types can be used in slots E and F in the base module as well as in slots N and P
in the CB202 expansion module. They are not suitable for use in port M in the CB202 expansion module.
[dwmultim-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-58 Connection over Short Distances, 1.5 km to 2 km via Multimode Optical Fiber
[dwmultim-070611-02.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwsingle-070611-03.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-60 Connection via Different Distances via Singlemode Optical Fiber
[dwdaempf-030211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i If you use the protection-interface modules USART-AV-2LDFO or USART-AK-2LDFO for transmission routes
under 30 km, then connect 2 attenuators 7XV5107-0AA00. To continue using the duplex LC plug, attach
both attenuators to one end of the remote connection (see Figure 3-61).
[dwsingle-020513-04.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwmultim-070611-05.tif, 1, en_US]
The connection to the multiplexer is established via a communication converter with a G703.1 interface (64
kBit/s) or X21 interface (64 kBit/s to 512 kBit/s). You can set the bit rate for the KU-XG-512 (for X21), KU-
XG-256 (for X21), KU-XG-128 (for X21), and KU-XG-64 (for X21 or G703.1) with the parameter Connection
via.
You can find more detailed information in Table 3-13.
[dwmultim-070611-06.tif, 1, en_US]
The connection to the multiplexer is established with 512 kBit/s via a communication converter with a G703.6
interface (E1 with 2 MBit/s or T1 with 1.44 MBit/s). The communication converter offers a 2nd interface for the
connection of a further protection interface.
Adjust the setting for the bit rate with KU-2M-512 at 512 kBit/s in accordance with Table 3-13 with the param-
eter Connection via.
[dwmulti7-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The connection to a communication converter with an integrated 5-kV isolation voltage is established with
128 kBit/s (KU-KU-128 setting in accordance with Table 3-13). A 20-kV isolation of the 2-wire connection is
possible via an external 7XR9516 isolating transformer.
[dwrepeat-070611-10.tif, 1, en_US]
The repeater offers an interface for connecting an additional protection interface. The connection to a
repeater is established with 512 kBit/s (repeater 512 setting in accordance with Table 3-13).
[dwmutip8-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-67 Direct Optical Connection to a Multiplexer with a C37.94 N * 64 kBit/s Interface (Time Slot N =
1; 2 or 8)
NOTE
i The redundancy of different communication connections (for the ring topology) requires rigorous separa-
tion of all devices involved in the communication. Therefore, avoid different communication routes via the
same multiplexer board, as no more substitute paths are possible if the board fails.
• In the project tree, select Name of the device → Hardware and protocols.
• You will find the parameter Address of device 1 in the features of the communication module
under Settings → Settings of the protection interface.
Set the protection interface as the 1st time source in the other devices (slave devices). of the topology. You
can find the setting value in DIGSI 5 via the Project tree → Parameters → Time settings → Timer → Time
source 1 → PI.
In this way, all events in the devices of the protection topology are recorded with the same time and are time-
synchronized even across different switchgears. This simplifies fault analysis and the fault records are recorded
with the same time in all devices.
[dwtimesy-130212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-68 shows how device 1 with index 1 is synchronized with devices 2, 3, and 4 via the protection inter-
face. Device 1 is synchronized externally from 2 sources (IRIG B and SNTP via Ethernet).
Time Synchronization of the Line Differential Protection Measured Values with Microsecond Accuracy
The measured values of the line differential protection for the various line ends are synchronized with each
other with microsecond accuracy via the mechanisms of the protection interface. The protection interface
displays this state with the RAISING indication Protection interface synchronized.
If communications problems occur, it is possible that the measured values may not be properly synchronized.
In this case, the protection interface generates the CLEARED indication Protection interface
synchronized. The line differential protection is blocked. This state can be corrected only by manual inter-
vention.
NOTE
i You can reset the synchronization of the protection interface directly in the device. Proceed as follows:
Device functions > x Device protection comm. > Protection interface y > Reset synchron.
The following conditions are necessary for a successful logoff of the device from the point of view of protec-
tion communication:
• The protection topology is not in a transient state and is stable in operation without switchovers.
• The local device is one of the 2 token masters if there is a chain topology. The token masters are the
devices at the ends of the chain.
• The circuit breaker must be open and current must not be flowing.
NOTE
i If one of these conditions is not fulfilled, the device cannot be logged off.
You can find more detailed information in the chapter 3.9.4 Device Logout.
• Select the desired communication module in the rear view of the device.
• Use the Communication protocols text box to select the protection interface. A text box entitled Protec-
tion interface will then appear.
[scconfcp-241110-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Then select the Select constellation text box to select the number of devices (see next figure).
Depending on the device, the selection of constellations can be restricted to 2 or 3 devices.
The number of devices is an order option with regard to differential protection.
[scconfws-241110-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i You have the option of changing the number of devices (for example 2 protection communication
devices) depending on the product code any way you like via the Select constellation text box.
If you change the number of devices via the Select constellation text box, all activated constellation
settings are lost.
If the module slot is not yet provided with modules, proceed as follows:
• Select the desired communication module in the rear view of the device.
• Select the module from the catalog and drag it to a channel. Thus is the channel configured with a
module. DIGSI 5 indicates whether the module can be used for protection communication under Device
Information.
• Use the Communication protocols text box to select the protection interface. A text box entitled Protec-
tion interface will then appear (see Figure 3-70).
• Then use the Select constellation text box to select the number of devices (for example 2 devices
protection com.) (see Figure 3-71).
[scconfig1, 1, en_US]
Make the device-combination settings and the settings for protection communication (see next figure).
[scconfig-181013-01, 3, en_US]
Changes in 1 channel are always visible on the other channel as well. All further parameters can be set sepa-
rately for individual channels.
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
You have a topology with 2 devices.
For example, in DIGSI 5, select the parameter setting Address of device 1 with the parameter value 101
for device 1 and the parameter setting Address of device 2 with the parameter value 102 for device 2.
Then, use the Local device is device parameter to set the index of the local device.
The addresses must be configured identically for all devices involved in the constellation. A functional protec-
tion communication requires that you also assign the same index in all devices of a constellation for a device
with a unique address.
• 128 kBit/s
• 512 kBit/s
• 2048 kBit/s
NOTE
i If you use optical fibers for the connection between the devices, set the value to 2048 kBit/s.
You can find more detailed information regarding the configuration of the protection interface in chapter
3.6.3.4 Initialization and Configuration of the Protection Interface in DIGSI 5.
NOTE
i Set the same number of devices used in all devices that are part of the constellation.
Connection mode
[dwdatenl-100113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The data bar is divided into 3 priorities, which also have different transmission rates and data volumes.
The following basic principle applies for all messages: Only pure data contents are transmitted. The quality (for
example, Valid) is not automatically transmitted as well. If you want to transmit the quality as well (for
example, for further processing of GOOSE messages), the quality must be transmitted separately (for example,
by using CFC). If a signal that has a test flag is transmitted (because its function is in test mode, for example),
all signals are provided with a test flag on the receiving side. If the connection is broken, all received signals
are flagged with the quality Invalid. If desired, the value can also be set to a secure state after a selectable
dropout time, or the last value received can be retained (Hold setting). This can be configured separately for
each received signal (see Table 3-17).
NOTE
Indications that are transferred data fields of priority 1 are sent with every telegram. They are preferably used
for the transmission of rapid signals, for example, release for circuit-breaker intertripping. A strictly determin-
istic, rapid transmission is required there.
Signals of priority 2 are transmitted with at least every 2nd telegram. For bit rates >256 kbit/s, there are no
differences between priority 1 and priority 2.
Priority 3 information is transmitted at least every 100 ms. This priority is used for transmission of measured
and metered values. Complex values must be routed separately as the real and the imaginary part for trans-
mission. Measured-value thresholds that lead to an updating of a measured value are set centrally as a prop-
erty of the measured value. These measured-value thresholds apply with the corresponding reporting, for
example, also for the transfer via IEC 61850 to a substation automation technology.
Indications which are written to a data area x under a priority on the data bar must be routed to an indication
of the same type in the device reading this information. Otherwise, they are processed incorrectly on the
receiving side. The data bar is organized in terms of bits. For information on the bit requirement of each signal
type, refer to Table 3-16.
Table 3-14 and Table 3-15 show the number of data areas in the data bar in relation to the available baud
rate.
NOTE
i The Lowest appearing bit rate parameter, which has to be set in each device for the protection
interfaces of a topology, defines the number of data areas as well as the topology type.
If, for example, in a three-end constellation with a type 2 chain topology two devices are connected via direct
optical fibers and 2 devices via the 64-kbit/s weakest line, the 64-kbit/s section is the limiting factor for the
entire constellation.
Table 3-14 Available Bits - Minimum Constellation Baud Rate 64/128 kbit/s
Table 3-15 Available Bits - Minimum Constellation Baud Rate 512/2048 kbit/s
NOTE
i If the protection link fails, these values can be set on the receiver side.
EXAMPLE
2 devices are connected with differential protection via a 64-kbits channel. This is a type 1 topology. 8 bits are
freely available for priority 1. Now, for example, 4 SPS and 2 DPS can be routed:
4 x 1 bit + 2 x 2 bits = 8 bits
NOTE
EXAMPLE
Remote Data Transmission: Routing of the Indications and Measured Values to the Protection Interface
The transmission is organized in the form of a data bar which is continuously exchanged between the devices.
For this, see Figure 3-73.
A device indication or measured value is allocated to a definite data area of the bar.
Figure 3-74 to Figure 3-77 show the routing for a communication topology of protection interface type 1.
To transmit signals to other devices, these signals must be routed in the communication matrix under
Transmit. Binary inputs 1 and 2 are single-point indications (SPS) and are routed to position 1 and position 2
of the transmission with the highest priority (priority 1). For 64 kbit/s, for example, only 8 of these data areas
are available for type 1; they are exchanged between the transmission routes with each telegram. Signals 3
and 4 are double-point indications (DPS), for example, a switch position that is transmitted by a device 1. A
double-point indication occupies 2 positions on the data bar. In addition, a measured and metered value are
communicated via priority 3.
As a measured or metered value uses 32 bits, value 2 starts at position 33. DIGSI 5 indicates the next available
position.
[scransps-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangmw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangzw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
This device also receives information (in the matrix under Receive). This must have been routed as a target for
other devices (see next figure). The binary outputs 1 and 2 in device 1 receive their information via the protec-
tion interface. This is priority 1 information, which has been routed in another device to position 3 and 4 of
the data bar. The secure state is defined in the Fallback value column. If the data connection fails, the single-
point indication is reset to coming or going or its value is retained (hold). For data of the various priorities,
you can also set a dropout time after which the reset (see Figure 3-76) to the fallback value occurs, in order to
retain the original state for a short time in the event of brief interruptions. These 3 dropout times apply for all
data of one transmission priority and are set as parameters.
[scspsemp-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-77 Routing of Single-Point Indications (Receive) to the Protection Interface in Device 1
The following figure shows the routing in the 2nd device. Binary inputs 1 and 2 are routed with priority 1 to
positions 3 and 4 there. In device 1, positions 1 and 2 are already occupied (see Figure 3-74). If you also route
the signals to positions 1 and 2, the signals of the devices are then connected to the corresponding position
with a logical OR operation. If measured and metered values are routed in the same data areas, this results in
implausible values for the receivers that read the data. As a user, you are therefore responsible for the correct
routing.
[scbaspsr-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-78 Routing of Single-Point Indications to be Sent to the Protection Interface in Device 2
The binary outputs 1 and 2 (Receive) in the 2nd device are connected to priority 1 signals 1 and 2 from the
1st device. This takes place via the data areas at positions 1 and 2 of the data bar, which transfer the state of
the indications. Other devices can also read this information and link it to their internal signals. Here, too, the
secure state, which is assumed when the protection connection is interrupted, is entered. This state depends
on the information. In the case of single-point indications, the state is 0 or 1. In the case of double-point indi-
cations, the bit combinations 00, 01, 10, or 11 are possible, in order to directly signal a disturbed position
upon failure of the data connection, for example.
Hold is used to retain the state.
[scbausps-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-79 Routing of Received Single-Point Indications to the Protection Interface in Device 2
[scbausmw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-80 Routing of Received Measured Values to the Protection Interface in Device 2
[scbauszw-021210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Time delay in the send and receive direction of the telegrams between local and neighboring device
You can find this diagnostic data in DIGSI under the following menu structure (see Figure 3-82):
[sc_diagnose_wskanäle_geräteadresse, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i You can use the following procedure to reset the measured values for the protection interface directly in
the device:
Device functions > x Device protection comm. > Protection interface y > Reset measured values.
Indication Description
(_:5161:301) Status The output signal gives you information about the state of communication layers
of lay. 1 and 2 1 and 2 (1: Physical Layer, 2: Data Link Layer). The following indications values
are possible:
• initialized:
The protection interface is not connected and is in the Initial state.
• PI connected:
The protection interface is connected to the protection interface of a device.
• PI data fault:
The protection interface has not received any valid telegrams for the time
set in parameter (_:5161:107) Disturbance alarm after .
• PI data failure:
The protection interface has not received any valid telegrams for the time
set in parameter (_:5161:108) Transm. fail. alarm after .
•
not existing:
The protection interface has not been assigned to a communication
channel.
(_:5161:302) Status The output signal gives you information about the state of communication layers
of lay. 3 and 4 3 and 4 (3: Network Layer, 4: Transport Layer). The following indications values
are possible:
• no error:
The protection interface is operating correctly.
• SW ver.incomp.:
The firmware versions of the connected devices are incompatible. Update
the firmware.
• wrong dev. ID:
The device address of the partner device is incorrect. Check the settings for
parameters Address of device 1 to address of device n
(_:5131:102 and following).
• const.sett.error:
Check that the same setting has been made for parameter (_:5131:122)
Lowest appearing bit rate in all devices.
• diff.sett error:
The line differential protection settings for the connected devices are incom-
patible. Check whether both devices are set to operate with or without line
differential protection.
The rated current of the line (parameter (_:9001:101) Rated
current) must be set equal at all ends of the line.
If a transformer is installed in the line, the rated apparent power
(_:9001:103) Rated apparent power must be set equal at all ends
of the line.
• net mirroring
The protection interface is receiving its own data. Check the wiring.
• wrong dev. idx.
The device index in the partner device is wrong. Check the setting of param-
eter (_:5131:101) Local device is device in the partner device.
In order to clarify faults, each individual protection interface provides the following binary signals:
NOTE
i You can reset the measured values of the protection interface directly in the device. Proceed as follows:
Device functions > x Device protection comm. > Protection interface y > Reset measured values.
NOTE
i The diagnostic data can also be read via the device control on the display of the device. The overview of
DIGSI 5 does not offer this option, however.
[scdiapin-140912-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-83 Diagnostic Data of a Channel Configured with the Protection Interface
[scdiamed-140912-01, 1, en_US]
[scdiacom-140912-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-85 Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Log - HDLC (Log - Layer)
Table 3-20 Description of Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Log - HDLC (Log - Layer)
[scdiahdl-140912-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-86 Diagnostic Data of the Protection-Interface Log - COM Interface (Internal COM Link Interface
Between Module and Mainboard)
Table 3-21 Description of Diagnostic Data of the COM Interface (Internal COM Link Interface Between
Module and Mainboard)
Table 3-22 Description of Diagnostic Data of some Setting Values of the Protection Interface
3.6.3.10 Settings
Timely recording of process data requires precise time synchronization of the devices. The integrated date/
time synchronization allows the exact chronological assignment of events to an internally managed device
time that is used to time stamp events in logs, which are then transmitted to a substation automation tech-
nology or transferred via the protection interface. A clock module internal to the device and having battery
backup is synchronized cyclically with the current device time so that the right device time is available and
used even in case of auxiliary-voltage failure. At the same time, this permits hardware-supported monitoring
of the device time.
The integrated date/time synchronization is a supervisory device function. Setting parameters and indications
can be found in the following menus for the DIGSI and the device:
Set date and time:
• DIGSI: Online access -> Interface -> Device -> Device Information -> Time Information
• DIGSI: Project -> Device -> Information routing ->Time keeping or Time Sync.
Every SIPROTEC 5 device maintains an internal device time with date. The date and time can also be set on the
device via the on-site operation panel or via DIGSI 5. Within a system, or even beyond, it is usually necessary to
record the time of process data accurately and to have exact time synchronization of all devices. For SIPROTEC
5 devices, the sources of time and synchronization options can be configured.
• Telegram
The time is synchronized via a telegram with an appropriately configured communication interface in
accordance with the IEC 60870-5-103 or DNP3 protocol.
• Ethernet
The time synchronization is done via Ethernet-based SNTP protocol (Simple Network Time Protocol), for
example with IEC 61850 stations or via IEEE 1588. If you enable both services during configuration of
Ethernet interfaces, these protocols are available as an option for the time synchronization.
• Protection interface
The time synchronization takes place via the protection interfaces configured for your SIPROTEC 5 device.
Here, the timing master takes over the time management.
• 2 time sources can be taken into consideration with the SIPROTEC 5 devices. For each time source, the
synchronization type may be selected based on the options provided.
• Time source 1 takes precedence over Time source 2, that is, Time source 2 will be effective for
the synchronization of the device time only if Time source 1 fails. If only one time source is available
and it fails, then only the internal clock continues unsynchronized. The status of the time sources is indi-
cated.
• For every time source, it is possible to define via the Time zone time source 1 parameter (or Time
zone time source 2) if this source transmits its time by UTC (universal time) or if the settings corre-
spond to the local time zone of the device.
NOTE
i Make sure that the settings for the time sources coincide with the actual hardware configuration of your
SIPROTEC 5 device. In any event, incorrect settings cause the status indications of time sources to pick up.
• Day.Month.Year: 24.12.2009
• Month/Day/Year: 12/24/2009
• Year-Month-Day: 2009-12-24
NOTE
i • For time sources that transmit the status of the switch to daylight saving time, this will be taken into
account automatically when creating the internal device time in the UTC format. The differential time
of the daylight saving time set in the device (parameter Offset daylight saving time) is taken into
consideration. However, in contrast, the settings of the start of daylight saving time and end of the
daylight saving times are ignored when converting into the device internal UTC format.
• For active time sources, it is not possible to set the time via the device display or DIGSI 5. An exception
is setting the calendar year for active time protocol IRIG-B.
Indication Description
Device: This indication signals a high difference between the
Clock fail internally managed time and the time of the clock
module that is not permissible. The pickup of the indi-
cation can point to a defect in the clock module or to
an unacceptable high drift of the system quartz
crystal. The time maintained internally is marked as
invalid.
Time management: This indication signals whether daylight saving time
Daylight saving time has been enabled.
Time management: This indication signals that the device time has been
Clock set manually set manually via the on-site operation panel or via
DIGSI 5.
Time synchronization: These 2 indications signal whether the active time
Status time source 1 sources are recognized as valid and active from the
Status time source 2 device point of view. When the indications pick up, it
can also be an indication that an incorrect configura-
tion of the port or channel numbers was done at the
on-site operation panel.
Time synchronization: This indication signals after the parameterized time
Time sync. error Fault indication after that synchronization
using an external time source has failed.
Time synchronization: This indication signals that a Leap second has
Leap second occurred during time synchronization using an
external GPS receiver (protocol variant IRIG-B
005(004) with extension according to IEEE
C37.118-2005).
Time synchronization: This indication signals that the device is synchronized
High accuracy with an accuracy better than 1 μs The indication is
only of significance when the PMU function is used.
NOTE
i In case of a missing or discharged battery, the device starts without active external time synchronization
with the device time 2011-01-01 00:00:00 (UTC).
For the device, DIGSI 5 provides a compact overview of the status of the time synchronization of your
SIPROTEC 5 device in online mode. All displays are updated continuously. You can access the overview in the
project-tree window via Online access.
DIGSI: Online access -> Interface -> Device -> Device Information -> Time Information
[sctimedg-220415, 1, en_US]
• Whether the device time is currently synchronized from the time source
The lower section displays the device time, which is continuously updated. If the internal device time and the
infeed time source were synchronous at the time of telegram receipt, both displayed times are identical.
NOTE
i All times displayed (also the time source) take into consideration the local time settings (zone and daylight
saving time of the device) in the form of a numerical offset for UTC (universal time).
• Default setting Time zone time source 1 = local, Time zone time source 2 = local
With the Time zone time source 1 and Time zone time source 2 parameters, you define the
handling of time zones of the external timer.
• IRIG-B 002(003)
The control function bits of the signal are not occupied. The missing year is
formed from the current device time. In this case, it is possible to set the
year via the online access in DIGSI 5.
• IRIG-B 006(007)
The bits for the calendar year are not equal to 00. The calendar year is set
automatically by the time protocol.
• IRIG-B 005(004) with extension according to IEEE C37.118-2005
If, in the time signal, other control function bits are occupied in addition to
the calendar year, then the device takes the additional information into
consideration for leap seconds, daylight saving time, time offset (zone,
daylight saving time), and time accuracy.
Time zone time source 1 or Time zone time source 2: The
value of this setting is not evaluated by the device, since this protocol
either transmits in UTC or in the case of local time, specifies the appro-
priate offset to UTC in each set time telegram.
DCF77 Time synchronization by an external DCF77 receiver
Time zone time source 1 or Time zone time source 2 = local
Please note: There are also clocks that generate a DCF77 signal representing
UTC. In this case, UTC must be set.
PI The time synchronization takes place via the protection interfaces configured
for your SIPROTEC 5 device. Here, the timing master takes over the time
management. Signal-transit times of the protection interface communication
are calculated automatically.
Time zone time source 1 or Time zone time source 2 = UTC
A slave that receives a time or a SIPROTEC 5 master, receives its system time
kept in UTC.
[sctimezo-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-88 Settings for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time in DIGSI
3.8.1 Overview
With help from user-defined function groups and user-defined functions you can group user-defined objects,
for example user-defined function blocks. 2 user-defined function blocks are available (see following figure).
[scudef_lib, 1, en_US]
The user-defined function block allows you to add (see following figure) single-point indications, pickup indi-
cations, operate indications (ADC, ACT), single and double commands, commands with a controllable whole
number as well as measured values. You can assign the group a superordinate name (for example process
indications for a group of single-point indications which are read via binary inputs). This function can be deac-
tivated using the mode. The standby mode is also analyzed or displayed.
The user-defined function blocks can be instantiated at the highest level (alongside other function groups) as
well as within function groups and functions.
In addition, there is a user-defined function block [control]. Alongside the aforementioned possibilities
presented by user-defined function blocks, this block offers additional tests for user-defined control signals,
for example SPC or DPC.
These are described in chapter 7.6.1 Overview of Functions.
[scbenutz-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-90 Information Routing with Incorporated User-Defined Function Block: Process Indications and
some Single-Point Indications
The following data types are available for user-defined objects in the DIGSI 5 library under the heading User-
defined signals. Additionally, a folder for external signals is available (see chapter 3.8.5 External Signals).
User-Defined Signals
[sc_LB_userdefsig, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
Acquisition using binary input, further processing in a CFC and/or signaling using an LED.
[scspsfas-140613-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-92 Single-Point Indication SPS Unsaved (Example: 7KE85 Fault Recorder)
EXAMPLE
Acquisition of a disconnector or circuit-breaker switch position.
EXAMPLE
The output of the CFC block ADD_D can, for example, be connected with the data type INS. The result can be
shown on the display of the device.
NOTE
i Additional data types can be found under other headings in the DIGSI 5 library as well as in the corre-
sponding function blocks. This applies to the following data types:
• Transformer taps
• Metered values
Pulse-Metered Values
Pulse-metered values are available as data types BCR (Binary Counter Reading) in the DIGSI library under User-
defined Functions.
The functionality and the settings of the pulse-metered values can be found in chapter 9.10.1 Function
Description of Pulse-Metered Values.
Energy-Metered Values
Energy-metered values no longer need to be created by the user separately. They are available as active and
reactive power in each Line function group for reference and output direction. The calculation is based on the
current and voltage transformers associated with the protected object.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 9.9.1 Function Description of Energy Values.
The following data types are also used in the system but are not available for general use as user-defined
signals in the library:
• SEQ (Sequence)
NOTE
i Transformer taps are included in the Transformer tap changer switching element. If this switching
element is created in the device, the transformer tap position is available as a data object of type BSC
(binary controlled step position information).
User-defined signals of different types (see Figure 3-93) are available for GOOSE Later Binding. After instantia-
tion in a logical node, an external reference is generated during IID export and provided to a IEC 61850 system
tool (for example, System Configurator) for GOOSE Later Binding (according to the Later-Binding procedure
specified in IEC 61850-6).
[sc_LB_extsign, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Consider the chapter on GOOSE Later Binding in the DIGSI Online Help. User-defined signals exist as
external signals and as preconfigured inputs that have been activated via the GOOSE column.
For the function groups, functions, and function blocks, settings and miscellaneous signals are defined that
are shown in the settings and information lists.
The information lists summarize the signals. The data type of the information may differ. Possible data types
are ENS, ACD, ACT, SPS and MV, etc.
A type is assigned to the individual data types. The following table shows the possible types:
Type Meaning
I Input – input signal
O Output – output signal
C Controllable – control signal
EXAMPLE:
The following table shows the types for some data types as examples:
Data Type Type
ENS O
ACD O
ACT O
SPS I or O
Input signals can be filtered to suppress brief changes at the binary input. Chatter blocking can be used to
prevent continuously changing indications from clogging the event list. After an adjustable number of
changes, the indication is blocked for a certain period.
The settings for indication filtering can be found at the individual signals. The next figure shows the settings
using the example of a controllable (circuit-breaker switch position).
NOTE
i The software filtering time is available only for the circuit breaker and disconnector in the controllable
Cmd. with feedback (control function block), as this is used for logging purposes. The controllable posi-
tion (circuit breaker or disconnector function block) is used for interlocking conditions and must always
show the unfiltered position of the switching object.
[sclposi-260116, 1, en_US]
The setting range for the Software filter time parameter ranges from 0 ms to 100 000 ms in ms incre-
ments. The Retrigger filter check box can be used to select whether to restart the filtering time when-
ever a status change is performed within the software filtering time. When activated, the Indication
timestamp before filtering check box backdates the time stamp by the set software filtering time. In
this case, the time stamp corresponds to the actual status change of the signal. If you activate the Suppress
intermediate position check box, the intermediate position is suppressed for the duration of this soft-
ware filtering time.
If you leave the software filtering time at 0 ms, the time for the suppression of the intermediate position is
also 0 ms. The activated Suppress intermediate position check box then remains ineffective.
If you do not activate the Suppress intermediate position check box, the software filtering time
affects the on, off, intermediate, and disturbed positions of the circuit breaker or disconnector switch.
With the parameter Spontaneous position changes filtered by:, you set how such position
changes are to be filtered. Spontaneous position changes are caused by external switching commands, for
example. If you select the General software filter setting, the general settings for software filtering of
spontaneous position changes and for position changes caused by a switching command apply. The settings
for spontaneous position changes can then not be edited. A separate filtering for spontaneous position
changes is activated with the Spontaneous software filter setting and you can edit the settings for
this.
Chatter blocking can be activated or deactivated as an input parameter, for example as a parameter of the
position in the Circuit breaker or Disconnector function block.
[scflatte-180315, 1, en_US]
The settings for the chatter blocking function are set centrally for the entire device in DIGSI. They are acces-
sible as settings in the General function group (see the following figure).
[scparafl-291110-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The chatter-blocking settings have the following meaning (see also Figure 3-97 and Figure 3-98 in the exam-
ples shown in the following):
[dw_chatter-block-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-97 Signal Change during Chatter Blocking with too Important Number of Signal State Changes
During 2nd Subsequent Test Time
(1) The input signal is permanently blocked starting from this point in time.
[dw_chatter-block-02, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-98 Signal Change during Chatter Blocking with Permissible Number of Signal State Changes
During 2nd Subsequent Test Time
During commissioning, maintenance, or testing, a brief interruption of the connection between the logical
signals and binary inputs may be useful. It allows you to manually update the status of a switching device that
is not providing feedback correctly. Before this can take place, you must first set acquisition blocking.
To set the acquisition blocking, proceed as follows:
• Using the navigation keys, move in the main menu of the device display to
Commands→Equipment→Aq.blkman. update.
• Select the appropriate device (for example, a circuit breaker) from among the several switching devices
using the navigation keys.
• Enter the confirmation ID (not relevant for active role-based access control (RBAC) in the device).
[scerfass-310816-01, 1, en_US]
Manual updating of the switching device is possible from within the same menu.
• Select the switching device setting to be updated manually using the navigation keys (for example, off,
Figure 3-101).
[scstatus-310816-01, 1, en_US]
[scstatu2-310816-01, 1, en_US]
[scstatu3-310816-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i For security reasons, manual updating is possible only directly through the on-site operation panel of the
device and not through DIGSI 5.
NOTE
i Setting acquisition blocking and the subsequent manual updating are also possible via the IEC 61850
system interface.
You can also set acquisition blocking via a binary input. If you want to put the feeder or the switching device
in revision, you can set the acquisition blocking for an individual or several switching devices with an external
toggle switch. For this purpose, every switching device in the Switch function block (circuit breaker or discon-
nector switch) has the input signal >Acquisition blocking. This signal can also be set from the CFC.
[scbeerfa-190215, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-103 Input Signals >Acquisition Block and >Release Acquisition Block & Manual
Updating on the Switching Device
NOTE
i Interlockings are carried out with the status changes of the switching device. Remove acquisition blocking
again manually. Otherwise, position changes of the switching device are not detected and interlockings are
ineffective.
If the acquisition blocking and the manually updated position are set using the operation panel of the device
or the system interface IEC 61850, these are retained until the acquisition blocking is manually deactivated.
When you initially start the device, the acquisition blocking is deactivated.
Except for a restart, the acquisition blocking and the manually updated position are retained.
If the acquisition blocking is activated via the input signal >Acquisition blocking, it is retained as long as
the binary input is active.
To set the acquisition blocking of a switching device, the following sources are possible:
NOTE
i When the acquisition blocking is activated or the switching device updated manually while the entire
device or the switching device is in test mode, these states are not saved. The acquisition blocking and the
manual updating are not retained after a restart.
The acquisition blocking and the manual update for the circuit breaker, the disconnector, and the tap changer
are reset by way of the >Reset AcqBlk&Subst binary input. Setting acquisition blocking and manual
update is blocked with the input activated.
In addition to the switching commands, which are issued as pulse commands, and stored for the standard
switching devices (circuit breaker, disconnector switch), persistent commands are also possible. In this case, a
distinction must be drawn between controllables with the Continuous output operating mode and a stored
signal output that is immune to reset.
You can change a controllable from pulse to persistent command with the Command output parameter.
[scbefehl-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Select Pulse output or Continuous output for the command output type. If a persistent command is
selected, the Pulse parameter is irrelevant.
3.9.4.1 Overview
In the case of multibay functions, a device uses information from one or more other devices. For some applica-
tions, it may be necessary for you to remove a device with all effective functions temporarily from the plant
and even to switch it off. These applications are, for example:
• Maintenance work
• System upgrades
NOTE
i If you need to remove a device temporarily from the plant, you must log off the device.
Protection functions distributed to several devices operate in a healthy manner with the remaining devices
only if you have logged off the device.
• Via the binary inputs, general: >Dev. funct.logout on (_:507) or >Dev. funct.logout off
(_:508)
You can find the controllable and the binary inputs in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device →
Information routing in the working area in the General block.
During the log-off process, the device checks whether all conditions for a logoff have been met. If the condi-
tions for the log off have not been met, the logout is rejected.
The logout is rejected under the following conditions:
• The devices are communicating via the protection interface and switching off the device leads to an
interruption in protection-interface communication.
NOTE
i The option used to log the device off is stored in the operational log.
Even if you switch off the device after logoff, the Device logged off (_:315) state is stored.
If you want to establish the initial state again after logging off the device, you must log on the device again.
To log on the device, you must use the same option used for logoff. For example, if you have logged off the
device via binary inputs, you must log it on again via the binary inputs. This applies in similar manner if you
have logged off the device via DIGSI or via on-site operation.
• Via the binary inputs, general: >Dev. funct.logout on (_:507) or >Dev. funct.logout off
(_:508)
The conditions for a successful logout of the device result from the conditions for every activated protection
function.
Logoff of a Device from a Device Combination with Communication via the IEC 61850-8-1 (GOOSE) Protocol
If devices are exchanging data via the IEC 61850-8-1 (GOOSE) protocol, for example, in the case of substation
interlocking, you can set in the receiver device for each received data point the value of this data point when
the transmitter device logs off. This value remains effective in the receiver device until the logout is canceled
by the transmitter device, even if the transmitter and/or the receiver are switched off in the meantime.
• Logging off and switching off a device in a device combination must not result in an interruption of the
protection communication.
• For series-connected topologies, the device must be located at one end of the communication chain as
otherwise, the protection communication is interrupted when the device is logged off and switched off.
For this reason, devices that are not at one of the ends in series-connected topologies cannot be logged
off.
Figure 3-106 External Push-Button Wiring for Logging off the Device
If a switch is being used for control, route the binary input >Dev. funct.logout on as H (active with
voltage) and the binary input >Dev. funct.logout off as L (active without voltage). If the
switch S is closed, the device is logged off.
Figure 3-107 External Switch Wiring for Logging off the Device
Indications
The logged-off device reports the status ((_:315) Device logged off) and cause of the logout.
If you have logged off the device via binary inputs, the indication (_:313) Logged off via BI is issued.
If you have logged off the device via on-site operation, via DIGSI 5, or via the protection interface, the indica-
tion (_:314) Logged off via control is issued.
The indications are stored in the operational log.
3.10.1 Overview
You can set the threshold values of protection functions directly on the device or by using DIGSI 5.
An innovative design was implemented for the protection settings.
You can switchover the edit mode between the following setting views:
• Primary
• Secondary
• Percent
If you change settings in a setting view, DIGSI 5 calculates the settings of the 2 inactive views in the back-
ground. If you wish to save, for example, conversion to secondary values, then select the primary view.
Configure all the settings and switchover to the secondary view.
• First set the transformation ratios of the transformers. You can find these under Power-system data.
• In addition, set the reference parameters for the percent setting. You will find these parameters in func-
tion group , for example, function group Line under line data .
The following setting example shows how you can change the transformer ratio in DIGSI 5, and what impact
this has on the settings in the setting views Primary and Secondary. The protection setting is observed in the
example of the Overcurrent protection function.
The following output data are assumed:
Current transformer: 1000 A/1 A
Protection pickup value: 1.5 A
The following figure shows the protection setting of the Overcurrent protection function in the secondary
view. The threshold value of the stage is set to 1.5 A.
[scmodsek_1, 1, en_US]
When you click the green arrow in the setting sheet at the upper left, you get to the window for switching
over to the setting view (see the following figure). Select the setting view you prefer.
[scmodums_2, 1, en_US]
The following figures show the setting sequence in the Primary edit mode. Set the transformer data. In the
example, the current transformer has a transformation ratio of 1000 A/1 A.
[scpwandl_3, 1, en_US]
In the function group Line, you set the line data (see following figure). Rated current, rated voltage are the
reference variables for the percent setting.
[scproref_4, 1, en_US]
The following figure shows the threshold value of the Overcurrent protection function in the primary view at
1500 A.
[scumzpri_5, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-112 Example of the Threshold Value of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage (Edit Mode:
Primary)
When switching over to the percent view, the result should be the following value:
1500 A/1000 A · 100 % = 150 %
[scumzpro_6, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-113 Example of the Threshold Value of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage (Edit Mode:
Percent)
When switching over to the secondary view, the result should be the following value:
1500 A/(1000 A/1 A) = 1.5 A
[scumzsek_7, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-114 Example of the Threshold Value of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage (Edit Mode:
Secondary)
If you only want to work in the secondary view, DIGSI 5 supports you if the transformer ratio changes during
the project phase.
In the example, the current-transformer ratio changes from 1000 A/1 A to 1000 A/5 A. Change the secondary
rated current of the current transformer in the setting sheet of the transformer data from 1 A to 5 A (Edit
mode: Secondary). If you change the transformer data, a window will appear (see the following figure) that
will ask you for the action desired.
[scfragew_8, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-115 Query after Changing the Transformer Data (Setting View: Secondary)
If you answer the question with Yes, then DIGSI 5 will recalculate the pickup values (threshold values) in the
active secondary view. For the new secondary transformer current 5 A, the new secondary threshold value
obtained is 7.5 A (1.5 A · 5 = 7.5 A). The primary and percent values remain unchanged.
The following figure shows the newly calculated threshold value in the secondary view.
[scsekneu_9, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-116 Automatically Recalculated Secondary Values After Changes in the Transformer Data
If you have already set the settings in the secondary view by including the new transformation ratio of the
transformer in the calculation, then answer the question with No. In this case, the protection settings in the
secondary view remain unchanged. DIGSI 5 recalculates the settings (threshold values) of the primary view. In
the example, the primary threshold value is then 300 A (1.5 A · 1000 A/5 A = 300 A).
In the example, the current-transformer ratio changes from 1000 A/1 A to 1000 A/5 A. The following table
summarizes the pickup values that DIGSI 5 will recalculate in the setting view. The new values (in bold)
depend on the reply to your question (see Figure 3-115).
Reply to the Question
Yes No
Threshold value secondary (active setting view) 7.5 A 1.5 A
Threshold value primary (covered setting view) 1500 A 300 A
In the delivery setting, the device is preset to the secondary value. Only secondary values can be set directly
on the device.
If you change transformer data directly on the device, it is not followed by a query, like in DIGSI 5 (see
Figure 3-115). Instead, the device assumes that all settings remain unchanged in the secondary view.
NOTE
i If the device works with IEC 61850 protocol, you change the transformer data only via DIGSI 5 and not
directly on the device. If you change the transformer data directly on the device, the IEC 61850 configura-
tion of the measurement and metered values can be faulty.
Activation
If you want to use the Settings group switching function, you must first set at least 2 settings groups in DIGSI
5 (parameter Number of settings groups > 1). You can set up a maximum of 8 settings groups. The settings
groups set in DIGSI 5 are subsequently loaded into the device.
Table 3-23 Binary Codes of the Input Signals and Applicable Settings Groups
3.11.1.5 Settings
3.11.2.1 Overview
In Device settings in DIGSI 5, you find the following general settings.
[scDeSeDe1-310715-01, 1, en_US]
[scDeSeAl-310715-01, 3, en_US]
[scDeSeall-260815-01, 1, en_US]
The following list shows you the chapters containing the desired information.
You can find more about:
• Chatter blocking in chapter 3.9.1 Signal Filtering and Chatter Blocking for Input Signals.
• Continuous Function Chart Quality Treatment in chapter 3.4.3 Quality Processing/Affected by the User
in CFC Charts.
Under Device, you set the parameters for the device that are valid across functions.
With Test support, indications issued via communication interfaces are labeled with an additional test bit, if
this is supported by the protocol. With this test bit you can determine whether an indication is generated in a
test and whether all or individual functions of the device are in the test mode. In this manner the reactions
that are necessary in normal operation due to an indication can be suppressed in other devices that receive
these indications. You can also permit, for example, a trip command to close an energized binary output for
test purposes. Siemens recommends deactivating the Test support again after the test phase.
Parameter: Fault-display
NOTE
i The device remains in test mode during every startup until you intentionally set the device back into the
process mode. You set the process mode by deactivating the parameter Activate device test mode again
(removing the check mark).
NOTE
i If this parameter is inactive (default setting), the Test state of a function is changed to Test/Relays
blocked.
3.11.2.3 Settings
• Process bus: for cross-device transmission of the measured values for current and voltage
• GOOSE: For cross-device transmission of the position information of disconnectors and circuit breakers,
their trip commands and additional signals
• Further information
Process Bus:
The process bus is available for the modular SIPROTEC 5 devices. The current and voltage measured values can
be transmitted across devices using the process bus. Prerequisite: a ETH-BD-2FO communication module with
the appropriate communication protocols. In the following figure, you can see the 7SS85 as an example of the
client, and the 6MU85 and other modular SIPROTEC 5 devices as merging units.
[dw_bb8_proj-71-star, 2, en_US]
Figure 3-118 Star Structure for Distributed Busbar Protection with Merging Units Connected via Optical
Fibers
Prerequisites for the Merging Units for the Distributed Busbar Protection (IEC 61850 Compliant)
You can use all modular SIPROTEC 5 devices (except the railway protection devices 7ST8x and 6MD89) and
other IEC 61850 compliant devices as merging units. The following prerequisites apply:
• All clients and merging units must have the firmware version V8.0x or higher.
• All clients and merging units must be connected to the ETH-BD-2FO communication module and must
use the process-bus protocols. These include:
– Consistent use of IEC 61850 Edition 2.x. Siemens recommends IEC 61850 Edition 2.1.
– Process-bus protocol 9-2 Merging Unit for Merging Units and 9-2 Client for clients
– Joint time synchronization. Siemens recommends the IEEE 1588 protocol.
• The current and voltage transformers suitable for the target application in the client must be present in
the merging units.
GOOSE:
As an alternative to using the local binary inputs and binary outputs of a SIPROTEC 5 device, you can use the
inputs and outputs of other SIPROTEC 5 devices and transmit them via IEC 61850 including GOOSE.
Examples of binary routings for transmission using GOOSE.
• Circuit-breaker and disconnector position information from the transmitters to the receivers
• Transmission of current measured values (SMV) as per IEC 61850-9-2 (process bus) from the merging
units
• External tripping
NOTE
i You can find these functional enhancements in the Global DIGSI 5 Library in the respective device, under
FG Circuit breaker > dBBP Function extensions. You can find the function Measuring point out of
service under Measuring inputs > Current 3-phase > dBBP Function extensions in the respective device.
• Additional Include in distributed busbar system check box for current transformers, circuit breakers,
and disconnectors in the Properties tab.
[sc_bbp8_SLE_incl, 1, en_US]
Figure 3-119 Extension in the Properties Tab if the Distributed Busbar Protection is Available
Further Information
NOTE
i Analog measured values, binary inputs, and binary outputs are routed across devices in the IEC 61850
System Configurator.
For a detailed description of how to use it as a Merging Unit/bay unit for the distributed busbar protection or
distributed busbar protection (IEC 61850 compliant), refer to the Project Engineering chapter in the Busbar
Protection 7SS85 device manual.
For further information on the process bus, GOOSE, IEC 61850 System Configurator, descriptions of stream
types, GOOSE Later Binding, VLAN priority, network redundancies, for example, PRP protocol or the sample
and time synchronization using IEEE 1588, refer to the Process Bus, Communication Protocols, IEC 61850
System Configurator and the DIGSI 5 Help manuals.
4.1 Overview
The Global DIGSI 5 library provides application templates for the applications of the devices. The application
template
• Adapt the application template to your specific use (check/adapt default settings, delete/add functions).
You can find more detailed information in the chapter 2.1 Embedding of Functions in the Device.
• Check the routing of binary outputs with respect to fast and normal relays.
• Check the CFC charts for the group-warning indications and group-fault indications.
NOTE
i The availability of certain settings and setting options depends on the device type and the functions avail-
able in the device!
• Generator basic 4V 4I
The following table shows the functional scope and the function-point requirements of the application
templates for the device 7UM85:
Table 4-1 Functional Scope of the Application Templates for the Device 7UM85
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
46 Negative-sequence system overcurrent I2> X
protection
46 Unbalanced-load protection I22> t> X X X X X X
46 Negative-sequence overcurrent protec- I2>, ∠(V2,I2) X
tion with direction
47 Overvoltage protection with negative- V2> X
sequence voltage
47 Overvoltage protection with negative- V2/V1> X
sequence voltage/positive-sequence
voltage
48 Motor-starting time supervision X
49 Thermal overload protection θ, I2t X X X X X
49 Thermal overload protection, user- θ, I2t X
defined characteristic
49F Field-winding overload protection X
49H Hotspot calculation θh, I 2t X
49R CG Field-winding overload protection with X
cold-gas consideration
49S CG Stator overload protection with cold-gas X
consideration
50/51 TD Overcurrent protection, phases I> X
50N/51N TD Overcurrent protection, ground IN> X
50N/51N TD Overcurrent protection, 1-phase IN> X
50HS Instantaneous high-current tripping I>>> X
SOTF Instantaneous tripping at switch onto SOTF X
fault
50Ns/51Ns Sensitive ground-current protection for INs> X
systems with resonant or isolated
neutral
Intermittent ground-fault protection IIE> X
50GN Sensitive ground-current protection INs> X
51Ns Non-directional sensitive ground-fault X
detection
50/27 Switching protection I>, V<reset X
50BF Circuit-breaker failure protection LSVS X X X
50RS Circuit-breaker reignition monitoring LSRZ X
51 Startup overcurrent protection I, t startup X
51GN Shaft-current protection Ishaft> X
51V Overcurrent protection, voltage- t = f(I,V) X X X X X X
dependent
59 Overvoltage protection, 3-phase V> X X X X X X
59 Overvoltage protection with positive- V> X
sequence voltage, negative-sequence
voltage, or with any voltage
59 Turn-to-turn fault protection Vturn> X
59N/67Ns Stator ground-fault protection (non- V0>, ∠(V0,I0) X X X X X X
directional, directional)
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
27TH/59TH, Stator ground-fault protection with 3rd V03.H<, >, X X
59THD harmonic dV03.H
64G Stator ground-fault protection 100 % (20 V0>, 3I0>, ∠, X X X
Hz) V0, ∠, 3I0
50 Rotor ground-fault protection (IRgnd>, fn) IRgnd> X X X X X
64R Rotor ground-fault protection (RRgnd<, fn) RRgnd< X X
64F – 1-3Hz Rotor ground-fault protection (1-3 Hz) RRgnd< X
(1-3Hz)
66 Motor restart inhibit X
67 Directional time-overcurrent protection, I>, ∠(V,I) X
phases
67N Directional time-overcurrent protection, IN>, ∠(V,I) X
ground
67Ns Sensitive ground-fault detection for INs>, ∠(V/I), X
systems with resonant or isolated W0p, tr>
neutral, incl. a) V0>, b) cos/sinϕ, c)
fleeting contact, d) ϕ(V,I), e) admittance
67Ns Intermittent ground-fault blocking for X
directional sensitive ground-fault detec-
tion
74TC Trip-circuit supervision TCS X X X X X
78 Out-of-step protection ΔZ/Δt X X X
81 Frequency protection f> or f< or Δf/Δt f>, < X X X X X X
81AF Abnormal frequency protection fBand X
81R Rate of frequency change protection df/dt>, < X
86 Lockout Lockout X X X X X X
87T Transformer differential protection ΔI X X X
87N Restricted ground-fault protection ΔIN X
87M Motor differential protection ΔI X
87G Generator differential protection ΔI X X X X
87B Busbar differential protection ΔI X
PMU Synchrophasor measurement PMU X
Phasor measurement unit PMU X
AFD Arc protection ARC X
20mA MT 20-mA Unit Ethernet X
20mA MS 20-mA unit serial X
RTDMT RTD unit Ether. X
RTDMS RTD unit serial X
Measured values, standard X X X X X X
Measured values, extended: Min, Max, X
Avg
Switching-statistic counters X X X X X X
Circuit-breaker test X X X X X X
Circuit-breaker wear monitoring ∑Ix, I2t, 2P X
CFC (Standard, control) X X X X X X
CFC arithmetic X
Template 1
Template 2
Template 3
Template 4
Template 5
Available
Switching sequences function X
Inrush-current detection I2nd, Harm. X
2nd harmonic ground detection X
2nd harmonic detection 1-phase X
External trip initiation Ext. trip X
Control X X X X X X
Fault recording of analog and binary X X X X X X
signals
Monitoring X X X X X X
Protection interface, serial X
Circuit breaker X X X X X X
Disconnector/grounding conductor X
Switching X
50/27 Inadvertent energization protection I>, V X
(generator)
50L Load-jam protection motor I>L X
60 Voltage-comparison supervision ΔV> X
Vector-jump protection Δφ> X
37 Power-plant disconnection protection -dP X
68 Power-swing blocking ΔZ/Δt X
Frequency-tracking groups (V7.8 and X
higher)
Point-on-wave switching9 X
THD and harmonics X
LPIT module IO240 X
Function-point class 0 85 105 330 230
9 You could find the description of this function in the Point-on-Wave Switching Function Manual.
Routed Trippings
Routed Trippings
Routed Trippings
Routed Trippings
The following graphic shows the structural association of the function-group types.
[dw_fg-uebg, 2, en_US]
The following function-group types are summarized in the function library in DIGSI 5:
• Generator diff
• Generator side
• Generator stator
The selectable Generator side function group type is stored under the FG Generator diff folder. The select-
able Generator stator function group type is stored in parallel to the FG Generator diff folder. In the protec-
tion-function folders below, you find all protection functions which are operational in each function group.
[sc_fg-genub, 2, en_US]
A function group type Generator diff contains precisely 2 function-group types (1 x Generator stator and 1 x
Generator side or 2 x Generator side).
The following table shows the maximum number of function-group types that can be instantiated for a given
device (7UM85).
Function-Group Type
Device Generator stator Generator side Generator diff
7UM85 Max. 1 instance Max. 4 instances Max. 2 instances
Interconnection of the function groups is necessary so that the generator differential protection functions
properly. The Circuit-breaker function group is not listed.
The application template in the following figure provides a good overview of the interconnection options.
[dw_gen-diff-stator, 2, en_US]
Generator diff 1
Generator side
Generator side 1 X
Generator side 2 or Generator stator 1 X
5.1.2.1 Overview
The Generator diff function group contains the differential protection function and measured values relevant
for protection functions.
You can find more information in chapter 9.1 Overview of Functions.
You can find the corresponding function groups and the folders with the usable protection functions in the
DIGSI 5 function library under each device type. You can load, for example, the differential protection func-
tions into the Generator diff function group.
[sc_genueb1, 2, en_US]
You can find more information on the embedding of the functions in the device in chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. You can find more information on the complete functional scope of the application templates
for different device types in chapter 4 Applications.
[dw_fg-gest-290115-01, 2, en_US]
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker func-
tion groups
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Generator diff function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Generator diff function group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, by the protection functions of the connected Generator diff function group
Besides the general assignment of the Generator diff function group to the Circuit-breaker function group,
you can also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 via the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Generator diff function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Operate indications of the protection functions that go into the generation of the trip command
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Generator Data
The generator data characterize the data of the generator to be protected. The Generator diff function group
gets these data from the connected function groups Generator stator and Generator side.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Generator diff function
group are phase-selective and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-6 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Generator Diff Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-7 Generation of Operate Indication of the Generator Diff Function Group
5.1.2.3 Settings
5.1.3.1 Overview
Device-specific protection and supervision functions can work in the Generator side function group. The
scope depends on the selected type of protection concept. The Generator side also contains the measuring
functions.
[sc_genueb2, 2, en_US]
You can find more information on the embedding of the functions in the device in chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. You can find more information on the complete functional scope of the application templates
for different device types in chapter 4 Applications.
• Process monitor
[dw_fg-gesi, 2, en_US]
The Generator side function group has interfaces to the following components:
• Measuring points
• 3-phase current:
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former-connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN, or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Generator side function group must always be
connected to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, two 3-phase current measuring points are required.
If 2 current measuring points have been connected to the 3-phase current interface, the total
current is also determined from measured values from both measuring points in the Generator side
function group. All functions in the Generator side function group have access to these values.
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker func-
tion groups
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Generator side function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Generator side function group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, by the protection functions of the connected Generator side function group
Besides the general assignment of the Generator side function group to the Circuit-breaker function group,
you can also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 via the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Generator side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Generator side function group and cannot be removed. The
process monitor provides the current-flow criterion in the Generator side function group. The current-flow
criterion is used to detect an open/closed Generator side using the flowing residual current.
This information is available in the Generator side function group for all the functions.
The description of the process monitor starts in chapter 5.9.2 Structure of the Function.
Table 5-3 Possible Operational Measured Values of Generator Side Function Group
If a V-3ph measuring point was connected to the Generator side function group, voltage and phase meas-
urements are available.
The energy measurements are not predefined. If necessary, you must load them from the Global DIGSI 5
library.
Depending on the protection and supervision functions used, additional function measurements can be avail-
able. The function values are listed in the Information list for the relevant protection or supervision function
(see Protection and Automatic functions chapter).
NOTE
i With the parameter P, Q sign in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function, section on the
Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
Generator Data
The generator data characterize the data of the generator to be protected. The side-dependent generator data
applies for all of the functions in the Generator side function group.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Generator side function
group are phase-selective and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-10 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Generator Side Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-11 Generation of Operate Indication of the Generator Side Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the generator to be protected. The currents are converted so that the sensi-
tivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the generator.
The CT mismatch M I-3ph 1 IN parameter shows you the magnitude adaptation of the ground current
of the 1st assigned measuring point.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the process monitor in chapter 5.9.2 Structure of the Function.
5.1.3.5 Settings
5.1.4.1 Overview
All of the functions needed for the protection and supervision of the generator are working in the Generator
stator function group. The Generator stator function group also contains the measuring functions.
The Generator stator function group can also have a connection to the Generator Diff. function group.
You can find the corresponding function groups and the folders with the usable protection functions in the
DIGSI 5 function library under each device type. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can load
the respective protection and supervision functions in the Generator stator function group. The functions are
described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[sc_genueb3, 2, en_US]
The following table shows the maximum number of function-group types that can be instantiated for a given
device (7UM85).
Function-Group Type
Device Generator stator Generator side Generator diff
7UM85 Max. 1 instance Max. 4 instances Max. 2 instances
You can find more information on the embedding of the functions in the device in chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function.
• Generator data
• Process monitor
[dw_fg-gnst-290115-01, 2, en_US]
The Generator stator function group has interfaces to the following components:
• Measuring points
The Generator stator function group has the following interfaces with the measuring points:
• 3-phase current:
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former-connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Generator stator function group must always be
connected to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for generators with an isolated stator winding, two 3-phase current measuring
points are required. If 2 current measuring points have been connected to the 3-phase current inter-
face, the total current is also determined from measured values from both measuring points in the
Generator stator function group. All functions in the Generator stator function group have access to
these values.
• 3-phase voltage:
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via this interface. Different transformer
connection types are possible. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are also provided
via this interface.
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker func-
tion groups
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Generator stator function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Generator stator function group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, by the protection functions of the connected Generator stator function group
Besides the general assignment of the Generator stator function group to the Circuit-breaker function
group, you can also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5
via the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Generator stator function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Operate indications of the protection functions that go into the generation of the trip command
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Generator stator function group and cannot be removed.
The description of the process monitor starts in chapter 5.9.2 Structure of the Function.
Table 5-5 Possible Operational Measured Values of Generator Stator Function Group
If a V-3ph measuring point was connected to the Generator stator function group, voltage and phase meas-
urements are available.
The energy measurements are not predefined. If necessary, you must load them from the Global DIGSI 5
library.
Depending on the protection and supervision functions used, additional function measurements may be avail-
able. The function values are listed in the Information list for the relevant protection or supervision function
(see chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions).
NOTE
i With the parameter P, Q sign in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function, section on the
Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
In DIGSI, you can find these measured values in the routing matrix with the following steps:
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signal) of the function group. These group indications are trans-
ferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Generator stator func-
tion group are phase-selective and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-15 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Generator Stator Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-16 Generation of Operate Indication of the Generator Stator Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the generator to be protected and its windings. The currents are converted
so that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the generator.
• Salient-pole generators
The quadrature-axis synchronous reactance is used as setting value for the Synchronous reactance
parameter.
5.1.4.5 Settings
If you need a differential protection for the protection of motors, use the function group Motor (stator) .
This function group works like the function group Motor and also includes all settings and interfaces required
for the differential protection.
In the following figure, you can see the structural association of the function group types Motor differen-
tial .
[dwfguebs-040713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following function-group types are summarized in the Global DIGSI 5 library:
• Motor (stator)
• Motor differential
• Motor side
The individual function-group types are stored under the folder FG Motor diff and can be selected. In the
protection function folders, you find all protection functions which are operational in each function group.
One function group Motor differential always has 1 function group Motor (stator) and up to 2
function groups Motor side .
The following table shows you the maximum number of function-group types that can be instantiated for a
given device (7UM85).
Function-Group Type
Device Motor differential Motor side Motor (stator)
(7UM85) Max. 10 Max. 20 Max. 20
Interconnection of the function groups is necessary so that the Motor differential protection functions prop-
erly. The Circuit-breaker function group is not listed.
The following figure offers a good overview of the interconnection options. This application represents the
motor protection. You can see the 2 function groups that are required for the motor sides as well as the
internal interconnection and selected functions. In addition, a voltage transformer is available on the upper-
voltage side. Here, for example, voltage and frequency limits can be monitored. The required protection
settings are made depending on the system.
[dwMotorDiff-Stator-7um, 1, en_US]
Motor differential 1
Motor (stator) 1 X
Motor side 1 X
5.2.2.1 Overview
The Motor diff. function group contains the differential protection function and protection-function-relevant
measured values.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI library under each device type. You can load only the differential protection function in the
Motor diff. function group.
[scfgmsdi-170713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function.
[dwfgmost-030713-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
The Motor diff. function group has interfaces to the following components:
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker func-
tion group
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Motor diff. function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This connec-
tion determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Motor diff. function group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, through the protection functions of the connected Motor diff. function group
Besides the general assignment of the Motor diff. function group to the Circuit-breaker function groups, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 via the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Motor diff. function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define:
• Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
You can find more detailed information in chapter 2.1 Embedding of Functions in the Device.
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Motor diff. function
group are combined into one group indication using the following numbers and outputs.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-21 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Motor Differential Protection Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-22 Generation of Operate Indication of the Motor Differential Protection Function Group
5.2.3.1 Overview
In the Motor side function group, all of the functions that are necessary for protecting and supervising a
motor side can be used. The Motor side function group also contains the measuring functions.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
The Motor side function group must always have interfacing to the Motor diff. function group.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI 5 library under each device type. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Motor side function group. The functions are
described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scfgmssd-170713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to 2 Basic Structure of the
Function.
• Process monitor
You can load the protection and supervision functions required for your application in the Motor side function
group. The functions are available in the Global DIGSI 5 library. Functions that are not needed can be deleted
from the function group.
[dwfgmosi-030713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Motor side function group has interfaces to the following components:
• Measuring points
• 3-phase current
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Motor side function group must always be
connected to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, two 3-phase current measuring points are required.
If 2 current measuring points have been connected to the 3-phase current interface, the total current is
also determined from measured values from both measuring points in the Motor side function group. All
functions in the Motor side function group have access to these values.
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker function
group
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the protection function groups
You can connect the Motor side function group to one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This connec-
tion determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Motor side function group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the Circuit-breaker function
group, through the protection functions of the connected Motor side function group
Besides the general assignment of the Motor side function group to the Circuit-breaker function group, you
can also configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 via the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Motor side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Motor side function group and cannot be removed. The process
monitor provides the following information in the Motor side function group:
• Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated motor side based on the flow of leakage current
• Closure detection:
Detection of closure of the motor side
Table 5-8 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Motor Side Function Group
If a V-3ph measuring point was connected to the Motor side function group, voltage and phase measure-
ments are available.
The energy measurements are not predefined. If necessary, you must load them from the Global DIGSI 5
library.
Depending on the protection and supervision functions used, additional function measurements can be avail-
able. The function values are listed in the Information list for the relevant protection or supervision function
( (refer to 6 Protection and Automation Functions and 8 Supervision Functions).
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function Structure of the
Function, section Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection-information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and operate indications of the protection and supervision functions in the Motor side function
group are combined into one group indication using the following numbers and outputs.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-25 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Motor Side Function Group
[lo_geopi1-231013-01, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-26 Generation of Operate Indication of the Motor Side Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the motor to be protected and its windings. The currents are converted so
that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the motor.
The parameters MI3ph1 usesMeasP with ID to MI3ph4 usesMeasP with ID show you which 3-phase
measuring points (MI3ph 1 to MI3ph 4) are connected to the motor side. Every measuring point is assigned
a unique ID.
5.2.3.5 Parameter
5.2.4.1 Overview
The function group Motor (stator) is necessary only if the differential protection is applied via the motor. In
this case, the function group Motor (stator) replaces the function group Motor.That means that all of the
functions that are necessary for protection and supervision of a motor (exception: motor differential protec-
tion) are used in the function group Motor. The function groups Motor (stator) and Motor are identical,
except for the interface to the function group Motor Diff..
The Motor (stator) function group must always have interfacing to the Motor diff. function group.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI 5 library under each device type. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the appropriate protection and supervision functions in the Motor (stator) function group. The functions
are described in the Protection and automation functions chapter.
[scfgmost-170713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to Chapter 2.
For further information about the Motor function group, refer to the Motor protection manual (C53000-
G5040-C024).
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the motor to be protected and its windings. The currents are converted so
that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the motor.
5.2.4.5 Settings
• Detects the circuit breaker as open or closed via the current flow (Current-flow criterion)
• Detects the closure of the circuit breaker, that is the starting of the motor (Closure detection)
• Detects the following motor states: running, starting, or standstill (Motor-state detection)
• Detects the reconnection of the network after a long period of disconnection (Cold-load pickup detec-
tion)
[dwrmotmo-300913, 1, en_US]
Logic
[locbprot-230812-23.tif, 1, en_US]
The I open signal of one phase is generated if one of the following conditions is met:
• One phase current falls below the threshold of the Current thresh. CB open parameter. The hyste-
resis stabilizes the signal.
• The corresponding phase current falls below 10 % of the phase current when the trip command arrives. If
the current does not drop until after a delay due to current transformer influences, an open phase can
therefore be detected quickly even after a high-current fault on the motor.
With the Current thresh. CB open parameter, you define the minimum current as the criterion for an
open circuit breaker and respectively a deactivated motor. The parameter is located in the Circuit-breaker
function group. It acts both in the Circuit-breaker function group (for example, circuit-breaker position recog-
nition) and also for the Motor monitor function in the Motor function group.
Logic
[locbprot-230812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-30 Logic Diagram of the Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected-Object Function Block
The Circuit-breaker condition function block in the Circuit-breaker function group provides the circuit-
breaker condition (CB condition indication). When a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (for
example, 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout), then the switching state of the protected object must be determined
with the position of both circuit breakers. In this case, the circuit-breaker position for the Protected object
function block performs linking of the individual CB positions. It provides the CB-pos. protected object
information to the other functions which require this information. These are the Measuring-voltage failure
detection function and the Cold-load pickup detection function block.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB state protected object indication assumes the
Open state:
• All connected circuit breakers signal the open state.
Logic
[loclodet-230812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the Closure-detection function block, the device detects whether the protected object is being
connected to the power system by closing the circuit breaker.
The Closure indication and the internal signal Release (closing) become active as soon as the internal
signal Manual close detected (obtained from the Manual close function block in the Circuit-breaker
function group) becomes active.
By using of the signal Release (closing), the function Instantaneous high-current tripping can operate
immediately in the event of a closure to a short circuit.
For more information about the function, refer to chapter 6.52.1 Overview of Functions
Logic
[lomostde-280812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Motor State
The information about the motor state is used by certain motor protection function, for example the Motor-
starting time supervision function. Furthermore the information is available for the user via the indication
State. The Motor-state detection function block determines the following motor states: starting,
running, standstill.
The 3 motor states are dependent on each other. When the motor state is standstill, it can only change to
the starting state but cannot change to the running state directly. When the motor is in the starting
state, it can change to the running state or the standstill state. When the motor is in the running state,
it can only change to the standstill state but cannot change to the starting state directly.
The criterions of the changes among the motor states are as following:
5.2.5.8 Settings
Logic
[locolode-230812-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-33 Logic Diagram of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection Function Block
The Cold-load pickup detection function block detects that a specific time has been exceeded after deactiva-
tion of the protected object. If you want to connect the protected object again, note that an increased load-
current requirement exists for a limited time after connection. This results from the nature of the load.
The Cold-load pickup detection function block ensures that different parameters are used for an adjustable
time after connection. For example, for the time of the Min. CB-open time parameter, you can increase
the threshold value of a protection function or you can select a special characteristic curve.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects an open feeder and the set time of the Min. CB-
open time has elapsed, the Cold-load pickup indication is generated. Via the >Activate cold-load
signal, you can also activate the Cold-load pickup indication directly.
With theCold-load pickup indication, you can activate a parameter set of the Cold load state estimation
function.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects closure and the corresponding load current, it starts
the time set in the Dropout delay CB closed parameter. The Cold-load pickup indication and the
activated parameter set are deactivated after this time has elapsed.
If, for the period set in the Dropout delay curr.crit. parameter, the maximum phase current falls
below the threshold value Dropout threshold current, the parameter set for the Cold-load pickup
detection function block is also deactivated. As a result, if the load current is very low, the action time
Dropout delay curr.crit.of the Cold-load pickup indication can be shortened.
NOTE
i The settings and indications described in this chapter are only available when using the optional Cold-load
pickup detection function block.
5.2.5.12 Settings
• Maintains a timer for temperature equilibrium during which the motor is not allowed to restart
[dwrthere-300913, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lotherre-230812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-35 Logic Diagram of the Thermal Replica Rotor Function Block
[dwprrelo-170812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-36 Rotor-Temperature Curve and Relevant Information during Repeated Motor-Starting Attempts
Based on the specified motor parameters, the function block calculates the normalized restart limit Θrestart :
[forresli-290313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With:
Θrestart Restart limit
kR k factor of the rotor, calculated internally
Istarting/Irated,motor Per-unit value of rated starting current of the motor with motor rated current as refer-
ence (parameter Start.cur./mot.rated cur.)
Irated,motor Motor rated current (parameter Motor rated current)
tstarting Maximum permissible starting time (parameter Starting time)
τR Thermal time constant of the rotor, calculated internally
nc Maximum permissible number of cold starts (parameter Perm.no. of cold
starts)
If the rotor temperature Θ exceeds the restart limit Θrestart , the motor must not be restarted. The indication
Restart inhibit is generated by the Motor restart inhibit function.
If the rotor temperature ΘRotor exceeds the restart limit Θrestart and the motor is shut down, the Restart
inhibit indication is generated by the Thermal stage of the Restart inhibit function. It lasts a certain time
TTherm. until the rotor temperature ΘRotor has fallen below the restart limit Θrestart.
The thermal cooling time TTherm is calculated as follows:
With:
TTherm. Thermal cooling time
kτStop Extension of time constant at motor stop (parameter Factor T-const. stand-
still)
Irated Primary rated current of the current transformer (parameter Motor rated current)
Ieff Maximum effective current of the 3-phase motor, measured
kLN k factor for the rotor, normalized to Irated, calculated internally
Θpre Thermal replica of the motor switched off, calculated internally
Θrestart Restart limit, calculated internally
τL Thermal time constant of the rotor, calculated internally
Each time the motor is shut down, the equilibrium time TEquil.starts. The timer takes into account the different
thermal conditions of the motor parts at the moment of the shutdown. In this time the temperature of the
rotor components will be equalized. During the equilibrium time, the thermal replica of the rotor is not
updated. In the equilibrium process of the rotor, the motor cannot be restarted. The thermal replica cools
down with the factor defined via parameter Factor T-const. standstill.
Rotor State
If the calculated motor thermal replica exceeds the parameter Tempr.thres. cold motor, the rotor state
is determined as Warm. Otherwise, the rotor state is determined as Cold.
Emergency Start
If, for operational or emergency reasons, motor starting must take place, the restart inhibit can be terminated
via the >Emergency start signal (part of the Restart inhibit function), thus allowing a new starting
attempt. In such a case the equilibrium time is reset and the calculating of the rotor temperature ΘRotor
continues to work, and the calculated overtemperature of the rotor can be observed for risk assessment.
EXAMPLE
The following data and diagrams are excerpted from the technical data sheet of a 2 MV 3-phase induction
motor with squirrel-cage rotor, relevant for determining the function settings.
The motor with the following data is given in the data sheet:
Motor rated current Irated,motor = 430 A
Starting time 44.0 s at Vrated
Permissible numbers of cold start 3
Permissible numbers of warm start 2
The following parameters are directly derived from the above data:
Starting time = 44 s
Perm.no. of cold starts = 3
Perm.no. of warm starts = 2
The setting value of the Tempr.thres. cold motor parameter can be calculated as follows:
[fortheco-240812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Tempr.thres. cold motor ≈ (3-2)/3 = 33.3 %. Set the parameter Tempr.thres. cold motor smaller
than 33 % which leads to the setting 25 %.
The starting current is obtained from the starting-data diagram, which shows the starting current in depend-
ency to the motor speed:
[dwstarti-270612-03.tif, 1, en_US]
According to the starting-data diagram, the starting current Istarting = 4 * Irated,motor . As the starting current is
given in per unit of the motor rated current, the parameter Start.cur./mot.rated cur. can be set
directly:
Start.cur./mot.rated cur.= 4
Since no specific requirements for the cooling process are known from the data sheet or the user, Siemens
recommends using the default settings:
Factor T-const. at oper. = 2.0
Factor T-const. standstill = 5.0
[dwstarta-230812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwstartb-230812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
5.2.6.5 Settings
In the following graphic, you can see the structural association of the function-group types.
[dwfguebt-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following function-group types are summarized in the Global DIGSI 5 library:
• Transf. diff.
• Transformer side
In order for the transformer protection to operate properly, switching of the function group is necessary.
Table 5-10 provides an overview of those switching options that are permitted. The Circuit-breaker function
group is not listed.
A Transformer side function group must always be connected with the Transformer Diff. function group.
Depending on the application, an interconnection of the Transf. neutral point function group with the Trans-
former side function group is required. This is the case, for example, if a restricted ground-fault protection is
used or if the neutral point current in the differential protection should be considered (zero-sequence current
correction). The reverse can also be the case, that the Transf. neutral point needs signals from the Transf.
diff. function group. A typical case is the inrush-current detection, which can be used for blocking a 1-phase
overcurrent protection (with a short time delay set).
5.3.2.1 Overview
The Transf. diff. function group contains the differential protection function and protection function relevant
measured values.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
You will find the corresponding function groups and also the folders with the usable protection functions in
the Global DIGSI library under each device type. You can only load the Differential protection function in the
Transf. diff. function group.
[scfgttdiff-270215-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-41 Transformer Diff. Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UM85
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, please refer to chapter 2 Basic
Structure of the Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for
the various device types, please refer to chapter 4 Applications.
[dwpwrtrf-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Transf. diff. function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker function
group
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Transf. diff. function group is connected with one or more circuit-breaker function groups. This connec-
tion determines the following data:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Transf. diff. function group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected protection function group Transf. diff.
In addition to the general assignment of the Transf. diff. function group to the Circuit-breaker function
groups, you can configure the interface in detail for specific functionalities. Configure the details in DIGSI 5
using the Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the Transf. diff. function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately, in a pickup logic and an output logic respectively. The pickup and output logic generate the
overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are transferred via the
Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection functions in theTransf. diff. function group are combined phase-
selectively and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-43 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Transf. Diff. Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-44 Generation of Operate Indication of the Transf. Diff. Function Group
5.3.3.1 Overview
In the Transformer side function group, all of the functions that are necessary for protecting and monitoring
a transformer side can be used. The Transformer side function group also contains the measuring functions.
You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary
System.
The Transformer side function group must always have an interfacing to the Transformer function group.
You will find the Transformer side function group and the folder with the respective protection functions
under each device type in the Global DIGSI 5 library. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Transformer side function group. The applica-
tion templates show you the possible applications. The functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and
Automation Functions.
[scfgttsit-270215-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-45 Transformer Side Function Group - Functional Scope for Device Type 7UM85
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to 2 Basic Structure of the
Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to 4 Applications.
• Process monitor
[dwpwrsid-291112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The Transformer side function group has interfaces with the following function groups: Measuring points
• Measuring points
• 3-phase current:
The measurands from the 3-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the trans-
former connection type, these are for example: IA, IB, IC, IN or 3I0. All values that can be calculated from
the measurands are also provided via this interface. The Transformer side function group must always
be linked to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring
points, for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts, two 3-phase current measuring points are required.
If 2 current measuring points have been connected to the 3-phase current interface, the total current is
also determined from measured values from both measuring points in the Transformer side function
group. All functions in the Transformer side function group have access to these total current values.
NOTE
i The other interfaces can only be connected to one measuring point each!
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker function
group
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Transformer side function group is connected to one or more circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Transformer side protection func-
tion group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Transformer side protection function group
Besides the general allocation of the Transformer side protection function group to the circuit-breaker func-
tion groups, you can also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction editor in the Transformer side function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Transformer side function group and cannot be removed. The
process monitor provides the following information in the Transformer side function group:
• Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated transformer side based on the flow of leakage current
• Closure detection:
Detection of closure of the transformer side
Table 5-11 Possible Operational Measured Values of the Transformer Side Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Transformer side function
group are combined in a phase-selective manner and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-47 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Transformer Side Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-48 Generation of an Operate Indication of the Transformer Side Function Group
NOTE
i The windings for transformers with more than 2 windings can have different rated apparent powers. Here
the power alone is decisive for the winding, which is assigned to the side.
The Rated apparent power parameter is relevant for the main protection function of the device. The
Rated apparent power set here is the reference value for the percentage-measured values and setting
values made in percentages.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
NOTE
i The device also automatically calculates the current adaptation formulas required for the winding rated
currents from the rated data of the transformer to be protected and its windings. The currents are
converted so that the sensitivity of the protection is based on the rated apparent power of the transformer.
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.9 Process Monitor.
5.3.3.5 Settings
5.3.4.1 Overview
In theTransf. neutral point function group all the necessary functions for protection and for supervision of a
transformer are used, which are related to a neutral-point current. The Transf. neutral point function group
also includes the measurement functions. You can find more information in chapter 9 Measured Values,
Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System.
NOTE
i The transformer and restricted ground-fault protection do not work with sensitive ground-current trans-
formers. Responsive transformers go to saturation too fast and generate incorrect differential currents.
In the Global DIGSI 5 library you will find the Transf. neutral point function group under each device type and
the folder with the respective protection functions. Depending on the connected measuring points, you can
load the respective protection and supervision functions in the Transf. neutral point function group. Here you
can only load 1-phase current functions or optional 1-phase voltage functions. The functions are described in
chapter 6 Protection and Automation Functions.
[scfgttstp-270215-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-49 Transformer Neutral Point Function Group – Functional Scope for Device Type 7UM85
For more information about the embedding of the functions in the device, refer to 2 Basic Structure of the
Function. For information about the overall functional scope of the application templates for the various
device types, refer to 4 Applications.
[dwpwrstp-161012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Transf. neutral point function group has interfaces to the following function groups:
• Measuring points
• Transformer side
• 1-phase current:
The measurands from the 1-phase power system are supplied via this interface. Depending on type of
transformer connection, this is, for example Ix. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are
also provided via this interface. The Transf. neutral point function group must always be linked with the
Measuring point I-1ph.
NOTE
i You can connect the 1-phase current interface with a maximum of one 1-phase current measuring
point.
All functions in the Transformer side function group have access to these values.
NOTE
i If you instantiate functions in the Transf. neutral point function group, the Overcurrent protection 1ph
function, the information for the inrush-current detection is taken from the assigned Transformer side
function group.
• Pickup and operate indications of the protection functions in the direction of the Circuit-breaker function
group
• Information on the circuit-breaker condition in the direction of the Protection function groups
The Transf. neutral point function group is connected with one or more Circuit-breaker function groups. This
connection determines the following:
• Which circuit breakers are activated by the protection functions of the Transf. neutral point function
group
• Start of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function, if available in the circuit-breaker function group,
through the protection functions of the connected Transf. neutral point function group
In addition to the general assignment of the Transf. neutral point function group to the Circuit-breaker func-
tion groups, you can configure the interface for specific functionalities in detail. Configure the details in
DIGSI 5 using the Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the Transf. neutral point function group.
In the detail configuration of the interface, you define the following:
• Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
• Binary signals
• Measured values
• Complex data
You can find more detailed information in chapter 3.6 Protection Communication.
Table 5-12 Operational Measured Values of the Transformer Neutral Point Function Group
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the function
group separately. Pickup logic and output logic are each assigned to the signals. The pickup and output logic
generate the overreaching indications (group signals) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Transf. neutral point function
group are combined phase-selectively and output as group indication.
[loanrstp-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-51 Generation of Pickup Indication of the Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-52 Generation of Operate Indication of the Transf. Neutral Point Function Group
5.4.1 Overview
In the Voltage 3-phase function group, all functions can be used for protecting and for monitoring a
protected object or equipment which allows a 3-phase voltage measurement. The function group also
contains the operational measurement for the protected object or equipment (on this topic, see chapter
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System). Applicable functions are, for
example, Voltage protection or Frequency protection.
The Voltage 3-phase function group has interfaces to the measuring points and the Circuit-breaker function
group.
[dw3spann-300913, 1, en_US]
[sc3span1-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-54 Connecting Measuring Points to the Voltage 3-Phase Function Group
If you add functions to the Voltage 3-phase function group, these are connected to the measuring point auto-
matically.
You can connect multiple measuring points with this interface. You can find more information in chapter
6.76 Voltage Measuring-Point Selection.
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via the V 3-ph interface. Depending on the
connection type of the transformers, for example, VA, VB, VC, Vgnd. All values that can be calculated from the
measurands are also provided via this interface.
In this example, the pickup and operate indications of the protection functions are exchanged in the direction
of the Circuit-breaker function group.
You must connect the Voltage 3-phase function group with the Circuit-breaker function group. This assign-
ment can be made in DIGSI only via Project tree → Connect function group. To connect the interfaces, set a
cross at the intersection between the row and column in the matrix.
[sc3span2-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-55 Connecting Voltage 3-Phase Function Group with Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Table 5-13 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage 3-Phase Function Group
NOTE
i Before creating the protection functions in the function group, you should connect them to the appropriate
Circuit-breaker function group.
5.4.4 Settings
5.5.1 Overview
In the Voltage-current 1-phase function group, all functions can be used for protecting and for monitoring a
protection object or equipment that allow a 1-phase current and voltage measurement or a zero-sequence
voltage measurement via the 3-phase voltage measuring point. The function group also contains the opera-
tional measurement for the protected object or equipment (see chapter 9 Measured Values, Energy Values,
and Supervision of the Primary System).
The Voltage-current 1-phase function group has interfaces to the measuring points and the Circuit-breaker
function group.
[dw1spstr-040117-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
• 1-phase current
The 1-phase current measured values are provided via this interface.
You can only connect a 1-phase current measuring point to the 1-phase current interface.
[scVI1ph_V1ph, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-57 Connecting Measuring Points to the Voltage-Current 1-Phase Function Group
The zero-sequence voltage calculated from the 3-phase voltage system or the measured residual voltage is
available via the voltage interface (see figure below).
[scVI1ph_V3ph, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-58 Connecting Measuring Points 3-Phase Voltage and 1-Phase Current to the 1-Phase Voltage-
Current Function Group
You can connect the voltage interface of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group with precisely one 3-
phase voltage measuring point. 3 types of 3-phase voltage measuring-point connection are supported. With
the different connection types, the type of voltage input for the functions in the Voltage-current 1-phase
function group also changes.
The following table shows the properties of the voltage input for the Voltage-current 1-phase function group
depending on the connection types.
Connection Type of the 3- Voltage Input
Phase Voltage Measuring
Point
3 ph-to-gnd voltages The zero-sequence voltage is calculated from the phase-to-ground voltages
and used as a voltage input for all functions.
3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN The residual voltage VN is converted into the voltage equivalent of the zero-
3 ph-to-ph volt. + VN sequence voltage. This converted voltage is used as a voltage input for func-
tions.
[sc1stspc-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-59 Connecting Voltage-Current 1-Phase Function Group with Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Fundamental Components
The fundamental components are always present in the Voltage-current 1-phase function group and cannot
be deleted.
The following table shows the fundamental components of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group:
You can find the parameters Rated operating current and Rated operating voltage in the
General function block of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group.
[scui1pom, 1, en_US]
13 The 1-phase voltage V is only visible if it is connected to a 1-phase voltage measuring point.
14 The zero-sequence voltage V0 is only visible if it is connected to a 3-phase voltage measuring point with the 3-phase phase-to-
ground voltage connection type.
15 The residual voltage VN is only visible if it is connected to a 3-phase voltage measuring point with the connection type 3-phase
phase-to-ground voltage + VN or 3-phase phase-to-phase voltage + VN.
Table 5-15 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage-Current 1-Phase Function Group
You can find the parameters Rated operating current, Rated operating voltage, and Rated
apparent power in the General function block of the Voltage-current 1-phase function group. You can
find the parameter Rated frequency in the General function block of the Device settings.
NOTE
i The frequency can be calculated from the voltage or current measured value.
The active and reactive power are only displayed if the voltage and the 1-phase current are connected to
the function group. If the connected voltage is a phase-to-ground voltage (VA, VB , VC) or any voltage Vx,
the specific power values are displayed. Otherwise the power is displayed as not available.
The settings listed here are used primarily for understanding during configuration of the function groups. They
are calculated on the basis of other settings and cannot be directly changed.
Addr. Parameter C Setting Options Default Setting
Rated values
_:9421:103 General:Rated apparent -1.00 MVA to -1.00 MVA 0.00 MVA
power
Power-system data
_:9421:214 General:M I-1ph uses 0 to 100 0
MeasP with ID
_:9421:223 General:CT mismatch M 0.00 to 100.00 0.00
I-1ph
5.5.4 Settings
5.6.1 Overview
In the Voltage-current 3-phase function group, you can use all the functions for protection and supervision
of a protected object or equipment that allows 3-phase current and voltage measurement. The function group
also contains the operational measurement for the protected object or equipment (on this topic, see chapter
9 Measured Values, Energy Values, and Supervision of the Primary System).
You will find the Voltage-current 3-phase function group under each device type in the Global DIGSI 5 library.
You will find all protection and supervision functions that you can use for this function-group type in the func-
tion group Voltage-current 3-phase. The functions are described in chapter 6 Protection and Automation
Functions.
You can find more information on the embedding of the functions in the device in chapter 2 Basic Structure of
the Function. You can find the function scope of the application templates for the various device types in
chapter 4 Applications.
• Process monitor
[dwfgui3p-301112-01.tif, 4, en_US]
• Measuring points
• 3-phase voltage
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via this interface. There are various types
of transformer connections possible. All values that can be calculated from the measurands are also
provided via this interface. The function group must always be linked to the V-3ph measuring point.
You can connect multiple measuring points with this interface. You can find more information in chapter
6.76 Voltage Measuring-Point Selection.
If you want to test or change the connection between the voltages and the V-3ph measuring point,
double-click in the DIGSI 5 project tree (Name of the device) Measuring point routing (Connection type
= 3 phase-to-ground voltage). For more information, refer to the description of the power-system data
starting in chapter 6.1 Power-System Data.
• 3-phase current
The measurands from the 3-phase current system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the
connection type of the transformers, these are, for example, IA, IB, IC, IN, or 3I0. All values that can be
calculated from the measurands are also provided via this interface. The function group must always be
connected to the I-3ph measuring point.
You can connect the 3-phase current interface to a maximum of four 3-phase current measuring points
(for example, for 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layouts). If 2 current measuring points have been connected with
the 3-phase current interface, the total current is also determined from measured values from both
measuring points in the function group. All functions in the function group have access to these values.
• Which circuit breaker(s) is/are activated by the protection functions of the protection function group
• Starting the Circuit-breaker failure protection function (if available in the Circuit-breaker function group)
through the protection functions of the connected protection function group
• Starting the Automatic reclosing function (AREC, if available in the Circuit-breaker function group)
through the protection functions of the connected Protection function group
Besides the general allocation of the protection function group to the Circuit-breaker function groups, you can
also configure the interface for certain functionalities in detail. Configure the details in DIGSI 5 using the
Circuit-breaker interaction Editor in the protection function group.
• Which operate indications of the protection functions go into the generation of the trip command
Process Monitor
The process monitor is always present in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group and cannot be
removed.
The process monitor provides the following information in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group:
• Current-flow criterion:
Detection of an open/activated protected object/equipment based on the flow of leakage current
• Closure detection:
Detection of the switching on of the protected object/equipment
Table 5-16 Operational Measured Values of the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
The operational measured values are explained in more detail in chapter 9.3 Operational Measured Values.
• Power
• Active factor
• Energy
• Average values
With the P, Q sign parameter, you can invert the sign of these operational measured values such that a
power flow from the line to the busbar is displayed positively.
You can find more information on this in chapter 9.1 Overview of Functions.
Output Logic
The output logic treats the pickup and trip signals of the protection and supervision functions that are avail-
able in the function group separately, in a pickup logic and a trip logic, respectively. The pickup and trip logic
generate the overreaching indications (group indications) of the function group. These group indications are
transferred via the Protection information interface to the Circuit-breaker function group and are processed
further there.
The pickup signals of the protection and supervision functions in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group
are combined in a phase-selective manner and output as a group indication.
[lo_anrlin, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-62 Creation of the Pickup Indication of the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
The trip signals from the protection and supervision functions of the Voltage-current 3-phase function group
always result in 3-pole tripping of the device.
[loauslin-150211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 5-63 Creation of the Operate Indication of the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
NOTE
i If the device works with the IEC 61850 protocol, then you change the setting value of the parameter only
via DIGSI 5 and not directly on the device. If you change the setting value directly on the device, then the
IEC 61850 configuration of the metered values can be faulty.
The settings listed here are used primarily for understanding during configuration of the function groups. They
are calculated on the basis of other settings and cannot be directly changed.
Addr. Parameters C Range of Values Default Setting
Network data
_:103 General:rated apparent power 0.20 MVA to 5 000.00 MVA 692.82 MVA
NOTE
i You can find more detailed information on the Process monitor in chapter 5.9 Process Monitor.
5.6.4 Settings
5.7.1 Overview
The Circuit-breaker function group combines all the user functions that relate to a circuit breaker.
You will find the Circuit-breaker function group under each device type in the Global DIGSI 5 function library.
The Circuit-breaker function group contains all of the protection, control, and supervision functions that you
can use for this device type. The following figure shows, for example, the functional scope of the Circuit-
breaker function group.
[sccb3tp-260218, 1, en_US]
• Circuit breaker
Besides the user functions, the Circuit-breaker function group contains certain functionalities that are essen-
tial for general purposes and therefore cannot be loaded or deleted:
• Trip logic
• General settings
The following figure shows the structure of the Circuit-breaker function group. The individual function blocks
in the image are described in the following chapters.
[dwfgstru-080812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Measuring points
• Protection function groups (for example, the protection function group Line )
• Voltage
The measurands from the 3-phase voltage system are supplied via this interface. Depending on the
connection type of the transformers, in the 3-phase voltage system these are, for example, VA, VB, VC of
the line or feeder. The connection of the function group to this measuring point is optional.
• Which operate indications of the protection functions are included when the trip command is generated?
[loausbef-140113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Trip-Command Reset
[lobefe3p-140113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• with dropout
If the function that initiated tripping resets its operate indication the trip command is reset. This occurs
typically with dropout. Command reset of the trip command takes place regardless of verification of the
circuit-breaker condition.
• with I<
5.7.4.3 Settings
5.7.5.1 Overview
The Circuit-breaker function block represents the physical switch in the SIPROTEC 5 device.
The basic tasks of this function block are:
[loausssc-090211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Trip/open cmd.
• Close command
The binary outputs are active as long as a switching
command is being executed by the control.
[loerfass-101210-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The signals must be routed to the binary input that is with the CB auxiliary contacts. The open and closed
signals do not necessarily have to be routed in parallel. The advantage of parallel routing is that it can be used
to determine an intermediate or disturbed position. If you route only one signal (open or closed), you cannot
determine an intermediate position or a disturbed position.
In the monitoring direction, the position signals generate the following information when the open and
closed positions are detected (see following table). This information is further processed by the Circuit-
breaker position recognition and Control function blocks.
Information Type Description
Open SPS The circuit-breaker switch position is opened.
Closed SPS The circuit-breaker switch position is closed.
Intermediate position SPS The circuit-breaker switch position is in the intermediate position.
Disturbed position SPS The circuit-breaker switch position is in the disturbed position.
Not selected SPS The circuit breaker is not selected for a control operation.
Definitive Tripping
Definitive tripping is always pending whenever the Automatic reclosing (AREC) function does not carry out
any reclosing after tripping. It follows that this is the case whenever an automatic reclosing is not present or
the AREC has been switched off.
[lounterd-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loausloe-081210-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loansteu-230311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
By routing the Trip/open cmd. signals to 1 or 2 binary outputs, you can carry out 1-pole, 1.5-pole, and 2-
pole activations of the circuit breaker. You can find a detailed description of this in chapter 7.2.2.3 Connection
Variants of the Circuit Breaker.
NOTE
i Do not confuse these 1-pole, 1.5-pole, and 2-pole activations of the circuit breaker with 1-pole or 3-pole
tripping of the circuit breaker.
[loauswer-230311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following diagram shows the recommended routing, in which OH stands for active with voltage.
[scpolg3p-230311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-75 Routing for Acquisition of the Circuit-Breaker Switch Position via 2 Auxiliary Contacts
The device can also function without the analysis from the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts, that is, routing of
the auxiliary contacts is not absolutely necessary. However, this is a requirement for the control functions.
! CAUTION
Do not set a time that is too short.
If you set a time that is too short, there is a danger that the device contacts will interrupt the control
circuit. If this happens, the device contacts will burn out.
² Set a time that is long enough to ensure that the circuit breaker reliably reaches its final position
(open or closed) after a control operation.
Measured Values
When a protection function opens the circuit breaker, the following measured values can be stored in the fault
log:
• Break.-current phs A
• Break.-current phs B
• Break.-current phs C
• Break. current 3I0/IN
• Break. voltage phs A
• Break. voltage phs B
• Break. voltage phs C
The measured value Break. current 3I0/IN is the neutral-point current. Dependent on the connection
type of the measuring point I-3ph that is connected with the Circuit-breaker function group, the neutral-
point current differs as follows:
Connection Type of the Meas- Neutral-Point Current
uring Point I-3ph
3-phase Calculated zero-sequence current 3I0
3-phase + IN Measured neutral-point current IN
3-phase + IN-separate If the secondary ground current exceeds the linear section of the sensitive
3ph,2prim.CT + IN-sep measuring input (1.6 Irated) with sensitive current transformers, the
2ph, 2p. CT + IN-sep neutral-point current of the measured IN is switched to the calculated 3I0.
For this, the alarm activation circuit should be looped via a suitably routed output contact of the device
(output signal Alarm suppression). In the idle state and when the device is switched off, this contact is
always closed. For this, an output contact with a break contact must be routed. The contact opens whenever
the output signal Alarm suppression becomes active, so that tripping or a switching operation does not
cause an alarm.
You can find more detailed information in the logic in chapter 5.7.5.3 Acquisition of Circuit-Breaker Auxiliary
Contacts and Further Information.
[loschalt-081210-01.tif, 2, en_US]
5.7.6.1 Overview
This function block calculates the position of the circuit breaker from the evaluation of the auxiliary contacts
and the current flow.
This information is needed in the following protection-related additional functions:
[lozust3p-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Based on the link between the information from the auxiliary contacts and the current flow, shown in
Figure 5-77, the circuit breaker can assume the following positions. The following table shows the possible
circuit-breaker conditions:
[lohand3p-101210-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[losteuer-150113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-79 Connection of the Input Signal to the Control Circuit of the Circuit-Breaker Closing Coil
Every closure of the circuit breaker is recorded in the process. Therefore, detection is suppressed in the event
of a close command by the internal AREC function of the device.
If external close commands are possible (actuation of the circuit breaker by other devices), which are not
intended to prompt detection of a manual closure (for example, with an external reclosing device), this can be
ensured in 2 ways:
• The input signal is connected in such a way that it is not activated in the event of external close
commands.
• The external close command is connected to the blocking input >Block manual close for manual
closure detection.
5.7.7.3 Settings
5.8.1 Overview
The Analog units function group is used to map analog units and communicate with them. Analog units are
external devices, such as RTD units, analog plug-in modules, or measuring-transducer modules.
You will find the Analog units function group for many device types in the Global DIGSI 5 library.
[sc20maee-250816-01, 2, en_US]
If the device has a measuring transducer, it is automatically mapped in the Analog units function group. If
one or more RTD units are connected to the device, you have to load one or more RTD unit Ether. or RTD unit
serial functions from the Global DIGSI 5 library in order to map the RTD units.
If the device is connected to a power-plant control system or another protection device, you must load one or
more Temperature acquisition via protocols functions from the Global DIGSI 5 library to form the protocols.
The following figure shows the structure of the function group.
[dwstrthe, 3, en_US]
The Analog units function group has interfaces to protection function groups. The Analog units function
group provides for example measured temperature values that come from an external RTD unit , a measuring
transducer or via protocols. These measured temperature values are available for all protection function
groups in which a temperature monitoring function works.
The RTD unit Ether. function is not preconfigured by the manufacturer. A maximum of 20 function instances
can operate simultaneously.
The structure of the function RTD unit serial is identical to the structure of the function RTD unit Ether..
The function 20-mA unit Ether. is not preconfigured by the manufacturer. A maximum of 4 function instances
can operate simultaneously. The structure of the function 20-mA unit serial is identical to the structure of the
function 20-mA unit Ether..
The function Temperature acquisition via protocols has 2 stage types: The Temperature acquisition via
PROFINET IO or IEC 61850 and the Temperature acquisition via GOOSE. One instance of the Temperature
acquisition via PROFINET IO or IEC 61850 is preconfigured by the manufacturer. A maximum of 12 instances
can operate simultaneously for both stage types.
5.8.3.1 Overview
The function 20-mA unit Ether.:
• Communicates in series with a 20-mA unit via the Slave Unit Protocol (SUP) and records the values meas-
ured by the 20-mA unit
• Transforms the measured 20-mA values into slowly changing process tags such as temperature or gas
pressure
• Makes the recorded process tags available to CFC, GOOSE, protocols and the device display
[dwstrfn2-150113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lo20mtcp-150113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Error Responses
The following table lists the conditions under which the Health status transitions to the Alarm or Warning
state.
The Failure signal is set as soon as one of the channel function blocks reports a failure.
Parameter: Port
Parameter: IP address
Logic
[lo20mcha-160113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
(1) If the setting Range active is set to test , the setting Transformation ratio is not
displayed.
(2) If the setting Range active is set to false, the settings Upper limit, Transformation
ratio upper limit, Lower limit and Transformation ratio are not displayed.
Measured-Value Calculation
The function 20-mA channel processes a single 20-mA current signal supplied by the 20-mA unit of the corre-
sponding channel. The 20-mA current measured value is converted into the correct physical quantities such as
temperature or pressure. In each 20-mA functional unit (Ether. and serial) there are always 12 of the 20-mA
channel function blocks, even if fewer channels are connected with the 20-mA unit. The calculated values are
available for further processing via CFC, GOOSE, protocols, and the display image.
Measured-Value Processing
The 20-mA unit typically transmits a value which represents a physical quantity, such as a temperature or a
pressure. Therefore, the device must contain a characteristic curve that maps the physical quantity to the 20-
mA value. If you do not activate the Range active setting (no x in the check box), the function operates
over the range 0 mA to 20 mA. If a value smaller than 0 mA or greater than 20 mA is active at the input of the
20-mA unit, the measured value is identified as invalid. The setting of the range for the scaled value goes from
a usable range of 0 mA to 20 mA. The following figure shows an example.
[sckanumw-190214-01, 1, en_US]
In this example, the measured value 0 mA means a temperature of 0 °C and the measured value 20 mA means
a temperature of 100 °C. So enter as Unit = °C and Conversion factor = 100. The resolution (decimal
place) of the temperature value can be chosen; for a decimal place, select Resolution = 0.1.
[dwknges3-020513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If you activate the Range active setting, then 4 additional parameters Upper limit, Lower limit,
Upper limit - Sensor, and Lower limit - Sensor appear. The parameters Upper limit and
Lower limit indicate the range of the input current in mA. The setting Upper limit - Sensor is the
calculated measured value if the input current corresponds to the value in the Upper limit setting. The
setting Lower limit - Sensor is the calculated measured value if the input current corresponds to the
value in the Lower limit setting. The setting of the range for the scaled value corresponds to the useable
range between Lower limit and Upper limit (see following figure).
[sckanumf-190214-01, 1, en_US]
[dwknges2-020513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In this example, the Range active setting is selected. The setting Upper limit is at 20 mA, the setting
Lower limit is at 4 mA. The setting Upper limit - Sensor is at 55 and the setting Lower limit -
Sensor is at -33. If the input current is smaller than 4 mA or greater than 20 mA, the quality of the scaled
measured value in this example is invalid.
Each 20-mA channel makes available the scaled measured value in the information routing (these are the
temperature values in the examples) and the original current measured value in mA for further processing.
The 20-mA values can be displayed in the display page and processed with CFC charts.
Error Responses
If the current input value is determined to be incorrect, the quality attribute of the output value is set to
invalid That status for Health and the defect status assume the states displayed in the table.
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Resolution
Parameter: Upper limitLower limitUpper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor
5.8.3.7 Settings
5.8.4.1 Overview
The function 20-mA unit Serial:
• Provides serial communications with a 20-mA unit via the Modbus protocol and records the values meas-
ured by the 20-mA unit
• Transforms the measured 20-mA values into slowly changing process variables such as temperature or
gas pressure
• Makes the recorded process tags available to CFC, GOOSE, protocols and the device display
Parameter: Port
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Resolution
Parameter: Upper limitLower limitUpper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor
If you activate the Range active parameter, the 4 additional parameters Upper limit, Lower limit,
Upper limit - Sensor, and Lower limit - Sensor appear. The parameter Upper limit -
Sensor is the calculated measured value if the input current corresponds to the value in the Upper limit
setting. The parameter Lower limit - Sensor is the calculated measured value if the input current corre-
sponds to the value in the Lower limit setting.
The following settings and information table shows only 1 of the 12 channels, as the setting possibilities of
the 12 channels do not differ.
5.8.4.3 Settings
[dwve20au-150213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[sc20ser3-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
[scauser4-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Make the communications settings for the relevant serial channels. For this, use the default settings specified
by the 20-mA unit. Normally, you must adapt only the parameterization of the SIPROTEC 5 device to the
settings of the 20-mA unit. Make sure that the setting values in both devices are the same. The setting of the
parameter Non-flickering light (on/off): is not relevant for the RS485 interface.
NOTE
i The driver for the USART module for the SUP protocol is not preinstalled as standard for the initial use of
this interface (following the firmware update).
[scauser5-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the 20-mA unit DIGSI automatically adds the function group Analog
units to your device configuration. You can now instantiate the function 20-mA unit serial 1 (see the
following figure).
[sc20ser6-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Now, set the channel number over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the slave address of the
20‑mA unit. This address must be set with the same value in the 20-mA unit (refer to the following figure).
For the first use of the 20-mA unit, the following device configuration must be set on the 20-mA unit:
• Device address: 1
• Parity: no
[scauser7-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-94 Setting the Port, Channel Number, and Device Address
Device Configuration
In DIGSI, insert an Ethernet module into the provided slot, thus adding the module to the device configura-
tion. Figure 5-95 displays the available slots in the base module or on the expansion module CB 202. Alterna-
tively, you can also use the integrated Ethernet interface Port J.
[scautcp1-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Activate the SUP Ethernet protocol for the Ethernet module.
[scautcp2-011112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
This protocol is also available for Port J of the integrated Ethernet interface of the base module (refer to
following figure).
[scautcp3-011112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the 20-mA unit, DIGSI automatically adds the Analog units function
group and the 20-mA unit Ether. 1 function to your device configuration (refer to the following figure).
[sc20tcp4-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Now, set the port over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the IP address of the 20-mA unit (refer to
the following figure). This address must be set with the same value in the 20-mA unit.
[scautcp5-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
5.8.6.1 Overview
The fast analog measuring-transducer inputs process voltage values (DC -10 V to +10 V) as well as current
values (DC -20 mA to 20 mA).
The function MT fast input:
• Provides sampled values for recording in the fault record (the maximum sampling frequency is 8 kHz for
all other SIPROTEC 5 devices). The recorded sampling frequency results from the setting of the fault-
recorder function.
• Calculated measured values from the sampled values. These measured values have been deduced from
the arithmetic mean values. The measuring range for the mean-value calculation is adjustable in the
interval from 10 ms to 100 ms.
• Converts the measured current or voltage values into process values, for example, temperature, gas pres-
sure, etc.
• Provides the recorded process variables for further processing by the fault recorder, the CFC, and in
GOOSE-applications for transmission via communication protocols, and for visualization
The fast measuring-transducer inputs are located on the IO212 module with 8 inputs (optionally current or
voltage inputs), and the IO210 module with 4 inputs (optionally current or voltage inputs).
[dw_mu-structure, 1, en_US]
[scmuio212, 1, en_US]
The fast measuring-transducer channels can be configured either as current or as voltage inputs. Apart from
this, their function corresponds to the basic function of the 20-mA-channels (see chapter 5.8.3.5 20-mA
Channel).
Parameter: Unit
Parameter: Upper limit, Upper limit - Sensor, Lower limit and Lower limit - Sensor
With the following parameters, you set the scaling of the measuring variables. By that, you can scale in an
application-specific way:
[dw_measured-value-scaling, 1, en_US]
Setting Example 1:
A measuring transducer transmitting a current signal of 4 mA to 20 mA is used as a transmitter. Currents well
below -25.6 mA or above +25.6 mA indicate a transmitter failure; currents around 0 mA indicate a broken
wire. A sensor detecting a temperature is attached to the transmitter. The upper value corresponds to 200 °C
and the lower value to -100 °C. This results in the following characteristic. In accordance with the set charac-
teristic curve, the function calculates the sensor value from the measured current. The coefficients of the
linear equation (gradient and foot point) are calculated from the set threshold and the sensor values are deter-
mined. A supplied current of 9.333 mA corresponds to a temperature of 0 °C.
[dw_measuring-transducer-characteristic, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The hardware of the measuring transducer has been designed in such a way that measured values are
transmitted and analyzed using the setting range (Upper limit orLower limit). Therefore, special
applications are possible, if necessary. The limits are at approx. +20 mA and -20 mA or +10 V and -10 V.
Setting Example 2:
For special applications, the transmitter sends a maximum of ±12 V. This voltage shall be issued accordingly as
sensor voltage.
Set the parameters as follows:
[dw_measuring-transducer-setting, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-104 Parameter Settings and Representation of an Input Signal Greater than 10 V
5.8.6.5 Settings
5.8.7.1 Overview
The RTD unit Ether. function:
• Communicates with an external RTD unit via the Slave Unit Protocol (SUP) and records the measured
temperatures from the RTD unit
[dwstrfnc-291112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lortdtcp-311012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Error Responses
The following table lists the conditions under which the Health status transitions to the Alarm or Warning
state.
The Failure signal is set as soon as one of the sensor function blocks reports a failure.
Parameter: Port
Parameter: IP address
The code lock has to be switched off for parameterization. This is only possible using the front keys of the RTD
unit. The code lock is off (switched off) in as-delivered condition and has pin 504.
For detailed information on the settings, refer to the TR1200 IP manual that comes with the RTD unit. The
documents are also available in the SIPROTEC download area (http://www.siprotec.de) under Accessories ->
7XV5662-xAD.
For an Ethernet connection to a SIPROTEC 5 device communicating with the RTD unit TR1200 IP via the SUP
protocol (Slave Unit Protocol), the Modbus TCP setting must be activated in the RTD unit. You can activate
the Modbus TCP protocol using the function keys under the tcP. → Mod / on menu item or with the Web
browser in the TCP/UDP Config tab. The RTD (RTD protocol) and UDP Port settings have no effect here. The
Modbus TCP port is permanently set to 502 and cannot be changed.
Logic
[lotmpval-311012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Error Responses
If the measured input value is determined to be incorrect, the quality attribute of the output measured
temperature value is set to invalid. The statuses for Health and Error take the statuses in accordance with
the following table:
• In the Settings view select the menu item DIGSI 5 User preferences.
• Under Standard unit system change the setting value of the unit system used from SI units to US
units.
[scfahrht-190214-01, 1, en_US]
The following settings and information table shows only 1 of the 12 sensors, as the setting possibilities of the
12 sensors do not differ.
5.8.7.7 Settings
5.8.8.1 Overview
The RTD unit serial function:
• Communicates with an external RTD unit serial via the Slave Unit Protocol (SUP) and records the meas-
ured temperatures from the RTD unit
Parameter: Port
A serial communication module optionally uses 2 channels. With the Channel number settings, you set the
channel number (1 or 2) through which the RTD unit is connected to the device. The communication module
inputs are labeled with the channel numbers.
5.8.8.3 Settings
[dwverbau-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scauser3-190214-01, 1, en_US]
[scauser4-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Make the communications settings for the relevant serial channels. For this, use the default settings specified
by the RTD box. Normally, you must adapt only the parameterization of the SIPROTEC 5 device to the settings
of the RTD box. Make sure that the setting values in both devices are the same. The setting of the parameter
Non-flickering light (on/off): is not relevant for the RS485 interface.
NOTE
i The driver for the USART module for the SUP protocol is not preinstalled as standard for the initial use of
this interface (following the firmware update).
[scauser5-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the RTD box DIGSI automatically adds the function group Analog
units to your device configuration. You can now instantiate the function RTD unit serial 1 (refer to the
following figure).
[scauser6-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Now, set the channel number over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the slave address of the
RTD box. This address must be set with the same value in the RTD box (refer to the following figure).
The following device configuration must be set on the TR1200 RTD unit when the RTD unit is used for the first
time:
• Device address: 1
• Parity: no
[scauser7-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-114 Setting the Port, Channel Number, and Slave Address
Device Configuration
In the DIGSI, insert an Ethernet module into the provided slot, thus adding the module to the device configura-
tion. Figure 5-115 displays the available slots in the base module or on the expansion module CB 202. Alterna-
tively, you can also use the integrated Ethernet interface port J.
[scautcp1-220114-01-DE, 1, en_US]
Communication Settings
Activate the SUP Ethernet protocol for the Ethernet module.
[scautcp2-011112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
This protocol is also available for Port J of the integrated Ethernet interface of the base module (refer to
following figure).
[scautcp3-011112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With the selection of the SUP protocol for the RTD unit, DIGSI automatically adds the Analog units function
group and the RTD unit Ether. function to your device configuration (refer to the following figure).
[scauser6-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Now, set the port over which the SUP protocol runs. In addition, set the IP address of the RTD box (refer to the
following figure). This address must be set with the same value in the RTD box.
[scautcp5-301012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
5.8.10.1 Overview
The function Temperature acquisition via protocols:
• Obtains the temperature from a power-plant control system or from another protection device
• Processes the temperature, for example, supervises the temperature in the CFC
[dw_structure_TmpviaProt, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lo_tmpval, 1, en_US]
The stage processes the transmitted temperature via PROFINET IO or via IEC 61850.
• Via PROFINET IO, only the analog value of the temperature is transmitted.
• Via IEC 61850, the analog value of the temperature, the quality of the temperature, and the time stamp
are transmitted.
Temperature-Failure Indication
If the received temperature is invalid, the failure indication Temperature failure is issued.
Stage Application
The following figure shows the application example. The temperature sensor measures, for example the cold-
gas temperature of the generator and feeds it to the power-plant control system. In the SIPROTEC 5 protection
device, the function Temperature acquisition via protocols acquires the cold-gas temperature from the
power-plant control system and processes the cold-gas temperature in the function. The function Tempera-
ture acquisition via protocols can also send the processed temperature value to other functions for further
processing.
[dw_AppEXP_IEC, 1, en_US]
Configuration Example
To acquire the temperature with the stage Temperature acquisition via PROFINET IO or IEC 61850, proceed
in DIGSI as follows:
• Via PROFINET IO
– In the project tree, select Device → Hardware and protocols.
– In the Device view, select an Ethernet port of the device.
If the device has no Ethernet port, select Hardware catalog → SIRPOTEC 5 → Communication to
add one to the device.
– In the Properties view of the Ethernet port, select General → Ethernet addresses.
– Under IP protocol, set the IP address for the port.
[sc_PROFINET_IO, 1, en_US]
[sc_PROFI_Filter, 1, en_US]
[sc_PROFI_Setting, 1, en_US]
[sc_PopupDialog, 1, en_US]
[sc_DeviceEdition, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850_IP, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850Sel, 1, en_US]
– Instantiate the function which requires the cold-gas temperature in the corresponding function
group. The function 49R RotorTOLP is taken as an example in the following step.
– Under General of the function 49R RotorTOLP, change the setting values of the parameters
Temperature acquisition and Temperature via protocol to Protocol COM and
Tmp.Acq.viaCom 1.Tmp.Ctl 1 respectively.
[sc_IEC61850_3, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850_CGT, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lo_tmpval, 1, en_US]
Stage Application
The following figure shows the application example. The temperature sensor measures, for example the cold-
gas temperature of the generator and feeds it to the SIPROTEC 5 device 2. In the SIPROTEC 5 protection device
1, the function Temperature acquisition via protocols acquires the cold-gas temperature from the
SIPROTEC 5 device 2 and processes the cold-gas temperature in the function. The function Temperature
acquisition via protocols can also send the processed temperature value to other functions for further
processing.
[dw_AppEXP_GOOSE, 1, en_US]
Configuration Example
[sc_PopupDialog, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850_IP, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850Sel, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850_CGT, 1, en_US]
[sc_PopupDialog, 1, en_US]
[sc_DeviceEdition, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850_IP, 1, en_US]
[sc_IEC61850Sel, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station10, 1, en_US]
Signal Configuration
– In the project tree, select Device → Settings.
– Instantiate the function which requires the cold-gas temperature in the corresponding function
group. The function 49R RotorTOLP is taken as an example in the following step.
– Under General of the function 49R RotorTOLP, change the setting values of the parameters
Temperature acquisition and Temperature via protocol to Protocol COM and
Tmp.Acq.viaCom 1.Tmp.Goose 1 respectively.
[sc_GOOSE_CGT, 1, en_US]
[sc_StationConfirmation, 1, en_US]
[sc_IECStation, 1, en_US]
[sc_DeviceAssign, 1, en_US]
[sc_ExportIEC, 1, en_US]
[sc_IECConfim, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station1, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station2, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station3, 1, en_US]
You can see the assigned source data in the GOOSE messages view.
[sc_Station4, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station6, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station11, 1, en_US]
[sc_Station8, 1, en_US]
If the following dialog shows up, the source device and the destination device are successfully
connected.
[sc_End, 1, en_US]
• To change the temperature unit from °C to °F for all devices in the current DIGSI project, proceed as
follows:
– In DIGSI, select the menu item Options → Settings.
– In the Settings view, select the menu item DIGSI 5 user preferences.
– Under Standard unit system, change the setting value of the unit system used from SI units to
US units.
[scfahrht-190214-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-157 Change of the Temperature Unit between °C and °F for all Devices
[sc_SITmp, 1, en_US]
Figure 5-158 Change of the Temperature Unit between °C and °F for 1 Device
NOTE
i If the parameter Unit system is set to ANSI, only the unit of the measuring values and parameters
changes to °F. The unit of the data used in the device and the thresholds in DCF is still °C.
Parameter: Unit
5.8.10.6 Settings
5.8.11.1 Overview
The input module IO240 for the low-power instrument transformer from Siemens Energy (LPIT module
IO240):
• Provides an interface for SIPROTEC 5 modular devices to connect Siemens Energy GIS-LPIT (GIS LPVT and
GIS LPCT)
• Converts voltage values and current values into primary values according to the sensor type in the gas
insulated switchgear (GIS)
• Provides primary values for protection functions, the voltage measurement, and the current measure-
ment
You can install the LPIT module IO240 in the base module or use it as an expansion module.
NOTE
i You can use a maximum of 4 IO240 modules in a single SIPROTEC 5 device with the following conditions:
• The amount of measuring channels in any other I/O modules in this device is within 8.
[dw_strIO240, 2, en_US]
[lo_IO240_logic_diagram, 1, en_US]
refresh button . The feedback of a successful or unsuccessful update of the calibration data file is given in
the Info tab.
Parameter Value Connection to the LPIT Module IO240 GIS-LPIT Sensor Type
LPIT 3-phase Rogowski Coil 3-phase encapsulated
Capacitive Voltage Sensor (8DN8-5, 8DN8-6, 8VN1)
3-phase without LPVT Rogowski Coil
LPIT 1-phase Rogowski Coil 1-phase encapsulated
Capacitive Voltage Sensor
1-phase without LPVT Rogowski Coil
• Default setting: the check box of the parameter (_:20821:127) Enter values manually is
unmarked.
With the parameter Enter values manually, you decide to use the default values or enter the values
manually.
The following figure shows the example of configurable parameters and non-configurable parameters.
NOTE
i Each LPIT Production ID is unique. Each LPIT connec box produc. ID is unique.
• Default setting (_:144) Primary Phase C = LPIT Sensor of GIS Pole III
With these parameters, you can define the mapping relationship between the primary phase and the LPIT
sensor of GIS pole, according to the physical connection. The LPIT module IO240 takes the settings of the
corresponding LPIT sensor of GIS pole for each phase.
Measuring-Points Routing
The LPIT module IO240 only supports the 3 ph-to-gnd voltages connection type of voltage and the 3-
phase connection type of current in the Measuring-points routing.
NOTE
i The currents in the following channels are for the protection function:
• LP-PT3.1
• LP-PT3.2
• LP-PT3.3
• LP-PT3.4
The currents in the following channels are for the measurement function:
• LP-MS3.1
• LP-MS3.2
• LP-MS3.3
• LP-MS3.4
5.8.11.5 Settings
19 This parameter is visible under GIS-LPIT of each sensor when you set GIS-LPIT type to LPIT 1-phase.
The following setting table shows only 1 of the 3 LPIT-GIS Poles, as the setting possibilities of the 3 poles are
the same.
Addr. Parameter Setting Options Default Setting
GIS-LPIT20
_:102 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPIT Production Production ID of the GIS sensor
ID
_:120 LPIT-GIS Pol #:Enter values • no no
manually
• yes
GIS LPCT
_:103 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPCT mutual 0.001 nH to 8 000 000.000 nH 228.000 nH
inductance
_:104 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPCT self-induc 0.1 to 4000.0 2000.0
factor
_:105 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPCT resistance 0.01 Ω to 200.00 Ω 7.00 Ω
_:106 LPIT-GIS Pol #:Current polarity • no no
inverse
• yes
_:118 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPCT transfor- 0.000 kA/V to 3 200 000.000 kA/V 17.000 kA/V
mation ratio
GIS LPVT
_:107 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPVT capaci- 0.001 pF to 800 000.000 pF 42.000 pF
tance
_:119 LPIT-GIS Pol #:LPVT transform. 0.000 kV/mA to 3 200 000.000 75.000 kV/mA
ratio kV/mA
20 The following parameters are visible under LPIT General when you set GIS-LPIT type to LPIT 3-phase.
All function groups that have functions with dependencies on the state of the protected object contain a
process monitor. The process monitor detects the current state of the protected object.
The Process monitor function is used in the Standard V/I 3-phase protection function group.
The Process monitor function is provided by the manufacturer with the following function blocks:
• Current-flow criterion
• Circuit-breaker condition
• Closure detection
[dwpro3pt-061212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
You can activate the cold-load pickup detection as needed. All other stages of the process monitor run perma-
nently in the background and are not displayed in DIGSI.
The following figure shows the relationships of the individual function blocks.
[lopro3pt-171012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loproikr-011112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The phase currents are provided via the interface to the protection function group.
The I open signal of one phase is generated if one of the following conditions is met:
• A phase current falls below the set threshold of the Current thresh. CB open parameter. The
hysteresis stabilizes the signal.
• The corresponding phase current, for example, I A, falls below 10 % of the phase current when the trip
command arrives. If the current does not drop until after a delay due to current transformer influences,
an open pole can therefore be detected quickly even after a high-current fault on the line.
With the Current thresh. CB open parameter, you define the minimum current as the criterion for a
deactivated line. The parameter lies in the Circuit-breaker function group. It acts both in the Circuit-breaker
function group, for example circuit-breaker position recognition, and also for the process monitor in the
protection function group.
If a protection function group with integrated process monitor is connected to several Circuit breaker FGs,
the Current thresh. CB open parameter is present in each FG Circuit breaker. The smallest setting
value of the parameter Current thresh. CB open is used.
5.9.5 Settings
Logic
[loprolsz-140611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-170 Logic Diagram of the Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected-Object Function Block
The circuit-breaker position recognition in the Circuit-breaker (CB) function group provides the circuit-breaker
condition by way of the internal signal CB pos. recogn. prot. obj..
If a protected object is supplied via 2 circuit breakers (CBs), for example with the 1 1/2 circuit-breaker layout,
then the circuit-breaker switch position of the protected object must be determined with the aid of both circuit
breakers. In this case, the Circuit-breaker position recognition for the protected object function block
connects the individual CB states. The connection provides the internal CB pos. recogn. prot. obj.
signal to the other function blocks of the process monitor and to other functions, for example, Trip in the
event of weak infeed and Echo function for teleprotection method, within the same function group.
If one of the following 2 conditions is met, the CB pos. recogn. prot. obj. signal is in the Open state:
• At least one of the connected circuit breakers signals the Closed state internally.
The closure detection enables the immediate tripping of selected protection functions or protection stages
when switching to a short circuit or the reduction of the responsivity. The closure detection determines
whether the protected object is switched on.
Logic
[loein6md-171012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For an applied binary input signal (_:6541:300) Detected (from function block Manual close), the indica-
tion (_:4681:300) Closure is active.
Logic
[loprocls-180912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 5-172 Logic Diagram of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection Function Block
The Cold-load pickup detection function block detects that a specific time has been exceeded after deactiva-
tion of the line or protected object. If you want to connect the protected object again, you must note that an
increased load-current requirement exists for a limited time after connection. This results from the nature of
the load.
The Cold-load pickup detection function block ensures that different parameters are used for an adjustable
time after connection. For example, for the time of the Min. CB-open time parameter, you can increase
the threshold value of a protection function or you can select a special characteristic curve.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects an open feeder and the set time of the Min. CB-
open time parameter has expired, the indication >Activate cold-load is generated.
With the >Activate cold-load indication, you can activate a parameter set of the Cold-load pickup func-
tion. Via the binary input signal >Activate cold-load, you can also activate the >Activate cold-load
indication directly.
If the Cold-load pickup detection function block detects closure and the corresponding load current, it starts
the time set in the Dropout delay CB closed parameter. The >Activate cold-load indication and
the activated parameter set are deactivated after this time has elapsed.
If, for the time set in the Dropout delay curr.crit. parameter, the maximum phase current falls below
the threshold value Dropout threshold current, the parameter set for the Cold-load pickup detection
function block is also deactivated. As a result, if the load current is very low, the action time Dropout delay
curr.crit. of the >Activate cold-load indication can be shortened.
NOTE
i The settings and indications described in this chapter are only available when using the optional Cold-load
pickup detection function block.
With the Dropout delay curr.crit. parameter, you set the time for which the actual value must be
below the Dropout threshold current threshold so that the output signal Cold-load pickup can be
deactivated prematurely.
5.9.11 Settings
6.1.1 Overview
The Power-system data are provided with each SIPROTEC 5 device and cannot be deleted. You will find them
in DIGSI under Settings → Power system.
The Power-system data contains the block General and the Measuring points of the device. The following
figure shows the structure of the Power-system data:
[dwandata-180912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
In order to adjust its functions to the application, the device requires some data about the power system and
the system. The necessary settings can be found in the power-system data under General as well as in the
Measuring points.
NOTE
i You will find further information on the settings of the supervision functions in chapter 8.3 Supervision of
the Secondary System.
Type and scope of the required measuring points depend on the application. Possible measuring points are:
• Transformer
• Auto transformer
• Circuit breaker
6.1.3 Description
Logic
You can find the signals for the Disconnection of measuring points in the Information routing matrix in
DIGSI under Settings → Power system→ Meas.point I-3ph.
The following signals are available for activating the Measuring point I-3ph:
21 NVRAM = Non-Volatile Random Access Memory; RAM, which does not lose the stored data, even when there is no power.
6.1.5 Application and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Voltage 3‑Phase (V-3ph)
The following example describes the settings of the voltage measuring point Measuring point V-3ph (Voltage
3-phase). The V-1ph measuring point has only a subset of the parameters described here. The description of
the parameter is also valid for the V-1ph measuring point.
The zero-sequence voltage is calculated as phase-to-ground voltages. The residual voltage is measured on the
broken-delta winding of the voltage transformer. For 1-phase voltage transformers the residual voltage is
measured in the generator or the transformer neutral point.
NOTE
i The measured residual voltage VN sec is converted to a zero-sequence voltage in the device as follows:
EXAMPLE 1:
[dw_bsp1uwdl_anpassfaktor, 2, en_US]
When the type of connection for the voltage transformer is 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN (parameter: VT
connection ) and the voltage input V4 is connected to the broken-delta winding of the voltage transformer
(da/dn), the Matching ratio Vph / VN is as follows:
When changing the neutral point according to Figure 6-3, this results in the following values:
• The calculated secondary zero-sequence voltage V0 sec is equal to the secondary phase-to-ground voltage.
Expressed as secondary transformer rated voltage, then Vrated,sec /√3.
• The measured residual voltage on the broken-delta winding is the sum of the voltage drops on the
3 sides. Expressed with the side ratio, the result is VN, sec = 3 Vrated,sec /3.
[fo_bsp1, 2, en_US]
In example 1 Vrated sec, the phase-to-ground voltage and the secondary voltage on the broken-delta winding
were identical. If these voltages are different, use the actual numerical values in the calculation.
EXAMPLE 2:
[fo_bsp2, 1, en_US]
[fo_umrechnung2, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i During the ground-fault test, the set matching factor can be checked by comparing the operational meas-
ured values. The operational measured values contain the calculated zero-sequence voltage V0 sec and the
measured residual voltage VN sec. Proceed with the compilation as follows:
The Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter is significant for the following functions of the device:
• Measured-value supervision
Parameter: VT connection
• 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN
• 3 ph-to-gnd voltages
• 3 ph-to-ph volt. + VN
• 3 ph-to-ph voltages
• 2 ph-to-ph volt. + VN
• 2 ph-to-ph voltages
Depending on the connection type selected, you must route the measured values to the terminals of the
voltage measuring point in DIGSI 5. You can find connection examples for voltage transformers in chapter
A.10 Connection Examples of Voltage Transformers for Modular Devices. The connection examples provide
assistance when selecting the type of connection.
Parameter: Tracking
NOTE
i The Magnitude correction parameter has nothing to do with the internal adjustment of the input
circuit.
6.1.6 Application and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Current 3‑Phase (I-3ph)
The following example describes the settings for the current measuring points Measuring point I-3ph
(Current 3-phase). The I-1ph measuring point has only a subset of the parameters described here. The
description of the parameter is also valid for the I-1ph measuring point.
Parameter: CT connection
→ Parameter → Power-system data → Measuring point I 3-phase. You cannot change the connection type
of the current transformer in the power-system data.
You can change the connection type of the current transformer only under measuring point routing in DIGSI 5.
Under Name of the device → Measuring point routing → Current measuring points, select the desired
connection type under Connection type. The following types of connections are possible:
• 3-phase + IN-separate
• 3-phase + IN
• 3-phase
• 3-phase, 2 primary CT
• 3ph,2prim.CT + IN-sep
Depending on the connection type selected, you must route the measured values to the terminals of the
current measuring point in DIGSI 5. You can find connection examples for current transformers in chapter
A.9 Connection Examples for Current Transformers. The connection examples provide assistance when
selecting the type of connection.
Parameter: Tracking
[dwpolstromwdl-251013, 1, en_US]
Parameter: CT error A
Parameter: CT error B
NOTE
i The Magnitude correction parameter has nothing to do with the internal adjustment of the input
circuit.
6.1.7.1 Overview
Maintenance work or specific operating and switching states of the power system can require disconnection
of measuring point. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to take individual measuring points out of
processing, for example, to prevent an unwanted tripping of the Differential protection. With the Disconnec-
tion of measuring points functionality, you can disconnect the connection of the Measuring point I-3ph to a
protection function group.
If the measuring point has been disconnected, you can carry out any work without influencing the work of the
protection functions that are assigned to the measuring point. Once the measuring point has been discon-
nected, the Differential protection, for example, does not take the measured values of this measuring point
into account anymore for calculating the differential current.
An exception applies for the following protection functions of the FG Line:
• Power-Swing Blocking
NOTE
i If one of the current measuring points is disconnected, the mentioned protection functions of the FG Line
switch to the Alarm state and are not active.
There is another exception for the disconnection of measuring points for the FG Circuit breaker: If the FG
Circuit breaker is connected to a disconnected measuring point, the functional measured values are indicated
as usual and used by the functions in the FG Circuit breaker. That is, the disconnection does not set the func-
tional measured values to 0. If a circuit-breaker failure detection is instantiated in the FG Circuit breaker,
Siemens recommends blocking the function for current tests.
6.1.7.2 Description
Logic
You can find the signals for the Disconnection of measuring points in the Information routing matrix in
DIGSI under Settings → Power system→ Meas.point I-3ph.
The following signals are available for activating the Measuring point I-3ph:
22 NVRAM = Non-Volatile Random Access Memory; RAM, which does not lose the stored data, even when there is no power.
EXAMPLE
[dw_similar-application_7SD_with_2-MU, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-6 Possible Disconnection of Measuring Point for the Line Differential Protection
(1) Temporary disconnection of the connection to the Measuring point I-3ph 1 for the FG Line and
to the Protection Function Group 1
NOTE
i If you disconnect the Measuring point I-3ph 1, you must make sure that no currents flows into the feeder
via M1. Otherwise, this leads to an unwanted tripping of the Line differential protection function.
EXAMPLE
[dw_similar-application_7SJ8_with_2-MU, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-7 Possible Disconnection of Measuring Point for the Feeder Protection
(1) Temporary disconnection of the connection of the Measuring point I-3ph 1 to the FG 3-ph
voltage/current
6.1.7.4 Settings
6.1.8 Settings
• Detects ground faults in generators with a grounded neutral point (typical for low voltage)
• Is stable in the event of external short-circuits with current-transformer saturation through intelligent
saturation-detection methods
• Triggers safely in the case of internal high-current faults through an additional high-current stage
The Generator differential protection function is used in the Generator Diff protection function group. The
function depends upon application in the corresponding application template preconfigured by the manufac-
turer or can be copied during the engineering into the corresponding function group.
The Generator differential protection function consists of the 2 tripping stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast. In addi-
tion, the I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stage is available. You can select this tripping stage from the function
catalog and copy it into the Generator differential protection function. The tripping stages can be blocked,
in addition you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
In the function groups Generator side and Generator stator:
• All data (setting values, detected currents) are relayed to the Generator diff function group
The side-related protection functions can run in the Generator side function group, for example overload
protection, overcurrent protection, etc.
The majority of the typical generator protection functions are located in the Generator stator function group.
These work with the neutral-point side current transformers.
on both sides (dotted in Figure 6-9). This current flows into the range being observed on one side and leaves it
again on the other side. A current differential is a sure indication of a fault within the protected object. The
calculation of the difference is determined through the current-direction definition. The current direction is
defined as positive to the protected object. The current difference results from the vector addition of the
currents.
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-9 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in chapter I-DIFF Differential Protection Function, Page 449.
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers T1 and T2 (Figure 6-9), a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = (I1 + I2)
as well as a restraint current of
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|)
For more than 2 measuring points, this definition is expanded. This restraint method allows a reliable trip deci-
sion for more than 2 measuring points and different feeding behavior for internal short circuits.
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2| ; ... |In|)
To clarify the effect, 3 important operating states are observed with ideal and adapted measurands.
• Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I2 = I1; In addition |I2| = |I1|;
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2 · |I1|
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-10 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current-Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
[lomesmgr-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast, and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the following
operate curve.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
Measurand Processing
Amount Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 90 Hz).
The IDIFF-fast tripping and the IDIFF-unrestrained tripping stages work on non-frequency tracked values and
thus, implement fast operate times at low frequencies.
The amount is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
measuring point that has the largest current is automatically switched to at the point in time of the calcula-
tion.
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
FIR Fourier filter
MAX Maximum value determination
Pickup Characteristic
Figure 6-13 shows the pickup characteristic of the differential protection. The characteristic curve branch a
represents the sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold) and considers
constant fault currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
• Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
• Adaptation deviations
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2) protects the differen-
tial protection against overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In this
range, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this, a higher differ-
ential current results.
In order to avoid overfunction in the event of external faults with current-transformer saturation, a logic is
implemented that uses the characteristic curve Additional stabilization of external faults. If the operating
point is located in the additional stabilization range and exceeds the operate curve from there, then the logic
becomes active and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
• Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal fault can arise as a consequence of an external fault. This fault change must be recognized
and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short-circuit with current-transformer saturation.
The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differential current. With trans-
former saturation, the instantaneous values fall below an internal threshold in the saturation-free time. If
this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corresponding phase, an internal
error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameterization with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping is removed and the indication Blocked by ext. fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
Low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to exceeding of the operate curve. The
additional stabilization range is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
• If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest., phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
• The differential current Idiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve · 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
• If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-14). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is output. If the product of param-
eter Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
• As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic-curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic-curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic-curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-15 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current at different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but they can lead to overfunction with sensitive setting
of the differential protection.
With generators, the motor startup can also lead to higher currents. With the startup detection, you can make
the protection somewhat less sensitive for a specific period of time and avoid overfunction. As a result you
achieve a comparable effect to that of DC-component detection.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value
Thresh. startup detection in all phases, the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its original value. Figure 6-16 shows the logic diagram of the startup detec-
tion and Figure 6-17 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Recognition of external faults that can simulate an internal fault through transformer saturation
In addition, in case of blocking due to an external error, a crossblock mechanism comes into effect.
[loausmid-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
The evaluation of the restraint current is used to recognize saturated, high-current external faults.
Figure 6-19 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set here such that it lies over the
maximum fault current flowing. The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
• Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold value.
• Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current is larger than the
restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-19): idiff(t) > 0.8 · irest(t).
• Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current exceeds the parameter
Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The 2 following figures show the behavior during an internal and an external fault. It is typical for the internal
fault (Figure 6-20) that the differential current rises more quickly than the restraint current. After a few
sampled values, the trip signal is issued. In case of an external fault, a differential current arises only after
transformer saturation occurs. You can always assume, however, that the current is transferred a few millisec-
onds after occurrence of the fault. In accordance with Figure 6-22, the restraint current is larger than the
differential current after occurrence of the fault, but condition 2 is not met and the function is therefore
blocked.
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-20 Curve Plot for Internal Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-21 Curve Plot for External Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve according to Figure 6-19 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-22 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[fo_Idiff-error, 1, en_US]
The I-DIFF unrestrained stage also acts if, for example, due to current-transformer saturation because of a
DC component in the short-circuit current, a 2nd harmonic occurs. The inrush-current detection could inter-
pret this as the closed-circuit current.
The I-DIFF unrestrained protection stage operates both with the fundamental component of the differential
protection and with the instantaneous value.
Metrologically, 2 methods are combined:
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
With the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
current iDiff(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also the basis.
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff is ordered in the operate curve Figure 6-23 and the trip decision is made.
[dw_idffunres, 1, en_US]
[lo_idff-unres, 2, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
This chapter provides setting information for the required setting parameters for a typical generator protection
application. Figure 6-26 shows a typical generator protection application. This prevents significant damage to
the generator in the event of tripping in case of a short circuit. Therefore, the generator differential protection
also makes sense for less powerful generators (< 5 MVA).
The connection example refers to an application in the 7UM85. The 3-phase current measuring points are
connected to the function groups Generator side 1 and Generator stator. The differential protection function
runs in the Generator diff function group.
The following screenshot from DIGSI 5 shows the connection of the measuring points as well as the connec-
tion of the function groups.
[sc_generator_diff_switch_Digsi, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
The data in the example are for the following current transformers: 3 000 A/1 A
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 (7UT6x, 7UM62). For this reason,
select a higher slope (also see 6.2.3 Function Description).
Parameter: Slope 2
NOTE
i If excessive current flows are cause to expect transmission problems for the current transformers, set the
Slope 2 to a higher value.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
Example:
Direct-axis transient reactance xd' (saturated) = 0.19
This results in a transient current of 1.1/0.19 ⋅ Irated, generator = 5.79 Irated, generator = 5.79 Irated, obj
For the parameter (_:11041:3) Threshold , you can use the default setting of 6 I/Irated,obj.
Parameter: Threshold
6.2.5 Settings
• Detects ground faults and multiphase short-circuits in transformers, reactors, short lines, as wells as
generators and motors
• Has available the necessary stabilization methods in the event of connection and overexcitation
processes
• Is stable in the event of external short-circuits with current transformer saturation through intelligent
saturation recognition methods
• Triggers safely in the case of internal high-current faults through an additional high-current stage
Depending on the basic type of the device selected, can protect different system configurations. The 7UM85
protects a two-winding transformer or an auto transformer.
The function Transformer differential protection is used in the protection function group Transformer or
Auto Transformer. The function depends upon application in the corresponding application template precon-
figured by the manufacturer or can be copied during the engineering into the corresponding function group.
The Transformer differential protection function consists of the tripping stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast. In
addition, the I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stage is available. You can select this tripping stage from the func-
tion catalog and copy it into the Transformer differential protection function. The tripping stages can be
blocked, in addition you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
The following actions are performed in the Transformer side function group:
• Send all data (setting values, included currents) to the function group Transformer
• Accept necessary settings for adapting differential protection to the current tap changer setting
Side-related protection functions can run in the function group Transformer side, for example, restricted
ground-fault protection, overload protection, overcurrent protection.
[dweinbfk-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-30 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in Chapter 6.3.3.6 Differential Protection Function (I-DIFF).
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers W1 and W2 (Figure 6-30) a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest.) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest.).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = ( I 1 + I 2)
as well as a restraint current of
Irest. = Max (| I 1| ; | I 2|)
For more than 2 measuring points this definition is expanded. This restraint method allows a reliable trip deci-
sion for more than 2 measuring points and different feeding behavior for internal short circuits.
Irest. = Max (| I 1| ; | I 2| ; ... | I n|)
To clarify the effect 3 important operating states are observed with ideal and adapted measurands.
• Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I 2 = I 1; In addition | I 2| = | I 1|;
Idiff = | I 1 + I 2| = | I 1 + I 1| = 2 · | I 1|
Irest = Max (| I 1| ; | I 2|) = | I 1| = | I 2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff ) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest.).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-31 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
current. The direct-current time constant can amount to several seconds with large transformers. The
following figure shows a typical situation.
[dwscreen-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If a transformer is operated with too high of a voltage, it can be modulated up into the non-linear part of the
magnetization characteristic curve. An increased magnetizing current results, which manifests itself as an
increased differential current and can lead to an overfunction.
For this reason, additional functions are required which block the differential protection with closure and over-
excitation processes.
[lomessgr-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the operate curve
below.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
In the following, the essential components of differential protection are described in detail. The two-winding
implementation, the basic structure of which shows Figure 6-35, serves as an example. The connection is
between the phase current transformers and the neutral-point current transformer. Additionally, both relevant
function groups for differential protection are represented.
[dw2wtyd5-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-35 Connection and Basic Structure for the Example of a Two-Winding Transformer Yd5
Absolute-Value Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 90 Hz).
The IDIFF-fast tripping and the IDIFF-unrestrained tripping stages work on non-frequency tracked values and
thus, implement fast operate times at low frequencies.
The absolute value is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The largest power is used as reference winding with a multi-winding transformer. If several windings have
the same absolute value of power, then, the highest current winding is selected as the reference winding.
The absolute value of the neutral-point transformer is also adapted according to the previous formula. In
this case, the absolute value should be adapted to the side with the greatest power.
Tap-Changer Adaptation
If a tap changer is present and is allocated to a transformer side, the side currents are also adapted to the
current tap-changer position. In order to activate this functionality, the settings must be made in the Trans-
former side function group. You can find a more detailed description of the parameters Tap changer,
Basic position and Volt. diff. adjacent taps are in the Application and Setting Instructions,
subtitle Parameters: Tap changer.
Make the stage setting that corresponds to the rated voltage and the setting for the stage voltage. With these
settings, an adjustment factor is calculated for each existing tap-changer position.
[foBasPo1-231013-01, 1, en_US]
with
Pos(i) Existing tap-changer position
BasPos Basic position of the tap changer
ΔV Voltage difference of a stage
Vrated Rated voltage
kBase position Corresponds to the correction value for each measuring point
When the sliding contact of the motor drive is activated by the tap changer, the previous stage remains active
until the running contact signals the end of the motor run.
If capture of the current tap-changer position malfunctions, a higher operate curve takes effect. In this case,
2 measures become effective:
1. Calculation of an average adjustment factor
[foBasPo2-231013-01, 1, en_US]
[foBasPo3-231013-01, 1, en_US]
[foBasPo4-231013-01, 1, en_US]
Vector-Group Correction
The vector groups of the transformer sides arise from the different side-wise coupling of the transformer wind-
ings to the transformer core as well as its configuration (Y, D, Z). The measured currents can therefore not be
used directly for summation. The vector-group correction replicates the magnetic coupling of the transformer
coils and makes the measured currents comparable. The correction occurs such that each side is converted to
vector group 0. Since you are in the 3-phase system, the conversion occurs via matrices which are stored for
the respective vector-group type. The general description is given in the following formula. In the same calcu-
lation step, the absolute value is corrected:
[foscha08-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
iphx* Adapted instantaneous value per phase (x = 1, 2, 3)
iphx Instantaneous value per phase (x = 1, 2, 3)
k Correction of absolute value per measuring point
MSG Correction matrix
The following example (Figure 6-36) shows the conversion. The neutral point is insulated against Figure 6-35,
such that no zero-sequence current (short-circuit current) can arise in case of an external fault and can there-
fore not cause a faulty measurement.
In the example, the currents are processed directly. On the delta side, the conversion takes place into a vector
group 0. If the measured zero-sequence current is also taken into account while using this matrix with the
present neutral reactor, a higher sensitivity with regard to the usual elimination matrix can be attained (see
Figure 6-39).
[dwyd5001-030912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foyd5001-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-36 Vector-Group Adaptation with the Example of Yd5 without Accounting for the Absolute-Value
Adaptation
[dwsgayd5-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The complete matrix equation for the grounded side (Y side) with inclusion of all currents flowing in is, in this
case:
[foanpa11-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
ISt corresponds to -3I0 with current flowing. With a ground fault within the transformer area, the zero-
sequence current goes in as a result (I0 = 1/3 IY). With a ground fault outside, however, the zero-sequence
current falls out, since the zero-sequence current measured on the terminals 3I0 = (IA + IB + IC) (negative here)
removes the neutral-point current IY. Given this, nearly complete sensitivity is guaranteed for internal ground
faults, while the zero-sequence current is automatically eliminated in case of an external ground fault.
If the following conditions are satisfied, the neutral-point current is accounted for:
• In the function group Transformer side, the parameter Neutral point = grounded is set.
• The function group Transformer neutral point is connected with the measuring point and the function
group Transformer side (see Figure 6-35).
• In the function group Transformer, the parameter Meas. gnd. current side 1 = yes is set.
NOTE
i In order to enable the proper function of the differential protection, the neutral-point transformer must be
designed correspondingly strong (almost saturation-free). Interior 1-pole short circuits can lead to too high
neutral-point currents. The harmonic resulting from a saturation can lead to a blocking of the tripping by
the inrush-current detection. In addition a saturation when tripping can result in no unambiguous fault
situation, that is unaffected phases also signal a tripping.
[dwyd5002-120120-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foyd5002-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-39 shows an example of a ground fault on a delta side outside of the protection range with a neutral
reactor (zigzag reactors) within the protection range. Here, too, a zero-sequence current arises on the right
side, but not on the left side. If the neutral reactor is outside of the protection range (current transformer
between power transformer and neutral reactor), then the zero-sequence current is harmless, since it does not
flow through a measuring point (current transformer).
[dwtstern-120120-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-39 Example of Ground Fault Outside of the Grounding Transformer within the Protection Range
with Current Distribution
Zero-sequence current elimination has the disadvantage that the differential protection is less sensitive with
ground faults in the protection range of the grounded side around the zero-sequence current. Since the zero-
sequence current makes up 1/3 of the short-circuit current, a sensitivity of 2/3 is achieved. If there is no
neutral-point grounding present in the protection range or the neutral-point current can be captured
(Figure 6-37), the zero-sequence current elimination is unnecessary (see Figure 6-36). In order to not recog-
nize an electric breakdown as an internal fault with a connected surge arrester on the neutral point you
must make do without this advantage.
If, in the function group Transformer side, the parameter Neutral point = grounded is set and no
neutral-point current is coupled into the function group (see Figure 6-35), then the zero-sequence current
elimination always takes place. If a neutral-point current is coupled into the function group Transformer side
(for example, for the restricted ground-fault protection) and in the function group Transformer, the param-
eter Meas. gnd. current side 1 = no is present, then a zero-sequence current elimination is also
performed. If Neutral point = isolated is set, the phase currents are processed directly, without the
zero-sequence currents being taken into account. If nothing is connected to the neutral point, make this
setting.
[dwstern1-040912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Here, too, the neutral-point current Irest. is necessary for a complete treatment of all currents flowing into the
protected area. If the neutral point is not accessible, the residual current from the two phase currents must be
eliminated. This means that the matrix with the residual current elimination is used on both sides. As with
separated windings, differential protection with ground faults in the protection range is then reduced in sensi-
tivity to 2/3 of the fault current. The residual current amounts to 1/3 of the short-circuit current.
If the neutral-point current is accessible and connected to the device, all currents flowing into the protection
range are available. The residual current in the phases then enters into the sum with outward-lying ground
faults through the neutral-point current. With an inward-lying ground fault, the full sensitivity of differential
protection is thereby guaranteed.
In order to attain an even higher sensitivity with ground faults in the protection range with the help of the
neutral-point current, you can use the restricted ground-fault protection.
If, in the case of an auto transformer, three 1-phase auto transformers are interconnected, it is possible to
attain a good ground fault sensitivity. With this arrangement, the 1-phase ground fault is the most likely fault.
Short-circuits between the phases are excluded due to spatial separation. Here you can create current differen-
tial protection through each winding which captures the sum of all currents flowing to the node (the
winding).
The requirements for this are that you configure an auto transformer with a 3-phase current connection for
the grounding side and set the parameter (_:2311:186) Protection Mode = Current node .
NOTE
i The differential protection function records no stabilizing winding with Current node . A stabilizing
winding must be additionally protected.
[dwtspstr-040912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-41 Auto Transformer Bank with Current Transformer in the Neutral-Point Feed
NOTE
i Differential protection does not work with sensitive ground-current transformers. Since sensitive trans-
formers can go into saturation too quickly, false differential currents arise.
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
Pickup Characteristic
The Figure 6-42 shows the pickup characteristic of the 7UT8x. The characteristic curve branch a represents the
sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold) and considers constant fault
currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
• Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
• Adaptation deviations and tap changers in transformers with voltage control (but only if the tap-changer
position is not taken into account in the differential protection)
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2) secures the differen-
tial protection from overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In this
area, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this a higher differen-
tial current results.
In order to avoid overfunction with external faults with current-transformer saturation (also see Figure 6-31),
a logic is implemented that uses the characteristic curve additional stabilization of external faults. If the
operating point is located in the additional stabilization area and exceeds the operate curve from there, then
the logic becomes active, and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
Inrush-Current Detection
The inrush-current detection evaluates the calculated instantaneous values of the differential current. The
inrush current develops with Sympathetic Inrush – connection of a parallel transformer or Recovery Inrush –
inrush current subsequent to returning voltage after a fault in the system in the differential current consider-
ably higher than in the side currents. An assignment to the corresponding blocking phases is possible only in
the differential current due to the vector-group correction.
The inrush-current detection is activated when the pickup characteristic is exceeded. It is deactivated when it
is blocked by an external fault.
For inrush-current detection, 2 methods working in parallel are used:
• Component of the 2nd harmonic relative to the fundamental component in the differential current
(I2nd harm/I1st harm)
As also shown in Figure 6-32, the 2nd harmonic is clearly pronounced in the inrush current. If the compo-
nent of the 2nd harmonic exceeds the set threshold value (parameter: 2nd harmonic content), a
phase-segregated blocking occurs. The harmonics develop differently in the different phases. If
exceeding of the 2nd harmonic is detected in a phase, it can be necessary to block all phases simultane-
ously. This blocking must be limited with regard to time and is controlled by the parameter Cross-
block. time 2nd har.. The correct positioning of the filter windows is controlled by the internal
pickup.
[scinrush-120120-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loblkein-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Blocking of Overexcitation
Stationary overexcitation is characterized by odd-numbered harmonics. Here the 3rd or 5th harmonic is suited
to stabilization. Since with transformers, the 3rd harmonic is eliminated, for example, in the case of a delta
winding, the 5th harmonic is used. The overexcitation blocking is activated when the pickup characteristic is
exceeded. It is deactivated when it is blocked by an external fault.
Odd-numbered harmonics, which are not present with an internal short circuit, also play a role in converter
transformers.
The shares of the 3rd and 5th harmonics in relation to the fundamental component are determined from the
instantaneous values of the differential current via Fourier filters. If the threshold value (3rd harmonics
content or 5th harmonics content) is exceeded, a phase-selective blocking occurs. It is also possible
here to block all 3 phases simultaneously via the crossblock function (parameter: Crossblock. time 3rd
har. or Crossblock. time 5th har.). Contrary to the 2nd harmonic, the overexcitation stabilization
becomes inactive if the differential current (fundamental component value) exceeds a limiting value (param-
eter: Limit Idiff 3., 5. harmonics).
The Figure 6-45 shows the logical input and output signals.
[lofehler-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal short circuit can arise as a consequence of an external short circuit. This fault-location change
must be recognized and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short circuit with current-
transformer saturation. The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differen-
tial current. With transformer saturation the instantaneous values do not reach an internal threshold in
the saturation-free time. If this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corre-
sponding phase, an internal error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameteri-
zation with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping (including crossblock) is removed and the indication Blocked by ext.
fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
In accordance with Figure 6-31 low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to
exceeding of the operate curve. The additional stabilization area is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
• If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest.,phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
• The differential current IDiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve · 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
• If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-46). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is issued. If the product of parame-
ters Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
• As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-47 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current act different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but with sensitive setting of the differential protection
can lead to overfunction.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value in
all phases Thresh. startup detection the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its source value. Figure 6-48 shows the logic diagram of the startup detection
and Figure 6-49 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Detection of external short circuits that can simulate an internal short circuit through transformer satura-
tion
Additionally, the Crossblock mechanisms operate with blocking functions, depending on the settings.
[loauslid-201112-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[dwextfeh-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points. The instantaneous values are formed via an estimation method from 2 sampled values.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
The evaluation of the restraint current is used for stabilization in the event of high-current external short
circuits with transformer saturation (see Figure 6-51).
Figure 6-52 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set to the maximum fault current to be
expected when switching on the transformer (see Parameter: Threshold (Setting the Characteristic-Curve
Parameters), Page 507). The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
• Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst.(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold value.
• Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential-current instantaneous value is
larger than the restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-52): idiff(t) > 0.8 · irest.(t).
• Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential-current instantaneous value
exceeds the parameter Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the instantaneous-value function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-53 Curve Plot for Primary Currents in the Event of an External Short Circuit with Transformer Satu-
ration
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-54 Curve Plot for the Differential Current and Restraint Current irest · 0.8 in the Event of an
External Short Circuit with Transformer Saturation
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve Figure 6-52 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-55 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
6.3.3.9 Disconnection of the Measuring Point from the Transformer Differential Protection Function
For special applications, for example, in a pumped-storage hydropower plant, an individual measuring point
must be disconnected from but then reconnected to the Transformer differential protection function under
different specific operating conditions.
The disconnection and reconnection can be automatically and reliably achieved by the Current transformer
disconnection function. The following example describes a mixed application of the functions Transformer
differential protection and Current transformer disconnection.
[lo_B2B_launcher, 1, en_US]
If the generator acts as pump operation, it feeds the starting current Istartup into the starting busbar with a
frequency change from 0 Hz to the rated value.
[lo_Pp_Startup, 1, en_US]
In the pump startup mode, the motor is excited and connected to the starting busbar during the startup. It is
started up via an external‑current infeed from a static‑frequency converter (SFC) or pump operation. The
motor runs from a speed of 0 to the rated value, and then, it is connected to the power grid by a paralleling
device. During the speedup of the motor, the frequency of the injected starting current Istartup changes from
0 Hz to the rated value.
The synchronous machine is connected to the power grid via a generator step-up transformer (GSUT). The
GSUT is protected by the Transformer differential protection function (ANSI 87T) and detects short circuits
and ground faults. In the pump operation mode or the pump startup mode, the synchronous machine is
disconnected from the GSUT via a phase inverter or a generator circuit breaker (GCB). On the one hand,
according to the Kirchhoff's law, to avoid overfunction, the measured current Istartup from CT2 must be discon-
nected from the Transformer differential protection function. On the other hand, in the pump startup
mode, after the motor is connected to the power grid, the measured current Istartup from CT2 must be recon-
nected to the Transformer differential protection function. The disconnection and reconnection are realized
by the Current transformer disconnection function.
The following figure shows an example of a logic diagram for this application.
NOTE
i Disconnection or reconnection of the current transformer has a direct impact on the Transformer differen-
tial protection function. To avoid overfunction caused by the disturbance of binary input signals
>Disconnection on and >Disconnection off, Siemens recommends not activating >Disconnec-
tion on and >Disconnection off with external single‑point binary inputs. Siemens recommends
using a CFC logic with double-point binary inputs.
In case of overfunction caused by power loss of device and binary input signals at the same time, do not
obtain the binary input signal >Disconnection off from the NOT logic of the binary input signal
>Disconnection on.
Selected applications for differential protection are described in the following. Setting instructions for the
necessary setting parameters are given for these applications.
NOTE
i Also, observe the connection of the current transformer Figure A-13 in the Appendix.
[dwschzwk-140813-01, 2, en_US]
[sctrdfmp1-200214-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the matching factors in each case are calculated from the primary transformer current
and a reference rated current. For a standard transformer and an auto transformer, the reference rated
current of each side is the rated current of the reference side transformed on the individual side. The
matching factors are calculated and displayed as write-protected parameters. Only the matching factors
used appear in the menu.
The matching factor for one transformer side is calculated by the equation below:
The reference current Irated (m) is the rated current of the transformer side and is calculated using:
with
CT ratio Matching factor
Irated transf. Primary current transformer rated current
Irated Rated current of the transformer side
Srated Rated apparent power
Vrated Rated voltage of the transformer side
m Measuring point
[fonensei-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The calculated rated current of the side is displayed as additional information. In the example, this is a value of
346 A (240 MVA/(√3 · 400 kV) = 346.4 A).
NOTE
i If a star winding is implemented to be insulated with regard to the neutral-point treatment and a surge
arrester is connected, then to avoid overfunction of the differential protection, the setting grounded is
recommended. If the surge arrester picks up, then it grounds the neutral point.
Phase-angle rota- 0° -30° -60° -90° -120° -150° -180° -210° -240° -270° -300° -330°
tion
Vector group 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
numeral
In the example, a transformer YNd5 is used. For this transformer, side 1 gets the Vector group numeral 0 and
side 2 the Vector group numeral 5.
In the function group, the following information is displayed additionally in the setting sheet:
• Side number
• Matching factor for the 3-phase measuring point (with reference to the side)
• Matching factor for the measuring point at the neutral point (with reference to the side)
You can set each Vector group numeral from 0 to 11 to the extent possible. Thus, for example, only even
numbers are possible for the vector group Yy, Dd, and Dz and only odd numbers are possible for Yd, Yz, and
Dy.
• Default setting (_:91:44) Tap changer = No function block has been selected
When using this parameter, the transformer side is assigned to a tap changer. If a tap changer is assigned,
other parameters also become visible. You can use a separate tap changer or the tap changer in the voltage
controller.
[sctssdi2-260913-01, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the matching factors in each case are calculated from the primary transformer current
and the object rated current. For a standard transformer, the object rated current of the side is the rated
current of the reference side transformed on the individual side. The matching factors are calculated and
displayed as write-protected parameters. Only the matching factors used appear in the menu.
The matching factor for one transformer side is calculated by the equation below:
The reference current Irated obj. is the rated current of the transformer side and is calculated using:
with
CT ratio Matching factor
Irated transf. Primary current transformer rated current
Irated obj. Rated current of the transformer side
Srated obj. Rated apparent power
Vrated obj. Rated voltage of the transformer side
m Measuring point
Tap Changer
In the General setting sheet in DIGSI 5, you specify whether the adaptation of the differential protection to
the current tap changer position is to be used. Make the setting and allocation in the transformer side.
With the setting yes, you adapt the differential protection function to the current tap changer position.
NOTE
i • Enable the parameter Moving contact (highest binary input) in the properties dialog Posi-
tion of the tap changer. Set the parameter Supervision behavior of the tap changer to warning
or alarm block.
NOTE
i In the Appendix, also note the requirements for current transformers of transformer differential protection
A.6 Requirements for Current Transformers of Transformer Differential Protection (Phase-Current Trans-
former and Neutral-Point Transformer).
NOTE
i For this application design the neutral point current transformer appropriately strong (almost saturation-
free over approx. 30 ms).
More information on this in chapter 6.3.3.1 Basic Principle of Differential Protection, section Neutral point
current handling.
[fokorwr2-180912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fokorwr3-180912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 (7UT6x, 7UM62). For this reason,
select a higher slope (also see 6.3.3.1 Basic Principle of Differential Protection).
If the position of the tap changer cannot or should not be taken into account in the differential protection,
check the increase.
The Slope 1 should be approximately 2 times higher than the current-proportional fault currents, which are
caused by transformer transmission faults and non adaption of a tap changer. In general, you can use a factor
of 1.2 for the transformer fault currents.
Slope 1New = 2 · 1.2 · kStS
for example Slope 1New = 2.4 · 0.12 = 0.288
However, you should set a slope of at least 0.3. Figure 6-62 illustrates the situation.
[dwstgsfs-261012-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The maximum current of the measuring point is used as restraint current. If you have to expect dynamic trans-
mission faults of the current transformer even for smaller currents, Siemens recommends keeping the default
setting of 0.67.
The setting of the parameter Intersection 1 Irest determines the end of the horizontal section with the
threshold value I Diff>. Therefore also take into account the formula in the setting notes for the threshold
value I Diff>.
NOTE
i If excessive current flows are cause to expect transmission problems for the current transformer, set the
Slope 2 to a higher value.
When using the Intersection 2 Irest parameter, you determine at which restraint current the Slope 2
will start. The default setting 2.5 I/Irated,obj is a practical value.
Parameter: Slope 2
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i When using a shunt reactor, Siemens recommends deactivating the CWA process, since the process results
in a false pickup in the event of an external fault. The background is that the CWA-internal fault detection
deactivates the blocking of the 2nd harmonic in the differential protection.
[dwanhaub-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If large differential currents arise, you can assume an internal fault. In order to avoid a subfunction of the
differential protection, overexcitation blocking is inhibited from the threshold value on. Distorted fault
currents produce predominantly odd-numbered harmonics in case of an internal fault. In accordance with
Figure 6-64, a possible differential current is caused that lies below the rated current due to overexcitation. On
the other hand, distorted fault currents arise only with currents far above the rated current. Therefore, 1.5
I/Irated,obj is a practical setting value.
Parameter: Threshold
[Dw-Nennleistung-Transf-060214, 1, en_US]
Example:
At a power of 100 MVA, a value of approx. 4.5 I/Irated,obj. is derived from Figure 6-65. For this application,
reduce the default setting from 7.5 I/Irated,obj to the determined value.
Parameter: Threshold
circuit breakers (high-voltage side, auxiliary) are necessary. Furthermore, the de-excitation switch and the
turbine quick-shutdown must be activated.
[dw7umwkl-200214-01, 3, en_US]
The figure below shows the measuring point allocation to the function groups and the circuiting of the func-
tion groups to each other in DIGSI 5. Only the 2 circuit breakers physically present are shown as an example.
[sc7um_trd_2-010414-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-67 Circuiting of the Measuring Points and Function Groups (Principle)
Make the settings in the Transformer side function group, using the procedure described for the two-winding
transformer. Ensure that the transformer data with the measuring points have been set. The screenshot below
shows the setting for the Transformer side 2 function group (low-voltage side), since in this case, 2 meas-
uring points with different primary transformer rated currents are connected.
[sc7um_trd_3-010414-01, 1, en_US]
Besides the standard data of the transformer side, additional information is stored. These are colored gray.
The following values are displayed:
NOTE
The rated current of the low-voltage side (side 2) is 3 666 A and the current transformer on the generator side
has a transformer ratio of 4 000 A/1 A. With an auxiliary transformer, a current transformer of 2 000 A/1 A is
provided. This results in the following 2 matching factors: 4 000 A/3 666 A = 1.091 and 2 000 A/3
666 A = 0.546. For the Transformer function group, the identical setting parameters can be used as for the
two-winding transformer. The figures below show the appropriate setting sheet for the tripping stage I-DIFF.
[sc7um_trd_1-010414-01, 1, en_US]
[sc7um_trd_4-010414-01, 1, en_US]
[sc7um_trd_5-010414-01, 1, en_US]
You set how the ground current is handled on the General setting sheet. On Transformer Side 1 the neutral
point of the transformer is set as grounded. In this way, the protection function knows that the zero-sequence
current is to be accounted for. With the following parameter you can set the treatment of the zero-sequence
current.
NOTE
i The reference side is the side with the highest rated apparent power. If this should be several sides, the
largest side rated current is selected from these.
For the application described above, an additional solution option is available. This will parameterize the
three-winding transformer. The following figure shows the function group structure as well as the circuiting
with the measuring points. The main difference to Figure 6-66 is the fact that the Transformer side function
group is always connected to only one measuring point. This provides the advantage that additional protec-
tion functions that are based on the current of the measuring points can be run within the Transformer side
function group. For example, additional backup overcurrent protection (+ overload protection) can be consid-
ered in the Transformer side 3 function group for an auxiliary transformer.
The setting of the function groups Transformer side 2 and 3 are identical.
[dw7umwk2-170214-01, 3, en_US]
6.3.5 Settings
• Is stable in the event of external short-circuits with current-transformer saturation through intelligent
saturation-detection methods
NOTE
i The Busbar diff. function group can be connected to the maximum of 5 Busbar bay function groups.
if there are more measuring points, route one busbar bay to 2 or more measuring points.
The Busbar differential protection function is used in the Busbar diff. function group. The function can be
copied during the engineering into the Busbar diff. function group.
The Busbar differential protection function consists of 3 tripping stages: I-DIFF stage, I-DIFF fast stage, and I-
DIFF unrestrained tripping stage. The I-DIFF fast stage is instantiated by default. You can select other stages
from the function catalog and copy them into the Busbar differential protection function. The tripping
stages can be blocked individually, in addition you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
In the function group Busbar bay:
• All data (setting values, detected currents) are relayed to the Busbar diff. function group
The bay-related protection functions can run in the Busbar bay function group, for example, overcurrent
protection.
[dw_MiniBBFG, 1, en_US]
again on the other side. A current differential is a sure indication of a fault within the protected object. The
calculation of the difference is determined through the current-direction definition. The current direction is
defined as positive to the protected object. The current difference results from the vector addition of the
currents.
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-73 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in chapter I-DIFF Differential Protection Function, Page 449.
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers T1 and T2 (Figure 6-9), a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = (I1 + I2)
as well as a restraint current of
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|)
For more than 2 measuring points, this definition is expanded. This restraint method allows a reliable trip deci-
sion for more than 2 measuring points and different feeding behavior for internal short circuits.
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2| ; ... |In|)
To clarify the effect, 3 important operating states are observed with ideal and adapted measurands.
• Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I2 = I1; In addition |I2| = |I1|;
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2 · |I1|
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-74 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current-Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
[lomesmgr-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast, and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the following
operate curve.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
Measurand Processing
Amount Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 90 Hz).
The IDIFF-fast tripping and the IDIFF-unrestrained tripping stages work on non-frequency tracked values and
thus, implement fast operate times at low frequencies.
The amount is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
measuring point that has the largest current is automatically switched to at the point in time of the calcula-
tion.
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
FIR Fourier filter
MAX Maximum value determination
Pickup Characteristic
Figure 6-13 shows the pickup characteristic of the differential protection. The characteristic curve branch a
represents the sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold) and considers
constant fault currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
• Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
• Adaptation deviations
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2) protects the differen-
tial protection against overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In this
range, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this, a higher differ-
ential current results.
In order to avoid overfunction in the event of external faults with current-transformer saturation, a logic is
implemented that uses the characteristic curve Additional stabilization of external faults. If the operating
point is located in the additional stabilization range and exceeds the operate curve from there, then the logic
becomes active and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
• Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal fault can arise as a consequence of an external fault. This fault change must be recognized
and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short-circuit with current-transformer saturation.
The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differential current. With trans-
former saturation, the instantaneous values fall below an internal threshold in the saturation-free time. If
this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corresponding phase, an internal
error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameterization with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping is removed and the indication Blocked by ext. fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
Low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to exceeding of the operate curve. The
additional stabilization range is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
• If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest., phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
• The differential current Idiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve · 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
• If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-14). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is output. If the product of param-
eter Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
• As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic-curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic-curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic-curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-15 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current at different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but they can lead to overfunction with sensitive setting
of the differential protection.
With generators, the motor startup can also lead to higher currents. With the startup detection, you can make
the protection somewhat less sensitive for a specific period of time and avoid overfunction. As a result you
achieve a comparable effect to that of DC-component detection.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value
Thresh. startup detection in all phases, the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its original value. Figure 6-16 shows the logic diagram of the startup detec-
tion and Figure 6-17 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Recognition of external faults that can simulate an internal fault through transformer saturation
In addition, in case of blocking due to an external error, a crossblock mechanism comes into effect.
[loausmid-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
The evaluation of the restraint current is used to recognize saturated, high-current external faults.
Figure 6-19 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set here such that it lies over the
maximum fault current flowing. The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
• Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold value.
• Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current is larger than the
restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-19): idiff(t) > 0.8 · irest(t).
• Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current exceeds the parameter
Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The 2 following figures show the behavior during an internal and an external fault. It is typical for the internal
fault (Figure 6-20) that the differential current rises more quickly than the restraint current. After a few
sampled values, the trip signal is issued. In case of an external fault, a differential current arises only after
transformer saturation occurs. You can always assume, however, that the current is transferred a few millisec-
onds after occurrence of the fault. In accordance with Figure 6-22, the restraint current is larger than the
differential current after occurrence of the fault, but condition 2 is not met and the function is therefore
blocked.
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-84 Curve Plot for Internal Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-85 Curve Plot for External Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve according to Figure 6-19 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-22 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 4, en_US]
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
With the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
current iDiff(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also the basis.
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff is ordered in the operate curve Figure 6-87 and the trip decision is made.
[dw_idffunres, 1, en_US]
[lo_idff-unres, 2, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
This chapter provides setting information for the required setting parameters for a typical busbar differential
protection application. Figure 6-90 shows a typical busbar differential protection application. This prevents
significant damage to the busbar in the event of tripping in case of a short circuit.
The connection example refers to an application in the 7UM85. The 3-phase current measuring points are
connected to the function groups Busbar diff and Busbar bay. The differential protection function runs in the
Busbar diff function group.
The following screenshots from DIGSI 5 shows the connection of the measuring points as well as the connec-
tion of the function groups.
[sc_MP2FG, 1, en_US]
[sc_FG2FG, 1, en_US]
[sc_FG2CB, 1, en_US]
• With connection type VAB, VBC, VCB, or VN, you set the Rated voltage parameter as the phase-to-phase
voltage.
• With the connection type VA, VB, VC, or VN (broken-delta winding), you set the Rated voltage parameter as the
phase-to-ground voltage.
• With the connection type VX, you set the Rated voltage parameter as either the phase-to-phase
voltage or the phase-to-ground voltage
Parameter: Threshold
You use this parameter to set the threshold value for the sensitivity of the busbar-selective protection in the
case of low fault currents.
If the set threshold is exceeded, busbar differential protection trips. If the current drops below the limit, the
trip command drops out.
The maximum permissible setting value is based on the lowest fault current that can be expected in the event
of a busbar short circuit. In addition, the setting value should have a pickup margin about 20 %.
The lowest permissible setting value is 30 % above the maximum operating current of all bays: Imax bay + 30 %.
1.3 Imax bay < Threshold < 0.8 Iscc min.
Iscc min corresponds to the minimum continuous short-circuit current.
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 (7UT6x, 7UM62). For this reason,
select a higher slope (also see 6.4.3 Function Description).
Parameter: Slope 2
NOTE
i If excessive current flows are cause to expect transmission problems for the current transformers, set the
Slope 2 to a higher value.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
6.4.5 Settings
• Detects ground faults in transformers, shunt reactors, neutral reactors or rotating machinery in which the
neutral point is grounded.
• Protects grounding transformers in the protection range. It is required that a current transformer be used
in the case of neutral point feed, that is, between neutral point and grounding conductor. The neutral
point transformer and the phase current transformer define the protection range.
• Adapts itself to the highest-amperage side with auto transformers and thereby prevents overfunction in
the event of external ground faults.
The Restricted ground-fault protection function is used in the Transformer side or Auto transformer
protection function group. Furthermore, you can use the function in the stabilizing winding of the auto trans-
former or also in the Standard UI function. The function depends upon application in the corresponding appli-
cation template preconfigured by the manufacturer or can be copied during the engineering into the corre-
sponding function group.
The Restricted ground-fault protection function is stepless.
[dwstrupt-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[loreffkt-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The protection function processes the neutral-point current IY* and the zero-sequence current 3I0 calculated
from the phase currents (see following figure). The amount-adapted (compensated) currents are described by
the * symbol. They are normalized to the rated object current of the respective side. The protection range
extends exclusively over the transformer winding, including current transformer.
In case of an internal ground fault, the zero-sequence currents flow to the fault location. With an external
ground fault, the fault current inverts itself in the phase current transformers. In this way, the direction of
current flow serves as the decisive criterion for an internal fault.
[dwgrdpri-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i For the polarity of the current transformers, consider that it must be parameterized in accordance with the
connection type. Connect the neutral point to the 3-pole measuring points on the device side with the
even-numbered terminals.
In accordance with the logic diagram Figure 6-94, the protection function operates in 3 steps:
• Pickup:
If the calculated current IDiff,REF exceeds the adapted pickup threshold, pickup starts.
NOTE
i The following calculation applies to the configurations with one current measuring point for the side. In a
special case of 2 current measuring points per side, the calculation of the restraint current must be
performed in greater detail.
ksx = IN,transformerS/IN,side with the measured secondary current on the transformer side (S)
IDiff,REF = |IY* + 3I0*|
IRest,REF = |IY*| + |IA*| + |IB*| + |IC*|, all currents normalized to the rated object current
where:
IY Measured zero-sequence current at neutral point
kyx Factor for magnitude adaptation (neutral point)
ksx Factor for magnitude adaptation (side)
IN,transformer Primary transformer rated current
IN,side Primary rated current of the transformer side (rated object current)
IDiff,REF Differential current
IRest,REF Restraint current
Using the calculated restraint current, a current IChar which represents the pickup value for the tripping is
determined from the characteristic curve (Figure 6-96). In this way, the protection function is stabilized in the
event of external, multiphase ground faults, for example, a 2-pole ground fault. This means that the protec-
tion function becomes less sensitive.
If the Slope = 0 is set here (as an exception), the set Threshold of the operate curve is delivered inde-
pendent of the restraint current.
[dwstabke-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The ratio between the neutral-point current and the value for the current IChar determined from Figure 6-96 is
observed in the operate curve.
Pickup
If the IDiff,REF calculated differential current exceeds the calculated current IChar (see Figure 6-94), pickup occurs
and the internal processing is enabled. The pickup is indicated.
If the measured current on the transformer side yields only a very small 3I0* amount, it does not make sense
to determine the angle difference. If, in the event of an internal fault, a small 3I0* current simulates an angle
error because of a measuring error, the extended operate range allows reliable tripping with an angle differ-
ence of >90°.
[dwausken-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i The characteristic curve shown in Figure 6-97 shows the limit of the tripping range with the angle criterion.
The extended operate range is shown symbolically for 2 conditions:
For these conditions, the characteristic curve with |IY*| = |3I0*| represents the angle limit of the extended
operate range:
For an external fault with |IY*| = |3I0*|, the phase angle between IY* and 3I0* is ≈ 180°
If a measuring error changes the angle now and this angle error is <80°, unwanted tripping does not occur.
In Figure 6-97, that is the section to the left of 100°.
If, for example, the ratio is |IY*| >> |3I0*|, tripping is theoretically not possible for an angle difference of
180°. This is the case if no fault current is flowing on the transformer side and the current 3I0* results from
a measuring error. With the extended operate range, internal faults are cleared in a secured way.
In case of an external ground fault, the zero-sequence current calculated from the phase currents reverses by
180°. The phase angle between the zero-sequence currents thus (∠(IY*, 3I0*)) equals ± 180°. They are located
in the left part of the operate curve and recognize a clearly increased tripping limit.
As specified in Figure 6-97, the characteristic-curve limit with regard to the angle specification on the x-axis
depends on the ratio |IY*| to |3I0*|. If the amounts differ, the characteristic curve shifts.
The current IAngle,REF for the Angle Decision is determined from the following subtraction and summation:
[dw_angle-decision_for_external-faults, 1, en_US]
For tripping to occur, the neutral-point current IY* must reach the value IREF,Trip. The characteristic curve in the
left part of the figure can be determined from the following relationship:
IREF,Trip = IChar + k · IAngle,REF
where:
IChar Pickup value resulting from the pickup value increase
k Factor (permanently set to 4.05657)
With this value, the limit angle at |IY*| = |3I0*| is precisely 100°. No tripping is possible from
this angle on.
The following figure shows an example of the effect on the extended operating by the different ratio IY* to
3I0* (Irest,REF is not considered in the representation).
[dw_angle_trip_relationship, 1, en_US]
Starting with a ratio of IY* to 3I0* > 8.2, tripping is possible for each angle.
NOTE
The following figure shows the behavior under different fault conditions.
Also observe that the restraint current (IRest.,REF) always results from the sum of all currents (phase currents of
the measuring points and the neutral-point current). For pickup, the differential current IDiff,REF is necessary.
This differential current results from the geometric sum of all adapted zero-sequence currents. The zero-
sequence currents of the measuring points on the outgoing side and of the neutral-point current are meant
here.
[dwfehler-291112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwautraf-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i For an auto transformer, the largest rated object current of both auto-transformer sides is used as reference
current (IN,side). In Figure 6-101, it is the rated object current on the 230-kV side.
In this case, the neutral-point current is calculated as the sum of the phase currents of the ground side as
follows:
IY* = kmy · (IGnd,A + IGnd,B + IGnd,C)
with
kmy = INY,transformer/IN, M2 side
The following applies for the restraint current:
IRest,REF = |IGnd,A*| + |IGnd,B*| + |IGnd,C*| + |IM1A*| + |IM1B*| + |IM1C*| + |IM2A*| + |IM2B*| + |IM2C*|
NOTE
i If both the 1-phase neutral point and the 3-phase ground side are connected, the restricted ground-fault
protection uses only the 1-phase neutral point. The 3-phase ground side is not considered.
You will find the measured values for the Restricted ground-fault protection under the following device
menu items:
NOTE
i You can determine the setting limits for the threshold values as follows (the adaption is done automatically
and a setting is only possible within the permissible range):
Lower limit:
Threshold value ≥ max {0.05 I/Irated,S ; 0.05 I/Irated,S * Iprim transf. max / Irated, protected object}
Upper limit:
Threshold value ≤ min {2.00 I/Irated,S ; 100.00 I/Irated,S * Iprim transf. max / Irated, protected object}
The value 0.05 I/Irated,S is the minimum possible setting value and 2.00 I/Irated,S the
maximum possible. Iprim,transf. max is the largest transformer current and Irated,protected object the protected object
rated current. (Reference current) 100.00 I/Irated,S is the upper measurement limit.
The adaptation of the setting limits is done automatically. In addition, a setting is prevented outside of
these limits.
In the following, typical applications are described for the restricted ground-fault protection.
[dwanster-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
This application is a standard application. Here the phase currents of one side and the neutral-point current
are processed. The function is located in the Transformer Side function group.
The following figure show the structural division of the function. The restricted ground-fault protection gets
its measurands from the current transformers, which are connected to the Transformer side function group.
The neutral-point current is guided via the Transformer neutral point function group to the Transformer
side function group. The current Iy measured in the neutral point is inverted by 180° in the fault record
(COMTRADE). This is due to the fact that, for a Holmgreen connection, the summation current flows via the
terminal with even connection number, and for a 1-phase connection, it flows via the terminal with uneven
connection number. To be compatible with SIPROTEC 4 (including reference arrow definition of the restricted
ground-fault protection), in addition to the magnitude scaling of the neutral-point current, a rotation of the
polarity (phase rotation by 180°) is also done in the Transformer neutral point function group.
NOTE
i The fault record indicates the analog traces according to the connection. For this reason, the neutral-point
current is shown rotated by 180° in comparison to SIPROTEC 4. This is due to the fact that, for a Holmgreen
connection, the summation current flows via the terminal with even connection number, and for a 1-phase
connection, it flows via the terminal with uneven connection number.
[dw2wtyde-201112-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[tileite2-070211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
or
[tileite4-260313-01.tif, 4, en_US]
The following connection is defined for the transformer according to Figure 6-106. The current flow for an
external ground fault is entered at the same time. It is recognized that the secondary currents each flow from
the device. From this, a differential current (IDiff,REF = |IY + IA + IB + IC| = | -I4 - I3|) results, according to the refer-
ence arrow definition for the restricted ground-fault protection (positive to the protected object) with an
external ground fault. To prevent that, the neutral-point current is rotated in the Transformer neutral-point
function group. It follows that: IDiff, REF = |I4 – I3| = 0.
NOTE
i Consider also the current-transformer requirements in chapter A.6 Requirements for Current Transformers
of Transformer Differential Protection (Phase-Current Transformer and Neutral-Point Transformer).
[dwstwnas-281112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The setting of the 1-phase measuring point based on the definition is done as follows:
[scedsall-200214-01, 1, en_US]
The point in Figure 6-106 describes the polarity of the current transformer. At the same time, the current
terminal is designed so that this side is fed out on an odd number terminal point. Since in the SIPROTEC 5
system each current transformer can be assigned a 1-phase measuring point, the odd number terminal points
are named in the setting parameters. According to Figure 6-106, the setting must be yes.
Threshold
The following view can be used to derive the threshold value. The transformer is supplied, for example, via the
delta winding and a 1-pole ground fault occurs on the star side.
NOTE
i For estimation of the short-circuit current, note that the inductance changes quadratically with the winding
and linearly with the voltage.
The right part in the following figure represents the fault current as a function of the fault location. The fault
current curve IF1 shows that the longitudinal differential protection with faults near the neutral point has
sensitivity problems due to the sinking current. On the other hand, the neutral-point current IF2 is sufficiently
large. There is therefore no need to set the Threshold (current through the neutral point transformer) to
sensitive.
[dwf1pole-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-108 Principal Fault Current Curves with a 1-Pole Ground Fault
[foschwe1-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following lower limiting value results from the data from Figure 6-102:
[foschwe2-041012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fostbref-231012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwsteiga-221012-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If you have several measuring points on an outgoing side (see Figure 6-100), Siemens recommends using the
value 3 I/Irated,S in the intersection calculation for the restraint current. In the load case, the maximum trans-
former rated current flows on one side.
If, however, several measuring points are on the supply side (for example, breaker-and-a-half layout), Siemens
recommends including all phase currents in the intersection calculation, in order to avoid too strong a stabili-
zation. With 2 measuring points, a value of 6 I/Irated,S results as intersection with the threshold value. The
slope becomes flatter (0.2 I/Irated,S/6 I/Irated,S = 0.03).
[dwsptran-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-110 Activation and Application Example of an Auto Transformer (500 MVA: 400 kV, 230 kV;
125 MVA: 34.5 kV)
With an auto transformer, the highest side rated current is used for normalization. In the example
(Figure 6-110), the measuring point is M2 (230-kV side). For this side, a rated current of 500 MVA/(√(3) ·
230 kV) = 1255 A results. The primary transformer rated current is 1500 A. With this, you can calculate the
minimum permissible pickup value.
[foscwe01-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fostbrst-231012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwrefspa-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The pickup values can be derived from the data in the example from Figure 6-111. As side rated value, the
following results:
140 MVA/(√3 · 20 kV) = 4042 A
[foschwe3-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fosteig1-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[foschwe4-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The attainable protection range amounts to approx. 66.4 %. In order to capture ground faults near the neutral
point, it is also recommended to connect a sensitive ground current protection to the neutral point trans-
former. You must coordinate its operate time with the line protection.
NOTE
i Ensure that the protection range further limits itself with larger neutral-point resistances, or the restricted
ground-fault protection can no longer be used.
[dwstrpkt-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foschwe5-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the fault is in the middle of the winding, the minimum ground current will arise, as shown in Figure 6-112.
The driving voltage is:
VGnd min = Vrated,S2/(2 √3) = 34.5 kV/(2 √3) = 9.96 kV
The following minimum ground current results:
IGnd min = VGnd min/RGnd = 9.96 kV/19.05 Ω = 523 A
With reference to the side rated current, the relationship is:
IGnd min/Irated,S = 523 A/2343 A = 0.223
With a safety margin of 2, 0.223/2 = 0.1115 results. Select this value as threshold value (rounded: 0.12 I/
Irated,S).
[fosteig2-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwanquer-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[foschwe6-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.5.5 Settings
• Detects ground faults during the operation of motors using mains with a grounded neutral point
• Is stable during startup processes with current-transformer saturation through intelligent saturation
recognition methods
• Triggers safely in the case of internal high-current faults through an additional high-current stage
The Motor differential protection function is used in the Motor diff protection function group. The function
depends upon application in the corresponding application template preconfigured by the manufacturer or
can be copied during the engineering into the corresponding function group.
The Motor differential protection function consists of the 2 tripping stages I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast. In addition,
the I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stage is available. You can select this tripping stage from the function catalog
and copy it into the Motor differential protection function. The tripping stages can be blocked, in addition
you can switch the tripping stages on and off.
In the function group Motor Side:
• All data (setting values, detected currents) are relayed to the Motor function group
Motor side-related protection functions can run in the Motor Side function group, for example overload
protection, overcurrent protection, etc.
[dweisbfk-190712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
calculation of the difference is determined through the current-direction definition. The current direction is
defined as positive to the protected object. The current difference results from the vector addition of the
currents.
[dwprin2s-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-115 Basic Principle of Differential Protection Using the Example of 2 Sides
For safe operation, additional functions are required. The implementation of these additional functions is
described in chapter I-DIFF Differential Protection Function, Page 449.
Current Stabilization
If very large currents flow through the protection range in the case of external faults, with different transmis-
sion behavior of the transformers T1 and T2 (Figure 6-9), a corresponding differential current Idiff occurs.
When this is larger than the corresponding pickup threshold, the device can issue a trip command, even
though no fault is present in the protection range. Such a malfunction of the protection is avoided by the
restraint current (Irest) and is implemented in the form of a characteristic curve Idiff = f(Irest).
The largest current of 2 or more measuring points of the protected object is used for stabilization.
The definition for 2 measuring points is:
A trip or differential current is
Idiff = (I1 + I2)
as well as a restraint current of
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|)
For more than 2 measuring points, this definition is expanded. This restraint method allows a reliable trip deci-
sion for more than 2 measuring points and different feeding behavior for internal short circuits.
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2| ; ... |In|)
To clarify the effect, 3 important operating states are observed with ideal and adapted measurands.
• Internal short circuit, feed from both sides with equal amount of currents, for example:
Then I2 = I1; In addition |I2| = |I1|;
Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2 · |I1|
Irest = Max (|I1| ; |I2|) = |I1| = |I2|
The tripping quantity (Idiff) is twice as large as the short-circuit current and the restraining quantity (Irest).
[dwislauf-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-116 Principle Current Course in External Short Circuit and Temporary Current-Transformer Satura-
tion on One Side
[lomesmgr-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The interaction of the I-DIFF, I-DIFF fast, and I-DIFF unrestrained tripping stages is shown in the following
operate curve.
[dw_charac_function_trans-dif, 1, en_US]
Measurand Processing
Amount Correction
Since the current transformers cannot be adapted exactly to the rated currents of the protected object with
regard to their primary rated data, a standardization to the nominal sizes of the protected object takes place.
The conversion occurs every sampling time (thus, for instantaneous values). The differential protection func-
tion processes 20 sampled values per period. In addition, the sampled values tracked are used. A high degree
of accuracy can be attained over the entire tracking range (from 10 Hz to 90 Hz).
The IDIFF-fast tripping and the IDIFF-unrestrained tripping stages work on non-frequency tracked values and
thus, implement fast operate times at low frequencies.
The amount is adapted via the following formula:
[fobetr07-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
measuring point that has the largest current is automatically switched to at the point in time of the calcula-
tion.
[fogrds16-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With
x Variable (1, 2, 3) for the phase currents (A, B, C)
m Variable (1, 2, ..., N) for the measuring points
N Number of measuring points
n Number of samples per period (n = 20)
FIR Fourier filter
MAX Maximum value determination
Pickup Characteristic
Figure 6-13 shows the pickup characteristic of the differential protection. The characteristic curve branch a
represents the sensitivity threshold of the differential protection (parameter Threshold) and considers
constant fault currents like magnetizing currents.
The characteristic branch b (parameter Intersection 1 Irest and Slope 1) considers current-propor-
tional faults under normal operating conditions.
These faults can occur for the following reasons:
• Transformation errors in the current transformer and the input transformer of the device
• Adaptation deviations
The characteristic curve branch c (parameter Intersection 2 Irest and Slope 2) protects the differen-
tial protection against overfunction in case of high-current external faults and transformer saturation. In this
range, transformer saturation can arise due to high short-circuit currents, and because of this, a higher differ-
ential current results.
In order to avoid overfunction in the event of external faults with current-transformer saturation, a logic is
implemented that uses the characteristic curve Additional stabilization of external faults. If the operating
point is located in the additional stabilization range and exceeds the operate curve from there, then the logic
becomes active and blocks the differential protection.
The additional stabilization range is derived from the Threshold add-on stabiliz. and Slope 1
parameters.
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If the differential current multiplied by the dropout ratio of 0.7 does not reach the pickup characteristic, the
pickup drops out.
• Removal of the blocking with a change in fault location from external to internal
An internal fault can arise as a consequence of an external fault. This fault change must be recognized
and the blocking must be removed. The critical case is a short-circuit with current-transformer saturation.
The saturation detection examines here the instantaneous values of the differential current. With trans-
former saturation, the instantaneous values fall below an internal threshold in the saturation-free time. If
this threshold is permanently exceeded and a pickup is present in the corresponding phase, an internal
error is assumed. The other phases are also examined during the parameterization with crossblock.
The blocking of the tripping is removed and the indication Blocked by ext. fault phsx is reset.
DC-Component Detection
Low-current external faults with large DC components can also lead to exceeding of the operate curve. The
additional stabilization range is not attained, however.
To avoid an overfunction, the following steps are taken:
• If the jump occurs, the DC component is calculated, with a temporal delay (1 period), from the instanta-
neous value of the restraint current (current at the measuring point with the largest current) irest.,phsx =
iphsx,Mm. The result is Irest.DC,phsx. This current is compared to the restraint current Irest., phsx and is checked for
exceeding of the internal threshold.
• The differential current Idiff,phsx must lie below the dropout characteristic curve (characteristic curve · 0.7)
in all 3 phases.
• If the first 3 points lead to positive results, then the operate curve is raised by the parameter Factor
increasing char. with a default setting of 2.3. Here, only the threshold value and the slope 1 are
raised (see Figure 6-14). The indication Increase of char. (DC) is output. If the product of param-
eter Factor increasing char. and Slope 1 exceeds 0.85, the maximum increase of the raised
Slope 1 is limited to 0.85.
• As additional criterion, the pickup indication Pickup (internal fault is present) or the indication of the
additional stabilization Blocked by ext. fault phsx (high-current external fault) is interrogated. If
one of the 2 conditions is present, the characteristic-curve increase is stopped. A retroactive pickup no
longer resets the characteristic-curve increase. A pickup with DC-component detection occurs only if the
raised operate curve is exceeded.
If the DC component Irest.DC,phsx falls below the internal dropout threshold, the dropout delay is determined as
follows:
It is assumed that the de- and re-magnetization of the transformer last equally long. The magnetization is at
the highest at the point in time in which the internal dropout threshold is attained. The time is measured from
the start of the DC-component detection until the internal dropout threshold is reached. Added to this time
are 5 periods and from this, the dropout delay is derived. Following this, the characteristic-curve increase is
reset to the original value. Figure 6-15 shows the overall logic.
[dwdcerkn-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lodcerkn-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Startup Detection
The startup detection is particularly useful in the case of motors. In contrast to transformers, the inrush
current with motors is a flowing current. Differential currents can arise, however, by the current transformers
having different residual magnetization and being supplied with current at different operating points of their
hysteresis. These differential currents are low in fact, but they can lead to overfunction with sensitive setting
of the differential protection.
With generators, the motor startup can also lead to higher currents. With the startup detection, you can make
the protection somewhat less sensitive for a specific period of time and avoid overfunction. As a result you
achieve a comparable effect to that of DC-component detection.
As additional security against overfunction when switching in a previously protected object that carries no
current, you can use the pickup-value increase at startup. If the restraint current falls below a settable value
Thresh. startup detection in all phases, the pickup-value increase is activated. The pickup value
Threshold and Slope 1 are raised by the set value in accordance with parameter Factor increasing
char.. As a rule here, Slope 1 cannot exceed a value of 0.85.
If the parameter Thresh. startup detection is exceeded, dropout occurs and a timing element (param-
eter: Max. perm. Start. time) is activated. Once this time has elapsed, the characteristic curve that was
increased in all phases is reset to its original value. Figure 6-16 shows the logic diagram of the startup detec-
tion and Figure 6-17 the increased characteristic curve.
[loanlauf-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[dwanlken-201112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• Recognition of external faults that can simulate an internal fault through transformer saturation
In addition, in case of blocking due to an external error, a crossblock mechanism comes into effect.
[loausmid-190713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
Through the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
iDiff(t) and restraint current irest(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also
the basis. The currents are defined positively to the node. The restraint current is the maximum current of all
measuring points.
[fomome27-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
where
The evaluation of the restraint current is used to recognize saturated, high-current external faults.
Figure 6-19 shows the operate curve. The parameter Threshold is set here such that it lies over the
maximum fault current flowing. The slope of the characteristic curve is fixed at 0.8.
In the algorithm, the following conditions are processed:
• Condition 1: The increase of the restraint current direst(t)/dt is determined continuously and compared
with an internal threshold value.
• Condition 2: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current is larger than the
restraint current (characteristic curve Slope in Figure 6-19): idiff(t) > 0.8 · irest(t).
• Condition 3: After that, a comparison determines whether the differential current exceeds the parameter
Threshold.
When all conditions are met, tripping occurs immediately. If the 1st condition is recognized and not the 2nd
condition, then the function is blocked for 300 ms.
[dwidfast-300114-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The 2 following figures show the behavior during an internal and an external fault. It is typical for the internal
fault (Figure 6-20) that the differential current rises more quickly than the restraint current. After a few
sampled values, the trip signal is issued. In case of an external fault, a differential current arises only after
transformer saturation occurs. You can always assume, however, that the current is transferred a few millisec-
onds after occurrence of the fault. In accordance with Figure 6-22, the restraint current is larger than the
differential current after occurrence of the fault, but condition 2 is not met and the function is therefore
blocked.
[dwinnfel-201112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-126 Curve Plot for Internal Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
[dwextfel-170712-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-127 Curve Plot for External Fault with Transformer Saturation (k= 0.65)
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff and the stabilization value (maximum current of a measuring point) Irest. are ordered in
the operate curve according to Figure 6-19 and the trip decision is made.
Figure 6-22 shows the overall logic.
[loidfast-151012-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[fo_Idiff-error, 1, en_US]
The I-DIFF unrestrained stage also acts if, for example, due to current-transformer saturation because of a
DC component in the short-circuit current, a 2nd harmonic occurs. The inrush-current detection could inter-
pret this as the closed-circuit current.
The I-DIFF unrestrained protection stage operates both with the fundamental component of the differential
protection and with the instantaneous value.
Metrologically, 2 methods are combined:
• Instantaneous-value method
• Filter-based method
Instantaneous-Value Method
With the instantaneous-values method, an immediate evaluation of the sampled values of the differential
current iDiff(t) occurs. The absolute-value and vector-group adapted currents (i*) are also the basis.
Fundamental-Component Method
Parallel to the instantaneous-value method, the fundamental component works with a temporal delay. Here,
the same measured values are processed as with the I-DIFF method. The fundamental component of the
differential current Idiff is ordered in the operate curve Figure 6-23 and the trip decision is made.
[dw_idffunres, 1, en_US]
[lo_idff-unres, 2, en_US]
[logesamt-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Setting information for the required setting parameters is provided for a typical motor protection application.
Figure 6-132 shows a typical motor protection application. For motors with a power of more than 1 MW to
2 MW, Siemens recommends the use of differential protection. This prevents damage in the event of tripping
in case of a short circuit. The application assumes that a current-transformer set is available at the motor
neutral point.
[dwschmot-140813-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
Here, 2 measuring inputs are interconnected on the 3-phase measuring points of side 1 and side 2. The meas-
uring points must be interconnected with the corresponding function groups.
Figure 6-133 shows the corresponding screenshot from DIGSI 5.
[scmesveb-200214-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Ensure that the correct transformer data are set at the measuring points.
With this parameter, you set the pickup threshold for the differential current. This is the total current flowing
into the protection range during a short circuit, regardless of how it is distributed on the sides of the protected
object. The pickup value is relative to the rated current of the protected object. The default setting of 0.20
I/Irated,obj is a practical value between sensitivity and possible disturbing influence.
Parameter: Slope 1
NOTE
i The stabilization method has been changed from that in SIPROTEC 4 . For this reason, select a higher slope
(also see 6.6.3 Function Description).
NOTE
i If you expect transmission problems with current transformers with larger currents flowing through, then
the Slope 2 must be selected to be larger.
The parameter Intersection 2 Irest determines from which restraint current the Slope 2 begins. The
default setting 2.50 I/Irated,obj is a practical value.
Parameter: Slope 2
[dwdifaus-030912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The setting value must lie above the maximum permissible starting time of the connected motor. Refer to the
motor data sheets for the starting time (for example, Locked Rotor time). To guarantee tripping through the
motor protection (starting time monitoring) and avoid overfunctions, select a somewhat longer time (factor
1.2 or higher). For the motor in the example, a rated torque for 6.5 s was assumed for 90 % rated voltage. The
setting value should be larger than 1.2 * 6.5 s = 7.8 s. Siemens recommends a setting value of 10 s.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Threshold
6.6.5 Settings
• Is used as a backup protection for the transformer and the generator in the block units of power stations
• Functions as backup protection in the event of energy recovery to faults in the upstream electrical power
system beyond a transformer
The Impedance protection function is used in protection function groups which provide current and voltage
measurement values.
The Impedance protection function is preconfigured at the factory with the function block (FB) General and
one zone. A maximum of 4 zones can be operated simultaneously in the function. The zones are structured
identically.
The protection function is structured in that way that the settings in the FB General are valid for all zones.
[dw_strimpedanceprot, 3, en_US]
6.7.3 Description
• Impedance is transferred to the side to be measured using the quadrant of the transformer ratio.
• For star-delta transformers, an opposite phase rotation occurs in the positive-sequence and negative-
sequence system, depending on the vector group. This changes the fault situation on the other side. A
2‑phase short circuit on the star side appears as a 3-phase short circuit with different current distribution
on the delta side (see Figure 6-136).
Since star-delta transformers do not permit the zero-sequence system to be transferred, a 1-phase
ground fault on the star side appears as a 2-phase short circuit on the delta side (see Figure 6-137).
• In the case of auto transformers and transformers grounded on both sides in the star-star connection,
measurement through the transformer is possible. Here, distance protection for lines can be used
without any problems.
[dw_ratio-2pol-ifault, 2, en_US]
[dw_ratio-1pol-fault, 2, en_US]
The changed measurand mapping also leads to a different impedance mapping. Figure 6-138 and
Figure 6-139 show, for example, for a 2-phase or 1-phase short circuit on the star side, the resulting phasors
on the delta side. To simplify it, the transformer ratio was assumed to be 1.
[dw_imp-2pol-short-ciruit, 2, en_US]
[dw_imp-1pol-short-ciruit, 2, en_US]
With a 2-phase short circuit, the phase-to-ground impedance of the phase corresponds to the double phase
current of the actual fault impedance via the transformer. The impedance is correctly measured. All other
impedances are measured as considerably larger. Subtracting the currents results in an infinite impedance
measured value for the C-A loop.
A 1-phase ground fault results in the smallest impedance value based on the calculation with phase-to-phase
voltages (in the example, C-A). Because the zero-sequence system cannot be transferred via a star-delta trans-
former, an impedance is measured that is too large by the amount of the zero-sequence impedances (trans-
former, line). The actual fault location is seen as being farther away.
With a 3-phase short circuit, the impedance measurement for all measuring loops is correct.
The following table summarizes the results of the impedance measurement for a star-delta transformer:
Table 6-1 Fault Mapping and Measuring Errors during the Impedance Measurement of a Star-Delta
Transformer
[lo_dis-impedance-protection, 3, en_US]
[lo_block_imp, 3, en_US]
Loop Selection
The function Impedance protection can be used in electrical power systems and plants with different neutral
points. With the Loop selection parameter, you control which parameters influence the loop release.
In power systems with effective neutral point grounding – solidly or low-impedance grounded neutral point –
all impedance loops (phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase loops) can work parallel to each other. When all
loops are working in parallel, the loop release is controlled by the parameter Min. phase-current
thresh (see following figure).
Figure 6-142 Effective Parameter for Loop Release for All Loops
In power systems with a non-effective neutral point grounding – isolated, grounded, or high-impedance
grounded neutral point – the control for the loop selection is necessary to avoid an overfunction, for example,
a ground fault. The loop selection is controlled by the Current-dependent parameter. The following figure
shows which parameter controls the loop selection.
In case of a ground fault, the voltage collapsed – ideally to 0 – and the phase-to-ground loop measures either
a small impedance or 0 Ω. The phase-selective overcurrent detection releases the loops (parameter Overcur-
rent threshold). The undervoltage seal-in (parameter Undervoltage seal in) keeps the overcurrent
erect. The undervoltage seal-in is necessary for use in power plants when an exciting transformer is connected
to the generator bus. During a near short circuit, the excitation voltage collapses and results in a decreased
synchronous generated voltage. Thereby the fault current sinks below the rated current and thereby the
current threshold value (parameter Overcurrent threshold). The parameter V-seal-in threshold
monitors the positive-sequence voltage. The undervoltage seal-in drops out when the threshold value V-
seal-in threshold is topped or the undervoltage seal-in time (parameter Duration of V-seal-in
time) runs out.
• In the event of 2-phase pickup, an associated phase-to-phase loop with the applicable phase-to-phase
voltage is used for the impedance calculation.
• In the event of a 3-phase pickup, the loop selection is dependent on the ratio of the current amplitudes of
the phases to one another.
The following table shows the measuring-loop selection:
Pickup Measuring Loops
1-phase A Phase-to-ground A-gnd
B B-gnd
C C-gnd
2-phase A, B Phase-to-phase A-B
B, C B-C
C, A C-A
Impedance Measurement
From the sampled values of the phase currents and the phase-to-ground voltages, the fundamental phasors
are determined per period using an FIR filter (FIR = Finite Impulse Response). The impedances are calculated
from the fundamental phasors. By using the frequency-tracking sampled values, the impedance is measured
using another frequency range. This is advantageous for island networks or block-unit power plants, for
example, for start-up processes.
There is an impedance measuring element available for each of the 6 possible phase loops A-gnd, B-gnd, C-
gnd, A-B, B-C, C-A. If another fault occurs during analysis, the impedances are calculated using the current
cyclical measurands. The analysis thus always works with the measurands of the current fault condition.
The impedance for phase-to-phase loops is calculated as follows:
[fo_schleife_ZLL, 2, en_US]
[fo_schleife_ZLE, 2, en_US]
Mode of Operation
If the phase currents exceed the set Min. phase-current thresh. All released impedance loops are
calculated.
To release phase-to-ground loops, it is sufficient if the corresponding phase current exceeds the Min.
phase-current thresh. For phase-to-phase loops, both phase currents and the loop current must exceed
the Min. phase-current thresh.
There is no special ground-fault detection, such as distance protection for lines.
If the released impedance loop(s) lie in one zone, the Impedance protection function generates a pickup indi-
cation with loop information. At the same time, a pickup indication in the picked up zone occurs with specifi-
cation of the relevant phase and direction. The direction is subsequently determined for all picked up impe-
dance loops and the associated time delay started. The output logic processes the pickup and trip signals of
the zones and forms the pickup and trip signals of the function.
Direction Determination
The direction is determined either using a stored prefault voltage or negative-sequence system variables. If the
measured negative-sequence voltage or the negative-sequence current exceed 10 % of the rated values of the
device, the variables of the negative-sequence system are used exclusively. For the direction decision, the
angle between the negative-sequence current I2 and the negative-sequence voltage V2 is evaluated.
Figure 6-144 shows the defined directional areas on impedance level.
For 3-phase symmetrical short circuits, there is no negative-sequence system. In this case, the memory voltage
is used. If the memory voltage is not available either, for example when switching onto a fault, all zones –
regardless of their parameterized direction – pick up and generate an operate indication after the time delay
has expired.
[dwritgkl-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Inrush-Current Detection
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, you can stabilize the zones against trip-
ping due to transformer inrush currents.
Impedance Polygon
The quadrilateral operate curve (impedance polygon) in the zone is a rectangle in the R-X plane. The polygon
is defined by the parameters X reach (ph-g), X reach (ph-ph), R reach (ph-g), and R reach
(ph-ph) and the Directional mode. This means that, in special situations, a different setting is possible
for phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground loops.
To stabilize the quadrilateral limits, the characteristics have a hysteresis of 5 %. If the fault impedance lies
within a polygon, the limits are increased by 5 % in all directions. The following figure shows an example with
2 non-directional zones:
[dw_klpoly-impedanceprot, 2, en_US]
Sample Configuration
The following figure shows an example of the usage of the Impedance protection function in generator
protection. Impedance protection is used as backup protection for the Differential protection of the gener-
ator and for the generator transformer. Furthermore, the Impedance protection can measure beyond the
transformer into the electrical power system and is thus also a backup protection for the electrical power
system.
If you want to implement a reliable backup protection for the startup of the generator or power-plant block,
use the current transformer in the generator neutral point for current measurement. In this case, the function
measures an imaginary generator impedance. Estimates showed that the selected setting method captures up
to approximately 90 % of the stator range.
In the following, you can find recommendations for the protection setting values and a view of the setting
problems. Figure 6-146 shows a possible setting approach.
Zone TZ 1 is graded into the transformer. Approximately 70 % to 90 % of the transformer reactance is set
here. In case of transformers with tap changers, the fault impedance changes with the tap position. With the
setting range of 70 %, you are on the safe side. The TZ 1 zone is delayed by 100 ms. Because of the delay, a
preferred tripping of the differential protection and a dropout of the zone is possible.
In the application example, zone TZ 2(B) is an additional zone that should be only effective if the high-voltage
circuit breaker at the generator is switched off. When the high-voltage circuit breaker at the generator is
switched on, you must block the zone TZ 2(B) via a binary input.
Zone TZ 2(B) is used as fast backup stage for the start up the power-plant block. Since the high-voltage circuit
breaker is switched off, it can be set to twice the transformer impedance.
If you insert a 2. zone in DIGSI 5, the zone is named TZ 2. You can rename the zone TZ 2(B).
Zone TZ 3 must be coordinated with the 1. zone of the distance protection (Z1L) is coordinated in the elec-
trical power system.
Zone TZ 4 is an additional reserve for electrical power system protection. It only controls the high-voltage
circuit breaker.
The following table shows the general algorithms for the impedances:
Zone Algorithm
TZ 1
TZ 2 B)
TZ 3
TZ 4
The sample calculation clearly shows that the line reactance can be disregarded compared to the transformer
reactance due to the quadratic transformation.
The following setting values result for the numeric example: Since the reactance is the determining variable of
the transformer, the reactance value can be used instead of the impedance.
NOTE
i You can perform the protection setting with DIGSI 5 in different setting menus. In the Primary setting
mode, you can enter the calculated primary impedances directly. When you change the setting mode to
Secondary or Percent, the primary setting values are converted automatically.
If, however, you are used to set secondary values, you must convert the primary impedances into secon-
dary impedance values.
Secondary-Values Conversion
Use the following formula to convert the primary impedances into secondary values:
where:
Zsec Secondary impedance
Zprim Primary impedance
Iprim, CT Primary rated current of the current transformer
Isec, CT Secondary rated current of the current transformer
Vprim, VT Primary rated voltage of the voltage transformer
Vsec, VT Secondary rated voltage of the voltage transformer
Using the transformer data from Table 6-3, calculate the secondary value of the impedance from the primary
impedance as:
As mentioned in the previous section, the setting value corresponds approximately to the reactance value. To
exclude an overfunction that can be caused by the apparent impedances, adjust the reach in the R direction to
half the calculated impedance: R ≈ 0.5 ⋅ Z
[fo_PriImpedConversion, 1, en_US]
where:
Zref Reference impedance
Vrated, obj Rated voltages of the protected object
Irated, obj Rated current of the protected object
Use the formula to convert the primary impedances into percentage values:
[fo_PriImpedConversion2, 1, en_US]
where:
Z(%) Impedance in percentage value
Zprim Primary impedance
Use the data from Table 6-3, calculate the percentage value of the impedance from the primary impedance as:
Setting Values
NOTE
i In the following example, the setting values of the parameters are specified for one zone. Set the other
zones similarly. Use the previous example for orientation.
The following calculations are based on the data fromTable 6-3.
NOTE
i Only when you set the parameter (_:2311:102) Loop selection = All loops, the Min. phase-
current thresh is visible.
EXAMPLE:
The rated generator current is calculated as:
Taking into account the transformer ratios, the secondary setting value is calculated as follows:
NOTE
i With a 3-phase short circuit, the measuring results of the phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase measure-
ments are identical. Consequently, you must set the reach parameters for phase-to-ground and phase-to-
phase zones to the same value.
Using the conversion factor 25.397 that is valid for the example, the secondary setting value results as:
Using the parameter R reach (ph-ph) , set the polygon limits in the R direction for phase-to-phase loops.
Set the range for phase-to-phase loops just like for phase-to-ground loops. This results in the following setting
values for zone TZ 1:
R reach (ph-ph) = R reach (ph-g) = 0.1045 Ω (primary)
R reach (ph-ph) = R reach (ph-g) = 2.650 Ω (secondary)
NOTE
6.7.5 Settings
• Blocks the selected zones of the impedance protection in case of power swings
• Detects 1-phase, 2-phase, and 3-phase short circuits during a power swing and then cancels the blocking
for the specific phase
• Does not generate tripping of the out-of-step condition; a separate out-of-step protection function is
available for this purpose
The Power-swing blocking function is a supplementary function to the impedance protection. It only works if
the impedance-protection function is activated. If a power swing is detected, power-swing blocking blocks the
pickup and tripping through the impedance protection. Each impedance-protection zone can be blocked sepa-
rately.
The Power-swing blocking function is included in a function group with at least 3 voltage inputs and current
inputs.
[dw_psb_ip_str, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-147 Power-Swing Blocking Works Together with the Impedance-Protection Function
6.8.3 Description
Power-Swing Event
After dynamic events such as load jumps, short circuits, automatic reclosing functions, or switching opera-
tions, the generators exposed to the oscillations may have to respond to the new power balance of the
system. In case of power swings, the impedance-protection function is fed with high compensating currents
and - especially at the electrical center - low voltages (Figure 6-148). Low voltages combined with high
currents represent apparently small impedances that can lead to tripping by the impedance protection. Power-
swing blocking prevents tripping by the impedance protection in case of power swings.
[dwpendel-160211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Power swings are 3-phase symmetrical events. As a rule, a certain symmetry of the measurands can be
assumed. Power swings may also occur during unsymmetrical events, such as short circuits or during a 1-pole
dead time. For this reason, power-swing detection is structured to use 3 measuring systems. One measuring
system is available for each phase, which warrants phase-selective power-swing detection. If short circuits
occur, the power swing detected in the respective phase will be discarded.
Functionality
In order to detect the power swing, the rate of change will be adjusted to the impedance phasor.
[dwzvekto-220311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-149 Impedance Vectors During a Power Swing and During a Short Circuit
In order to warrant all functions of the power-swing detection are stable and secure, without the risk of over-
function during a short circuit, the following measurement criteria are used:
• Trajectory monotony:
During a power swing, the measured impedance indicates a directional path of movement. This path
occurs precisely if within the measurement window one of the components ΔR and ΔX at the most indi-
cates a change of directions. As a rule, if a short circuit occurs, it causes a directional change in ΔR as well
as in ΔX within the measured value window.
• Trajectory continuity:
The spacing of two consecutive impedance values will clearly indicate a change of ΔR or ΔX during a
power swing. If a short circuit occurs, the impedance vector skips to the fault impedance and remains
motionless.
• Trajectory uniformity:
During a power swing the ratio between 2 consecutive changes of ΔR or ΔX do not overshoot a
threshold. As a rule, if a short circuit occurs, it will cause an erratic movement since the impedance
phasor abruptly skips from load impedance to fault impedance.
If the impedance indicator enters the impedance protection pickup range and the power-swing detection
criteria are met, a power swing will be indicated. The pickup range is composed of the largest setting values
for R and X in all active zones.
The following figure shows the logic of the power-swing blocking. The measurement takes place per phase. A
power-swing detection signal will be transmitted only after the measured impedance is in the impedance
protection pickup range ((_:55) Block zones). The power-swing detection signal remains active until a
short-circuit occurs, the power-swing subsides, or the maximum blocking time has elapsed. You can use the
binary input signal >Block function to block the power-swing detection.
[lo_psbip_psblog, 1, en_US]
When using the Max. blocking time parameter, you can place a time limit on the blocking effect of the
power-swing blockage. In this way, for instance, the power-swing blockage can be eliminated when using
systems that are slowly drifting apart.
When the impedance enters the impedance protection pickup range, the maximum blocking time will be
started. When the impedance exits the pickup range while the maximum blocking time is running, the
maximum blocking time will be reset.
Logic
[lo_psb_ip_log, 2, en_US]
The impedance protection delivers information about the loops contained in its zones to the power-swing
blocking. If the power-swing blocking detects power swings in the activated loops, it delivers phase-selective
information about the zones to be blocked to the impedance protection. The actual blocking is carried out in
the impedance protection.
When using the Max. blocking time parameter, you can limit the maximum blocking time of the impe-
dance protection during the power swing. In this way, for instance, the power-swing blockage can be elimi-
nated when using networks that are slowly drifting apart.
For tripping during an asynchronous long-lasting power swings, Max. blocking time is not relevant. For
this application, use the function Out-of-step protection.
If there is no operational requirement with regards to a time limit of the power-swing blocking, Siemens
recommends the default setting ∞ (= not in effect).
6.8.5 Settings
• Evaluates the fundamental signals of the residual voltage (zero-sequence voltage V0) and of the ground
current (zero-sequence current 3I0). Between 80 % and 95 % of the stator ground-fault protection can be
implemented depending on the design of the load equipment.
For the unit connection, evaluating the residual voltage that can be measured directly via the broken-delta
winding or via the neutral-point transformer is sufficient. As an alternative, the calculated zero-sequence
voltage can also be evaluated. With a sensitive ground-current stage, you can also evaluate the current in the
generator neutral point or at the output side at the load resistor.
For the busbar connection, the directional ground-fault protection is used. In this case, the residual voltage,
the zero-sequence current, and the zero-sequence current direction are evaluated. Only the residual voltage is
evaluated for the startup process (open generator circuit breaker). The measuring point must be located on
the generator side.
The Stator ground-fault protection 90 % function can operate in the Generator stator FG both with the 3-
phase measuring point (V3-ph) and with the 1-phase measuring point (V SGF). The measuring point used
depends on the system configuration. You must select the function from the library. For the 3-phase meas-
uring point, select the SGF 90 % MP 3ph function, and for the 1-phase measuring point, select the
SGF 90 % MP 1ph function. At the 3-phase measuring point, the Stator ground-fault protection 90 %
function uses the residual voltage of the 3-phase input that is calculated or measured on the broken-delta
winding (see Figure 6-152). If the residual voltage is measured on a neutral-point transformer, the 4th voltage
input can be used as a 1-phase input V SGF. On the 1-phase measuring input (V SGF), the Stator ground-
fault protection 90 % function uses the residual voltage measured here (see Figure 6-152).
Figure 6-152 Possible Assignment of the Stage Types to the Measuring Points of the Function Group Gener-
ator Stator with a Unit Connection
Figure 6-153 Possible Assignment of the Stage Types to the Measuring Points of the Function Group Gener-
ator Stator with a Bus Connection
The Stator ground-fault protection function can be used in protection function groups that provide current
and voltage zero-sequence systems (3I0 and V0). The preferred function group for generator protection appli-
cations is the Generator stator function group. The function is preconfigured with a V0> stage and a 3I0>
stage with φ(V0, 3I0) measurement at the factory.
The following stages can be operated simultaneously within the function:
• 4 V0> stages
• Pickup
• Operate indication
6.9.3.1 Description
Logic
Figure 6-155 shows the logic of the cross-stage functionality of the directional function.
Figure 6-155 Logic Diagram of the Cross-Stage Functionality of the Stator Ground Fault Function
[DwPhINU0, 1, en_US]
Fault-Extinction Detection
The extinction of the fault is characterized by the fact that the zero-sequence voltage subsides. Depending on
the system conditions and fault characteristics, this process can last several 100 ms. If a continuously falling
zero-sequence voltage is detected during the decay time then the fault is considered extinguished. The signal
Flt. extinction det. is issued.
Thus, the possibility exists, for example, to block the 3I0> stage with a φ(V0, 3I0) measurement directly
after detection of the fault extinction to avoid an overfunction during the subsiding process with a very sensi-
tive setting of the stage.
Angle-Error Compensation
The high reactive-current factor in the arc-suppression-coil-ground system and the unavoidable air gap of the
core balance current transformer often make necessary a compensation of the angle error of the core balance
current transformer. Using the characteristic shown in the following figure, the device approaches the angle
error of the core balance current transformer with sufficient accuracy.
Figure 6-157 Correction of the Transmission Characteristic Curve of a Core Balance Current Transformer
Ground-Fault Log
Ground faults can be recorded in a designated buffer, the ground-fault log. As long as the Operate &
flt.rec. blocked parameter is set to yes, all indications of a stage are written in the ground-fault log.
The criterion for opening the ground-fault log is the raising indication (_:302) Ground fault. The crite-
rion for closing operation is the clearing indication Ground fault.
Related Topics
You can find general notes on the ground-fault log in chapter Indications under 3.1.5.4 Ground-Fault Log.
Value Indications
If the following value indications can be calculated, they are written into the log (ground-fault log or fault log)
at the time of the 1st pickup and the 1st operate indication in a stage.
• 3I0 (amount)
• V0
• φ (IN, V0)
6.9.3.3 Settings
6.9.4.1 Description
Logic
Figure 6-158 Logic Diagram of an Overvoltage Protection with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage
Stage
• Measurement of the fund. comp. long filter (fundamental component over 2 cycle filters with
triangular window):
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically. The extended filter length compared to the standard filter and the use of the
triangular window results in a particularly strong attenuation of harmonics and transient faults. The
extended filter length causes the pickup time to increase slightly compared to the standard filter (see
Technical specifications).
Pickup, Dropout
The stage compares the Threshold with the zero-sequence voltage V0. The Pickup delay parameter
allows you to delay the pickup of the stage depending on the residual voltage.
With the Dropout ratio parameter, you can define the ratio of the dropout value to the Threshold.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• From inside on pick up of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function. The Blk. by meas.-
volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or
not.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by
meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the
stage or not.
RB Load resistor
RT Voltage divider
VN Residual voltage
CG Generator ground capacitance
CPh Ground capacitance of the feed line
CTr Ground capacitance of the generator transformer
CC Coupling capacitance of the generator transformer
RB Load resistor
RT Voltage divider
VN Residual voltage
CG Generator ground capacitance
CPh Ground capacitance of the feed line
Parameter: Threshold
• If the load equipment is designed for 90 % of the protection range, set the setting value to 10 % of the
zero-sequence voltage. If the secondary rated voltage of the measured residual voltage is 100 V, this
corresponds to a zero-sequence voltage of 100 V/√3 = 57.7 V. The setting value is then 0.1 * 57.7 V =
5.77 V.
• If the load equipment permits a 95 % protection range, you may reduce the setting value. Keep the
disturbing influence in mind for the application in unit connection. The setting value must have a safety
margin of 1.5 to 2 times the disturbance voltage. If the secondary measured value is 2 V/√3, then you
may select 2 * 2 V/√3 = 2.31 V as the setting value. With a 95 % protection range, a calculated value is
0.05 * 100 V/√3 = 2.88 V.
The measurement of the disturbing influence is described in chapter 11.8.2 Unit Connection.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is
connected to the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.9.4.3 Settings
6.9.5.1 Description
Logic
[logfppvi-291112-02.vsd, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-162 Logic Diagram Directional Stator Ground-Fault Protection Stage with 3I0-φ(V,I) Measurement
The method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
Depending on the settings of the Connection type and Measuring point I-3ph parameters, as well as the
current terminal block used, different linearity and setting ranges result.
For the directional stator ground-fault protection, use the current terminal block with sensitive ground-current
input.
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands.
The direction is determined via the determination of the phase angle between the angle-error compensated
ground current 3I0comp. and the rotated zero-sequence voltage V0, indicated in the following as reference
voltage Vref,rot. To take different system conditions and applications into account, the reference voltage can be
rotated through an adjustable angle (Rotation angle of ref. volt. parameter). This moves the vector
of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector ground current -3I0comp. Consequently, the result of
direction determination is as reliable as possible.
The rotated reference voltage Vref,rot and the Forward section +/- parameter define the forward and
backward section, refer to Figure 6-163. The forward section results as range ± Δφ around the rotated refer-
ence voltage Vref,rot. The value ± Δφ is set with the Forward section +/- parameter. If the vector of the
ground current -3I0comp. is located in this range, the device decides on the forward direction. In the mirrored
range, the device decides on the backward direction. In the intermediate range, the direction is undetermined.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that Measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or not.
Blocking the Operate Indication via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked by exceeding the threshold values due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started.
The ground-current generation equipment is located at the generator neutral point in Figure 6-165. You must
subtract the zero-sequence current on the output side and the neutral-point side because, in the case of a
busbar connection, several generators are feeding the busbar. This means that the zero-sequence current is
eliminated in the event of sensitive ground-fault protection on the busbar or other feeders. To ensure this, the
current transformers must have the same ratio and they must be appropriately connected.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is fulfilled:
• The device-internal supervision function Measuring-voltage failure detection is configured and enabled.
• The binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Forward section +/- parameter can normally be left at its default setting. A setting to 90° has no
disadvantages.
• Recommended setting value (_:102) Min. V0> for dir. determ. = 5.770 V
With the Min. V0> for dir. determ. parameter, you determine the minimum voltage V0 necessary for
the release of the direction determination that must be attained within the time delay Dir. determina-
tion delay.
The setting value results from the protection range. With a protection range of 90 %, set 10 % of the full
residual voltage (0.1 * 100 V/√3 = 5.77 V). See the V0> stage in chapter 6.9.4.2 Application and Setting
Notes.
The available ground current in the event of a fault determines the protection range. For this reason, design
the ground-current production equipment suitably for the protection range.
The following example shows the derivation of the required maximum ground-fault current that is the basis
for designing the load equipment.
EXAMPLE
Data:
• Protection range: 90 %
With a ground fault on the output side, a resistive fault current of 3 A flows. The capacitive current is added to
this.
For generator protection applications, a delay of 0.3 s has proven successful. Note that the set time for direc-
tion determination acts as an additional delay.
The total operate time from fault inception results from:
Measuring time + Dir. determination delay + Operate delay
approx. 0.03 s + 0.1 s + 0.3 s = 0.43 s
6.9.5.3 Settings
6.9.6.1 Description
In the Stator ground-fault protection function, the stage of the non-directional sensitive ground current also
works on demand.
Logic
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
Parameter: Threshold
result, a current of 5 A flows in the secondary circuit of the current transformer. The 90 % protection range
then yields a threshold value of 0.1 * 5 A = 0.5 A.
6.9.6.3 Settings
• Works with an injected 20-Hz voltage into the generator neutral point. The following external accessories
are required for the voltage injection:
– 20-Hz generator 7XT33
– 20-Hz band-pass filter 7XT34
– Miniature current transformer 400 A/5 A
• Detects ground faults in the stator winding of generators connected to the electrical power system via a
generator transformer
• Detects ground faults in the entire winding range (100%) including the machine neutral point.
• The measuring principle is not influenced by the operating mode of the generator (overexcited, underex-
cited, full load or low load). The function also permits a measurement at generator standstill.
• Is a basic protection function for medium-sized and larger generators as it can detect errors in the gener-
ator neutral point or near the neutral point without problems. If a ground fault is not detected, then the
generator is operated in a grounded way. An evolving fault, for example, a 2nd ground fault, leads to a 1-
phase-to-ground fault with high fault currents as the zero-sequence impedance of the generator is very
small.
• Is a real redundancy for the Stator ground-fault protection 90 % function with residual-voltage meas-
urement due to an independent measuring principle
The function Stator ground-fault protection 100 % (20 Hz) is used in the protection function group Gener-
ator stator. The function is preconfigured at the factory in the application templates or it can be copied and
extended in the respective function group during the engineering.
The following stages can be operated simultaneously within the function:
• 2 resistance stages (R(20 Hz)< stages), that determine the fault resistance. They can be used as a
warning and tripping stage.
• 1 pure overcurrent-protection stage (I(RMS)> stage) that reacts as a reserve stage to the ground current
The general functionality works across stages on the function level.
The group-indication output logic generates the following group indications of the entire function by a logical
OR of the stage-selective indications:
• Pickup
• Operate indication
6.10.3.1 Description
Figure 6-169 Basic Principle of Voltage Injection into the Generator Neutral Point
Connection
In order to implement the basic principle of the Stator ground-fault protection 100 % (20 Hz) function, addi-
tional equipment is necessary. In the following figure, a 20-Hz generator generates a square-wave voltage
with an amplitude of approx. 25 V. This square-wave voltage is injected into the load resistor of the grounding
or neutral-point transformer via a band-pass filter. The band-pass filter rounds the square-wave voltage and is
used as an energy storage. The 20-Hz resistance of the band-pass filter is approx. 8 Ω. Furthermore, the band-
pass filter has a protection function. If the full residual voltage is applied at the load resistor in case of a
terminal ground fault, the band-pass filter – due to its greater series resistance at rated frequency – protects
the 20-Hz generator against too high feedback currents.
The driving 20-Hz voltage is tapped directly at the load resistor via a voltage divider. In addition, the function
detects the flowing 20-Hz current via a miniature current transformer. Both values (V SGF and I SGF) are
supplied to the protection device.
The voltage that is injected into the generator neutral point depends on the driving 20-Hz voltage (voltage
divider: load impedance and band-pass filter) and on the transformation ratio of the neutral-point or
grounding transformer. To ensure that the secondary resistance is not too small (> 0.5 Ω), select a high value
for the secondary rated voltage of the grounding or neutral-point transformer. A secondary rated voltage of,
for example, 500 V has proven to be sufficient.
Figure 6-170 Connection of the Stator Ground-Fault Protection 100 % (20 Hz) with Grounding Transformer
or Neutral-Point Transformer
Method of Measurement
As shown in Figure 6-170, the 20-Hz current and voltage phasors are calculated from the measurands VSGF and
ISGF. The ohmic fault resistance is determined from this using the complex resistance. This method eliminates
the disturbing influence of the stator ground capacitance and achieves a high sensitivity. To increase the
measuring accuracy additionally, the average values of voltage and current are calculated over several cycles
during the resistance calculation. A possible contact resistance RPS via the neutral-point transformer,
grounding transformer, or voltage transformer is considered in this model. Other error components are
considered in the angle error.
As a supplement to the ground-resistance determination, another ground-current stage is available that
processes the current RMS value and thus considers all frequency components. It is used as a reserve stage
and comprises approx. 80 % to 90 % of the protection range.
A supervision circuit controls the injected 20-Hz voltage and the 20-Hz current and detects a failure of the
20‑Hz generator or the 20-Hz injection by evaluating these. In this case, the determination of the resistance is
blocked. The ground-current stage remains active.
Measurement
The function works across stages and calculates the fault resistance and the provision of the 20-Hz measured
values from the non-frequency tracked sampled values (20/cycle) of the 20-Hz current and voltage phasors.
The measured values are transferred to the following stages.
Supervision
The supervision of the 20-Hz measured values detects and reports a failure of the 20-Hz generator (7XT33)
(indication Failure 20Hz generator). An internal indication of the resistance stage (R(20 Hz)< stage ) is
blocked at the same time. The supervision thresholds are defined depending on the system. For this purpose,
use the parameters (_:2311:106) I20< supervision and (_:2311:107) V20< supervision.
Parallel to this, you can also couple a binary indication (_:2311:83) >V20 failure from the 20-Hz gener-
ator that reports the missing 20-Hz voltage of the 20-Hz generator.
6.10.3.2 Settings
6.10.4.1 Description
Stage Description
The fault resistance is monitored in the R(20 Hz)< stage. If the fault resistance exceeds the set value of the
parameter Threshold, the stage picks up and the time delay is started. If the fault resistance exceeds the
Threshold ⋅ 1.2, the pickup drops out.
• Externally or internally via the binary input signal >Block stage of the stage or via the internal input
signal >Block function of the overall function.
• If a fault is detected in the 20-Hz voltage or if the machine runs within the blocking frequency range. The
blocking is carried out via the internal indication Failure 20Hz generator.
• Primary and secondary rated voltage of the grounding and neutral-point transformer
• You must use a sensitive current measuring input as current measuring input.
NOTE
i The setting of the protection function is only carried out on variables related to the protection device
(secondary setting values). In order to display a primary resistance as measured value, the secondary resis-
tance is multiplied by a factor (_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R SGF.
Measurand Monitoring
The setting values are described in the following sections. The setting parameters for correcting the resistance
value are described in this chapter in section Resistance Evaluation and Setting of the Necessary Corrections,
Page 656.
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter Threshold, you set the threshold value for the resistance supervision. Falling below the
threshold leads to the pickup of the stage.
For the tripping stage, select the primary fault resistances between 1 kΩ and 2 kΩ and, for the warning stage,
from approx. 3 kΩ to 8 kΩ.
Measure the secondary setting values during commissioning (see chapter 11.9.1 Primary Test on the Machine
at Standstill).
You can determine the setting values with the following formula (see also Figure 6-174).
Note that the protection calculates the grounding resistance from the secondary variables VSGF and ISGF meas-
ured at the device terminals. You determine the correlation between this calculated value and the actual
primary stator ground resistance through the transformation ratios of the grounding and neutral-point trans-
former. This overall ratio is calculated according to the following formula:
Where:
RGnd,sec Ground resistance converted to the device side a secondary value
Rfprim Primary ground resistance of the stator winding = fault resistance as primary value
Ratiotransf Transformation ratio of the grounding transformer (core ratio/3):
For the conversion of the measured values between the primary resistance and the secondary resistance, the
(_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R SGF is used in the device. It derives from the formula for RGnd, sec
if this is represented as (Rfprim / RGnd, sec):
This formula applies only to the ideal grounding or neutral-point transformers. Determine or check the setting
value for the parameter (_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R SGF using a primary test. For this
purpose, the installed fault resistance of the tripping stage is set in relation to the measured secondary fault
resistance. The ratio corresponds to (_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R SGF.
Example:
Grounding transformer:
Load resistor RB 10 Ω
10 A continuously, 50 A for 20 s
Voltage divider Ratiodivider 500 V/200 V
Miniature current transformer Ratiominiat. 200 A/5 A
CT
The transformation ratio of the miniature current transformer 400 A/5 A has been halved to 200 A/5 A by
routing the primary conductor 2 times through the window of the transformer.
For the parameter (_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R SGF, this results in a value of:
If you select a fault resistance of 1000 Ω for the tripping stage on the generator side, for parameter
Threshold, this results in a setting value of 1000 Ω/8.33 = 120 Ω. For the warning stage, for a primary resis-
tance of 3 kΩ, this results in a setting value of 360 Ω for the parameter Threshold.
Parameter: RL-parallel
Application: Stator Ground-Fault Protection 100 % (20 Hz) with Primary Load Resistor
In some generator systems in unit connection, the load impedance is provided directly in the generator
neutral point to attenuate the disturbing influences. The following figure shows the necessary activation of
the 20-Hz generator and of the band-pass filter including the protection. The 20-Hz voltage is injected into the
generator neutral point via a high-power voltage transformer and drops across the primary load impedance. In
case of a ground fault, a ground current flows through the current transformer installed in the neutral point.
Besides the 20-Hz voltage, this current is detected and processed by the protection.
Figure 6-174 Connection of the Stator Ground-Fault Protection 100 % (20 Hz) on a Primary Load Resistor
Use a 2-pole insulated voltage transformer with low primary-secondary impedance. The application applies to
a frequency of 20 Hz.
Primary voltage: Vr,generator/√3 (saturation-free up to Vr,generator)
Secondary voltage: 500 V
As the transformation ratio is 1:1, select a current transformer with a maximum number of ampere windings.
Install the current transformer directly in the neutral point on the ground side after the load resistor.
Type: 5P10, 5P15, or 1FS10
Secondary rated current: 1A
Transformation ratio: 1 (1 A/1 A)
During the primary test, determine the correction angle and the ohmic contact resistance of the voltage trans-
former. Set the determined values in the parameters (_:2311:101) Correction angle and
(_:2311:103) Transf. Resistance Rps. The following conversion factor applies for the resistances
(secondary to primary, and vice versa):
Example:
Primary load impedance: RB = 1 250 Ω
Voltage transformer: (10.5 kV/√3)/500 V
Resistive divider: 1650 Ω/660 Ω (5:2)
Current transformer: 1 A/1 A
NOTE
i Due to the contact resistance Rps, you cannot calculate with the ideal transformation ratio of the voltage
transformer. Greater deviations of the parameter (_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R SGF can
occur as a result. Siemens recommends measuring the transformation ratio with an infeed of 20 Hz during
the downtime of the system. Set this value with the parameter (_:2311:110) Sec./prim. factor R
SGF.
6.10.4.3 Settings
6.10.5.1 Description
Stage Description
The I(RMS)> stage is a backup stage for the case that the 20-Hz infeed is inactive. The I(RMS)> stage is
analog to the function Stator ground-fault protection 90 %.
The function considers the entire current mixture and calculates the RMS value of the current that flows
through the load resistor. If the current exceeds the threshold value, the stage picks up.
• Internally or externally via the binary input signal >Block stage of the stage or via the internal input
signal >Block function of the overall function.
Parameter: Threshold
6.10.5.3 Settings
• Detects stator ground faults in the generator neutral point (approx. 10% to 25%)
• Evaluates the 3rd harmonic of the residual voltage (zero voltage V0 3 harm)
• Can only be used if the generator has generated sufficient 3rd harmonics
A 100 % stator ground-fault protection can be realized in combination with the 90 % stator ground-fault
protection function.
The function Stator ground-fault protection with 3rd harmonic can use 3 stage types for zero-sequence
voltage processing:
• V0 3rd harm. <: Undervoltage protection with 3rd harmonic with the measuring point at the generator
neutral point
• V0 3rd harm. >: Overvoltage protection with 3rd harmonic with the measuring point at the generator
lead
• ΔV0 3rd harm. >: Differential-voltage protection with 3rd harmonic with the measuring points at the
generator neutral point and at the generator lead
The function Stator ground-fault protection with 3rd harmonic is used in protection function groups that
make voltage measured values available. The preferred function group for generator protection applications is
the Generator stator function group. This function is preconfigured with the function block General and an
undervoltage protection stage with 3rd harmonic (V0 3rd Harm. <).
The following stages can be operated within the function:
• 3 undervoltage protection stages with 3rd harmonic (V0 3rd Harm. <)
• 3 overvoltage protection stages with 3rd harmonic (V0 3rd Harm. >)
• 3 differential-voltage protection stages with 3rd harmonic (ΔV0 3rd Harm. >)
The function block General works across stages.
The output logic for group messages generates the following group indications of the function by the logical
OR from the stage-selective indications:
• Pickup
• Operate indication
• Connection type of the 3-phase voltage transformer (also see chapter 6.1.5 Application and Setting
Notes for Measuring-Point Voltage 3‑Phase (V-3ph))
• Setting value of the general parameter V SGF connected to of the function group Generator stator
The following figure shows the possible assignment of the stage types to the measuring points of the function
group Generator stator:
Figure 6-177 Possible Assignment of the Stage Types to the Measuring Points of the Function Group Gener-
ator Stator
6.11.3.1 Description
Functioning
The 3rd harmonic appears more or less distinct in each machine. It is caused by the form of the pole. If a
ground fault arises in the stator winding of the generator, the division ratio of the parasitic capacities changes
as several capacities are short circuited by the ground fault. The 3rd harmonic measurable in the neutral point
decreases while the 3rd harmonic measurable at the generator lead increases (see following figure). The 3rd
harmonic forms a zero-sequence system and can thus be determined by the voltage transformer in the star-
delta connection or by the calculation of the zero-system voltage from the phase-to-ground voltages.
Figure 6-178 Course of the 3rd Harmonic along the Stator Winding
The amplitude of the 3rd harmonic depends on the operating point of the generator, that is, it is a function of
the active and reactive power (P, Q). To increase safety, the operating range of the stator ground-fault protec-
tion is restricted. If the generator operates in the permissible voltage range (undervoltage limit), the 3rd
harmonic is measurable. Therefore, the protection function is not released until a minimum active power and
a minimum voltage is exceeded.
Method of Measurement
The amplitude of the 3rd harmonic in the measured variable is the trigger criterion. The 3rd harmonic is deter-
mined by the digital filtering via 2 system cycles from the measured displacement voltage or from the calcu-
lated zero voltage.
The measured variables used depend on the wiring of the function group Generator stator among other
things. With the general function-group parameter V SGF connected to , you set which measuring point
is connected at the input VSGF of the Generator stator function group.
The following options are available:
• neutr. transf.:
The input VSGF of function group Generator stator is connected to the voltage transformer in the gener-
ator neutral point.
• broken-delta winding:
The input VSGF of function group Generator stator is connected to the broken-delta winding in the
generator lead.
• not connected:
The input VSGF of function group Generator stator is not connected to a voltage transformer.
Depending on the connection type of the voltage transformer, different input variables are available. The
following input variables can be processed by the stages:
Logic
Related Topics
You can find more information in the setting notes for the function group Generator stator 5.1.4.3 Applica-
tion and Setting Notes.
NOTE
6.11.3.3 Settings
6.11.4.1 Description
Logic
• 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN
• 3 ph-to-gnd voltages
A ground fault in the neutral point leads to a decrease of the measured 3rd harmonic compared to the healthy
case.
The use of the undervoltage protection stage V0 3rd Harm. < in the function Stator ground-fault protection
with 3rd harmonic is the preferred application.
NOTE
i You can use the undervoltage protection stage V0 3. Harm. < only if the displacement voltage is measured
directly at the generator neutral point!
Pay attention to the release conditions depending on the positive-sequence voltage and on the active
power.
Observe the notes in chapter 6.11.3.2 Application and Setting Notes!
Parameter: Threshold
• Read the functional measured value (_:2311:303) V03nt under different operating conditions, for
example, for the lower active-power threshold and under overexcited operation. Set the Threshold to
approx. 50 % under the smallest measured value.
• Set the parameter Threshold to a value not smaller than 0.500 V secondary as otherwise, an overfunc-
tion can arise.
• If the 3rd harmonic is too small, you cannot use the undervoltage protection stage V0 3rd Harm. <. The
minimum setting value of 0.3 V represents the lower level.
NOTE
6.11.4.3 Settings
6.11.5.1 Description
Logic
• 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN
• 3 ph-to-gnd voltages
A ground fault in the neutral point in case of a measurement at the generator lead leads to an increase of the
measured 3rd harmonic compared to the healthy case.
with:
V3H> corr. The value used internally by the device for the pickup (= measured value
V03gec )
Measured value Measured value of the stage V03.Harm > (= measured value V03gen )
Corr. factor for V03H> Correction factor for the calculation of the device-internal threshold value of
stage V0 3rd Harm > in [V/%]
P tot Measured active power in [%]
• Measure the 3rd harmonic for different active powers. Use the functional measured values to do this.
• To ensure that the power correction works properly, use the displayed percentage active power for the
functional measured values.
The following figure shows an example of the measurements on a generator. The dependency of the 3rd
harmonic of the voltage is determined from the active power, both for the underexcited and the overexcited
operation (reactive-power influence).
Figure 6-182 3rd Harmonic of the Voltage (Secondary) as a Function of the Active Power (Reactive Power as
a Parameter)
Figure 6-182 shows that the slopes of the characteristics are almost identical. Calculate the correction factor
with the marked values of the upper characteristic:
Value Active Power P/Srated, generator [%] 3rd Harmonic V0 [V]
1 80 10.4
2 34 5.8
Parameter: Threshold
• Multiply the maximum measured value of the 3rd harmonic at the maximum active power with the
safety margin.
• For example, Pmax = 80% is assumed as the maximum active power. Thus results in the following calcula-
tion: Threshold = 10.4 V ⋅ 1.1 = 11.44 V.
6.11.5.3 Settings
6.11.6.1 Description
Logic
• 3 ph-to-gnd volt. + VN
• 3 ph-to-gnd voltages
The difference method calculates the difference of the 3rd harmonic based on the following formula:
with:
ΔV3H> 3rd harmonic of the difference voltage (= measured value ΔV03rd)
V0 3.Harmlead 3rd harmonic from the zero-sequence system of the generator lead (=measured
value V03gen, determined from the calculated or measured zero-sequence voltage)
VN 3rd Harmneutr. point 3rd harmonic of the neutral-point displacement voltage (= measured value V03nt)
c Adjustment factor = parameter V03H Gen./V03H neut. pt
As the 3rd harmonic drops at the neutral point in case of a fault and the 3rd harmonic at the lead increases in
case of a fault, this criterion is more sensitive than the criteria mentioned before.
• Carry out the measurement under the maximum possible active power, for example, under rated oper-
ating conditions.
• Read the functional measured value V ge/nt . Set the parameter V03H Gen./V03H neut. pt to the
read functional measured value.
• Measure the 3rd harmonic for different active powers. Use the functional measured values for the 3rd
harmonic of the displacement voltage measured at the terminals and at the neutral point.
Siemens recommends the setting with secondary values. To ensure that the power correction works
properly, use the displayed percentage active power for the functional measured values.
The factor c is the setting value of the parameter V03H Gen./V03H neut. pt (see notes on the param-
eter).
You can read the factor c directly in the functional measured value V ge/nt. In the example, V ge/nt =
V03H Gen./V03H neut. pt = 1.622.
With the example values from the table, you calculate the parameter Corr. factor for ΔV03H> as
follows:
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter, you set the Operate delay of the stage.
6.11.6.3 Settings
The Overcurrent protection, phases function is used in protection function groups. 2 kinds of functions are
available for the 3-phase overcurrent protection:
Stages that are not preconfigured are shown in gray in the following figures. Apart from the tripping delay
characteristic, the stages are identical in structure.
The optional function block Filter offered in the advanced function allows to gain harmonics or to compensate
the amplitude attenuation for the RMS value.
The group-indication output logic generates the following group indications of the protection function by the
logical OR of the stage-selective indications:
• Pickup
• Operate
[dwocpbp1-210113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If the device-internal functions listed in the following are present in the device, these functions can influence
the pickup values and tripping delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
6.12.3.1 Description
The function block Filter can be used to adapt the RMS value for 2 means:
• To gain harmonics in a defined way. Higher harmonics can stress the protected object thermally more
than lower harmonics. This is the case for reactors applied in AC filters. In addition, the amplitude attenu-
ation of higher frequencies due to the anti-aliasing filter of the device is automatically compensated by
the filter
• To only compensate the amplitude attenuation of higher frequencies due to the anti-aliasing filter
Logic
[lo_TOLP_FilterStage, 1, en_US]
The FIR filter gains the 8-kHz sampled values according to the set filter coefficients. Afterwards, the RMS value
is calculated. The symmetrical 9-order filter coefficients are set via the values of the respective parameters
h(0), h(1), h(2), h(3), and h(4).
NOTE
i A FIR-filter configuration tool is provided as an auxiliary PC tool. With this PC tool, the coefficients h(0),
h(1), h(2), h(3), h(4) of the FIR filter are generated according to the required gain factors (amplitude
response). The tool can be obtained from the SIPROTEC download area. For more information about the
tool, refer to the tool help function.
The gained RMS value is delivered to the protection stages only when the function block Filter is instantiated
and the parameter Enable filter is set as yes. Otherwise, the normal RMS value is used.
You can find the parameter Rated current in the FB General of function groups where the Overcurrent
protection, phases – advanced function is used.
If the parameter Enable filter is set to no, the functional measured values are shown as ---.
With the parameter Enable filter, you set whether the Filter is enabled.
Parameter Value Description
yes If gained RMS values should be used in one of the protection stages, set
parameter Enable filter = yes.
no If no gained RMS values are needed, set the parameter Enable filter =
no.
6.12.3.3 Settings
6.12.4.1 Description
[loocp3b1-280113-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-187 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Phases) – Basic
Method of measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
[dwsgaocp-230414-01, 1, en_US]
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.12.7.1 Description .
• Default setting (_:661:6) Operate delay = 1.50 s (for the 1st stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
The following details apply to a 2-stage characteristic curve (1st stage = definite-time overcurrent protection
stage and 2nd stage = high-current stage).
1st stage (overcurrent stage):
For generator protection applications, the threshold will be set to the maximum permissible operating current
and typically ranges from 1.2 times to 1.5 times of IN, generator. The Operate delay parameter must be set in
coordination with line protection. In the following example, the value of the Operate delay parameter is
1.50 s.
[fo_ocp_7um-070414-01, 1, en_US]
[fo_ocp_7um-070414-01, 1, en_US]
Parameter: I0 elimination
• The transformer neutral point current IY is measured and is available for the protection function group.
6.12.4.3 Settings
6.12.5.1 Description
[loocp3b2-280113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-189 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Phases) – Basic
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve according to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[DwOcp3Mi_20140715-01, 1, en_US]
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
[dwsgaocp-230414-01, 1, en_US]
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.12.7.1 Description .
General information pertaining to the settings will be provided below. These examples refer to power-system
protection applications.
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
Note that a safety margin is set between pickup value and threshold value. The stage only picks up at approx.
10 % above the Threshold.
EXAMPLE
Overcurrent-protection stage: 110-kV overhead line, 150 mm2 cross-section
Maximum transmittable power
Pmax = 120 MVA
Correspondingly
Imax = 630 A
Current transformer = 600 A/5 A
[foocp005-030311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Parameter: I0 elimination
• The transformer neutral point current IY is measured and is available for the protection function group.
Parameter: Reset
6.12.5.3 Settings
6.12.6.1 Description
This stage is only available in the advanced function type.
This stage is structured the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent protection – advanced stage (see
chapter 6.12.5.1 Description ). The only differences are as follows:
• The pickup and dropout behaviors of this stage are determined by the standard parameter Threshold
and, if necessary, by an additional parameter Threshold (absolute).
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-192 Pickup Behavior and Dropout Behavior when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i The currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do not extend
the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest character-
istic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve point do
not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the largest
characteristic-curve point.
If you want to change the pickup threshold of the stage without changing all points of the characteristic curve,
you can use the additional Threshold (absolute) parameter.
You can set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be greater than 1.1 times the Threshold value.
Then the stage behaviors are as follows:
• The stage picks up when the measured current value exceeds the Threshold (absolute) value.
• The stage starts dropout when the measured current value falls short of the Threshold (absolute)
value by 0.95 times.
• For measured current values lower than the Threshold (absolute) value, no pickup takes place and
consequently the characteristic curve is not processed.
If you set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be less than 1.1 times the Threshold value, the
pickup and dropout behaviors are not affected by the Threshold (absolute) parameter.
Set the current value as a multiple of the threshold value. Siemens recommends that you set the Threshold
parameter to 1.00 in order to obtain a simple relation. You can change the threshold value setting afterwards
if you want to shift the characteristic curve.
Set the time value in seconds. The characteristic curve is shifted via the Time dial parameter.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.12.6.3 Settings
6.12.7.1 Description
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
The following figure only shows the part of the stage (exemplified by definite-time overcurrent protection
stage 1) that illustrates the influence of the blocking. Only if the central function Inrush-current detection
(see chapter 12.51 Inrush-Current Detection) is in effect can the blocking be set.
[loocp3pha-210812-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-193 Part-Logic Diagram on the Influence of Inrush-Current Detection Exemplified by the 1st Defi-
nite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage
6.12.8.1 Description
The parameters Threshold and Operate delay used for tripping are so-called dynamic settings.
Depending on other functions, the settings of these parameters can be changed dynamically (see
Figure 6-194). Depending on other functions, the stage can also be blocked dynamically. This functionality is
only available in function type Advanced.
[loocp3dpa-030311-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-194 Principle of the Dynamic Settings Exemplified by 1st Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection
Stage
If available in the device, the following functionalities can affect the overcurrent-protection stages:
Functionalities Priority
Automatic reclosing (AREC) Priority 1
Cold-load pickup detection Priority 2
Binary input signal Priority 3
These functionalities generate signals that change the settings of the dynamic settings of the overcurrent-
protection stage or block it, if required. In the latter case, the settings of the Threshold and Operate
delay parameters are of no relevance. Within the overcurrent-protection stage, each of these signals is
provided with a configuration parameter Influence of function ... and its own dynamic settings
(Operate delay and Threshold). The configuration settings are used to set whether the signal shall be
active or not, this means whether the dynamic settings shall be activated or not. If one of these signals (for
example, signal function x) becomes active and is to take effect, these settings become dynamic, that is,
instantly active. This means that the setting assigned to the signal replaces the standard setting. If the signal
becomes inactive, the standard settings apply again. The activation of the dynamic settings is reported.
Where several signals are active in parallel, the priority specified above shall apply. This means that a signal
with priority 2 precedes that of priority 3. The settings assigned to signal 2 become active.
The functionality of the dynamic settings can be disabled. In this case, the settings assigned to the signals are
not visible and are without effect.
[loocp3kal-030311-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-195 Influence of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection on the Overcurrent-Protection Stage
In the case of cold-load pickup, you have the option to change the settings for the Threshold and Operate
delay parameters of the protection level. You can also block the level. To do so, you must activate the influ-
ence of the cold-load pickup. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or assign settings to
Stage blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
The way signals are generated Cold-load pickup is described in chapter 5.9.1 Overview of Functions.
[loocp3bin-030311-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
You can use the binary input signal >Activ. dyn. settings to change the settings for the Threshold
and the Operate delay parameters of the protection stage. You can also block the level. To do so, you must
activate the influence of the binary input. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or
assign settings to Stage blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
Influence of AREC
The example of how the overcurrent stage (1st stage) can be used as a fast stage before automatic reclosing
describes the influence exerted by AREC.
The setting of the overcurrent stage (1st stage) results from the time-grading schedule. Additionally, it is to be
used as fast stage before an automatic reclosing. Because a fast disconnection of the short-circuit current
takes priority over the selectivity prior to reclosing, the tripping delay can be set to 0 or a very small value. To
achieve the selectivity, the final disconnection must be done with the grading time.
AREC is set to 2 reclosings. A secondary Threshold of 1.5 A and a Operate delay of 600 ms are
assumed (according to the time-grading schedule) for the overcurrent-protection stage. The standard settings
of the stage are set to these values.
To realize the application, the configuration settings Effected by AR cycle 1 and Effected by AR
cycle 2 are changed in the example to yes (= influenced). This activates the AR cycle 1 and AR cycle
2 input signals within the stage. When they become active, they switch to the assigned dynamic settings.
The two dynamic settings Operate delay assigned to these input signals (sources of influence) are set to
the time delay 0 (instantaneous tripping). The two dynamic settings Threshold assigned to these input
signals are set to the normal threshold value of 1.5 A.
If the threshold value (1.5 A) is exceeded before AREC 1 and AREC 2, the overcurrent-protection stage trips
instantaneously. If the fault still exists after AREC 2 (unsuccessful AREC), the stage trips with the time delay of
600 ms according to the time-grading schedule.
• Ensures selective fault detection for parallel lines or transformers with infeed at one end
• Ensures selective fault detection in cable runs with infeed at both ends or in lines connected to form ring
topologies
The Directional overcurrent protection, phases function is used in protection function groups. 2 function
types are offered:
• Pickup
• Operate
[dwdiocan-050213-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-197 Structure/Embedding the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Phases – Advanced
[dwdiocba-050213-01.tif, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-198 Structure/Embedding the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Phases – Basic
If the device-internal functions listed in the following are present in the device, these functions can influence
the pickup values and tripping delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
6.13.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the stage control. It applies to all types of stages.
[lodocpn2-291112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions)
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or does not block it.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
6.13.4.1 Description
[lodocg6b-060213-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-200 Logic Diagram of the Directional, Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Phases - Basic
Directional Mode
You use the Directional mode parameter to define whether the stage works in a forward or reverse direc-
tion.
Direction determination itself works across stages (see section 6.13.7.1 Description ).
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value .
• Externally or internally via the binary input signal >Block stage (see chapter 6.13.3.1 Description )
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.12.7.1 Description .
[dw_docp01-190314, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-201 Basic Concept of the Directional Time Overcurrent Protection for Generators
Among other things, the directional mode is defined by the transformer connection. The following figure
shows the forward direction towards the generator.
[dw_docp02-190314, 2, en_US]
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
Generator:
Srated, generator = 5 MVA
Vrated, generator = 6.3 kV
Irated, generator = 476 A
Current transformer = 500 A/1 A
[fo_docp01-190314, 2, en_US]
• Default setting (_:8131:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the 1st stage)
The Operate delay to be set is derived from the time-grading schedule that has been prepared for the system.
Where overcurrent protection is used in emergency mode, shorter time delays might be reasonable (one
grading time above fast tripping), since the emergency mode only operates if the main protection function
fails.
A short Operate delay of 0.05 s to 0.1 s can be set for generator protection applications. This will prevent an
overfunction caused by transient processes.
6.13.4.3 Settings
6.13.5.1 Description
[lodoci6b-060213-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-202 Logic Diagram of the Directional, Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Phases - Basic
Directional Mode
You use the Directional mode parameter to define whether the stage works in a forward or reverse direc-
tion.
The direction determination works across stages (see chapter 6.13.7.1 Description ).
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[DwDocp01_040715-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
• Externally or internally via the binary input signal >Block stage (see chapter 6.13.3.1 Description )
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.12.7.1 Description .
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
Where no time grading and therefore no displacement of the characteristic curve is required, leave the Time
dial parameter at 1 (default setting).
Parameter: Reset
6.13.5.3 Settings
6.13.6.1 Description
The structure of this stage is identical to that of the advanced stage with directional inverse-time characteristic
curve (6.13.4.1 Description ). The only difference is that you can define the characteristic curve as desired.
setting parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout
according to the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The
dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-204 Pickup and Dropout Behaviors when Using a Directional User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i Note that the currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do
not extend the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest
characteristic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve
point do not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the
largest characteristic-curve point.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.13.6.3 Settings
6.13.7.1 Description
General
Every phase has a separate direction-measuring element. If the threshold value in a phase is exceeded, the
direction determination is started for this phase. If there are multiphase short circuits, all measuring elements
involved perform direction determination independently. If one of the determined directions matches the set
direction, the stage picks up (see descriptions of the stage logic).
The direction is determined by calculating the phase angle between the short-circuit current and a reference
voltage.
tion can still be determined unambiguously and correctly, even if the short-circuit voltages collapse
completely when a 1-phase or 2-phase fault occurs (close-up fault).
The phase-to-phase voltages are calculated when phase-to-ground voltages are connected.
The cross-polarized voltage (reference voltage) is vertical in relation to the short-circuit voltages for 1-phase-
to-ground faults (Figure 6-205, left). For 2-phase short circuits, the position of the reference voltages changes
up to 30o, depending on the extent to which the short-circuit voltages collapse (Figure 6-205, right).
[dwdocp02-240611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following table shows how measurands are assigned for direction-determination purposes in the event of
different types of fault.
Voltage Memory
Saved voltages are used if, when a 3-pole close-up fault occurs, the measuring voltages are not sufficient for
reliable direction determination. Insofar as and as long as no sufficient measuring voltage is available after the
storage time (2 s) has elapsed, the detected direction is retained. If the memory does not contain any voltages
(when closing onto a short circuit, for example), the behavior of the stage is defined using the Non-direc-
tional pickup parameter.
Direction Determination
As mentioned in the General section, the direction is determined by calculating the phase angle between
short-circuit current and reference voltage. To take different system conditions and applications into account,
the reference voltage can be rotated through an adjustable angle (Rotation angle of ref. volt.
parameter). This moves the vector of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector of the short-circuit
current. Consequently, the result of direction determination is as reliable as possible. Figure 6-206 illustrates
the relationship based on a 1-phase ground fault in phase A. The short-circuit current IscA lags the short-circuit
voltage by the short-circuit angle φsc. The reference voltage, in this case VBC for measuring element A, is
rotated positively (counterclockwise) by the setting value of the Rotation angle of ref. volt. param-
eter. In the scenario illustrated here, the rotation is +45o.
[dwdocp33-070611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The rotated reference voltage defines the forward and reverse range, as shown in Figure 6-207. The forward
range is calculated as ±88o around the rotated reference voltage Vref,rot. If the short-circuit current vector is
located in this range, the device decides on the forward direction. In the mirrored range, the device decides on
the backward direction. In the intermediate range, the direction is undetermined.
[dwdocp34-240611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwdocp05-240611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwdocp06-240611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The direction determination of directional overcurrent protection can be used to implement directional
comparison protection for cable runs with infeed at both ends. Directional comparison protection is used for
the selective isolation of a faulted line section (for example, subsections of closed rings). Sections are isolated
in fast time, that is, they do not suffer the disadvantage of long grading times.
This technique requires that directional information can be exchanged between the individual protection
stations. You can implement this information exchange using a communication channel (protection interface
or IEC 61850 GOOSE) or with pilot wires for signal transmission via an auxiliary voltage loop.
Protection Principle
The protection principle is shown in Figure 6-210. 2 devices (one at the start of the line and the other at the
end of the line) work together in each line section. The information fault in forward direction is transferred
between them. A directional definite-time overcurrent protection level is in operation in both devices in the
forward direction (1st level). However, this level is not enabled in the idle state. The level is only released
when the information fault in forward direction is received from the opposite end. If the enabled level also
defines the fault in the forward direction, the fault must be on this line section and the level trips immediately.
As this protection principle works with an enable procedure (and not with a blocking procedure), there is no
need to delay the level.
A second directional definite-time overcurrent protection stage with standard time grading works in parallel
with the first stage as a selective backup stage. This ensures full selectivity of protection in the following situa-
tions:
• Infeed at one end or weak infeed at one end: In this case, no release signal is generated.
• Failure of the communication route: In this case, the release signal is not transmitted.
To provide selective protection in fast time for busbars between the line sections also, you can combine this
protection principle with the principle of reverse interlocking. This principle is not discussed in further detail in
this document.
[dwdocp07-240611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
If you are using a communication channel, the protocol-transmission methods detect if the channel is inter-
rupted. If you are using pilot wires, we recommend operation based on a closed-circuit connection. The device
uses a function chart to check and indicate if the binary input is dead for an unexpectedly long period. In
contrast with the blocking procedure, overfunction is not possible if communication is lost. Therefore, a loss of
communication is not critical where this procedure is concerned, although it must be detected and indicated.
Directional comparison protection can also be implemented as a blocking procedure. This procedure works
under all system switching states, i.e. also with infeed at one end (or weak infeed). However, to use it you
must delay the stage (typically by 100 ms) so that the blocking signal is received in time under all circum-
stances. It is also essential that you monitor the communication channel to avoid overfunction in the event of
failure followed by a system incident.
• The Directional comparison and Release via input signal parameters of the first stage
must be set to yes. This is so that the first stage is only released if the >Release delay & op. input
signal is active. Furthermore, the direction is indicated if a threshold value is exceeded.
• The first stage can be set without a time delay. The second stage has to be graded
• The information forward from the Direction signal in the first stage must be transmitted to the oppo-
site end. The routing is determined by the type of transmission
• A function chart has to be implemented at the receive end to link the received (forward information)
and release signals, dependent upon the type of transmission.
• Can be used as backup or emergency overcurrent protection in addition to the main protection
The Overcurrent protection, ground function is used in protection function groups. 2 kinds of functions are
available for the 3-phase overcurrent protection:
• Pickup
• Operate
[dwocpga2-060213-01.tif, 5, en_US]
[dwocpgb1-060213-01.tif, 4, en_US]
If the following listed, device-internal functions are present in the device, these functions can influence the
pickup values and tripping delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
6.14.3.1 Description
Measured-Value Selection
The function provides the option to select between the values IN measured or 3I0 calculated.
[loMasValue-201507-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Both options are only available for the current-transformer connection types 3-phase + IN and 3-phase +
IN-separate. For other connection types respectively, only one option is possible. If you select an option
that is not allowed, an inconsistency message is given.
Depending on the CT secondary rated current, the CT connection type, and the selected setting, the secondary
threshold setting range varies according to the following table.
Connec- Measured CT Threshold Setting Threshold Setting Threshold Setting Threshold Setting
tion Value Terminal Range (rated I-sec.: Range (rated I-sec.: Range (rated I-sec.: Range (rated I-sec.:
Type Type ph = 1 A, IN = 1 A) ph = 1 A, IN = 5 A) ph = 5 A, IN = 1 A) ph = 5 A, IN = 5 A)
3I0 calcu- 4 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A N/A N/A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
lated tion
4 * Meas- 0.001 A to 1.600 A N/A N/A 0.002 A to 8.000 A
3ph + IN
urement
IN meas- 4 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A N/A N/A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
ured tion
4 * Meas- 0.001 A to 1.600 A N/A N/A 0.002 A to 8.000 A
urement
3I0 calcu- 4 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
lated tion
3 * Protec- 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.010 A to 35.000 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A 0.050 A to 175.00 A
tion, 1 *
sen.
3ph + IN-separate
6.14.3.3 Settings
6.14.4.1 Description
[loocpgb1-060213-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-214 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) – Basic
[loocpgr1-081111-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-215 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) – Advanced
the main protection as short-circuit protection. With the appropriate parameterization (Emergency mode =
caused by binary input), the emergency mode can also be activated from an external source.
If the overcurrent protection is set as backup overcurrent protection (parameter Emergency mode = no), it
operates independently of the main protection and thus in parallel. Backup overcurrent protection can also
serve as sole short-circuit protection when, for example, no voltage transformers are available for an initial
startup.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• Via the functionality of the dynamic settings (see chapter Influence of other functions via
dynamic settings and section 6.14.8.1 Description ).
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.14.7.1 Description.
• Default setting (_:751:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the first stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
The following details apply to a 2-stage characteristic curve (1st stage = definite-time overcurrent protection
stage and 2nd stage = high-current stage).
EXAMPLE
High-current stage: 110-kV overhead line, 150 mm2 cross-section
s (length) = 60 km
ZL/s = 0.46 Ω/km
Ratio of zero-sequence impedance and positive-sequence impedance of the line: ZL0/ZL1 = 4
Short-circuit power at the beginning of the line:
Ssc' = 2.5 GVA
Ratio of zero-sequence impedance and positive-sequence impedance of the source impedance at the
beginning of the line: ZP0/ZP1 = 2
Current transformer = 600 A/5 A
Resulting in the following values for the line impedance ZL and the source impedance ZP:
[fo_OCP002_030311, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP003_030311, 1, en_US]
The 1-pole short-circuit current at the end of the line is IscG end:
[fo_ocp005_030311, 1, en_US]
The settings in primary and secondary values result in the following setting values which include a safety
margin of 10 %:
[foocpgr4-030311-01.tif, 3, en_US]
In case of short-circuit currents exceeding 1246 A (primary) or 10.39 A (secondary) there is a short-circuit on
the line to be protected. The overcurrent protection can cut off this short circuit immediately.
Note: The amounts in the calculation example are accurate enough for overhead lines. If the source impe-
dance, line impedance and zero-sequence impedance have very different angles, you have use complex
numbers to calculate the Threshold.
6.14.4.3 Settings
6.14.5.1 Description
[lo_ocp_gr2, 6, en_US]
Figure 6-216 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) – Basic
[loocpgn2-291112-01.tif, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-217 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (Ground) – Advanced
the main protection as short-circuit protection. With the appropriate parameterization (Emergency mode =
caused by binary input), the emergency mode can also be activated from an external source.
If the overcurrent protection is set as backup overcurrent protection (parameter Emergency mode = no), it
operates independently of the main protection and thus in parallel. Backup overcurrent protection can also
serve as sole short-circuit protection when, for example, no voltage transformers are available for an initial
startup.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI (Basic and
Advanced Stage)
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[Dwocpgr3Mi_20140716-01, 1, en_US]
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• Via the functionality of the dynamic settings (see subtitle Influence of other functions via dynamic
settings and chapter 6.14.8.1 Description ).
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
(Basic and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.14.7.1 Description.
• Automatic reclosing
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
The set value for the Time dial parameter is derived from the time-grading schedule that has been prepared
for the electrical power system. Where overcurrent protection is used in emergency mode, shorter time delays
might be reasonable (one grading time above fast tripping), since the emergency mode only operates if the
main protection function fails.
Where no time grading and therefore no displacement of the characteristic curve is required, leave the Time
dial parameter at 1.
Parameter: Reset
6.14.5.3 Settings
6.14.6.1 Description
This stage is only available in the advanced function type.
This stage is structured the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent protection – advanced stage (see
chapter 6.14.5.1 Description ). The only differences are as follows:
• The pickup and dropout behaviors of this stage are determined by the standard parameter Threshold
and, if necessary, by an additional parameter Threshold (absolute).
teristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined from the char-
acteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls short of the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 x 1.1 x Threshold value),
the dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via
setting parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout
according to the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The
dropout according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The
weighted reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-219 Pickup Behavior and Dropout Behavior when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i The currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do not extend
the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest character-
istic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve point do
not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the largest
characteristic-curve point.
If you want to change the pickup threshold of the stage without changing all points of the characteristic curve,
you can use the additional Threshold (absolute) parameter.
You can set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be greater than 1.1 times the Threshold value.
Then the stage behaviors are as follows:
• The stage picks up when the measured current value exceeds the Threshold (absolute) value.
• The stage starts dropout when the measured current value falls short of the Threshold (absolute)
value by 0.95 times.
• For measured current values lower than the Threshold (absolute) value, no pickup takes place and
consequently the characteristic curve is not processed.
If you set the Threshold (absolute) parameter to be less than 1.1 times the Threshold value, the
pickup and dropout behaviors are not affected by the Threshold (absolute) parameter.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.14.6.3 Settings
6.14.7.1 Description
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
The Blk. w. 2nd harm. gnd. det. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when the detected 2nd harmonic component of the ground current exceeds a
threshold value. In case of a blocking and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time
delay and the operate indication are blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If
the blocking drops out and the pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the
stage operates.
The following figure only shows the part of the stage (exemplified by definite-time overcurrent protection
stage 1) that illustrates the influence of the inrush-current detection. Only if the central function Inrush-
current detection (see section 12.51 Inrush-Current Detection) is in effect can the blocking be set.
[loocpgrd-210812-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-220 Part-Logic Diagram on the Influence of Inrush-Current Detection Exemplified by the 1st Defi-
nite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage
6.14.8.1 Description
The Threshold and Operate delay settings used for tripping are so-called dynamic settings.
Depending on other functions, the settings of these parameters can be changed dynamically. Depending on
other functions, the stage can also be blocked dynamically. This functionality is only available in function type
Advanced.
[loocpgnd-030311-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-221 Principle of the Dynamic Settings in the Example of 1st Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection
Stage
If available in the device, the following functionalities can affect the overcurrent-protection stages:
Functionalities Priority
Automatic reclosing (AREC) Priority 1
Cold-load pickup detection Priority 2
Binary input signal Priority 3
These functionalities generate signals that change the settings of the dynamic settings of the overcurrent-
protection stage or block it, if required. In the latter case, the settings for the Threshold and the Operate
delay are of no relevance. Within the overcurrent-protection stage, each of these signals is provided with a
configuration parameter Influence of function ... and its own dynamic settings (Operate delay
and Threshold). The configuration settings are used to set whether the signal shall be active or not, this
means whether the dynamic settings shall be activated or not. If one of these signals (for example, signal
function x) becomes active and is to take effect, these parameter settings become dynamic, that is, instantly
active. This means that the setting assigned to the signal replaces the standard setting. If the signal becomes
inactive, the standard settings apply again. The activation of the dynamic settings is reported.
Where several signals are active in parallel, the priority specified above shall apply. This means that a signal
with priority 2 precedes that of priority 3. The settings assigned to signal 2 become active.
The functionality of the dynamic settings can be disabled. In this case, the settings assigned to the signals are
not visible and are without effect.
[lo_ocp_kal_gnd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-222 Influence of the Cold-Load Pickup Detection on the Overcurrent-Protection Stage
You have the option of changing the settings for the Threshold and the Operate delay of the protection
stage for a cold-load pickup. You can also block the stage. To do so, you must activate the influence of the
cold-load pickup. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or assign settings to Stage
blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
The way signals are generated Cold-load pickup is described in chapter 5.9.9 Cold-Load Pickup Detection
(Optional).
[loocpbingnd-030311-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
You can use the binary input signal >Activ. dyn. settings to change the settings for the Threshold
and the Operate delay of the protection stage. You can also block the stage. To do so, you must activate
the influence of the binary input. You also have to set the Threshold and Operate delay or assign
settings to Stage blocked, which take effect when the signal is active.
Influence of AREC
The example of how the overcurrent-protection stage (1st stage) can be used as a fast stage before automatic
reclosing describes the influence exerted by AREC.
The setting of the overcurrent level (1st level) results from the time-grading schedule. It is to be used as fast
stage before an automatic reclosing. Because fast disconnection of the short-circuit current takes priority over
the selectivity prior to reclosing, the Operate delay parameter can be set to 0 or to a very low value. To
achieve the selectivity, the final disconnection must be done with the grading time.
AREC is set to 2 reclosings. A secondary Threshold of 1.5 A and a Operate delay of 600 ms are
assumed (according to the time-grading schedule) for the overcurrent-protection stage. The standard settings
of the stage are set to these values.
To realize the application, the configuration settings Effected by AR cycle 1 and Effected by AR
cycle 2 are changed in the example to yes (= influenced). This activates the AR cycle 1 and AR cycle
2 input signals within the stage. When they become active, they switch to the assigned dynamic settings.
The two dynamic settings Operate delay assigned to these input signals (sources of influence) are set to
the time delay 0 (instantaneous tripping). The two dynamic settings Threshold assigned to these input
signals are set to the normal threshold value of 1.5 A.
If the threshold value (1.5 A) is exceeded before AREC 1 and AREC 2, the overcurrent-protection stage trips
instantaneously. If the fault still exists after AREC 2 (unsuccessful AREC), the stage trips with the time delay of
600 ms according to the time-grading schedule.
• Ensures selective ground-fault detection for parallel lines or transformers with infeed at one end
• Ensures selective ground-fault detection in cable runs with infeed at both ends or in lines connected to
form ring topologies
The Directional overcurrent protection, ground function can be used in protection function groups which
provide zero-sequence current and zero-sequence voltage measurements. 2 function types are offered:
• Pickup
• Operate
[dwrdirad-300913, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-224 Structure/Embedding of the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground – Advanced
[dwrdirba-300913, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-225 Structure/Embedding of the Function Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground – Basic
If the following listed device-internal functions are present in the device, these functions can influence the
pickup values and operate delays of the stages or block the stages. The stage can also be affected by an
external source via a binary input signal.
Logic
The function provides the option to select between the values IN measured or 3I0 calculated.
[loMasValue-201505-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Both options are only available for the current-transformer connection types 3-phase + IN and 3-phase +
IN-separate. For other connection types respectively, only one option is possible. If you select an option
that is not allowed, an inconsistency message is given.
Depending on the CT secondary rated current, the CT connection type, and the selected setting, the secondary
threshold setting range varies according to the following table.
1.600 A 8.000 A
IN measured 4 * Protection 0.030 A to N/A N/A 0.15 A to
35.000 A 175.00 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to N/A N/A 0.005 A to
1.600 A 8.000 A
3I0 calculated 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 0.030 A to 0.15 A to 0.15 A to
35.000 A 35.000 A 175.00 A 175.00 A
3 * Protection, 1 * 0.030 A to 0.030 A to 0.15 A to 0.15 A to
sen. 35.000 A 35.000 A 175.00 A 175.00 A
3ph + IN-separate
[lodirdet-280812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[DwUIkenn-240812-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
into account, the reference voltage V0 can be rotated through an adjustable angle (parameter Rotation
angle of ref. volt. ). This moves the vector of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector of the
short-circuit current -3I0. Consequently, the result of direction determination is as reliable as possible.
Figure 6-229 illustrates the relationship based on a 1-phase-to-ground fault in phase A. The fault current has a
phase displacement of 180° to the fault current IscA and lags the fault voltage by the fault angle φsc. The
reference voltage V0 is rotated by φrot which is -45°.
[dwroreze-300913, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-229 Rotation of the Reference Voltage, Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground Function with
Zero-Sequence Values
The rotated reference voltage Vref, rot and the parameter Forward section +/- define the forward and
reverse ranges, see Figure 6-230. The forward range is calculated as ± Δφ° around the rotated reference
voltage Vref, rot. Δφ is set with the parameter Forward section +/- . If the short-circuit current vector -3I0
is located in this range, the device decides on the forward direction. In the mirrored range, the device decides
on the reverse direction. In the intermediate range, the direction is undetermined.
[dwforrev-281013, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-230 Forward/Reverse Characteristic of the Directional Overcurrent Protection, Ground Function
This parameter is not available in the basic function. The basic function uses a fixed value of 2 V.
You use the Min. voltage V0 or V2 parameter to define the minimum zero-sequence voltage or nega-
tive-sequence voltage for the direction determination. The minimum voltage must be set greater than the
maximum operational unbalance plus the voltage-transformer measuring errors.
As the measuring error of the individual voltage transformer is not added up, the critical measuring-error influ-
ence is the unbalance of the primary system.
Siemens recommends observing the operational zero-sequence voltage V0 of the protected object (for
example, the line) via the operational measured values of the device and providing the maximum value with a
certainty of 50 %.
EXAMPLE
Maximum operational measured value of zero-sequence voltage V0 = 0.5 Vsec
Min. voltage V0 or V2 = 1.5 ⋅ 0.5 V = 0.75 Vsec
If you have no information about maximum operational unbalance, Siemens recommends using the default
setting.
30° -30°
30° -30°
6.15.3.4 Settings
6.15.4.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the stage control. It applies to all types of stages.
[lostacon-240812-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• From an internal source on the pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links to the trip of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set to either block or not block the stage when the
Measuring-voltage failure detection function picks up.
• The device-internal Measuring-voltage failure detection function is configured and switched on.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.15.5.1 Description
[lodirovb-280812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-232 Logic Diagram of the Directional Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground – Basic
[lo_dirova, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-233 Logic Diagram of the Directional Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground – Advanced
Connection Type of the Ground Current CT Terminal Type Threshold Setting Range
Measuring Point (Secondary)
I-3ph
3-phase Calculated 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.030 A to 35.000 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
x + IN Measured 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
x + IN-separate 3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.001 A to 1.600 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
• Externally or internally via the binary input signal >Block stage (see chapter 6.15.4.1 Description)
• Via the dynamic settings functionality (only available in the advanced function type, see Influence of
Other Functions via Dynamic Settings and chapter 6.15.10 Influence of Other Functions via Dynamic
Settings)
Blocking of the Operate Delay and Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function (Basic
and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.14.7.1 Description
• Automatic reclosing
For further setting notes, refer to chapter 6.14.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) of the
function Overcurrent Protection, Ground.
Parameter: Threshold
• Default setting (_:4861:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the 1st stage)
The Operate delay to be set is derived from the time-grading chart that has been prepared for the system.
Typical examples of grading times are provided in sections 6.13.8 Application Notes for Parallel Lines and
6.13.9 Application Notes for Directional Comparison Protection .
6.15.5.3 Settings
6.15.6.1 Description
[lodiinvb-280812-02.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-234 Logic Diagram of the Directional Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground – Basic
[lodiinva-280812-02.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-235 Logic Diagram of the Directional Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground – Advanced
Connection Type of the Ground Current CT Terminal Type Threshold Setting Range
Measuring Point I-3ph (Secondary)
3-phase Calculated 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.030 A to 35.000 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
x + IN Measured 4 * Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
x + IN-separate 3 * Protection, 1* sensitive 0.001 A to 1.600 A
4 * Measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI (Basic and
Advanced Stage)
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
[DwMinTime_20140708-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
• Externally or internally via the binary input signal >Block stage (see chapter 6.15.4.1 Description)
• Via the dynamic settings functionality (only available in the advanced function type, see Influence of
Other Functions via Dynamic Settings and chapter 6.15.10 Influence of Other Functions via Dynamic
Settings)
Blocking of the Operate Delay and Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function (Basic
and Advanced Stage)
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter Blocking of the Tripping by Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection
For more information, refer to 6.14.7.1 Description.
• Automatic reclosing
For further setting notes, refer to chapter 6.14.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) of the
function Overcurrent Protection, Ground.
NOTE
i If the set value is smaller than the smallest possible time delay of the inverse-time characteristic curve, the
parameter has no influence on the delay time.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.15.6.3 Settings
6.15.7.1 Description
[lodiloin-280812-02.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-237 Logic Diagram of the Directional Logarithmic Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection, Ground
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is identical to the Inverse-time overcurrent protection –
advanced stage (see chapter 6.15.6.1 Description).
This section will only discuss the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.15.6.1 Description.
Operate Curve
If the function picks up, the logarithmic inverse-time characteristic curve is processed. A time value Top is
calculated for every input value exceeding 95 % of the pickup value. An integrator accumulates the value 1/
Top. If the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the stage operates.
The curve used to calculate the time value Top is shown in the following figure. The Threshold multi-
plier parameter defines the beginning of the characteristic curve. The Max. time of the curve deter-
mines the initial value of the characteristic curve. The Time dial parameter changes the slope of the charac-
teristic curve. At high currents, the Min. time of the curve parameter indicates the lower time limit.
[dwloginv-300913, 3, en_US]
[fomula01-240812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Where
Tmax Maximum time of the curve (parameter Max. time of the curve)
Td Time dial (parameter Time dial)
Top Operate time
3I0 Measured zero-sequence current
Ithresh Threshold value (parameter Threshold)
Imul Threshold multiplier (parameter Threshold multiplier)
If the calculated time is less than Tmin (parameter Min. time of the curve), Tmin is used.
EXAMPLE
You can set an additional current-independent time delay. This additional delay is intended for special applica-
tions.
Siemens recommends setting this time to 0 s so that it has no effect.
6.15.7.3 Settings
6.15.8.1 Description
[lodilokn-280812-02.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-239 Logic Diagram of the Directional Logarithmic Inverse Time with Knee-Point Overcurrent Protec-
tion, Ground
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is almost identical to the Inverse-time overcurrent protec-
tion – advanced stage (see chapter 6.15.6.1 Description). The only difference is that the dynamic settings
change functionality is not available.
This section only discusses the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.15.6.1 Description.
Operate Curve
If the function picks up, the logarithmic inverse-time characteristic curve is processed. A time value Top is
calculated for every input value exceeding 95 % of the threshold value. An integrator accumulates the value
1/Top. If the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the stage operates.
The curve used to calculate the time value Top is shown in the following graphic. The curve is composed of 2
sections with different slops. 7 parameters are used to define the logarithmic inverse time with knee-point
characteristic curve. The parameter Max. time of the curve determines the initial time value of the
characteristic curve, and relates to the 3I0 Threshold value. The transition point is defined by parameter
Knee-point current and parameter Knee-point time. The parameter Min. time of the curve
indicates the lower time limit, and parameter Current at Min. time determines the current value at
Min. time of the curve. The parameter Time dial servers as a time factor to the operate time.
[dwloinkn-300913, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-240 Operate Curve of the Logarithmic Inverse Time with Knee-Point Characteristic (In the Example
of Threshold = 0.004 A)
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Knee-point
6.15.8.3 Settings
6.15.9.1 Description
[lodirusr-280812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-241 Logic Diagram of the Directional User-Defined Characteristic Curve Overcurrent Protection,
Ground
This stage is structured in the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent protection – advanced stage (see
chapter 6.15.6.1 Description). The only difference is that you can define the characteristic curve.
This section only discusses the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.15.6.1 Description.
[dwpidrbe-300913, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-242 Pickup and Dropout Behaviors when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i Note that the currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do
not extend the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest
characteristic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve
point do not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the
largest characteristic-curve point.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.15.9.3 Settings
6.14.8.1 Description and 6.14.8.2 Application and Setting Notes (Advanced Stage) describe the influence of
other functions on dynamic settings.
• Detects and monitors the current measured in a transformer neutral point grounding
• Detects and monitors the circulating current between the neutral points of 2 capacitor banks
The Overcurrent protection, 1-phase function is used in protection function groups with 1-phase current
measurement. 2 function types are available:
• 1 Fast stage
In the function type Overcurrent protection, 1-phase – basic, the following stages can operate simultane-
ously:
[dwocp1pa-280113-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[dwocp1pb-310113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, you can stabilize the stages against
issuing of the operate indication due to transformer inrush-currents.
6.16.3.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[loinvocp-270612-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Method of measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
• Default setting (_:12661:6) Operate delay = 0.300 s (for the first stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
6.16.3.3 Settings
6.16.4.1 Description
[lodefocp-270612-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.16.4.3 Settings
6.16.5.1 Description
Figure 6-247 Logic Diagram of the Logarithmic Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection (1-Phase)
Apart from the operate curve, this type of stage is identical to the Inverse-time overcurrent protection stage
(see chapter 6.16.4.1 Description ).
This section will only discuss the nature of the operate curve. For further functionality, refer to chapter
6.16.4.1 Description .
Operate Curve
If the function picks up, the logarithmic inverse-time characteristic curve is processed. A time value Top is
calculated for every input value exceeding 95 % of the pickup value. An integrator accumulates the value 1/
Top. If the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the stage operates.
The curve used to calculate the time value Top is shown in the following figure. The Threshold multi-
plier parameter defines the beginning of the characteristic curve. The Max. time of the curve deter-
mines the initial value of the characteristic curve. The Time dial parameter changes the slope of the charac-
teristic curve. At high currents, the Min. time of the curve parameter indicates the lower time limit.
Where
Tmax Maximum time of the curve (parameter Max. time of the curve)
Td Time dial (parameter Time dial)
Top Operate time
I 1-phase current
Ithresh Threshold value (parameter Threshold)
Imul Threshold multiplier (parameter Threshold multiplier)
If the calculated time is less than Tmin (parameter Min. time of the curve), Tmin is used.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
With the parameter Additional time delay, you set an additional current-independent time delay. This
additional delay is intended for special applications.
Siemens recommends setting this time to 0 s so that it has no effect.
6.16.5.3 Settings
6.16.6.1 Description
The User-defined characteristic curve overcurrent protection stage is only available in the advanced func-
tion type.
This stage is structured the same way as the stage with the inverse-time characteristic curve. The only differ-
ence is that you can define the characteristic curve as desired.
[dwocpken-140611-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-249 Pickup Behavior and Dropout Behavior when Using a User-Defined Characteristic Curve
NOTE
i Note that the currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve point do
not extend the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis up to the smallest
characteristic-curve point. Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve
point do not reduce the operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the
largest characteristic-curve point.
NOTE
Parameter: Reset
NOTE
6.16.6.3 Settings
6.16.7.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
The fast stage is only available in function type Advanced.
[loocp1hs-280113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
6.16.7.3 Settings
6.16.8.1 Description
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
The Blk. w. 2nd harm. 1ph det. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of the
stage should be blocked when the detected 2nd harmonic component of the 1-phase current exceeds a
threshold value. In case of a blocking and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time
delay and the operate indication are blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If
the blocking drops out and the pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the
stage operates.
The following figure only shows the part of the stage (exemplified by definite-time overcurrent protection
stage 1) that illustrates the influence of the inrush-current detection. Only if the central function Inrush-
current detection (see section 12.51 Inrush-Current Detection) is in effect can the blocking be set.
Figure 6-251 Part-Logic Diagram on the Influence of Inrush-Current Detection Exemplified by the 1st Defi-
nite-Time Overcurrent Protection Stage
6.16.9.1 Description
With the high-impedance method, all current transformers operate in parallel at the limits of the protection
range on a common, relatively high-impedance resistor R, the voltage of which is measured.
The current transformers must be of the same type of construction and have at least one core of their own for
the High-impedance restricted ground-fault protection. Furthermore, they must have the same transfer ratio
and approximately the same knee-point voltage.
The high-impedance principle is especially suited for ground-fault detection in grounded networks at trans-
formers, generators, motors, and shunt reactors.
The left part of Figure 6-252 shows an application example for a grounded transformer winding or a grounded
motor/generator. The example at the right shows an ungrounded transformer winding or an ungrounded
motor/generator. In this example, it is assumed that the network is grounded at a different point.
[dwhimpef-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
briefly saturated, it becomes a low-impedance during the time of the saturation and forms a low-impedance
shunt to the high-impedance resistor R. The high resistance of the resistor thus has a stabilizing effect (so-
called resistor stabilization).
[dwprhimp-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-253 Principle of the Restricted Ground-Fault Protection According to the High-Impedance Principle
With a ground-fault in the protection range (on the right in Figure 6-253), a neutral-point current IY flows in
any case. The magnitude of the residual current in the phase currents depends on the grounding conditions in
the rest of the network. A secondary current corresponding to the entire short-circuit current attempts to flow
via the resistor R. But since this resistor is high-impedance, a high voltage arises there which causes the satura-
tion of the current transformers. The effective voltage at the resistor therefore corresponds approximately to
the knee-point voltage of the current transformers.
The resistor R is thus dimensioned in such a way that even the smallest ground-fault current to be detected
leads to a secondary voltage that corresponds to half of the knee-point voltage of the current transformers
(see chapter 2.5.4).
Further information can be found at Sensitivity view for high-impedance ground-fault differential protection in
chapter 6.16.9.2 Application and Setting Notes .
[dwanedif-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-254 Connection Diagram of the Restricted Ground-Fault Protection According to the High-Impe-
dance Principle
As a protection against overvoltages, it is important that you connect the device directly at the grounded side
of the current transformer. The high voltage at the resistor is thus kept away from the device.
In a similar manner, the high-impedance restricted ground-fault protection for generators, motors, and shunt
reactors is used. With auto transformers, you must connect the upper-voltage side and low-voltage side
current transformers and neutral-point transformer in parallel.
The method can be realized for each protected object. As busbar protection, the device, for example, is
connected via the resistor to the parallel connection of the transformers of all feeders.
[foukniep-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Rated current, rated power, and overcurrent factor are found on the name plate of the transformer.
EXAMPLE
Current transformer with the following data on the name plate: 800/5; 5P10; 30 VA
You can read the following transformer data with this data:
Irated = 5 A (out of 800/5)
n = 10 (out of 5P10)
Prated = 30 VA
The internal resistance is frequently to be found in the test report of the transformer. If it is not known, it can
be approximately determined by a direct current measurement at the secondary winding.
EXAMPLE
Calculation of the knee-point voltage
Current transformer 800/5; 5P10; 30 VA with Ri = 0.3 Ω
[foukp5aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foukp1aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Besides the current-transformer data, the resistance of the longest connection line between transformer and
device must be known.
[dwvebhdi-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-255 Simplified Connection Diagram of a Layout for High-Impedance Restricted Ground-Fault
Protection
[foistabl-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For the 5 A transformer as above with VKP = 75 V and Ri = 0.3 Ω
Longest connection line = 22 m with 4 mm2 cross-section; that corresponds to Ra = 0.1 Ω
[foisl5aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foisl1aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foberecr-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For the 5 A transformer as above
Desired pickup value Ipick = 0.1 A (corresponds to 16 A primary)
[fober5aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fober1aw-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The series resistor R must be designed for a minimum continuous load Pcontinuous.
[fopdau5a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fopdau1a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Further, the series resistor R must be designed for a fault current lasting approximately 0.5 s. This time is
usually sufficient for fault clearing through backup protection.
The thermal stress of the series resistor depends on the voltage VRMS,stab that is present during an internal fault.
It is calculated according to the following equations:
[fousta5a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fousta1a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
IK,max,int corresponds to the maximum fault current here in the case of an internal fault.
5-A current transformer 800/5 with 40 kA primary corresponds to IK,max,int = 250 A secondary.
1-A current transformer 800/1 with 40 kA primary corresponds to IK,max,int = 50 A secondary.
This results in a temporary load for the series resistor over 0.5 s of:
[fop05s5a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fop05s1a-310113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Observe that with the selection of a higher pickup value Ipick, the resistor value must be lowered and therefore
the dissipation rises sharply.
The varistor (see following figure) must be sized such that it remains high impedance up to the knee-point
voltage, for example:
[dwanedif-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-256 Connection Diagram of the Restricted Ground-Fault Protection According to the High-Impe-
dance Principle
Even with unfavorable wiring, the maximum occurring voltage peaks do not exceed 2 kV for safety reasons.
When for performance reasons, several varistors must be connected in parallel, give preference to types with
flat characteristic curves, in order to avoid an unbalanced load. Siemens therefore recommends the following
types by METROSIL:
600A/S1/S256 (k = 450, β = 0.25)
600A/S1/S1088 (k = 900, β = 0.25)
In the example, set the pickup value of the first Definite-time overcurrent protection stage (setting
Threshold) to 0.1 A for 5-A transformers or 0.05 A for 1-A transformers. No further protection stages are
needed. Delete these or switch them off. Set the Operate delay setting to 0 s.
If several current transformers are connected in series, for example, with use as busbar protection with several
feeders, the magnetization currents of the transformers switched in parallel can no longer be neglected. In
this case, add up the magnetization currents at half of the knee-point voltage (corresponds to the set
Threshold). These magnetization currents reduce the current through the resistor R. Thus, the actual pickup
value is correspondingly higher.
6.16.10.1 Description
Tank leakage protection records short-circuits to ground – including high-impedance ones – between a phase
and the tank of a transformer. The tank is thus insulated, or at least grounded with high impedance. The tank
must be connected with a line to ground. The current that flows through this line is fed to the protection
device. If a short-circuit to ground occurs in a tank, a fault current (tank current) flows to substation ground
via the ground connection.
The function Overcurrent protection, 1-phase detects the tank current. If the tank current exceeds the set
Threshold, the function Overcurrent protection, 1-phase generates an operate indication. Depending on
the set Operate delay, the transformer is tripped immediately or time-delayed on all sides.
For tank protection, a sensitive, 1-phase current measuring input is used.
[dwprkess-310113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• Can be applied when the zero-sequence current or negative-sequence current should not influence the
tripping, for example, on the tertiary delta winding of an auto transformer
You can find a typical application scenario in the chapter 6.17.3.2 Application and Setting Notes.
The Positive-sequence overcurrent protection function is used in protection function groups with 3-phase
current measurement.
The function comes factory-set with 2 Definite-time positive-sequence overcurrent protection stages.
The following stages can be operated simultaneously within the function:
• Pickup
• Operate
[dw_PSP_Structure, 1, en_US]
If the device is equipped with an Inrush-current detection function, the stages can be stabilized against trip-
ping due to transformer-inrush currents.
6.17.3.1 Description
Logic
[lo_PSP_definite, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-259 Logic Diagram of the Stage Definite-Time Positive-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Method of Measurement
The fundamental phasors are calculated from the 3-phase phase currents. Based on this, the posi-
tive‑sequence current is calculated.
Application Example
The Positive-sequence overcurrent protection function is applied to the tertiary delta winding of the auto
transformer as shown in the following figure.
Short circuits on the delta winding must be detected. The stage should be as sensitive as possible but must
not pick up in case of faults in the circuits connected to the low-voltage side of the auxiliary transformer. A
single Positive-sequence overcurrent protection stage without time delay is applied and is connected with
the CTs marked in the following figure. When the stage operates, both the high-voltage and low-voltage sides
of the auto transformer will trip.
[dw_PSP_application_example, 1, en_US]
During ground faults on the high-voltage side (220 kV) or low-voltage side (110 kV) of the auto transformer,
large currents circulate in the delta winding. This circulating current is a pure zero-sequence current. The
protection function applied to the delta winding must not respond to this zero-sequence current. For this
purpose, the Positive-sequence overcurrent protection function is applied.
In this application example, there is no circuit breaker on the delta winding, and the load on the delta winding
is directly connected via the 500-kVA auxiliary transformer.
The application data in this application example is as follows:
Application Data Value
Rated apparent power of the auto transformer 300 MVA
Rated apparent power of the auxiliary transformer (Srated, aux) 500 kVA
Short-circuit voltage of the auxiliary transformer (uk-aux) 12 %
Rated apparent power of the delta winding 30 MVA
Rated voltage of the delta winding (Vrated, delta) 22 kV
Connected load on the delta winding 500 kVA
Current transformer ratio in the delta winding (RatioI) 800 A/1 A
Generally, for the delta winding, the short-circuit current is substantially larger than the rated current, and the
expected maximum load current is substantially smaller than the rated current. Therefore, you only need to
consider the short-circuit current when determining the pickup threshold of the Positive-sequence overcur-
rent protection function.
As there is no circuit breaker between the delta winding and the connected auxiliary transformer, the pickup
threshold of the Positive-sequence overcurrent protection function is graded against the maximum short-
circuit current due to a short circuit on the low-voltage (400 V) side of the auxiliary transformer. The
maximum fault current for a fault on the low-voltage side of the auxiliary transformer must therefore be
determined to establish the pickup threshold.
To determine the pickup threshold (setting of the Threshold parameter) of the stage, the following calcula-
tions must be carried out:
• Maximum short-circuit current (ISC, max) on the high-voltage side of the auxiliary transformer due to a
short circuit on the low-voltage (400 V) side
[fo_max_fault_current, 1, en_US]
[fo_prim_threshold, 1, en_US]
• Secondary-current pickup threshold (I1stage1, sec), which is the setting of the Threshold parameter
[fo_sec_threshold, 1, en_US]
• Default setting (_:20581:6) Operate delay = 0.50 s (for the 1st stage)
Set the Threshold and Operate delay parameters for the specific application.
As time coordination with other protection functions is not required, you can set the Operate delay param-
eter to a rather small value of 0.03 s.
6.17.3.3 Settings
6.17.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_PSP_Inverse, 2, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The fundamental phasors are calculated from the 3-phase phase currents. Based on this, the posi-
tive‑sequence current is calculated.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
With the Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter, you stabilize the stage against tripping due to
transformer-inrush currents. If transformers are parts of the protection zones, set this parameter to yes.
6.17.4.3 Settings
• Can be used for special network conditions where the overcurrent pickup level should be decreased
depending on the fault voltage
• Can be used for generators where the excitation voltage is derived from the machine terminals and the
overcurrent pickup should be kept depending on the fault voltages
The Voltage-dependent overcurrent protection function is used in protection function groups with 3-phase
current and voltage measurement.
The function Voltage-dependent overcurrent protection comes with the following factory-set stages:
[dw_stuvol_release, 3, en_US]
6.18.3.1 Description
[lovoldep-210713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. (standard method) or the calculated RMS value.
[dwvolpic-220713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With:
V = Measured phase-to-phase voltage
Vrated = Rated voltage (parameter Rated voltage in the function block General of the protec-
tion function group)
PU sett. = Pickup threshold setting (parameter address: _11491:3)
PU(V) = Applied pickup threshold according to the voltage influence
The minimum current pickup threshold value is 0.03 * Irated. This value cannot be decreased any further even
not by voltage-dependent pickup threshold factor.
Decreasing the pickup threshold is carried out phase-selectively. The assignment of voltages to current-
carrying phases is shown in Table 6-11.
NOTE
i If you use the Voltage-dependent overcurrent protection function as a backup protection in the network,
the voltage of the high-voltage side of the transformer is used as the control voltage. For this scenario,
route the voltage‑measuring point of the high-voltage side of the transformer to the Voltage-current 3-
phase function group where the Voltage-dependent overcurrent protection function is instantiated as a
backup protection for the line.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
Blocking of the Operate Delay and the Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
Blocking of the operate delay and the operate signal via the device-internal Inrush-current detection function
is described in chapter 6.12.7.1 Description .
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.18.3.3 Settings
6.18.4.1 Description
[lovolrel-210713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
This stage is structured in the same way as the Inverse-time overcurrent, voltage-dependent stage (see
chapter 6.18.3.1 Description). The only differences are the conditions for the pickup and the influence on the
operate curve.
Measuring-Element Release
When the controlling voltage drops below the setting Undervoltage threshold, the respective measuring
element is released.
The release of the measuring elements is carried out phase-selectively. The assignment of voltages to current-
carrying phases is shown in Figure 6-264.
• From an internal source upon pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or does not block it.
• The device-internal Measuring-voltage failure detection function is configured and switched on.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.18.4.3 Settings
6.18.5.1 Description
[lo_Seal-in_20150215, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-266 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Undervoltage Seal-in
Undervoltage Seal-In
In generators where the excitation voltage is derived from the machine terminals, the short-circuit current
decreases quickly in the event of close-in faults (for example, in a generator or a generator-transformer
range). The current decreases to a value below the current threshold within a few seconds because of the
absence of the excitation voltage. To avoid a dropout of the relay, the positive-sequence voltages are used as
an additional criterion for detecting a short circuit.
The pickup signal is maintained for a settable seal-in time Duration of V-seal-in time, if the positive-
sequence voltage falls below a settable threshold V-seal-in threshold after an overcurrent pickup, even
if the current falls below the threshold again. If the voltage recovers before the seal-in time has elapsed, or if
the undervoltage seal-in is blocked via a binary input >Block V-seal-in, the signal Pickup I>+V-seal-
in drops out immediately.
You can switch off the undervoltage seal-in via the parameter State of V-seal-in.
• From an internal source upon pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block VT miniature CB, which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be used to control the measuring-voltage failure
detection. The Undervoltage seal-in remains unaffected if the parameter Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure is switched off.
Parameter: Threshold
[fo_OCP_UVSI_threshold, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP_UVSI_Seal-in, 1, en_US]
6.18.5.3 Settings
6.18.6.1 Description
[lo_Seal-in_Rel20150215, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-267 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Voltage-Released Undervoltage
Seal-in, Part 1
[lo_Seal-in_Rel2, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-268 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection, Voltage-Released Undervoltage
Seal-in, Part 2
Voltage Release
In addition to the current criterion with undervoltage seal-in, a voltage-released logic must be present to issue
the indication Pickup. The voltage-released logic monitors the negative-sequence voltage and phase-to-
phase voltages respectively for detecting unsymmetrical faults and symmetrical faults. With the voltage-
released logic, the setting value of the parameter Threshold can be reduced in a certain range and the relia-
bility and sensibility of this function can be improved correspondingly.
Undervoltage Seal-In
In generators where the excitation voltage is derived from the machine terminals, the short-circuit current
decreases quickly in the event of close-in faults (for example, in a generator or a generator-transformer
range). The current decreases to a value below the current threshold within a few seconds because of the
absence of the excitation voltage. To avoid a dropout of the relay, the positive-sequence voltages are used as
an additional criterion for detecting a short circuit.
The pickup signal is maintained for a settable seal-in time Duration of V-seal-in time, if the positive-
sequence voltage falls below a settable threshold V-seal-in threshold after an overcurrent pickup, even
if the current falls below the threshold again. If the voltage recovers before the seal-in time has elapsed, or if
the undervoltage seal-in is blocked via a binary input >Block V-seal-in, the signal Pickup I>+V-seal-
in drops out immediately.
You can switch off the undervoltage seal-in via the parameter State of V-seal-in.
• From an internal source upon pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block VT miniature CB, which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be used to control the measuring-voltage failure
detection. The Undervoltage seal-in remains unaffected if the parameter Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure is switched off.
Parameter: Threshold
[fo_OCP_UVSI_threshold, 1, en_US]
[fo_OCP_UVSI_Seal-in, 1, en_US]
6.18.6.3 Settings
The Startup overcurrent protection function (ANSI 51) protects the following generators or motors:
• Gas-turbine generators that can be started by static‑frequency converters (SFC) at low frequencies during
the startup
The Startup overcurrent protection function can be used in the Generator stator function group.
The Startup overcurrent protection function comes factory-set with 1 stage. A maximum of 4 stages can be
operated simultaneously in the function.
[dw_SOCP_Structure, 1, en_US]
6.19.3.1 Description
Startup Procedure
If a generator, for example a gas-turbine generator, is started with an SFC, the controlled converter feeds a
current into the generator and creates a rotating field of gradually increasing frequency. The rotating field
causes the rotor to turn and drives the turbine. At approximately 70 % of the rated speed, the SFC is switched
off and the turbine is started and further accelerated until it reaches the rated speed.
The following figure shows the characteristic quantities of a gas-turbine generator during startup with Srated,
Gen = 150 MVA, Vrated, Gen = 10.5 kV, and PSFC = 2.9 MW. All quantities are scaled to rated values.
The Startup overcurrent protection function is a short-circuit protection function which is active during elec-
tric brakes or when the generators or motors start up. The valid frequency of this function ranges from 2 Hz to
10 Hz.
When the frequency of the power system reaches 10 Hz:
• All other short-circuit protection functions, such as Overcurrent protection function, Impedance
protection function, and Differential protection function are active with the same sensitivity as with
rated frequency and protect the generator.
If the binary input signal >In starting-up is deactivated, the Startup overcurrent protection function
becomes inactive. If the Startup overcurrent protection function is necessary in special cases, you can acti-
vate this signal.
NOTE
i From V8.30 on, the signal name > SFC Switched on changes to >In starting-up.
• Differential protection
The differential protection Idiff and the overcurrent protection I>> are effective from 10 Hz. Additionally, the
Startup overcurrent protection function operates and provides protection in the lower frequency range.
The result is a short-circuit protection concept where the functions complement one another.
Figure 6-271 Operating Range and Possible Pickup Threshold of Short-Circuit Protection Functions
Logic
To avoid an overfunction, the calculated voltage and frequency are used as internal blocking signals. Then,
you can obtain characteristics that are more sensitive than the Overcurrent protection function.
As an extra safety measure, a binary signal indicating the startup or electric-braking mode of the generators or
motors can be used to release the Startup overcurrent protection function.
Measurand
The general functionality calculates the RMS equivalent current per phase from the fixed sampling phase
currents via a special filter. The calculated measured values are forwarded to all subordinate stages.
• The Voltage signal and the frequency signal are used as an internal blocking feature. If the internal
threshold is exceeded, the function is blocked automatically.
6.19.4.1 Description
[lo_SOCP_stage, 4, en_US]
Measured Values
The stage uses the measured values which are calculated from the general functionality. You can find more
information in section 6.19.3.1 Description.
• When the binary input signal >In starting-up is deactivated. You can find more information in
section Blocking of the Subordinate Stages, Page 883.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter Threshold, you specify the pickup threshold of the current of the Startup overcurrent
protection function.
The characteristic of the startup procedure (see Figure 6-270) shows that the currents during startup amount
to approximately 20 % of the rated currents. This allows the protection in principle to be set below the rated
current.
According to the safety features shown in Figure 6-272, the function is blocked in the following cases:
Figure 6-274 Short-Circuit Currents in the Generator During Startup (Srated, Gen = 300 MVA, Vrated, Gen = 15.75
kV, and frated = 50 Hz)
With the parameter Operate & flt.rec. blocked, you can block the operate indication, the fault
recording, and the fault log.
6.19.4.3 Settings
6.20.1 Description
The function block Group indications of the overcurrent protection functions uses the pickup and operate
indications of the following functions:
• Pickup
• Operate
The pickup and operate indications are output, where present, with direction information.
[loocgrin-240112-01.tif, 4, en_US]
A typical characteristic of intermittent ground faults is that they often extinguish automatically and strike
again after some time. The fault duration can last between a few milliseconds and many seconds. Thus, such
faults are not detected at all or not selectively by the ordinary overcurrent protection. If pulse durations are
extremely short, not all protection devices in a short-circuit path can pick up. Thus, selective tripping is not
ensured.
Due to the time delay of the overcurrent protection function, such faults are too short to initiate switching off
the faulted cable. The short-circuit protection can clear such ground faults selectively only if the ground faults
have become permanent.
But such intermittent ground faults already bear the risk of damaging the equipment thermally. This is why
SIPROTEC 5 devices feature a protection function that is able to detect such intermittent ground faults and
accumulates their duration. If the sum reaches a configurable value within a certain time, the limit of the
thermal rating has been reached. If intermittent ground faults are distributed over a long period or if the
ground fault disappears and does not restrike after some time, the equipment under load is expected to cool
down. Tripping is not necessary in this case.
The Non-directional intermittent ground-fault protection function is used to protect against intermittent
ground faults which occur, for example, in cables due to poor insulation or water ingress in cable joints.
The Non-directional intermittent ground-fault protection function can be used in protection function
groups with current measurement. The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 stage, and a
maximum of 2 stages can be operated simultaneously. The non-preconfigured stages are shown in gray in the
following figure.
[DwIntGFP, 1, en_US]
Logic
[LoIntnon, 2, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The stage calculates the RMS value of 3I0 since this value takes into account the higher-order harmonics
components and the direct component (DC). Both components contribute to the thermal load.
23 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. The values need to be multiplied by 5 when the secondary rated current is 5
A.
24 If the connection type is without IN, such as 3-phase, the current threshold value is a calculated 3I0 value.
25 If the connection type is with IN, such as 3-phase + IN, the current threshold value is a measured IN value.
[DwIntFaD, 2, en_US]
Number of Pickups
The stage counts the number of Pickup signals during the intermittent ground fault. With the operate of the
stage this number is logged via the information No. of pickups.
Accumulation of the Intermittent Ground-Fault Current and Issuing the Operate Signal
An intermittent ground fault can result in thermal stress on the protected equipment. The magnitude and the
duration of the ground-fault current are decisive for the thermal stress. In order to calculate the thermal stress,
the stage sums up the duration of the stabilized pickups with an integrator. If the integration value reaches
the predefined Sum of extended PU times, the limit of the thermal load is reached. The stage issues the
signal Sum limit reached and operates when the signal Pickup is active.
Reset Timer for the Definition of the Interval between Independent Ground Faults
If there is a large interval between independent ground faults or if ground fault extinguishes and does not
restrike again within a larger time, the stressed equipment can cool down. In this case, an operation is not
necessary. The interval between ground faults is monitored with the reset timer. If a ground fault occurs, the
Timer T-reset with its setting Reset time is launched simultaneously with Integrator T-sum. Unlike the
integrator, each new ground fault restarts the reset timer with its initial value. If Timer T-reset expires, that is,
no new ground fault was detected during that period, all memories and the stage logics are reset. Timer T-
reset thus determines the time during which the next ground fault must occur to be processed yet as intermit-
tent ground fault in connection with the previous fault. A ground fault that occurs later is considered as a new
fault event.
Reset Conditions
Under one of the following 2 conditions, Timer T-reset is reset.
Under one of the following conditions, Integrator T-sum and Counter are reset and the whole stage is reset
and returns to its idle state.
• Timer T-reset expires without an operate signal of this stage or another function was issued.
• The general operate indication is going without the operate signal of the intermittent ground-fault
protection stage issued.
Start & Stop of Fault Recording, Fault Logging, and General Pickup
The Stabilized pickup signal initiates the fault recording, fault logging, and the general pickup of the
function group. The fault recording starts according to the pre-trigger time before the Stabilized pickup
signal rises.
With the reset condition of this stage, the fault recording, fault logging, and the general pickup of the function
group are terminated.
Table 6-14 Information Target with Different Processing of Signal Status Changes
NOTE
i To avoid a burst of messages, do not route the signal Pickup to the operational log and fault log.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
[TiExaInt, 1, en_US]
6.21.5 Settings
2 functions are available for ground-fault detection: a directional one and a non-directional one.
The Directional sensitive ground-fault detection (ANSI 67Ns) serves:
• For directional detection of fast extinguishing transient ground faults in isolated or resonant-grounded
systems
• Pickup
• Operate indication
[DwStrGFP-250113-02, 2, en_US]
• Pickup
• Operate indication
6.22.3.1 Description
Logic
[LoGFPger-280113-02, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-282 Logic Diagram of the Cross-Stage Functionality of the Directional Function
Figure 6-283 Logic Diagram of the Cross-Stage Functionality of the Non-Directional Function
[DwPhINU0, 1, en_US]
Network Topology
The Network topology parameter is only used in the Directional transient ground-fault stage.
With this parameter, the algorithm of the Directional transient ground-fault adopts its processing of an
operational 3I0.
Fault-Extinction Detection
The extinction of the fault is characterized by the fact that the zero-sequence voltage subsides. Depending on
the system conditions and fault characteristics, this process can last several 100 ms. If a continuously falling
zero-sequence voltage is detected during the set time Decay time V0, then the fault is considered extin-
guished. The signal Flt. extinction det. is issued.
Thus, the possibility exists, for example, to block the 3I0> stage with cos φ or sin φ measurement directly
after the fault extinction, in order to avoid an overfunction during the subsiding process with a very sensitive
setting of the stage.
Angle-Error Compensation
The high reactive power factor in the arc-suppression-coil-ground system and the unavoidable air-gap of the
core balance current transformer often make necessary a compensation of the angle error of the core balance
current transformer. Using the characteristic shown in the following figure, the device approaches the angle
error of the core balance current transformer with sufficient precision.
[dwerdwdl-110512-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-285 Correction of the Transmission Characteristic Curve of a Core Balance Current Transformer
NOTE
i The Ground fault indication in the general stage must be routed into the ground-fault log. If not, you
can meet a flood of ground-fault logs when an intermittent ground fault occurs.
Ground-Fault Log
Ground faults can be recorded in a designated buffer, the ground-fault log. As long as the Operate &
flt.rec. blocked parameter is set to yes, all indications routed into the ground-fault log are written in
the ground-fault log.
The criterion for opening the ground-fault log is the raising of any indication which is routed to the ground-
fault log, for example, the indication Ground fault . The criterion for closing is the clearing of all routed
indications.
Related Topics
You can find general notes on the ground-fault login chapter Indications under 3.1.5.4 Ground-Fault Log.
Value Indications
If the following value indications can be calculated, they are written into the log (ground-fault log or fault log)
at the time of the 1st raising ground-fault indication and the 1st operate indication of any stage.
• 3I0 (value)
• V0
• φ (IN, V0)
Group-Indication Blocking
Figure 6-286 Logic Diagram of the Group-Indication Blocking of the Directional and Non-Directional Func-
tions
By setting the Block. group indications parameter to yes, the following indications are blocked:
• The group indications of the function and the corresponding group indications of the function group
• The trip command from the Sensitive ground-fault detection function to the FB Circuit breaker
Fault recording and logging are not affected by the setting.
• The group indications of the function and the corresponding group indications of the function group are
blocked.
Consequently, the group-indications of the function group are then related to short-circuit protection
functions and can be forwarded to a station controller in the meaning of short-circuit protection.
• The trip command from the Directional sensitive ground-fault detection function to the FB
Circuit breaker is blocked.
Fault recording and logging are not affected by the setting.
6.22.3.3 Settings
6.22.4.1 Description
Logic
[logfp3i0stufe-280314-01.vsd, 4, en_US]
[logfp3i0f-280314-01, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-288 Logic Diagram of the Directional 3I0 Stage with Cos φ or Sin φ Measurement
ground currents, the function switches to the 3I0 current calculated from the phase currents. This results in a
very large linearity and settings range.
Depending on the setting of the Connection type parameter of the measuring point I-3ph as well as the
current terminal block used, the following different linearity and settings ranges result in addition to the
common application:
Connection Type of the Current Threshold 3I0/IN Current Terminal Block 3I0 Threshold Value
Measuring Point I-3ph Settings Range (Secon-
dary) 26
3-phase Calculated 3I027 4 × protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3 × protection, 1 × sensi- 0.030 A to 35.000 A
tive
4 × measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
3-phase + IN Measured IN28 4 × protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
3-phase + IN-separate 4 × measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
2ph, 2p. CT + 2 IN-sep Measured IN and calculated 3 × protection, 1 × sensi- 0.001 A to 35.000 A
3I0 when IN > 1.6 A tive
3ph,2prim.CT + IN-sep Measured IN 4 × protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
2ph, 2p. CT + IN-sep 4 × measurement 0.001 A to 1.600 A
3 × protection, 1 × sensi- 0.001 A to 1.600 A
tive
With the use of the function within a 1-phase function group and therefore at a 1-phase measuring point
I-1ph, the following different linearity and settings ranges result:
Measuring Point Current Threshold Current Terminal Block 3I0 Threshold Value
I-1ph Settings Range (Secon-
dary) 29
Measured Sensitive 0.001 A to 1.600 A
Protection 0.030 A to 35.000 A
The method of measurement processes the sampled current values and filters out the fundamental compo-
nent numerically.
The methods of measurement are characterized by high accuracy and by insensitivity to harmonics, especially
the 3rd and 5th harmonics frequently present in the ground-fault (residual) current.
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands. The result form the direction determina-
tion is only valid if the absolute value of the ground current 3I0 has also exceeded its threshold value.
26 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. For a secondary rated current of 5 A, the values must be multiplied by 5.
27 If the connection type is without IN, such as 3-phase, the current threshold value is a calculated 3I0 value.
28 If the connection type is with IN, such as 3-phase + IN, the current threshold value is a measured IN value.
29 These values apply for a secondary rated current of 1 A. For a secondary rated current of 5 A, the values must be multiplied by 5.
The following figure shows an example of the direction determination in the complex phasor diagram for the
cos-φ direction measurement method with a correction value of the direction straight lines from 0 (parameter
φ correction). The example is suitable for the determination of the ground-fault direction in an arc-
suppression-coil-ground system where the variable 3I0 ⋅ cos φ is decisive for the direction determination.
[dwcosphi-171012-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The zero-sequence voltage V0 is basically the reference value for the real axis. The axis of symmetry of the
direction-characteristic curve coincides with the 3I0reactive axis for this example. For the direction determina-
tion, basically the portion of the current vertical to the set direction-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is
decisive (3I0 dir.). In this example, this is the active portion 3l0active of the current 3l0. The current 3l0dir.
(here = 3I0active) is calculated and compared with the setting value Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det.. If
the current 3I0 dir. exceeds the positive setting value, the direction is forward. If the current 3I0 dir. exceeds
the negative setting value, the direction is backward. In the range in between, the direction is undetermined.
With the α1 reduction dir. area and α2 reduction dir. area parameters, you can limit the
forward and backward ranges as shown in the figure. With this, the direction determination is secured in case
of high currents in the direction of the axis of symmetry.
The symmetry axis can be turned via a correction angle φ correction parameter) in a range of ±45°.
Through this, it is possible, for example, to attain the greatest sensitivity in grounded systems in the resistive-
inductive range with a -45° turn. In the case of electric machines in busbar connection on the isolated system,
the greatest sensitivity in the resistive-capacitive range can be attained with a rotation of +45°.
[dwphicor-171012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-290 Turning the Direction-Characteristic Curves with Cos φ Measurement with Angle Correction
If you set the Dir. measuring method parameter to sin φ and the φ correction parameter to 0, the
symmetry axis of the direction-characteristic curve coincides with the 3I0active axis and the V0 axis. Since the
portion of the current vertical to the direction-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is decisive (3l0dir.),
here, the current 3l0reactive is included in the direction determination. If the current 3l0dir. (here = 3I0reac-
tive) exceeds the negative setting value Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det., the direction is forward. If the
current 3l0dir. exceeds the positive setting value, the direction is backward. In the range in between, the
direction is undetermined.
This direction measurement thus is appropriate for the determination of ground-fault direction in isolated
systems.
[dwsinphi-011112-01.tif, 4, en_US]
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that Measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or does not block it.
are avoided due to the decay procedure in the zero-sequence system after the fault extinction. With the Blk.
after fault extinction parameter, you enable or disable this accelerated detection of the fault extinc-
tion.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
During intermittent ground faults, stages designed for detecting permanent ground faults (based on contin-
uous RMS measurement) tend to generate a flood of signals and probably even temporary wrong directional
information. This can be avoided by blocking these stages in case of an intermittent ground fault.
If intermittent ground faults in your network are probable, Siemens recommends enabling the blocking.
Parameter: Dir. measuring method, φ correction, Min.polar.3I0> for dir.det., 3I0> threshold
value
6.22.4.3 Settings
6.22.5.1 Description
Overview
Ground faults occurring in arc-suppression-coil-ground systems often extinguish a short time after the igni-
tion, mostly within a few milliseconds. Such transient occurrences are called transient ground faults. In order
to detect the ground-fault direction, based on these transient occurrences, a special method of measurement
is required that can also capture high frequencies. Conventional methods based on phasor calculations are not
suitable. Even for ground faults lasting for a short time, usually, a high-frequency charging process occurs in
healthy phases. The transient charging process is evaluated by an energy-integrating method to determine the
ground-fault direction. This method ensures high sensitivity and positive stability against parasitic signals in
the zero-sequence system.
Since permanent ground faults also start with the transient charging process in healthy phases, those errors
will be detected as well.
This stage is most suitable for the use in closed loops or meshed systems. Operational, circulating zero-
sequence currents are eliminated and therefore, cannot affect the directional result.
Stage-Control Logic
[lostuwis-240113-01.tif, 3, en_US]
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c. b., which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or not.
• Zero-sequence current via Holmgreen connection or via core balance current transformer
The voltage measured on the broken-delta winding will be converted to the zero-sequence voltage V0.
The instantaneous values of the zero-sequence voltage v0(t) that are sampled at a high frequency (8 kHz)
serve to determine the point in time of the ground fault occurrence T0.
The instantaneous values of the zero-sequence voltage v0(t) and the ground current 3i0(t), which are sampled
at a high frequency (8 kHz), are the basis for direction determination.
The fundamental-component values of the zero-sequence voltage V0 serve to release the directional result
and the pickup as well as a criterion for the stabilization against switching operations.
The positive-sequence system (if it exists as a measured value) serves as an additional criterion for the stabili-
zation against switching operations.
The fundamental-component value of V0 and the true RMS value of 3I0 will be used for the pickup and the
optional trip logic.
Operational, meaning circulating zero-sequence currents, can occur in closed loops or meshed systems. This
type of zero-sequence current is also present in case of a failure and can falsify the directional result. There-
fore, an operational zero-sequence current is eliminated.
• The fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence voltage V0 exceeds the V0> threshold
value within 100 ms after detecting the ground-fault ignition.
• The true RMS value of the zero-sequence current 3I0 exceeds the 3I0> threshold for pickup.
In this way, high-impedance ground faults are also reported in which the zero-sequence system values rise
only slowly, and, for this reason, the occurrence of the ground fault is detected noticeably earlier than the
exceedance of the parameterized threshold value.
The direction result will be reported to the function via the (_:2311:302) Ground fault of the function
block General information. This indication is reported irrespective of the parameterized direction of the func-
tion.
If the determined direction corresponds with the parameterized direction (parameter Directional mode), a
pickup occurs.
• The fundamental component of the zero-sequence voltage V0 drops below the V0 reset threshold. This
reset threshold is a small device-internal V0 threshold. It is also depending on an operational V0 and is
thus a dynamic threshold. The threshold value is 2.0 V secondary without dynamic influence.
• The fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence voltage V0 is usually only marginal influenced
by switching operations and is thus a good criterion for distinguishing the ground fault from a switching
operation. The condition that the fundamental-component value must exceed the V0> threshold
value for reporting the direction result effectively suppresses the influence of switching operations.
For rare cases in which high zero-sequence voltages occur over longer time ranges after switching off the
feeder or line, a criterion based on the positive-sequence current is also effective. This criterion compares
the positive-sequence current before and after the transient event and thus detects a disconnection. In
case of disconnection, the direction result is not reported.
Through stabilization mechanisms, the direction result is reported 100 ms after the ground-fault ignition.
Thus a pickup occurs with a 100-ms delay.
If the stage is used in a 1-phase function group, the additional criterion via the positive-sequence current
is not effective.
• The function detects transient ground faults using the zero-sequence voltage. In systems with opera-
tional zero-sequence voltages, if the measuring voltage is switched on, the function can internally be
started. If the fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence voltage does not exceed the threshold
of the Maximum operational V0 parameter in a time slot of 100 ms after the function start, the func-
tion is reset internally. For an unexpected case where the function is started due to a switching transient
event, a further reset criterion exists to ensure that the function does not permanently remain in the start
condition. After the time of 100 ms, if the fundamental-component value is continuously less than the
Maximum operational V0 threshold for 10 s, the function is reset as well.
Trip Logic
[loauswis-240113-01.tif, 4, en_US]
In many applications, the transient ground-fault stage is used only to indicate the direction. In this case, the
trip logic is not required and remains disabled. However, this stage can also be used to trip a permanent
ground fault. For this, you enable the optional trip logic with the Operate functionality parameter. If
the fundamental-component value of V0 and the true RMS value of 3I0 exceed the set threshold values, the
tripping delay (Operate delay parameter) starts with the pickup. If the parameter Operate & flt.rec.
blocked is set to no, the stage operates when the tripping delay expires.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
To protect against intermittent ground faults, the stage uses the parameter Dropout delay to delay a
dropout due to fault extinction. If you are using the stage for protection against intermittent ground faults,
disable the blocking.
With the parameter 3I0> threshold for pickup, you define the sensitivity for the indication of the
direction and the pickup of the stage.
In ring or meshed systems, you can use this parameter to reduce the number of ground-fault reporting
devices. The parameter needs to be set according to the user experience on the specific network. For radial
systems, normally you can keep the default value of 0 A which sets this parameter to inactive.
6.22.5.3 Settings
6.22.6.1 Description
Logic
[logfppvi-291112-02.vsd, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-296 Logic Diagram of the Directional 3I0 Stage with φ (V0,3I0) Measurement
Depending on the connection type of the measuring point and on the current terminal blocks used, different
linearity and setting ranges result. You can find more information in chapter Measured Value 3I0, Method of
Measurement , Page 908.
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands.
The direction is determined via the determination of the phase angle between the angle-error compensated
ground current 3I0com. and the rotated zero-sequence voltage V0, indicated in the following as reference
voltage Vref,rot. To take different system conditions and applications into account, the reference voltage can be
rotated through an adjustable angle (Rotation angle of ref. volt. parameter). This moves the vector
of the rotated reference voltage close to the vector ground current -3I0com. Consequently, the result of direc-
tion determination is as reliable as possible.
The rotated reference voltage Vref,rot and the Forward section +/- parameter define the forward and
reverse area. The forward area results as range ± Δφ around the rotated reference voltage Vref,rot. The value
± Δφ is set with the Forward section +/- parameter. The remaining area besides the forward area is the
reverse area. Between the forward and reverse area, a hysteresis is defined, refer to Figure 6-297.
[dwdirrot-011112-02.vsd, 1, en_US]
• From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or not.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
• Arc-suppression-coil-ground system: 0°
6.22.6.3 Settings
6.22.7.1 Description
Logic
[lo_stage_control_Y0G0B0, 3, en_US]
[LoY0G0B0-300713-01, 6, en_US]
Depending on the connection type of the measuring point as well as the current terminal blocks used,
different linearity and setting ranges result. You can find more information in section Measured Value 3I0,
Method of Measurement , Page 908.
Y0, G0, B0
The fundamental-component values of V0 and 3I0 are used to calculate the admittance Y0 = G0 + jB0. You can
choose to use G0 or B0 to determine the direction.
Direction Determination
Exceeding the threshold values by the zero-sequence voltage V0 is a criterion for the ground fault. The direc-
tion determination can be delayed from the occurrence of the zero-sequence voltage with the Dir. deter-
mination delay parameter to achieve steady-state measurands. The result from the direction determina-
tion is only valid if the absolute value of the ground current 3I0 has also exceeded its release threshold value.
The following figure shows an example of the direction determination in the complex phasor diagram for the
G0 direction measurement method with a correction value of the direction straight line from 0 (Parameter φ
correction). The example is suitable for the determination of the ground-fault direction in an arc-suppres-
sion-coil-ground system where the value G0 is decisive for the direction determination.
[DwY0Dire-171012-01, 1, en_US]
The zero-sequence voltage V0 is generally the reference value for the real axis and is identical to the G0 axis.
The axis of symmetry of the direction-characteristic curve coincides with the B0 (reactive) axis for this
example. For the direction determination, the component of the admittance perpendicular to the set direc-
tion-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is decisive G0dir (=Y0dir). In this example, this is the active
component G0active of the admittance Y0. The conductance G0dir. (here = G0active) is calculated and
compared with the setting value Polarized G0/B0 threshold. If the conductance G0dir. exceeds the
positive setting value, the direction is forward. If the conductance G0dir. exceeds the negative setting value,
the direction is backward. In the range in between, the direction is undetermined.
With the α1 reduction dir. area and α2 reduction dir. area parameters, you can limit the
forward and backward ranges as shown in Figure 6-301. With this, the direction determination is secured in
case of high currents in the direction of the axis of symmetry.
The symmetry axis can be turned via a correction angle (φ correction parameter) in a range of ±45.
Through this, it is possible, for example, to attain the greatest sensitivity in grounded systems in the resistive-
inductive range with a -45° turn. In the case of electric machines in busbar connection on the isolated system,
the greatest sensitivity in the resistive-capacitive range can be attained with a turn of +45° (see following
figure).
[DwY0meas-171012-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-301 Turning the Direction-Characteristic Curves with G0 Measurement with Angle Correction
If you set the Dir. measuring method parameter to B0 and the φ correction parameter to 0, the axis
of symmetry of the direction-characteristic curve coincides with the G0 and V0 axes. Since the component of
the admittance Y0 perpendicular to the direction-characteristic curve (= axis of symmetry) is decisive (B0dir.
(=Y0dir.)), here, the susceptance B0 (reactive) is used in the direction determination. If the susceptance B0dir.
(B0reactive) exceeds the negative setting value Polarized G0/B0 threshold, the direction is forward. If
the susceptance B0dir. exceeds the positive setting value, the direction is backward. In the range in between,
the direction is undetermined.
This direction measurement thus is appropriate for the determination of ground-fault direction in isolated
systems.
[DwSiCoY0-011112-01, 1, en_US]
• From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that Measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or does not block it.
are avoided due to the decay procedure in the zero-sequence system after the fault extinction. With the Blk.
after fault extinction parameter, you enable or disable this accelerated detection of the fault extinc-
tion.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
Parameter: Dir. measuring method, φ correction, Polarized G0/B0 threshold, 3I0> release
thresh. value
where:
ks: Safety margin, ks = 1.2 (cable networks), ks = 2.0 (overhead lines)
I0active: Active component of the ground-fault current (watt-metric residual current) of
the protected line
Vrated: Secondary rated voltage in the healthy case
I0min: Min. ground current in the healthy case, 5 mA to 10 mA (core balance current
transformer), 50 mA to 100 mA (Holmgreen transformer)
V0>: Pickup threshold of the residual voltage ≈ 0.1
If a parallel resistor Rp is used on the arc-suppression coil, the threshold value G0 must
also be smaller than:
where:
ks: Safety margin ≥ 1.5
IRp: Secondary rated current of the parallel resistor
Vrated: Secondary rated voltage in the healthy case
The 3I0> release thresh. value parameter can be set to half of the expected
measuring current and here, the entire zero-sequence current can be put to use.
Isolated In the isolated system, the capacitive ground reactive current 3I0 · sin φ is decisive for
the direction determination.
To evaluate the capacitive ground reactive current, set the parameters as follows:
where:
I0min: Ground current in the healthy case
where:
ks: Safety margin, ks = 1.2 (cable networks), ks = 2.0 (overhead lines)
I0active: Active component of the ground-fault current of the protected line
Vrated: Secondary rated voltage in the healthy case
I0min: Min. ground current in the healthy case, 5 mA to 10 mA (core balance current
transformer), 50 mA to 100 mA (Holmgreen transformer)
V0>: Pickup threshold of the residual voltage ≈ 0.02
The 3I0> release thresh. value parameter must be set to a value below the
minimum expected ground-fault current.
6.22.7.3 Settings
6.22.8.1 Description
The Directional stage with phasor measurement of a harmonic is based on a continuous measuring direc-
tion-determination method. The stage determines the direction via the 3rd, 5th, or 7th harmonic phasors of
the zero-sequence voltage V0 and current 3I0.
Logic
Figure 6-303 Logic Diagram of the Directional Stage with Phasor Measurement of a Harmonic
Figure 6-304 Logic Diagram of the Start Conditions and of the Direction Determination
• The fundamental-component value of the zero-sequence voltage V0 keeps exceeding the threshold V0>
threshold value during the period of the timer Dir. determination delay.
• The absolute value of the zero-sequence harmonic current 3I0harm. exceeds the threshold Min. 3I0>
harmonic when the timer Dir. determination delay expires.
To carry out the direction determination, the following condition must also be met in addition to the
preceding 2 conditions:
The zero-sequence harmonic voltage V0harm. must exceed the threshold which is 0.02 % of the secondary
rated voltage of the voltage transformer. If this condition is not met, the direction result is unknown.
The direction result is indicated via the Ground fault signal.
The stage pickup depends on the direction result and on the Directional mode parameter:
• If the Directional mode parameter is set as forward or reverse, the stage picks up when the direc-
tion result equals the parameterized direction, and the Pickup is signaled with the determined direction.
• If the Directional mode parameter is set as non-directional, the stage picks up regardless of the
direction result, and the Pickup is signaled with the unknown information.
Direction Determination
With the Harmonic selection parameter, you can select the 3rd, 5th, or 7th harmonic phasor for direction
determination. The direction is determined via the calculation of the phase angle between the following
values:
• Rotated zero-sequence harmonic voltage V0harm., indicated in the following as reference voltage Vref,rot
The reference voltage is rotated by the angle +90° in relation to V0. This provides the maximum security for
the direction determination assuming that 3I0harm. is a reactive current.
The rotated reference voltage Vref,rot and the Forward section +/- parameter define the forward and
reverse area. For details, refer to Figure 6-305.
The areas in the following figure are as follows:
• The forward area results as range ± Δφ around the rotated reference voltage Vref,rot. You can set the value
± Δφ with the Forward section +/- parameter. If the vector of the secondary ground current
-3I0harm. lies within this area, the direction result is forward.
• The mirror area of the forward area is the reverse area. If the vector of the secondary ground current
-3I0harm. lies within this area, the direction result is reverse.
Stabilization Counter
To determine a reliable direction result, the function uses a stabilization counter. For indicating a direction
result, the determined direction must be stable for 4 successive measuring cycles. The cycle time is 10 ms.
Direction-Result Extension
With the timer Dir.-result extension, you can extend the last determined direction result if the condi-
tions for a further direction determination are no longer met. The last direction result is held until the condi-
tions for a further direction determination are met again (timer is reset) or until the timer expires. The
behavior of the direction-result extension varies according to the setting of the Directional mode param-
eter:
• V0 harm.
• 3I0 harm.
• Phi(I,V) harm.
These measured values are displayed as --- if 3I0harm. or V0harm. is smaller than 0.005 % of the rated secon-
dary current or voltage.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that the Measuring-voltage failure detec-
tion blocks the stage or not.
With the Min. 3I0> harmonic parameter, you define the threshold value of the zero-sequence harmonic
current 3I0harm. for detecting the ground fault and for starting direction determination. You can find more
information in the section Ground-Fault Detection, Pickup, Page 945.
This parameter needs to be set according to the experience from the specific network. This requires the anal-
ysis of permanent ground faults from the network. If such information is unavailable, Siemens recommends a
rather low setting in the area of 5 mA to 10 mA secondary.
• If the Directional mode parameter is set as forward or reverse, the stage picks up when the direc-
tion result equals the parameterized direction, and the Pickup is signaled with the determined direction.
• If the Directional mode parameter is set as non-directional, the stage picks up regardless of the
direction result, and the Pickup is signaled with the unknown information.
NOTE
i When both the Operate delay and the Dir.-result extension are applied, the Operate delay
should usually be set to a considerably greater value than the Dir.-result extension. If the Operate
delay is less than the Dir.-result extension, the function will operate for each fault regardless of
the fault duration, as long as the fault direction equals the set direction.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.22.8.3 Settings
6.22.9.1 Description
Logic
Figure 6-306 Logic Diagram of the Non-Directional V0 Stage with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage
the device as a measurand, the zero-sequence voltage V0 is calculated from the measured phase-to-ground
voltages VA, VB, and VC using the defining equation.
Use the Method of measurement parameter to select the relevant method of measurement, depending on
the application:
• Measurement of the fundamental component over 2 cycle filters with triangular window:
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically. The extended filter length compared to the standard filter and the use of the
triangular window results in a particularly strong attenuation of harmonics and transient faults. The
extended filter length causes the pickup time to increase slightly compared to the standard filter (see
12.23.6 Non-Directional V0 Stage with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage).
Pickup, Dropout
The stage compares the Threshold with the zero-sequence voltage V0. The Pickup delay parameter
allows you to delay the pickup of the stage depending on the residual voltage.
With the Dropout ratio parameter, you can define the ratio of the dropout value to the Threshold.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• From inside on pickup of the measuring-voltage failure detection function. The Blk. by meas.-
volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or
does not block it.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by
meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the
stage or not.
Parameter: Threshold
• Since virtually the full residual voltage occurs during ground faults in isolated or arc-suppression-coil-
grounded systems, the setting value is uncritical there. Siemens recommends setting the value between
20 V and 40 V. A higher sensitivity (= lower threshold value) can be necessary for high fault resistances.
• Siemens recommends setting a more sensitive (smaller) value in grounded systems. This value must be
higher than the maximum residual voltage anticipated during operation caused by system unbalances.
EXAMPLE
For an isolated system
The residual voltage is measured via the broken-delta winding:
• If the ground fault is fully unbalanced, a residual voltage of 100 V is present at the device terminals.
• The threshold value should be set so that the stage picks up on 50 % of the full residual voltage.
The Operate delay allows you to prevent transient residual voltages from initiating a trip. The setting
depends on the specific application.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.22.9.3 Settings
6.22.10.1 Description
In the Directional sensitive ground-fault detection function, the Non-directional 3I0 stage also works on
demand.
Logic
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the calculated RMS value.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
The Blk. w. 2nd harm. gnd. det. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when the detected 2nd harmonic component of the ground current exceeds a
threshold value. In case of a blocking and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time
delay and the operate indication are blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If
the blocking drops out and the pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the
stage operates.
Parameter: Threshold
6.22.10.3 Settings
6.22.11.1 Description
In the Directional sensitive ground-fault detection function, the Non-directional Y0 stage also works on
demand.
Logic
[logfpsy0-240614-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
Y0
The fundamental-component values of V0 and 3I0 are used to calculate the admittance Y0 through the
formula Y0 = 3I0/V0. This stage uses Y0 as a condition to recognize the ground fault.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or does not block it.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
[fo_SeGfY0-270614-01, 2, en_US]
3I0min Secondary ground current in the healthy case (resulting from transformer error),
5 mA to 10 mA (core balance current transformer), 50 mA to 100 mA (Holmgreen transformer)
V0> Secondary pickup threshold of the residual voltage
6.22.11.3 Settings
6.22.12.1 Description
The Non-directional 3I0 harmonic stage detects ground faults via the 3rd, 5th, or 7th harmonic component
of the zero-sequence current 3I0.
Logic
[lo_3I0_harmonic, 2, en_US]
The function uses the 3rd, 5th, or 7th harmonic component of the ground current 3I0 for detecting the
ground fault. The specific harmonic component to be used is determined by the Harmonic selection
setting.
Stabilization, Pickup
To avoid a wrong pickup in case of transient current peaks, the function uses the Stabilization counter
parameter. If the magnitude of the zero-sequence harmonic current 3I0harm. exceeds the 3I0 harm.
threshold, the stabilization counter starts. If the 3I0harm. current keeps exceeding the 3I0 harm.
threshold for a specified number of measuring cycles, the stage picks up. You can define the specified
number via the Stabilization counter parameter.
Pickup Extension
Considering the discontinuity of the 3I0harm. current, the Pickup signal does not drop out immediately after
the 3I0harm. current falls below the 3I0 harm. threshold.
When the 3I0harm. current falls below the 3I0 harm. threshold, the timer Pickup extension time
starts to hold the Pickup signal until the timer expires. The timer resets after the 3I0harm. current exceeds
the 3I0 harm. threshold again during the extension time.
You can find the parameter Rated current in the FB General of the function group where the Sensitive
ground-fault detection function is used. If the 3I0harm. current is smaller than 0.005 % of the rated secon-
dary current, the functional measured value is displayed as ---.
6.22.12.3 Settings
6.22.13.1 Description
Most functions designed for the detection of permanent ground faults may show a disadvantageous behavior
in case of intermittent ground faults. An example of these functions is the 3I0> stage with cos φ or sin φ
measurement. In case of an intermittent ground fault, these functions may cause a flood of information due
to continuously exceeding and dropping below thresholds. Also short-term wrong directional results are
possible due to the nature of the intermittent signals. To avoid this disadvantage, these functions should be
blocked in case of intermittent grounds faults.
The Intermittent ground-fault blocking stage detects and classifies a ground fault as intermittent and sends
a blocking signal to the following stages:
Logic
(1) This signal is sent to the protection stages described in the preceding sections.
Reset Time for the Definition of the Interval between Independent Ground Faults
If there is a large interval between independent ground faults or if the ground fault extinguishes and does not
restrike within a large time, an intermittent ground fault can be considered as definitely disappeared.
The interval between ground faults is monitored with the reset time. If a ground fault occurs, the Timer T-
reset with the setting Reset time is launched. Each new ground-current pulse restarts the Reset time
with its initial value. If the Timer T-reset expires, that is, if no new ground fault was detected during that
period, all memories and the stage logics are reset.
The Timer T-reset thus determines the time during which the next ground fault must occur to be processed
yet as an intermittent ground fault in connection with the previous fault. A ground fault that occurs later is
considered as a new ground-fault event.
• A new pulse is detected. That is, with each new pulse, the timer starts again with its initial value.
The Timer T-reset can be reset via the binary input signal >Reset blocking.
Parameter: Threshold
6.22.13.3 Settings
• Detects the going current in a feeder after the opening of the infeed circuit breaker
The Undercurrent protection function is used in protection function groups with current measurement.
The Undercurrent protection function comes with 1 protection stage preconfigured at the factory. A
maximum of 2 protection stages can be operated simultaneously in this function. The protection stages are
structured identically.
[lostuundcu-150813, 2, en_US]
[loundcur-200713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. (standard method) or the calculated RMS value.
Pickup Mode
The Pickup mode parameter defines whether the protection stage picks up if all 3 measuring elements
detect the undercurrent condition (3 out of 3) or if only 1 measuring element has to detect the undercur-
rent condition (1 out of 3).
• The binary inputs are connected to the auxiliary contacts of the circuit breaker. The circuit-breaker switch
position is detected as closed via the related binary inputs of the Position indication. This is also true
under the condition that no phase current is flowing.
• The current-flow criterion indicates that the circuit breaker is closed. This is also true under the condition
that the auxiliary contacts indicate the circuit breaker as open.
Parameter: Activation
Parameter: Threshold
6.23.5 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with 3-phase voltage (ANSI 59) is used to:
• Protect equipment (for example, plant components, machines, etc.) against damages caused by over-
voltage
The Overvoltage protection with 3-phase voltage function is used in protection function groups with
voltage measurement.
The Overvoltage protection with 3-phase voltage function comes factory-set with 2 Definite-time over-
voltage protection stages. In this function, the following stages can operate simultaneously:
[dw3phovp-030211-01.tif, 5, en_US]
6.24.3 Description
[lo3phasi-090611-01.tif, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-314 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Overvoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
Use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental comp.
or the RMS value.
Pickup Stabilization
To enable the pickup stabilization, you set the Stabilization counter parameter to a value other than
zero. Then, if the input voltage keeps exceeding the Threshold for a specified number (1 + Stabiliza-
tion counter value) of successive measuring cycles, the stage picks up. For 50 Hz, the measuring cycle
time is 10 ms.
If you set this parameter to 0 (default value), the stabilization is not applied. The pickup signal is issued imme-
diately after the input voltage exceeds the Threshold.
Pickup Mode
The Pickup mode parameter defines whether the protection stage picks up if all 3 measuring elements
detect the overvoltage condition (3 out of 3) or if only 1 measuring element detects the overvoltage
condition (1 out of 3).
Measured Value
Use the Measured value parameter to define whether the tripping stage analyzes the phase-to-phase
voltages VAB, VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
2-stage overvoltage protection
The example describes the possible settings for a 2-stage overvoltage protection function. We will look at the
settings of the parameters Threshold and Operate delay .
• 1. Stage:
To detect stationary overvoltages, set the threshold value of the first overvoltage-protection element
slightly above the permissible voltage range. A typical setting is 1.10 to 1.15 times the generator voltage.
Siemens recommends selecting the setting in DIGSI with primary values or by unit values, because the
conversion into secondary values is done automatically. A transformer mismatch is automatically taken
into account.
When setting the parameter Measured value to phase-to-phase voltage and a secondary rated
voltage of 100 V, the secondary setting value of the first overvoltage-protection element is calculated as
follows:
Voltage transformer: 1.10 Vrated
Vthreshold, sec = 1.1 Vrated, sec = 1.1 · 100 V = 110 V
This requires that the primary rated voltages of protected object and voltage transformer are identical. If
the primary rated voltages are different, adjust the pickup value.
The Operate delay depends on the speed of the voltage controller. You can start from a voltage
controller speed of approx. 1.5 s to 5 s. The presetting of 3 s is a practicable value that you have to verify
during the primary testing.
• 2. Stage:
The second overvoltage-protection stage is intended for high overvoltages with short duration. This over-
voltage occurs when there is a full-load rejection of a generator as a transient voltage and is then
reduced to the rated value by the voltage controller. Therefore, set the stage in such a way that the tran-
sient voltage operation does not result in tripping.
Typical settings:
– Pickup value: approx. 1.30 Vrated
6.24.5 Settings
The Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence voltage/residual voltage function (ANSI 59N):
• Works with electrical machines to detect ground faults in the stator winding
The Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence voltage/residual voltage function is used in protection
function groups with voltage measurement.
The Overvoltage protection with zero-sequence voltage/residual voltage function comes factory-set with
1 stage. A maximum of 3 stages can be operated simultaneously in the function.
The stages have an identical structure.
[dwu0ovps-030211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[loovpu03-090611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-316 Logic Diagram of an Overvoltage Protection with Zero-Sequence Voltage/Residual Voltage
Stage
sequence voltage V0 is calculated from the measured phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC using the
defining equation.
Use the Method of measurement parameter to select the relevant method of measurement, depending on
the application.
• fund. comp. long filter (fundamental component over 2 cycle filters with triangular window):
This method of measurement processes the sampled voltage values and filters out the fundamental
component numerically. The extended filter length compared to the standard filter and the use of the
triangular window results in a particularly strong attenuation of harmonics and transient faults. The
extended filter length causes the pickup time to increase slightly compared to the standard filter (see
Technical Data).
Pickup, Dropout
The stage compares the Threshold with the zero-sequence voltage V0. The Pickup delay parameter
allows you to delay the pickup of the stage depending on the residual voltage.
With the Dropout ratio parameter you can define the ratio of the dropout value to the Threshold.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• From inside on pick up of the measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions). The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-
voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not block it.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
For generator protection applications, the function Overvoltage protection with zero-Sequence voltage/
residual voltage may be used as stator ground fault protection. This application can work in parallel to the
Stator ground fault protection function. If the generator circuit breaker is open in the block diagram, the
residual voltage on the low-voltage side of the block transformer can be monitored (see figure below).
[dw_ovp_v0_1-240314, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-317 Ground Fault Protection with Generator Circuit Breaker Open
The protection setting is based on the system conditions and depends on the potential disturbing influence
during a ground fault on the upper-voltage side.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE
For this example, a block transformer with the following data is assumed:
Transformation ratio = 110 kV/10.5 kV
Coupling capacitance CC = 10 nF
Ground capacitance CG = 500 nF
Voltage transformer on the undervoltage side = 10.5 kV/√3/100 V/3
[fo_ovp_v0_disturbance V, 1, en_US]
[fo_ovp_v0_ratio, 1, en_US]
Since the voltage transformer is adjusted precisely to the undervoltage, the secondary pickup value can be
determined if considering a safety factor of (SF = 1.5).
[fo_ovp_v0_2ndPU, 1, en_US]
30 The specific setting limits depend on the transformer data and transformer connections set.
The Operate delay allows you to prevent transient residual voltages from initiating a trip. The setting
depends on the specific application. If the generator circuit breaker is open, the system can still be left in oper-
ation for a certain time. This time depends on the philosophy of the operator.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see Chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
For the example described in this chapter, set the parameter Detection of faulty phase to yes .
31 The specific setting limits depend on the transformer data and transformer connections set.
32 The specific setting limits depend on the transformer data and transformer connections set.
75 V, for example. Siemens recommends using the default setting V> healthy ph-to-gnd volt. =
75.000 V.
6.25.5 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage (ANSI 59) is used to:
• Supervise the voltage range if the positive-sequence voltage is the decisive quantity
Unbalanced overvoltages, for example, caused by ground faults and unbalanced faults, are not detected due
to the evaluation of the positive-sequence voltage.
The Overvoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage function is used in protection function groups,
which are based on voltage measurement.
The function Overvoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage comes factory-set with 2 stages. A
maximum of 3 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an
identical structure.
[dwovpu1s-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[logovpu1-090611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-319 Logic Diagram of a Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Positive-Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the positive-sequence voltage. The positive-sequence voltage is calculated from the measured
phase-to-ground voltages according to the defining equation.
Parameter: Threshold
General Notes
If the overvoltage is high, the first stage can trip with a short time delay. If overvoltages are lower, the second
stage can either only signal the threshold value violation (see Operation as monitoring function) or trip with a
longer delay to allow the voltage controller to regulate the voltage back into the nominal range.
6.26.5 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with negative-sequence voltage (ANSI 47) is used to:
• Monitor the power system and electric machines for voltage unbalances
• The most common cause is unbalanced load, caused by different consumers in the individual phases, for
example.
• Voltage unbalance can also be caused by phase failure, for example due to a tripped 1-phase fuse, a
broken conductor, etc.
• Other causes can include faults in the primary system, for example, at the transformer or in installations
for reactive-power compensation.
The Overvoltage protection with negative-sequence voltage function is used in protection function groups,
which are based on voltage measurement.
The Overvoltage protection with negative-sequence voltage function comes factory-set with 2 stages.
A maximum of 3 stages can be operated simultaneously in the function.
The stages have an identical structure.
[dwu2ovpsExt.vsd, 2, en_US]
6.27.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of the average-value calculation of the negative-sequence voltage.
The average value is forwarded to all subordinate stages.
[lo_GeneralFunctionality_20150323, 1, en_US]
Measurand
The average value of negative-sequence voltage is determined by a settable time interval (parameter: Meas-
uring window). With the parameter Measuring window, you can adapt this function to all power-system
conditions.
You can set the parameter Measuring window with a large value to get a more accurate calculated result,
which leads to a longer pickup time however.
• From inside on pick up of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see section 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions).
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c. b., which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be set so that the measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the function or does not block it.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is met:
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
6.27.3.3 Settings
6.27.4.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lou23pol-090611-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-322 Logic Diagram of the Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Negative-Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the average value of the negative-sequence voltage, which is calculated from the function
block General Functionality. For more information, refer to chapter 6.27.3.1 Description.
• From an external or internal source via the binary input signal >Block stage
Parameter: Threshold
Example 1:
Releasing an overcurrent protection stage for unbalanced faults
The following section describes how to set the function to release an Overcurrent-protection stage when
unbalanced faults occur. Set the Overcurrent-protection stage only slightly higher than the load current, that
is very sensitive. To prevent the Overcurrent-protection stage from picking up inadvertently, the Overcur-
rent-protection stage is released when the Negative-sequence voltage stage picks up. The Overcurrent-
protection stage remains blocked as long as the Negative-sequence voltage stage has not picked up.
Figure 6-323 shows the voltage phasors during a 2-phase local fault between phases B and C. The phase-to-
phase voltage VBC is virtually 0.
[dwuazeig-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
A 2-phase local fault generates a relatively large negative-sequence voltage of up to 50 % referred to the
phase-to-ground voltage. The portion of the negative-sequence decreases in case of a remote fault. The lower
setting limit results from the possible unbalance at full load. If you assume for example 5 % negative-
sequence voltage, the pickup value must be higher. A setting value of 10 % warrants sufficient stability during
unbalanced operating states and sufficient sensitivity to release the Overcurrent-protection stage when a
fault occurs.
For a secondary rated voltage of 100 V, set the following secondary threshold value:
You can keep the default setting of 0.95 for the dropout ratio. This avoids chattering of the stage.
Set the Negative-sequence voltage stage so that it does not generate a fault when it picks up and does not
initiate tripping. The Overcurrent-protection stage generates a fault indication. The pickup of the Negative-
sequence voltage stage is used as the release criterion because the Short-circuit function must be released
immediately when the Negative-sequence voltage stage has picked up. The time delay is thus not relevant
and can be left at the default setting.
You implement the release of the Overcurrent-protection stage using a logic block chart. An inverter links
the pickup of the Negative-sequence voltage stage with the Overcurrent-protection stage blocking.
[loinvert-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Example 2:
A negative-sequence voltage in the auxiliary system of the power plant causes negative-sequence currents on
motors. This leads to a thermal overload of the rotors. The following estimation can be used as a basis: 1 %
negative-sequence voltage can lead to approximately 5 % or 6 % negative-sequence current.
A negative-sequence voltage can be caused by a broken conductor on the high-voltage side. If a negative-
sequence voltage occurs, this can, for example, initiate a switching of the infeed in order to prevent a protec-
tion trip of an unbalanced-load protection of the motors.
Siemens recommends using multiple stages for a better grading, whereby a sensitive setting of the threshold
permits an increased tripping delay.
For a reference, only 2 stages are discussed.
The first stage has a pickup threshold of 10 % with a time delay of 1.5 s. The second stage has a pickup
threshold of 3 % with a time delay of 8 s, see Table 6-15. Further, it is assumed that the voltage transformer is
well adapted to the rated voltage.
[fo_OVP_V2_SecondaryThreshold2, 1, en_US]
6.27.4.3 Settings
• Monitor the power system and electric machines for voltage unbalances
• The most common cause is unbalanced load, caused by different consumers in the individual phases, for
example.
• Voltage unbalance can also be caused by phase failure, for example due to a tripped 1-phase fuse, a
broken conductor, etc.
• Other causes can include faults in the primary system, for example, at the transformer or in installations
for reactive-power compensation.
[Structure-V2/V1_20150521, 2, en_US]
6.28.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of the average-value calculation of the ratio of negative-sequence
voltage to positive-sequence voltage. The average value is forwarded to all subordinate stages.
Measurand
The average value of the ratio of negative-sequence voltage to positive-sequence voltage is determined by a
settable time interval (parameter: Measuring window). With the parameter Measuring window, you can
adapt this function to all power-system conditions.
You can set the parameter Measuring window with a large value to get a more accurate calculated result,
which leads to a longer pickup time however.
• From inside on pick up of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see section 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions).
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c. b., which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be set so that the measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the function or does not block it.
You use the Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter to control the behavior of the function when a
measuring-voltage failure is detected.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is met:
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
6.28.3.3 Settings
6.28.4.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lo_V2V1_PROV_20150326, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-327 Logic Diagram of the Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Negative-Sequence Voltage/Positive-
Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the average value of the negative-sequence voltage/positive-sequence voltage, which is calcu-
lated from the function block General Functionality. For more information, refer to chapter 6.28.3.1 Descrip-
tion.
• From an external or internal source via the binary input signal >Block stage
Parameter: Threshold
Example 1:
Releasing an overcurrent protection stage for unbalanced faults
The following section describes how to set the function to release an Overcurrent-protection stage when
unbalanced faults occur. Set the Overcurrent-protection stage only slightly higher than the load current, that
is very sensitive. To prevent the Overcurrent-protection stage from picking up inadvertently, the Overcur-
rent-protection stage is released when the Negative-sequence voltage stage picks up. The Overcurrent-
Protection stage remains blocked as long as the Negative-sequence voltage stage has not picked up.
Figure 6-328 shows the voltage phasors during a 2-phase local fault between phases B and C. The phase-to-
phase voltage VBC is virtually 0.
[dwuazeig-020412-01.tif, 1, en_US]
A 2-phase local fault generates a relatively large negative-sequence voltage of up to 100 % referred to the
positive-sequence voltage. The portion of the negative-sequence decreases in case of a remote fault. The
lower setting limit results from the possible unbalance at full load. If you assume for example 5 % of the nega-
tive-sequence voltage to positive-sequence voltage, the pickup value must be higher. A setting value of 10 %
warrants sufficient stability during unbalanced operating states and sufficient sensitivity to release the Over-
current-protection stage when a fault occurs.
You can keep the default setting of 0.95 for the dropout ratio. This avoids chattering of the stage.
Set the Negative-sequence voltage stage so that it does not generate a fault when it picks up and does not
initiate tripping. The Overcurrent-protection stage generates a fault indication. The pickup of the Negative-
sequence voltage stage is used as the release criterion because the Short-circuit function must be released
immediately when the Negative-sequence voltage stage has picked up. The time delay is thus not relevant
and can be left at the default setting.
You implement the release of the Overcurrent-protection stage using a logic block chart. An inverter links
the pickup of the Negative-sequence voltage stage with the Overcurrent-protection stage blocking.
Example 2:
A negative-sequence voltage in the auxiliary system of the power plant causes negative-sequence currents on
motors. This leads to a thermal overload of the rotors. The following estimation can be used as a basis: 1 %
negative-sequence voltage can lead to approximately 5 % or 6 % negative-sequence current.
A negative-sequence voltage can be caused by a broken conductor on the high-voltage side. If a negative-
sequence voltage occurs, this can, for example, initiate a switching of the infeed in order to prevent a protec-
tion trip of an unbalanced-load protection of the motors.
Siemens recommends using multiple stages for a better grading, whereby a sensitive setting of the threshold
permits an increased tripping delay.
For a reference, only 2 stages are discussed.
The first stage has a pickup threshold of 10 % with a time delay of 1.5 s. The second stage has a pickup
threshold of 3 % with a time delay of 8 s, seeTable 6-16.
6.28.4.3 Settings
The function Overvoltage protection with any voltage (ANSI 59) detects any 1-phase overvoltages and is
intended for special applications.
The Overvoltage protection with any voltage function is used in protection function groups, which are
based on voltage measurement.
The function Overvoltage protection with any voltage comes factory-set with 2 stages. A maximum of 3
tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical struc-
ture.
[dwovpuxs-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[louxovpr-211212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-331 Logic Diagram of a Stage: Overvoltage Protection with Any Voltage
NOTE
i If the function Overvoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the param-
eter Measured value is not visible.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter allows you to define whether the function works with the funda-
mental component or the calculated RMS value.
Measured Value
The parameter Measured value allows you to select whether the stage uses a measured (directly
connected) voltage or a calculated phase-to-phase voltage.
If the function Overvoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the parameter
Measured value is not visible.
NOTE
i From V7.30 on, the value VN measured is no longer provided. If you have selected this value in earlier
versions, you can use either the following methods instead after upgrading the configuration to V7.30 or a
later version:
• Select the value V0 calculated for the Measured value parameter in the function Overvoltage
protection with any voltage.
Parameter: Threshold
6.29.5 Settings
• Protects equipment (for example, plant components and machines) against damages caused by under-
voltage
The function Undervoltage protection with 3-phase voltage is used in protection function groups with
voltage measurement.
The function Undervoltage protection with 3-phase voltage comes factory-set with 2 Definite-time under-
voltage protection stages.
In the function Undervoltage protection with 3-phase voltage, the following stages can be operated simul-
taneously:
[dwstru3p-110211-01.tif, 5, en_US]
6.30.3.1 Description
[louvp3ph-140611-01_stagecontrol.vsd, 4, en_US]
[louvp3ph-140611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-334 Logic Diagram of the Definite-Time Undervoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
With the Method of measurement parameter, you select the relevant method of measurement, depending
on the application.
Measured Value
With the Measured value parameter, you define whether the stage analyzes the phase-to-phase voltages
VAB, VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Pickup Stabilization
To enable the pickup stabilization, you set the Stabilization counter parameter to a value other than
zero. Then, if the input voltage keeps being below the Threshold for a specified number (1 + Stabiliza-
tion counter value) of successive measuring cycles, the stage picks up. For 50 Hz, the measuring cycle
time is 10 ms.
If you set this parameter to 0 (default value), the stabilization is not applied. The pickup signal is issued after
the input voltage falls below the Threshold.
Pickup Mode
With the Pickup mode parameter, you define whether the stage picks up when there is a lower threshold-
value violation in one measuring element (1 out of 3) or when there is a lower threshold-value violation in
all 3 measuring elements (3 out of 3).
Pickup Delay
The Pickup delay parameter is only available and of relevance if you are using the current-flow criterion of
the function (parameter Current-flow criterion = on).
If the circuit breaker opens when the current-flow criterion is being used, the undervoltage detection and
current-flow dropout functions conflict with one another. Depending on the threshold value settings for
undervoltage detection and current-flow criterion, it is possible that the undervoltage is detected before the
current-flow criterion has dropped out. In this case, the stage picks up briefly. Use the Pickup delay param-
eter to prevent the stage from briefly picking up in this way when the circuit breaker opens. This is achieved
by delaying the pickup by approximately 40 ms.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The Current-flow
criterion works across all tripping stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is activated, the undervoltage protection stages only pick
up if a settable minimum current (Threshold I>) is exceeded. A current below the minimum current blocks
the stages.
The current-flow criterion can also be set to fulfilled with the binary input signal >Current flow-crite-
rion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-334 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the (_:2311:104) Current-flow criterion parameter is deactivated, the device picks up imme-
diately if a missing measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The param-
eter setting can be changed even when the device has picked up.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see section 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions). The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-
voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not block it.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
With the Method of measurement parameter, you define whether the stage uses the fundamental compo-
nent (standard method = default setting) or the calculated RMS value.
Parameter Value Description
fundamental comp. Select this method of measurement to suppress harmonics or transient
voltage peaks.
Siemens recommends using this parameter value as the default setting.
RMS value Select this method of measurement if you want the stage to take harmonics
into account (for example at capacitor banks). Do not set the threshold
value of the stage under 10 V for this method of measurement.
Parameter: Threshold
EXAMPLE:
[foschwlw-190309-01.tif, 2, en_US]
For example, if you set this parameter to 1, the pickup signal is issued when the voltage keeps being below
the Threshold for 2 successive measuring cycles. For 50 Hz, the measuring cycle time is 10 ms.
With the Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter, you control the behavior of the stage when a meas-
uring-voltage failure is detected.
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following two conditions is met:
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see Chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
• If they are located on the supply side, the voltage still exists.
• If they are located on the junction side, the voltage does not exist.
6.30.3.3 Settings
6.30.4.1 Description
[lo_UVP3ph_In_StageControl, 4, en_US]
[lo_UVP3ph_In, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-336 Logic Diagram of the Inverse-Time Undervoltage Protection with 3-Phase Voltage
Method of Measurement
With the Method of measurement parameter, you define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp. or the RMS value.
Measured Value
With the Measured value parameter, you define whether the stage analyzes the phase-to-phase voltages
VAB, VBC, and VCA, or the phase-to-ground voltages VA, VB, and VC.
If the measured value is set to phase-to-phase, the function reports those measuring elements that have
picked up.
Pickup Stabilization
To enable the pickup stabilization, you set the Stabilization counter parameter to a value other than
zero. Then, if the input voltage keeps being below the pickup value for a specified number (1 + Stabiliza-
tion counter value) of successive measuring cycles, the stage picks up. For 50 Hz, the measuring cycle
time is 10 ms.
If you set this parameter to 0 (default value), the stabilization is not applied. The pickup signal is issued after
the input voltage falls below the pickup value.
Pickup Mode
With the Pickup mode parameter, you define whether the stage picks up when there is a lower threshold-
value violation in one measuring element (1 out of 3) or when there is a lower threshold-value violation in
all 3 measuring elements (3 out of 3).
After pickup the time value TInv is calculated for every input voltage less than the dropout value. An integrator
accumulates the value 1/TInv. Once the accumulated integral reaches the fixed value 1, the inverse-time delay
expires. The stage operates after the additional time delay.
The inverse-time delay is calculated with the following formula:
[fo_UVP3ph_inverse, 2, en_US]
Where
TInv Inverse-time delay
Tp Time multiplier (Parameter Time dial)
V Measured undervoltage
VThresh Threshold value (Parameter Threshold)
k Curve constant k (Parameter Charact. constant k)
α Curve constant α (Parameter Charact. constant α)
c Curve constant c (Parameter Charact. constant c)
[dwUVP3ph_inverse, 1, en_US]
Pickup Delay
The Pickup delay parameter is only available and of relevance if you are using the current-flow criterion of
the function (parameter Current-flow criterion = on).
If the circuit breaker opens when the current-flow criterion is being used, the undervoltage detection and
current-flow dropout functions conflict with one another. Depending on the threshold value settings for
undervoltage detection and current-flow criterion, it is possible that the undervoltage is detected before the
current-flow criterion has dropped out. In this case, the stage picks up briefly. Use the Pickup delay
parameter to prevent the stage from briefly picking up in this way when the circuit breaker opens. This is
achieved by delaying the pickup by approximately 40 ms.
Dropout Behavior
When the voltage exceeds the dropout value (1.05 x pickup factor x threshold value), the pickup signal is
going and the dropout is started. You can define the dropout behavior via parameter Reset time. Instanta-
neous reset takes place by setting Reset time to 0 s. A delayed reset takes place by setting the desired delay
time.
During the Reset time (> 0 s), the elapsed operate delay is frozen. If the stage picks up again within this
period, the stage operates when the rest of operate delay expires.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The Current-flow
criterion works across all tripping stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is activated, the undervoltage-protection stages only pick
up if a settable minimum current (Threshold I>) is exceeded. A current below the minimum current blocks
the stages.
The current-flow criterion can also be set to fulfilled with the binary input signal >Current flow-crite-
rion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-334 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the (_:2311:104) Current-flow criterion parameter is deactivated, the device picks up imme-
diately if a missing measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The param-
eter setting can be changed even when the device has picked up.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions) . The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that measuring-
voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not block it.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
The stage picks up when the measured voltage value falls below the pickup value Threshold × Pickup
factor.
Depending on the Measured value, the Threshold is set either as phase-to-phase quantity or as
phase-to-ground quantity.
With the Pickup factor parameter, you modify the pickup value. To avoid a long operate delay time after
pickup, Siemens recommends using the default value of Pickup factor.
Specify the Threshold (pickup threshold) and Pickup factor for the specific application.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
• If they are located on the supply side, the voltage still exists.
• If they are located on the junction side, the voltage does not exist.
6.30.4.3 Settings
• Protects equipment (for example, plant components and machines) from damages caused by under-
voltage
• Protects motors and generators from inadmissible operating states and a possible loss of stability in the
event of voltage dips
2-phase short circuits or ground faults lead to an unbalanced voltage collapse. In comparison to three 1-phase
measuring systems, such events have no noticeable impact on the positive-sequence voltage. This makes this
function particularly suitable for the assessment of stability problems.
The Undervoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage function is used in protection function
groups, which are based on voltage measurement.
The Undervoltage protection with positive-sequence voltage function comes factory-set with 2 tripping
stages. A maximum of 3 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages
have an identical structure.
The protection function is structured such that one current-flow criterion can act on all undervoltage protec-
tion stages (see Figure 6-338). If the protection function group used has no current measurement, you can
only set the current-flow criterion as fulfilled via the corresponding binary input signal.
[dwstuvu1-110211-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[louv3pu1-021012-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-339 Logic Diagram of the Stage Undervoltage Protection with Positive-Sequence Voltage
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the positive-sequence voltage. The positive-sequence voltage is calculated from the measured
phase-to-ground voltages according to the defining equation.
Pickup Delay
The Pickup delay parameter is only available and of relevance if you are using the current-flow criterion of
the function (parameter Current-flow criterion = on).
If the circuit breaker opens when the current-flow criterion is being used, the undervoltage detection and
current-flow dropout functions conflict with one another. Depending on the threshold value settings for
undervoltage detection and current-flow criterion, it is possible that the undervoltage is detected before the
current-flow criterion has dropped out. In this case, the tripping stage picks up briefly. Use the Pickup
delay parameter to prevent the tripping stage from briefly picking up in this way when the circuit breaker
opens. This is achieved by delaying pickup by approximately 40 ms.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage-protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The current-flow criterion
works across all stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is switched on, the undervoltage protection stages only
pick up if a settable minimum current (Threshold I>) is exceeded in at least one phase. A current below the
minimum current blocks the tripping stages.
The current-flow criterion can also be set to fulfilled via the binary input signal >Current flow-crite-
rion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-339 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the Current-flow criterion parameter is switched off, the device picks up immediately if a missing
measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The parameter setting can be
changed even when the device has picked up.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
• From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions). The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set to either block or not
block the tripping stage when the measuring-voltage failure detection picks up.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c.
b., which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker. The Blk. by meas.-volt.
failure parameter can be set so that measuring-voltage failure detection blocks the stage or does not
block it.
Parameter: Threshold
With the parameter Pickup delay you set whether pickup of the stage is to be delayed by approximately
40 ms or not. The delay avoids possible brief pickup of the stage when the circuit breaker opens.
Parameter Value Description
no Use this setting if you definitely do not want tripping-stage pickup to be
subject to a time delay in the event of a fault. This setting results in pickup
and, where applicable, tripping being performed as quickly as possible.
Note that switching procedures (opening of the CB) can result in brief
pickup of the tripping stage, depending on the threshold-value settings for
undervoltage pickup and the current-flow criterion. To prevent unwanted
tripping, you must set a minimum tripping delay of 50 ms.
yes Use this setting when switching procedures (opening of the CB) are not
permitted to result in tripping-stage pickup.
Note that pickup is delayed by approximately 40 ms. This delay is added to
the operate time.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
• If they are located on the supply side, the voltage still exists.
• If they are located on the output side, the voltage does not exist.
When setting the threshold value, make sure that the positive-sequence voltage as defined is equal to the
value of one phase-to-ground voltage. Taking into account the rated primary voltage of the motor, the
primary setting value of the first stage is calculated as follows:
[fobglei1-190309-01.tif, 2, en_US]
When setting secondary values, you calculate the secondary setting value as follows, taking into account the
voltage-transformer ratio:
[fobglei3-190309-01.tif, 2, en_US]
6.31.5 Settings
The function Undervoltage protection with any voltage (ANSI 27) detects any 1-phase undervoltage and is
intended for special applications.
The Undervoltage protection with any voltage function is used in protection function groups, which are
based on voltage measurement.
The function Undervoltage protection with any voltage comes factory-set with 2 stages. A maximum of 3
tripping stages can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical struc-
ture.
The protection function is structured such that one current-flow criterion can act on all undervoltage protec-
tion stages (see Figure 6-340).
[dwstuvux-110211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[louvpuxx-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-341 Logic Diagram of a Stage: Undervoltage Protection with Any Voltage
NOTE
i If the function Undervoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the param-
eter Measured value is not visible.
Method of Measurement
The Method of measurement parameter allows you to define whether the function works with the funda-
mental component or the calculated RMS value.
Measured Value
The parameter Measured value allows you to select whether the stage uses a measured (directly
connected) voltage or a calculated phase-to-phase voltage.
If the function Undervoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the parameter
Measured value is not visible.
Current-Flow Criterion
The undervoltage-protection stages work optionally with a current-flow criterion. The current-flow criterion
works across all stages.
When the Current-flow criterion parameter is switched on, the undervoltage protection stages only
pick up when the current-flow criterion has been set to fulfilled via the binary input signal >Current flow-
criterion. The function reports when the current-flow criterion is fulfilled.
Figure 6-341 illustrates the influence of the current-flow criterion.
NOTE
i If the (_:2311:101) Current-flow criterion parameter is deactivated, the device picks up imme-
diately if a missing measuring voltage is detected while the undervoltage protection is active. The param-
eter setting can be changed even when the device has picked up.
NOTE
i From V7.30 on, the value VN measured is no longer provided. If you have selected this value in earlier
versions, you can select the value V0 calculated instead after upgrading the configuration to V7.30 or a
later version.
If the function Undervoltage protection with any voltage is used in a 1-phase function group, the param-
eter Measured value is not visible.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
i Because of the flexible setting options of the voltage measurand, the function itself does not determine the
current associated with the voltage. A suitable current-flow monitoring function must be created by the
user with the Continuous Function Chart (CFC), and connected to the binary input signal >Current
flow-criterion.
6.32.5 Settings
In a power system, in addition to short circuits, there are other situations which also cause voltage changes.
For example, too high loads can reduce the voltage level at the end of the line, or too high power production
can cause a voltage-level increase.
The function Rate-of-voltage-change protection can be used to:
• Prevent the system from not secure states caused by unbalance between the generated and consumed
active power
• Detect a rather fast voltage change related to a fault in the power system
The function Rate-of-voltage-change protection can be used in protection function groups with 3‑phase
voltage measurement.
2 stage types are available:
• dV/dt rising
• dV/dt falling
The function Rate-of-voltage-change protection comes factory-set with 1 dV/dt rising stage and 1 dV/dt
falling stage. A maximum of 5 dV/dt rising stages and 5 dV/dt falling stages can be operated simultaneously
within the function. Both stage types are similar in structure.
The general functionality works across stages on the function level.
The group-indication output logic generates the following group indications of the protection function by the
logical OR of the stage-selective indications:
• Pickup
• Operate
6.33.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure shows the dV/dt calculation logic. It applies to all configured stages.
[lo_dvdt_general, 1, en_US]
dV/dt Calculation
The measured phase-to-phase voltages are used for calculating the rate of voltage change.
The measuring-window interval is used for calculating the dV/dt mean value for further processing. A larger
measuring window increases the accuracy of the dV/dt mean value while simultaneously increasing the pickup
time.
The ratio between the voltage difference and the time difference reflects the voltage change which can be
positive or negative.
Value Description
dV/s Calculated mean voltage change per second
6.33.4.1 Description
[lo_dvdt_stage, 1, en_US]
(1) For the stage type dV/dt rising, the value dV/dt rising (AB) is used.
Voltage Change
The stage dV/dt falling is used to detect a system-voltage decrease and the stage dV/dt rising is used to
detect a system-voltage increase.
You set the threshold value dV/second as the absolute voltage change per second. You define the
voltage‑change direction via the stage type.
Pickup Mode
The Pickup mode parameter defines whether the stage picks up if all 3 measuring elements detect the
voltage‑change condition (3 out of 3) or if only 1 measuring element detects the voltage‑change condition
(1 out of 3).
Dropout Delay
If the dV/dt value falls below the dropout threshold, the dropout of the stage can be delayed. The pickup is
maintained for the specified time. The operate delay continues to run. If the operate delay expires while the
pickup is still maintained, the stage operates.
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer
circuit breaker, which links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The Blk. by meas.-volt. failure parameter can be set so that Measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the stage or not.
Parameter: dV/second
With the Pickup mode parameter, you define whether the protection stage picks up if all 3 measuring
elements detect the voltage falling/rising condition (3 out of 3) or if only 1 measuring element detects the
voltage falling/rising condition (1 out of 3).
Parameter Value Description
1 out of 3 Select the setting for protection applications or for monitoring the voltage
range.
This setting reflects how the function operated in previous generations
(SIPROTEC 4).
3 out of 3 Select this setting when using the stage to disconnect from the power
system (for example in the case of wind farms).
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
6.33.5 Settings
• Prevents a voltage collapse in power system by disconnecting the power-generation facility from the
main power systems
The Undervoltage-controlled reactive-power protection function can be used in protection function groups
containing 3-phase voltage and current measurement. Depending on the device, it is preconfigured by the
manufacturer with 1 Protection stage and 1 Reclosure stage. A maximum of 2 Protection stages and 1
Reclosure stage can operate simultaneously within the function.
[dwqvprot-110713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.34.3.1 Description
[loqvprst-110713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-346 Logic Diagram of the Protection Stage of the Undervoltage-Controlled Reactive-Power Protec-
tion
Measurand
To detect critical power-system situations, the Undervoltage-controlled reactive-power protection function
uses the fundamental values of the phase-to-phase voltages, the positive-sequence current, and the reactive
power.
Q-Measurement Direction
The default directions of the positive reactive-power flow Q and the forward direction of the short-circuit
protection are identical, in the direction of the protected object. Via parameter Q sign, the direction of the
positive reactive-power flow Q can be changed by inverting the sign of the reactive power Q.
Pickup
The protection stage picks up under the following conditions:
• The power-generation facility requires more than the parameterized reactive power (Q is above the para-
meterized threshold value).
Trip Interface
The stage provides 2 operate signals, the Operate (generator) and the Operate (grid). Depending
on the parameter Trip interface contains, one or none of them will be forwarded to the trip interface
of the circuit-breaker interaction.
• Measuring-voltage failure
Blocking of the Operate Delay and Operate Signal via the Device-Internal Inrush-Current Detection Function
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter permits you to define whether the operate delay should
be blocked by a threshold-value violation due to an inrush current.
For further information about device-internal Inrush-current detection function, refer to chapter
6.12.7.1 Description .
• The device-internal Measuring-voltage failure detection function is configured and switched on.
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block Voltage-transformer circuit breaker is connected to
the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
EXAMPLE
The following example is given for settings in secondary values.
Rated voltage: Vrated, sec = 100 V
Rated current: Irated, sec = 1 A
Threshold value: 5 % of the power-supply system rated power
You can calculate the setting value as follows:
[foqvprot-110713-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The time of the Operate delay grid CB should always be set longer than the time of the Oper. delay
generator CB.
Parameter: Q sign
6.34.3.3 Settings
6.34.4.1 Description
[loqvclst-110713-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Measurand
The stage works with fundamental values of voltage and current.
• The reclosure time delay, started by the operate of specific protection functions, has elapsed. The time
delay is started by the first operate signal of the protection stages configured via the Configuration
parameter. All protection stages of the voltage protection, the frequency protection, and the QV protec-
tion are available for configuration.
Parameter: Configuration
• Overfrequency protection
• Underfrequency protection
• Overvoltage protection
• Undervoltage protection
You use these 2 parameters to define the admitted frequency deviation from the rated frequency. f differ-
ence positive defines the upper frequency range limit. f difference negative defines the lower
frequency range limit.
Siemens recommends using the default settings, which reflect common practice in Germany. Other national
transmission codes may require a slightly different range.
6.34.4.3 Settings
• Is used for network decoupling of the power generating unit in case of a load loss
The Vector-jump protection function can be used in the following function groups:
• Voltage-current 3-phase
• Voltage 3-phase
• Generator side
• Generator stator
• Transformer side
The Vector-jump protection function comes factory-set with a Δφ stage.
The following stages can operate simultaneously within the function:
• 1 Δφ stage
[dw_VJP_Structure, 1, en_US]
6.35.3.1 Description
The following figure shows the situations after the load is switched off:
Vector Description
Vp Vector of the generator internal voltage (rotor voltage)
V Vector of the generator terminal voltage
ΔV Vector of the voltage differential
V' Vector of the terminal voltage after the load shedding
ΔV' Vector of the voltage differential after the load shedding
• High measuring accuracy by using frequency-tracked measured values and evaluation of the positive-
sequence phasor
• Blocking the function when the primary voltage is switched on or off as switching can lead to a phase-
angle jump
Logic
[lo_VJP_General, 1, en_US]
[lo_VJP_General_2, 1, en_US]
Phase-Angle Calculation
The phase-angle differential is calculated at different time intervals (t-T, t-2T, t-3T) from the vector of the posi-
tive-sequence voltage via a delta-interval measurement. With the current measured power frequency, the
measuring errors of the angle measurement caused by frequency deviations are compensated.
Range
If the measured frequency or voltage is below the set threshold, the Vector-jump protection is blocked.
The voltage and frequency bands have the following limits:
Measurand
The general functionality calculates the phase-angle displacement Δφ and sends it to the Δφ stage. Δφ is used
for comparison with the parameter Threshold Δφ. Δφ is displayed in the functional measured value and can
be routed in a fault record and displayed in the fault log.
The functional measured values of Δφ in HMI are displayed differently in the following situations:
• If the Vector-jump protection function is inactive, the function value of Δφ is displayed as “---”
• If the Vector-jump protection function is active and has not picked up, the functional measured value of
Δφ is displayed as 0.0°
• If the Vector-jump protection function is active and has picked up, the functional measured value of Δφ
is displayed as a calculated value (for example, 12.0°) and remains unchanged until the next pickup of
the Vector-jump protection function.
Parameter: T Block
6.35.3.3 Settings
6.35.4 Δφ Stage
6.35.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_DeltaPhi_Stage, 2, en_US]
In the logic diagram, the I1 < Release stage is instantiated. You can find more information in chapter
6.35.5.1 Description.
If the I1 < Release stage is not instantiated, the AND operation has no influence. The Operate indication is
issued under the following conditions:
Measurand
The Δφ stage gets the measured value Δφ from the general functionality.
Pickup
The Δφ stage compares the value of the vector jump Δφ with the Threshold Δφ.
If the value of the Threshold Δφ is exceeded, the pickup delay starts.
The vector jump Δφ is stored in an RS flip-flop. Trippings can be delayed by the associated time delay.
Parameter: Threshold Δφ
Parameter: T Reset
• The reset time must expire before the circuit breaker is reclosed
6.35.4.3 Settings
6.35.5.1 Description
Logic
[lo_UndercurrentRelease_Stage, 1, en_US]
The I1 < Release stage is an optional stage and is used to reduce the risk of overfunction.
The indication Undercurrent release is an additional safety criterion to avoid an unexpected trip. It indi-
cates a load loss of the connected line to the system and the phase-angle criterion is released. If any load in
the network is switched on or off, an unexpected trip can occur.
If the I1 < Release stage is not instantiated, the Δφ stage works without current-flow criterion. You can find
more information in chapter 6.35.4.1 Description.
If the positive-sequence current falls below the parameter I< Threshold, the message Undercurrent
release is issued and is forwarded to the Δφ stage.
6.35.5.3 Settings
The Direct current and voltage protection function (ANSI 27, 59F DC/50N DC):
• Detects ground faults in the direct-current part of a starting-frequency converter (SFC) in a generator,
which starts with a converter
• 4 fast MT inputs
• 4 current inputs
• 3 voltage inputs
An IO212 with 8 fast MT inputs is also allowed. You can find more information in the function description V/I-
Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
The Direct current and voltage protection function is used in the Generator stator function group (FG).
The Direct current and voltage protection function comes factory-set with 1 Direct overcurrent protection
stage. The following stages can operate simultaneously within the function:
[dw_DC_Structure, 1, en_US]
6.36.3.1 Description
• Provides 1 kHz (frated = 50 Hz) or 1.2 kHz (frated = 60 Hz) sampled values for the Direct current and
voltage protection function for further proceeding
NOTE
i Only the MT fast input function is allowed for the Direct current and voltage protection function.
You can use the Direct current and voltage protection function for the following:
• Overcurrent protection
• Undercurrent protection
• Overvoltage protection
• Undervoltage protection
The pickup can be blocked via a binary input signal, and the output signal can be time delayed.
parts of the system. The ohmic resistance of a grounding transformer or a neutral-point transformer is lower
than the ohmic resistance of a voltage transformer. Therefore, the thermal stress of the grounding trans-
former or the neutral-point transformer is higher than the thermal stress of the voltage transformer.
As the application example shown in Figure 6-355, a shunt converter converts the direct current into a voltage
and transfers the voltage to a SIPROTEC device. The shunt converter can be a measuring transducer such as
7KG6131.
The distance between the shunt converter and the device determines the input type:
• If the distance is longer than 5 m, you must use a current input (-20 mA to 20 mA or 4 mA to 20 mA).
Figure 6-355 Direct Current Protection for a Ground-Fault Detection in the SFC
Excitation-Voltage Monitoring
The following figure shows the excitation-voltage monitoring. The excitation voltage is stepped down to a
suitable level by a voltage divider, and fed to the measuring transducer.
• As the parameter Measuring window has no impact on the Direct current and voltage protection
function, keep the default value.
• The Direct current and voltage protection function requires the parameter Range active to be acti-
vated. You activate the setting by placing the relevant check mark in DIGSI (see Figure 5-101). If the
parameter is not activated, an inconsistency message is given.
• The range of the parameter Threshold in each stage depends on the parameters Upper limit -
Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor.
You can find more information in the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs
starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
Logic
Measurand
The sampling signals from the measuring transducers are of 1 kHz (frated = 50 Hz) or 1.2 kHz (frated = 60 Hz).
With a special average filter direct-current/direct-voltage values are calculated. The resulting properties are the
following:
• Frequencies higher than 10 Hz are damped and special frequencies are suppressed, for example:
– 20-Hz frequency
– Rated frequency
– Multiple of the rated frequency
The calculated direct-current/direct-voltage values are forwarded to the stages.
Parameter: Sensor
With the parameter Sensor, you determine the sensor you want to use. You can find more information in
chapter 6.36.4.2 Application and Setting Notes.
6.36.3.3 Settings
6.36.4.1 Description
Logic
Figure 6-358 Logic Diagram of the Direct Current and Voltage Protection - Stage Type Direct Overcurrent
Protection
Measured Values
The stage uses measured values which are calculated in the general functionality. You can find more informa-
tion in chapter 6.36.3.1 Description.
Stage Type
With the stage type, you specify the stage you want to use.
Following 4 stage types are available:
Pickup
The stage compares the direct current values with the parameter Threshold.
Parameter: Threshold
• For a Direct overcurrent protection stage or a Direct undercurrent protection stage, set the parameter
Threshold greater than the primary value of 0.3 mA.
• For a Direct overvoltage protection stage or a Direct undervoltage protection stage, set the parameter
Threshold greater than the primary value of 0.1 V.
The parameters Upper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor determine the range of the
parameter Threshold. You can find more information in the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer
Unit with Fast Inputs starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
NOTE
• Set the parameter Threshold of the same stages with the same polarity.
• If you want to use the parameter Threshold with a different polarity in another settings group,
instantiate a new stage and enable it. If the new stage is not effective in the settings group, disable
the stage there.
Application
There are 2 applications:
• Excitation-voltage monitoring
Another application is that when used for excitation-voltage monitoring, the Direct current and voltage
protection function is configured to operate for undervoltage. The pickup threshold is set to approxi-
mately 60 % to 70 % of the no-load excitation voltage. Normally, a voltage divider is connected between
the protection and the excitation voltage. You can find more information in the function description
Underexcitation Protection starting from chapter 6.45.1 Function Overview .
EXAMPLE
Following is an example of the ground-fault detection in the SFC.
For an SFC with a startup transformer of VN, ST ≈ 1.4 kV and a 6-pulse bridge circuit, there is a direct voltage of
1.89 kV (VDC ≈ 1.35 ⋅ VN, ST). In case of a ground fault in the direct-current part, the displacement voltage is half
of the direct voltage (VDC,fault = 0.5 ⋅ VDC, VDC,fault = 945 V).
If you assume that the grounding transformer has an ohmic winding resistance of R ≈ 150 Ω, a direct current
of 6.3 A (IDC = 945 V ⁄ 150 Ω) flows through the transformer neutral point.
NOTE
i The ohmic winding resistances of grounding and neutral-point transformers can differ widely depending on
the transformer types. For a concrete application, they are obtained from the manufacturer or determined
by measurements.
If the Direct current and voltage protection function is not activated, the ground-fault current causes a
temperature overload that would destroy the star-connected voltage transformers and the grounding trans-
formers. To ensure that the protection picks up in a reliable way, set the threshold to a value of less than half
the ground-fault current. In this example, the threshold is 2 A. With the shunt and shunt converter used in the
example, this current causes a secondary current of 4 mA.
In this application, you use an IO210 module and set the parameter Sensor to MT fast 1.MT in 3.
To make the measured values in a same sign in all settings groups, set the parameter Absolute value to
yes.
The following figure shows the setting values:
A current of +2 A is equivalent to 9.6 mA of the transducer input and a current of -2 A is equivalent to 6.4 mA
of the transducer input.
NOTE
• The settings of the measuring transducers must be done in both the Direct current and voltage
protection function and the FG Analog unit.
• If you use the 4-mA to 20-mA measuring transducer, a broken-wire detection is active in the MT fast
input function. If the input current is lower than the threshold of 2 mA of the broken-wire detection,
an alarm indication is issued and the stage which uses the 4-mA to 20-mA measuring transducer is
blocked.
• Operate indication
• Fault recording
• Fault log
6.36.4.3 Settings
The Overfrequency protection function is used in protection function groups, which are based on voltage
measurement.
The overfrequency protection function comes with 2 factory-set stages. A maximum of 3 tripping stages can
be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
The parameters Dropout differential and Minimum voltage are set for all stages.
[dwstofqp-090211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[lostofqp-040411-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Frequency-Measurement Method
Underfrequency protection is available in 2 functional configurations. These work with different frequency-
measurement methods. You select the frequency-measurement method in dependence of the application.
Both methods of measurement are characterized by a high measuring accuracy combined with a short
response time. Disturbance values such as harmonics, high frequency disturbances, phase-angle jumps during
switching operations and compensation processes due to power swings are effectively suppressed.
NOTE
Frequency-Measurement Method
The frequency measurement method is selected with the functional configuration from the DIGSI functions
library. The letter at the end of the function name describes the method of measurement.
Redundant solutions can be implemented by combining 2 different methods of frequency measurement. You
can implement a 2-out-of-2 decision by connecting the operate indications of both functions in a CFC with a
logical AND gate. This increases the reliability of protection.
Frequency-Measurement Description
Method
Angle difference method Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
(method A) used for the protection of machines.
Filtering method (method B) Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
used in an electrical power system.
Parameter: Threshold
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the overfrequency protection stage in
dependence of the application. 51.50 Hz is a typical warning threshold in 50-Hz systems.
The Operate delay parameter is used to set the stage so that overfunctions due to disturbing influences
(for example, switching operations) are avoided. Fairly high time delays are sufficient for warning indications.
NOTE
i This table shows one example of a possible frequency protection setting. The setting values can differ
depending on the application.
6.37.5 Settings
• Disconnect generating units when the power system frequency is critical (for example, f < 0.95 frated)
Frequency deviations are caused by an unbalance between the active power generated and consumed. Under-
frequency is caused by an increase of the consumers' active power demand or by a decrease of the power
generated. These conditions occur in the case of power system disconnection, generator failure, or distur-
bances of the power and frequency controller.
Underfrequency protection is available in 2 functional configurations (selectable from the DIGSI functions
library). The functional configurations differ in the frequency measurement method they use.
The Underfrequency protection function is used in protection function groups, which are based on voltage
measurement.
The Underfrequency protection function comes with 3 factory-set stages. A maximum of 5 tripping stages
can be operated simultaneously in the function. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
The parameters Dropout differential and Minimum voltage are set for all stages.
[dwstufqp-090211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic of a Stage
[lostufqp-040411-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Frequency-Measurement Method
Underfrequency protection is available in 2 functional configurations. These work with different frequency-
measurement methods. You select the frequency-measurement method in dependence of the application.
Both methods of measurement are characterized by a high measuring accuracy combined with a short
response time. Disturbance values such as harmonics, high frequency disturbances, phase-angle jumps during
switching operations and compensation processes due to power swings are effectively suppressed.
NOTE
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
Frequency-Measurement Method
The frequency measurement method is selected with the functional configuration from the DIGSI functions
library. The letter at the end of the function name describes the method of measurement.
Redundant solutions can be implemented by combining 2 different methods of frequency measurement. You
can implement a 2-out-of-2 decision by connecting the operate indications of both functions in a CFC with a
logical AND gate. This increases the security of protection.
Method of Measurement Description
Angle-difference method Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
(method A) used for the protection of machines.
Filtering method (method B) Select this method of measurement if the frequency protection stage is
used in an electrical power system.
Parameter: Threshold
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the underfrequency protection stage in
dependence of the application. 49.8 Hz is a typical warning threshold in 50-Hz systems.
When determining the setting value, please keep in mind the measurement method and the measuring
connection that you have selected. If you work with the positive-sequence voltage, remember that the
maximum voltage is equal to the phase-to-ground voltage. The default setting is referred to this value.
NOTE
i This table shows one example of a possible frequency protection setting. The setting values can differ
depending on the application and the turbine. Note the requirements in the grid code.
6.38.5 Settings
• Prevent the system from not secure states caused by unbalance between the generated and consumed
active power
• Network decoupling
• Load shedding
The function Rate of frequency change protection can be used in protection function groups containing a
3‑phase voltage measurement.
2 function block types are available:
• df/dt rising
• df/dt falling
The function Rate of frequency change protection is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 df/dt rising
stage and 1 df/dt falling stage. A maximum of 5 df/dt rising stages and 5 df/dt falling stages can operate simul-
taneously within the function. Both of the function block types are similar in structure.
Undervoltage check and df/dt calculation are general functionalities and take place on the function level. All
stages use these general functionalities.
[dwdfdt01-160113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
6.39.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of undervoltage check and df/dt calculation. It applies to all types of
stages.
[lodfdtgf-160113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Measurand
This function uses the frequency calculated via the angle difference algorithm.
For more information, refer to chapter 6.37.3 Overfrequency-Protection Stage.
The frequency difference is calculated over a settable time interval (default setting: 5 periods).
The ratio between the frequency difference and the time difference reflects the frequency change which can
be positive or negative.
A stabilization counter works to avoid overfunction. This counter is increased if the set threshold value is
exceeded. If the value drops below the threshold value, the counter is reset immediately. The counter is set to
8 internally and is activated at each half system cycle.
Undervoltage Blocking
If the measuring voltage drops below the Minimum voltage, the Rate of frequency change protection is
blocked because precise frequency values cannot be calculated anymore.
Value Description
df/dt Calculated rate of frequency change
The default setting is a reasonable compromise between measuring accuracy and pickup time. For a non-
sensitive setting (high threshold value), you can set the parameter Measuring window to a smaller value.
6.39.4.1 Description
[lodfdtst-160113-01.tif, 2, en_US]
(1) For the stage type df/dt rising, the value df/dt rising is used.
Frequency Rising/Falling
The stage df/dt falling is used to detect frequency falling and the stage df/dt rising is used to detect
frequency rising.
You set the threshold value as an absolute value. You define the frequency-change direction via the selected
stage type.
• Via the undervoltage blocking when the voltage drops below the Minimum voltage
Parameter: Threshold
Where:
frated Rated frequency
ΔP Active power change
ΔP = PConsumption - PGeneration
Srated Rated apparent power of the machines
H Inertia constant
EXAMPLE
frated = 50 Hz
H=3s
Case 1: ΔP/Srated = 0.12
Case 2: ΔP/Srated = 0.48
Case 1: df/dt = -1 Hz/s
Case 2: df/dt = -4 Hz/s
NOTE
i In case of power-system incidents, especially in case of transmission incidents and influence of voltage-
stabilizing measures via power-electronic components (reactive-power compensation through SVC), the
magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage can change. Sensitive settings can lead to overfunction.
Therefore, it is reasonable to block the Rate of Frequency Change Protection if other protection func-
tions, for example, residual voltage or negative-sequence voltage, pick up. To do this, use the blocking
input >Block stage and connect it via CFC.
6.39.4.3 Settings
The Abnormal frequency protection function is used in the Generator stator function group.
The Abnormal frequency protection function comes factory-set with 4 stages:
[dw_AFQP_Structure, 1, en_US]
6.40.3.1 Description
In the general functionality, you set the parameter Dropout differential. The parameter Dropout
differential is valid for all stages and is used for the dropout-threshold calculation. The dropout threshold
is used as the threshold (the frequency higher limit and frequency lower limit) of set frequency bands. The
default value of the parameter Dropout differential is 20 mHz.
6.40.3.3 Settings
6.40.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_AccumuTimSup_Stage, 2, en_US]
Pickup
The Accumulative-time supervision stage monitors the frequency of the generator.
If all the following conditions are met, the stage picks up and starts the time delay:
• The frequency is between the setting of the parameter Frequency higher limit and the setting of
the parameter Frequency lower limit.
Accumulative Time
The accumulative time is the time when the frequency is within the frequency band. The time is shown in the
statistical values.
You can access the statistical values via the following alternatives:
• DIGSI
• When the accumulative time is longer than the setting of the parameter Max. Accumulative time,
the trip signal Operate is issued.
• When the accumulative time is shorter than the setting of the parameter Max. Accumulative time,
the trip signal Operate drops out.
Within the dead time, the frequency is allowed to stay inside the frequency band. The accumulative time does
not increase, thereby avoiding unnecessary accumulation of time.
The accumulative time can be reset or an increase can be avoided in the following conditions:
• As long as the input signal >Reset accumul. time is activated, the accumulative time will be reset.
• As long as the input signal >Block accumul. time is activated, the accumulative time will not be
increased.
NOTE
i When the signal >Reset accumul. time is activated, the accumulative time is reset. If you activate the
signal during test, keep in mind that you must set the accumulative time the same as the time accumulated
before the signal >Reset accumul. time is activated.
NOTE
i Change the batteries only when the device is powered on. Otherwise, the accumulative time will be lost.
Measured Value
The measured value used in the stage is the measured frequency value of the function group Generator
stator.
NOTE
i The suggested setting values are based on the standard DL/T 684-2012.
The following setting notes show an example of the default settings for the 2 factory-set stages according to
Table 6-18.
Stage 1
Parameter: Operate & flt.rec. blocked
With the parameters Frequency higher limit, you can define the higher threshold of frequency band for
the Accumulative-time supervision stage depending on the application.
With the parameters Frequency lower limit, you can define the lower threshold of frequency band for
the Accumulative-time supervision stage depending on the application.
Stage 2
Parameter: Operate & flt.rec. blocked
With the parameter Frequency higher limit, you can define the higher threshold of frequency band for
the Accumulative-time supervision stage depending on the application.
With the parameter Frequency lower limit, you can define the lower threshold of frequency band for
the Accumulative-time supervision stage depending on the application.
6.40.4.3 Settings
6.40.5.1 Description
[lo_DurTimSup_Stage, 2, en_US]
Duration-Time Supervision
The Duration-time supervision stage supervises the duration of turbines working in abnormal frequency
band:
• When the frequency is in the set frequency band, the duration time is started and a pickup indication is
issued.
• When the timer Duration time expires, the signal Operate is issued.
• When the frequency is out of the band, the duration time is reset.
Measured Value
The measured value used in the stage is the measured frequency value of the function group Generator
stator.
NOTE
i The suggested setting values are based on the standard DL/T 684-2012.
The following setting notes show an example of the default settings for the 2 factory-set stages according to
Table 6-19.
Stage 1
Parameter: Operate & flt.rec. blocked
With the parameters Frequency higher limit, you can define the higher threshold of frequency band for
the Duration-time supervision stage depending on the application.
With the parameters Frequency lower limit, you can define the lower threshold of frequency band for
the Duration-time supervision stage depending on the application.
• The signal Operate delay expired is generated if the Duration time is exceeded.
If the frequency is out of the band, the parameter Duration time is reset.
Stage 2
Parameter: Operate & flt.rec. blocked
With the parameter Frequency higher limit, you can define the higher threshold of frequency band for
the Duration-time supervision stage depending on the application.
With the parameter Frequency lower limit, you can define the lower threshold of frequency band for
the Duration-time supervision stage depending on the application.
• The signal Operate delay expired is generated if the Duration time is exceeded.
If the frequency is out of the band, the parameter Duration time is reset.
6.40.5.3 Settings
The Phase-sequence reversal function enables correct execution of the protection of the device and supervi-
sion functions, independently of the phase sequence of the phases in a system or system section.
The phase sequence is set via parameters. You can select between the phase sequences ABC or ACB.
Binary inputs also provide the option of switching over the phase sequence with respect to the parameter
setting. For example, in pumped-storage hydropower plants with motor or motor/generator operation you
temporarily change the direction of rotation by changing over the phase sequence.
The phase sequence has an effect on calculation of the positive-sequence system and negative-sequence
system values and on calculation of phase-to-phase values. A phase-rotation reversal therefore has an effect
on all protection and supervision functions that use these values.
You can change the phase sequence in 2 ways via binary inputs.
The Phase-sequence switchover function is integrated in the Power-system data. You will find the signals in
the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device → Settings. There you will find the parameter for setting
the phase sequence and the binary inputs via which you can influence a change in the phase sequence.
[dwphrein-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
General
The phase sequence of the system is set in the device via the Phase sequence parameter. You will find the
signals in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device → Settings → Power-system data → General.
There are 3 methods to change the phase sequence for different operational requirements.
• With the binary signal >Phs-rotation reversal, you change over the phase sequence of all meas-
uring points.
• With the binary signal >Invert Phases, you change over the phase sequence per measuring point.
The Inverted phases parameter available for each measuring point is used to set which phases at the
measuring point must be swapped. The parameter can be found at each 3‑phase measuring point.
The 2 binary-signal mechanisms are explained separately below.
[dwphrdrf-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The phase sequence of a system or a system section is defined when parameterizing via the Phase
sequence parameter. The setting parameter acts on all measuring points.
The operationally induced switchover between the phase sequence ABC and the phase sequence ACB is initi-
ated via the binary input >Phs-rotation reversal. This switches over the phase sequence simultane-
ously at all 3-phase measuring points.
The following image shows a logic diagram for determining the current phase assignment and switchover.
The indications shown on the right show the present phase sequence. If the phase sequence is set via the
Phase sequence parameter to ABC, activation of the binary input will result in a switchover to the phase
sequence ACB.
NOTE
i The switchover of the phase sequence is only authorized for a time at which no measured values are
pending. The switchover command must be present for at least 200 ms. The change of phase sequence is
only permissible when the machine is at standstill. If the current and voltage values of all 3-phase meas-
uring points are below 5 % of the rated variables, this is recognized as machine standstill.
A renewed machine standstill must be detected for a resetting of the phase sequence to the set preferred posi-
tion.
[dwphrpsys1-151013, 2, en_US]
[dwphrapp-240211-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The example shows 2 differential protection devices (IED1 and IED2) and an impedance protection (IED3) with
the connected measuring points.
The phase sequence is insignificant for the differential protection of IED1, as the protected object is not
affected by the switchover option of the phase sequence.
The phase sequence is also relevant to the differential protection of IED2, as the protected object extends
beyond the switchover option.
The phase sequence is also relevant to the impedance protection (IED3). Depending on the switch position,
the voltage measured values 1 and the current measured values 3 have a different phase sequence.
The phase sequence of the system is set in the device via the Phase sequence parameter for generator
operation. The Inverted phases parameter is used to set which phase is swapped for the relevant meas-
uring point. The swap is communicated to the measuring point via the binary input signal >Invert Phases.
The changed phase sequence is then included for calculation of the measurands at the measuring point.
In accordance with Figure 6-374 the phase sequence is set to ABC. A is swapped with C in motor operation.
The Inverted phases parameter must be set to AC for the measuring points of current measured values 2
and current measured values 3. As a result, the phase assignment for the differential protection IED2 and the
impedance protection IED3 is correct. The positive-sequence and negative-sequence current is calculated
correctly.
The following logic diagram shows the principle for determining the present phase assignment and measured
variables with the example of currents.
The switchover of the phase sequence is only authorized for a time at which no measured values are pending
at the selected measuring points. The switchover command must be present for at least 200 ms. The change
in the phase sequence is only implemented if the measurands at the measuring points that are to be switched
are under 5 % of the rated variables. If the currents of the measuring points of current measured values 2 and
current measured values 3 of the example fall below 5 % of their rated variables, the switchover is released
and the set phases are switched with active binary input.
[lophrgph-190517-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If you change the setting value of the parameter Inverted phases, consider the following:
The device can take the new setting value only if the binary input signal >Invert Phases is not active.
6.41.5 Settings
The Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault function serves for immediate tripping when switching onto
a fault.
The function does not have its own measurement and must be linked to another protection function with the
pickup (measurement).
The function Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault can be used in all protection function groups. The
function is preconfigured with 1 stage. A maximum of 2 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously
within the function. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
[dwstrsto-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[logisotf-170312-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-377 Logic Diagram of the Stage Instantaneous Tripping at Switch onto Fault
NOTE
i If a protection stage picks up and tripping is blocked by the Inrush-current detection function, the Instan-
taneous tripping at switch onto fault function does not pick up. In this case there is no fault recording
either.
Despite this, if a fault recording is necessary, you can activate it with the parameter (_:114) Start
flt.rec of the Inrush-current detection function (see 6.51.1 Inrush-Current Detection).
Parameter: Configuration
The Configuration parameter is used to define the pickup of a protection function or protection stage that
the Instantaneous tripping at switch onto fault function uses to respond.
Normally, the pickups of protection functions and stages with high fault current are selected:
• Distance protection
6.42.5 Settings
• Switches off the medium-voltage busbar or feeders that consume active power to stabilize the frequency
• Maintains operations for the medium-voltage busbar or feeders that generate active power
The Underfrequency load shedding function can be used in the Voltage/Current 3-phase function group
and in the Line function group.
The Underfrequency load shedding function comes factory-set with 8 stages. A maximum of 12 stages can
be operated simultaneously within the function. These stages are identical in structure.
6.43.3.1 Description
Logic
Measurands
The general functionality requires the following input measurands:
• Positive-sequence voltage V1
• Positive-sequence current I1
• Frequency
S1 and P1 are both calculated from V1 and I1. The frequency is calculated from V1.
The frequency and the frequency change rate df/dt are calculated via the angle difference algorithm. You can
find more information in chapter 6.37.3 Overfrequency-Protection Stage.
NOTE
i The angle-difference algorithm requires the sampling-frequency tracking to be active. Ensure that the
sampling‑frequency tracking is active, otherwise the Underfrequency load shedding function is blocked
and the indication Inactive is issued (see chapter 3.3.2 Sampling-Frequency Tracking).
Undervoltage Blocking
The frequency of the Underfrequency load shedding function is calculated from the positive-sequence
voltage V1. In order to obtain a reliable and accurate frequency calculation result, the magnitude of V1 is
monitored. If the magnitude of V1 is smaller than the Minimum voltage, all the protection stages are
blocked and the V1< block indication is issued.
Power Criterion
If a feeder delivers active power towards the busbar, or if the medium-voltage busbar delivers active power to
the high-voltage busbar, it is meaningless to switch off this feeder or the medium-voltage busbar during the
load-shedding process. The power criterion determines the power-flow direction and includes this information
as a blocking criterion into the load-shedding decision of all protection stages.
The Positive power direction parameter defines the positive active-power flow direction of the func-
tion in relation to the standard forward direction of the protection functionality. You can find more informa-
tion in chapter 6.43.3.2 Application and Setting Notes.
In the following figures, if the power flow is located in the release area which is marked in gray, the protection
stages are released. In the remaining area, the protection stages are blocked.
The release area is configured via the following parameters:
• The parameter Phi (power criterion) defines the area which limits the range of the power angle.
• The parameter Min. current (power crit.) defines the minimum positive-sequence current that
must be present to calculate the active power in a reliable way. In the following figures, the minimum
current is indicated as the circle whose center is the origin of the coordinates.
The power criterion is checked only when the following 2 conditions are fulfilled:
• The positive-sequence current I1 exceeds the threshold Min. current (power crit.), that is, I1 is
out of the circle in the following figures.
• The undervoltage blocking is not fulfilled, that is, the magnitude of V1 is not smaller than the Minimum
voltage.
The dashed lines in the figures show the dropout characteristics. The dropout differential of the power angle is
1°.
The symbol φ in the following figures represents the setting value of the parameter Phi (power crite-
rion).
The power criterion contains the check of the current criterion and of the power-angle criterion.
You can determine whether to check the power criterion or not by setting the Power criterion parameter.
The power criterion is carried out only when the Power criterion parameter is set to yes.
The working method of the current criterion and of the power-angle criterion differ at Phi (power crite-
rion) ≤ 0 and Phi (power criterion) > 0.
• When the positive-sequence current I1 falls below the Min. current (power crit.), the current
criterion is not fulfilled and the I1< blocking indication is issued. Therefore, all the protection stages
are blocked and the power-angle criterion is not considered.
• When I1 exceeds the Min. current (power crit.) and the power angle is out of the release area,
the Power crit. blocking indication is issued and all the protection stages are blocked.
For Phi (power criterion) > 0, the power criterion is checked as follows:
• When I1 falls below the Min. current (power crit.), all the protection stages are released and
the power-angle criterion is not considered.
• When I1 exceeds the Min. current (power crit.) and the power angle is out of the release area,
the Power crit. blocking indication is issued and all the protection stages are blocked.
df/dt Blocking
If the change rate of df/dt is too high, the Underfrequency load shedding function may not be applicable
anymore.
The df/dt blocking comprises the df/dt-rising blocking and the df/dt-falling blocking.
The df/dt-rising criterion and the df/dt-falling criterion can be individually switched on or off. These 2 df/dt
criteria are operative only when the magnitude of the positive-sequence voltage V1 is greater than the
Minimum voltage:
• The df/dt-rising blocking takes place when the df/dt-rising value exceeds the setting value of the param-
eter df/dt-rising blk. threshold. It is signaled via the indication df/dt-rising blocking.
• The df/dt-falling blocking takes place when the df/dt-falling value exceeds the setting value of the param-
eter df/dt-falling blk. threshold. It is signaled via the indication df/dt-falling
blocking.
Value Description
df/dt Calculated rate of frequency change
The following figure shows 2 application scenarios of protection devices with the Underfrequency load shed-
ding function.
The standard forward direction of the protection functionality is from the busbar to the protected object which
is the transformer for device 1 or the feeder for device 2. The standard forward direction of the protection
functionality is configured via the (_:8881:116) Neutr.point in dir.of ref.obj parameter of the
measuring point I-3ph (see chapter 6.1.6 Application and Setting Notes for Measuring-Point Current 3‑Phase
(I-3ph)). For the load-shedding function, the positive active-power flow direction can differ from the standard
forward direction of the protection functionality, such as for device 1. To adapt the function to this condition,
the Positive power direction parameter is used. With the Positive power direction parameter,
you can set the positive active-power flow direction either to the same as or to the inverse of the standard
forward direction.
• For device 1, set the Positive power direction parameter to inv. to CT neu.pnt sett..
Then, the positive active-power flow direction of the power criterion is opposite to the standard forward
direction of the protection functionality. Consequently, the Underfrequency load shedding function
sheds the medium-voltage busbar when the positive power-flow direction is from the high-voltage
busbar to the medium-voltage busbar.
• For device 2, set the Positive power direction parameter to acc. to CT neu.pnt sett..
Then, the positive active-power flow direction of the power criterion is the same as the standard forward
direction of the protection functionality. Consequently, the Underfrequency load shedding function
sheds the feeder when the positive power-flow direction is from the medium-voltage busbar to the
feeder.
Parameter: Power criterion, Phi (power criterion), Min. current (power crit.)
• With the Power criterion parameter, you configure whether to apply the power criterion or not.
If a feeder can deliver active power towards the busbar, or if the medium-voltage busbar can deliver
active power to the high-voltage busbar, Siemens recommends using the power criterion to exclude the
feeder or the medium-voltage busbar from being shed under this condition. If a feeder or the medium-
voltage busbar is always consuming active power, the power criterion is not required.
• With the Phi (power criterion) parameter, you decide whether the protection stage is blocked or
released in the case of low active-power flow. If the active-power flow is low, the determined active
power-flow direction is not always reliable.
For Phi (power criterion) ≤ 0, the protection stage is released for a clear forward active power-
flow direction. If the active power-flow direction is not reliable, the protection stages are blocked. For
Phi (power criterion) > 0, the behavior is the contrary.
The Phi (power criterion) parameter can be set depending on your philosophy.
• With the Min. current (power crit.) parameter, you set the minimum positive-sequence current
threshold to achieve a reliable active-power criterion result. The Min. current (power crit.)
parameter is set as a per-unit value related to the rated current of the connected current measuring
point. Siemens recommends using the default setting.
The default setting is a reasonable value. Siemens recommends using the default setting.
6.43.4.1 Description
• The preceding 2 conditions are fulfilled during the configured number of frequency measurement cycles
(cycle time = 10 ms). You can set the number with the parameter f< stabilization counter.
If the Pickup signal is maintained during the Operate delay time, an Operate indication is issued.
• The SPS signal >Exclusive activation which is offered in the protection stage.
• The SPC signal Exclusive activation which is offered in the protection stage.
This SPC signal allows the exclusive stage activation from a station controller.
• The SPS signal >Activate all stages which is offered in the function block General.
The protection stage which receives the newest SPS signal >Exclusive activation or SPC signal Exclu-
sive activation remains active and all other stages are deactivated. If 2 or more protection stages simul-
taneously receive the SPS signals >Exclusive activation and/or the SPC signals Exclusive activa-
tion, only the protection stage with the largest stage number is activated.
If the SPS signal >Activate all stages is activated, the exclusive stage activation is reset, that is, all
protection stages whose Mode parameters are set to on become active again.
After a normal device restart (reset), the statuses of the protection stages which were influenced by the SPS
signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal Exclusive activation are still maintained.
After an initial startup, the exclusive stage activation is reset.
EXAMPLE
Configured protection stages: Protection stages 1 to 8
Protection stages whose Mode parameters are set to on: Protection stages 1 to 8
• Case 1:
Scenario: In the protection stage 1, the SPS signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal
Exclusive activation is activated.
Result: The protection stage 1 remains active and stages 2 to 8 are deactivated.
• Case 2:
Scenario: In the protection stage 2, the SPS signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal
Exclusive activation is activated.
Result: The protection stage 2 is activated, the stage 1 is deactivated, and stages 3 to 8 remain deacti-
vated.
• Case 3:
Scenario: The SPS signal >Activate all stages is activated.
Result: The protection stages 1 to 8 are activated.
• Case 4:
Scenario: In the protection stages 2 to 4, the SPS signal >Exclusive activation or the SPC signal
Exclusive activation is activated simultaneously.
Result: The protection stage 4 is activated and the other stages are deactivated.
• Case 5:
Scenario: A normal device restart (reset) occurs.
Result: After the device restart, the protection stage 4 remains activated and the other stages remain
deactivated.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
Parameter: Threshold
With the Threshold parameter, you define the underfrequency pickup value of the stage. The specific value
depends on the application and the total number of the stages applied in parallel.
With the f< stabilization counter parameter, you set the number of measurement cycles in which the
measured frequency value must be lower than the frequency threshold to meet the pickup condition. With
this setting, you can optimize the pickup-condition reliability versus the pickup time.
The measuring cycle time is 10 ms. With the default setting of 6, the pickup time is the sum of the inherent
frequency measuring time (approx. 10 ms to 30 ms) plus the 6 times measuring repetition of 60 ms, which is
70 ms to 90 ms in total.
In order to avoid a wrong pickup in case of a phase jump, Siemens recommends setting the value of the f<
stabilization counter parameter not below 5.
6.43.5 Settings
The Overexcitation protection (ANSI 24) is used for detecting high induction values in generators and trans-
formers. It protects the equipment from excessive thermal loads.
The induction is recorded indirectly by analyzing the V/f ratio (also referred to as Volt per Hertz protection).
Overvoltage leads to excessive magnetizing currents, while underfrequency leads to higher losses when reset-
ting the magnetization.
If the power system is disconnected and the voltage and frequency control function in the remaining system
does not react quickly or the power imbalance is excessive, there is a risk of overexcitation.
The Overexcitation protection function is used within protection function groups that have a 3-phase
voltage input. The function comes with the following factory-set stages:
• Pickup
• Operate Indication
[dwovexuf-080513-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Logic
[lothchuf-080513-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-385 Logic of the Overexcitation Protection with Thermal Characteristic Curve
(1) Heating
(2) Cooling
[foverufn-080523-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
V Measured voltage (maximum phase-to-phase voltage)
Vrated, obj. Adjusted rated voltage of the protected object
f Measured frequency
frated Adjusted rated frequency
Based on the definition above, the protection function refers exclusively to primary values of the protected
object. A deviation between the primary rated voltage of the voltage transformer and the protected object is
corrected automatically.
NOTE
The function compares the calculated value of the measured V/f ratio with the threshold value and the user-
defined thermal characteristic curve.
Depending on the characteristic curve, a thermal trip signal is triggered after a pre-determined duration.
Characteristic Curve
You can freely configure the thermal characteristic curve with the user-defined values. This provides a flexible
adjustment to the specified characteristics of the protected object. If the set threshold value (parameter
(_:13591:3) Threshold) is exceeded, the evaluation of the characteristic curve is initiated. Exceeding the
threshold value triggers an indication ((_:13591:55) Pickup). In addition, a definite-time stage may be
used to generate a delayed indication output as ((_:13591:301) Warning).
The pickup is used to start the integration process (weighted counting) of the thermal characteristic curve. If
the time as a factor of V/f is reached, the pickup is triggered. Based on the replica of the thermal behavior, the
trigger value is always 100 % (see Thermal Behavior, Page 1131).
If the value drops below the pickup threshold, the trip command is rescinded and the internal counter of the
parameterized cooling time (parameter (_:13591:102) Cooling time therm.replica) is reduced.
The dropout threshold of the pickup threshold is fixed to 0.98 * Threshold.
The thermal characteristic curve can be set through a maximum of 30 overexcitation value pairs V/f (referring
to the rated values) and the operate time t can be set. The default characteristic curve refers to a standard
transformer.
[scaulskn-200214-01, 1, en_US]
The parameter Threshold (pickup threshold) affects the evaluation of the characteristic curve as follows:
If the Threshold is smaller than the first characteristic pair, the set time will be extended (see Figure 6-387).
[dwovexak-210313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwovexab-210313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Warning Threshold
If the Threshold is exceeded, the time delay (parameter (_:13591:101) Warning delay) is started. If
the time delay has elapsed, the indication ((_:13591:301) Warning) will be displayed.
Thermal Behavior
The time derived from the characteristic curve and associated with the V/f value is set to 100 %. With each
function call, the time will be increased according to the respective weighted invocation interval. If the 100 %
value is exceeded, tripping is initiated. If the V/f value is changed, the associated time from the characteristic
curve is added as a new 100 % value.
In order to prevent excessive cooling times, the thermal storage has been limited internally to 150 %. The
fill level of the thermal storage will be provided as functional measured value.
Measured Value Description
(_:13591:321) V/f th. Thermal tripping of the overexcitation protection. If
the value reaches 100 %, the tripping occurs.
Cooling Time
If the value drops below the threshold value ((_:13591:3) Threshold), tripping of the thermal character-
istic curve (dependent characteristic curve) is reverted. However, the parameterized cooling time (Cooling
time therm.replica) reduces the thermal storage (counter content) to 0. This parameter is defined as
time. It is required by the thermal replica in order to cool down from 100 % to 0 %.
NOTE
i It must be noted that one requirement for the correct mode of operation of the function is based on the
proper setting of the power-system data.
You can find more detailed information on this in chapter 6.1 Power-System Data.
For additional setting recommendations, verity the following parameter in the power-system data:
• Adjusted rated voltage of the voltage transformer of the applicable measuring point
NOTE
NOTE
i Note that the V/f values that are lower than the V/f values of the smallest characteristic-curve point do not
extend the operate time. Up to the smallest characteristic-curve point, the characteristic curves runs
parallel to the V/f axis. V/f values that are larger than the V/f value of the largest characteristic-curve point
do not reduce the operate time. From the largest characteristic-curve point, the pickup characteristic runs
parallel to the V/f axis (seeCharacteristic Curve, Page 1130).
6.44.3.3 Settings
Logic
[lodtchuf-080513-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-389 Logic of the Overexcitation Protection with Independent Characteristic Curve (Definite-Time
Stage)
Method of Measurement
This stage also evaluates the V/f value that is identical to the input value of the thermal stage.
For measurement-relevant details, see also 6.44.3 Stage with Dependent Characteristic Curve (Thermal
Stage).
6.44.4.3 Settings
• Responds to faulty voltage control (of the automatic voltage controller or done manually) during under-
excited operation
• Prevents asynchronous operation of synchronous machines and, therefore, a prohibited stress of the
turbo-generator set
• Prevents a power-system stability hazard that may be caused by potential asynchronous operation and by
an impermissible underexcitation of large synchronous machines
The Underexcitation protection function is used in the Generator stator protection function group.
The function is preconfigured in the application templates by the manufacturer, or you can copy the function
into the function group and expand it during engineering.
The Underexcitation protection function offers 3 different stage types:
• Stage V excitation<
• Pickup
• Operate indication
• If a synchronous machine exceeds the theoretical stability limit, this increases the risk of asynchronous
operation.
• The machine manufacturer includes a reserve in the calculation and uses the capability diagram to
specify the stability limit (in Figure 6-391 referred to as practical stability limit). The direct-axis synchro-
nous reactance defines the foot point (negative Q-axis).
• If the practical stability limit is exceeded and the excitation still exists, the voltage controller can control
the machine the admissible range. As soon as the specified underexcitation limit is exceeded, the control
is activated. This limit must always be before the specified characteristic curves. The underexcitation limit
is set before or partially on the stability limit.
• The capability diagram is indicated for the rated voltage. If the machine operates with undervoltage, the
stability limit is shifted to the right. The permitted underexcitation range gets smaller.
• The direct-axis transient reactance determines the limiting value of the dynamic stability. The dynamic
stability characteristic curve approaches the limiting value in an asymptotic way. The generator manufac-
turer does not indicate this limit in the capability diagram.
If the dynamic stability characteristic curve is exceeded, the machine is in asynchronous operation and
must be shut down.
NOTE
i The capability diagram can be displayed in different ways. Figure 6-392 is used only for illustration
purposes. The capability diagram on the left-hand side reflects its definition, while the diagram on the
right-hand side is the preferred illustration. The preferred illustration is derived by rotating it 180°and
subsequently producing a mirror image.
Measuring Principle
The Underexcitation protection must adapt well to the specified stability limits and, if the generator voltage
changes, for example, V < Vnet, it must adapt to the changing stability limits.
The admittance matrix has established itself as measuring principle. The generator capability diagram is trans-
formed into the admittance level. During the transformation, the reactive power as well as the active power
are divided by V2. This inverts the sign of the x-axis. A negative reactive power causes a positive susceptance
(B). If the generator capability diagram is transferred into a per-unit diagram through scaling with the rated
apparent power and the rated voltage, this results in identical values after the transformation into the admit-
tance diagram. You can find more information in chapter 6.45.4.2 Application and Setting Notes.
The following figure shows the concept of the transformation.
P= Active power
Q= Reactive power
G= Conductance
B= Susceptance
After the transformation, you can use the machine parameters 1/xd and 1/x’d to enter the characteristic
curves directly and without dependency on the voltage.
Measurand Processing
The Underexcitation protection function uses the sampled 3-phase phase-to-ground voltages and the phase
currents to calculate the fundamental phasor. To do this, the sampling frequency-tracked data stream with 20
samplings per cycle is used. A high degree of accuracy is achieved over the entire tracking range of 10 Hz to
90 Hz.
The positive-sequence phasors (positive-sequence voltage and positive-sequence current) are calculated from
the phase-related phasors for voltage and current. The admittance (Y = G + jB) is determined from these 2
phasor values and divided into conductance (G) and susceptance (B). Both form the basis for the allocation
into the characteristic curve. The complex admittance Y (G, B) is transmitted to the characteristic curve func-
tion stage. At the same time, the calculated conductance (G) and susceptance (B) are issued as per-unit meas-
ured value. These values refer exclusively to primary values. If only reactive power is imported, the suscep-
tance B equals the reciprocal value of xd.
The Underexcitation protection function evaluates the undervoltage as well. The positive-sequence voltage
V1 is used to do this. If a value drops below the minimum threshold, this leads to the automatic blocking of
the function and the message (_:2311:302) V1< block is issued.
6.45.4.1 Description
Figure 6-395 Logic Diagram of the Characteristic Curve Stage (Standard Stage)
Stage Description
The characteristic curve stage is the standard stage of the Underexcitation protection function. This stage
comprises 3 characteristic curves that are structured identically. These characteristic curves have a threshold
monitoring function of the characteristic curves and a separate tripping delay. This provides a flexible applica-
tion. The characteristic curves 1 and 2 are used for the adaptation to the practical stability limit. Characteristic
curve 3 is used for the adaptation to the dynamic stability limit.
Each characteristic curve is described by the foot point on the B-axis (equal to 1/xd) and an inclination that is
defined by an angle. The characteristic curves adapt themselves to the progress of the stability limit. If the
inclination angle is < 90°, the conductance axis (G-axis) limits the stability limit. If the calculated admittance
values (G, B) are exceeded, this initiates a pickup.
If the stage V excitation < has been configured, the internal message Pickup characteristic 1, 2 is
issued to the stage if the characteristic curves 1 or 2 are exceeded. This enables the stage V excitation <.
The following figure shows a typical characteristic-curve illustration. Adopt the specific values from the setting
notes.
where:
Conductance per unit
NOTE
i The characteristic curve is mirrored through the susceptance axis (B-axis). Thus, you can use the Underexci-
tation protection function without restrictions for generator/motor applications, for example, for pumped-
storage units. Compared with the capability diagram of a generator, the capability diagram of a motor is
mirrored through the reactive-power axis. By using the generator reference-arrow system, the synchronous
motor draws active power and releases reactive power during normal operation (see the following table).
Excitation controls the reactive power Q Excitation controls the reactive power Q
Normal scenario: +P and +Q Normal scenario: -P and +Q
In order to maintain excitation, the reactive power is During motor operation, the active and reactive
drawn from the electrical power system power are drawn from the electrical power system.
Normal scenario: +P and -Q Normal scenario: -P and -Q
The transformers are routed to a 3-phase voltage and current measuring point. Both measuring points are
connected with the Generator stator function group.
Based on the capability diagram, the characteristic curves of the Underexcitation protection were entered into
the per-unit diagram. The characteristic curves are adapted directly to the stability limits. The per-unit illustra-
tion allows you to transfer the values directly.
Figure 6-399 Characteristic Curve 1 (Red) and Characteristic Curve 2 (Blue) Shown in the Per-Unit Diagram
• Characteristic curve 1: Foot point 1/xd1 = 0.7; angle 68°, selected 70°
• Characteristic curve 2: Foot point 1/xd2 = 0.45; angle 110.5°, selected 110°
NOTE
i The characteristic curve of the underexcitation limit must lie before the characteristic curves of the Under-
excitation protection. The limit is partially placed on the stability limit. This requires you to consider a
reserve of approximately 5 % to 10 % for the characteristic curves of the Underexcitation protection. If the
characteristic curves of the Underexcitation protection are slightly above the specified stability limit, this is
not critical. The generator manufacturer always includes a reserve in the calculation (see chapter The Basic
Principle of Underexcitation Protection , Page 1139).
The capability diagram is simplified for a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine. The quadrature-axis reac-
tance of these machines is similar to the direct-axis reactance, and the response circle is omitted.
The following figure shows the capability diagram of a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine, also using a
per-unit illustration. Thus, you can read the setting values for the characteristic curves 1 and 2 directly from
the diagram.
Figure 6-400 Capability Diagram of a Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Machine in the Per-Unit Diagram
• Characteristic curve 1: Foot point 1/xd1 = 0.48; angle 82°, selected 80°
• Characteristic curve 2: Foot point 1/xd2 = 0.44; angle 90°, selected 90°
Characteristic curve 3 requires adaptation to the dynamic stability. The direct-axis transient reactance defines
the limiting value.
The following pragmatic setting has proven itself:
Example: Turbogenerator
The following figure shows the basic facts.
A cylindrical rotor synchronous generator (turbogenerator), for example, has an unsaturated direct-axis
synchronous reactance of 2.27. This is a typical value.
Depending on your application, the parameter must be converted to a per-unit diagram. You can find informa-
tion on the relationships in Figure 6-396.
When using a setting value of 1/xd1 = 0.46, this results in the following setting value for the turbogenerator:
The default setting is derived from the capability diagram of the salient-pole machine. It is twice the value of
the (_:16531:3) 1/xd characteristic 1 parameter.
In the example of the turbogenerator, the unsaturated direct-axis reactance is set to 2.27. The foot point for
characteristic curve 3 is derived from this:
6.45.4.3 Settings
6.45.5.1 Description
NOTE
i The excitation-voltage supervision via measuring transducer is available only from product version V7.30
on. With a product version V7.00, you can only use the excitation-voltage failure protection via the binary
coupling. The signal can be generated, for example, by the excitation machine itself or by an external
supervision.
Stage Description
The stage V excitation< monitors the excitation voltage. Use the measuring transducer to measure the excita-
tion voltage directly (see chapter 6.45.5.2 Application and Setting Notes). If the excitation voltage drops
below a threshold value, the stage V excitation< issues a pickup indication Excitation voltage too
low and links this indication with the internal indication Pickup characteristic 1, 2 of the character-
istic curves stage. If both requirements are met, the time delay is started.
Alternatively, dropping below a threshold or the lack of excitation voltage can also be monitored by the excita-
tion device. To do this, the binary input signal >Vexc missing is coupled into the stage.
If the characteristic curve 1 or 2 is exceeded and the excitation voltage is sufficient, the voltage controller is
still able to bring the machine into the stable range. In this case, only one indication is triggered after a longer
time (see chapter Stage Description, Page 1142).
However, if the excitation voltage is too low, waiting is not advised and triggering can take place after a short
period of time. The V excitation< stage allows this application. If you wish to use the V excitation< stage,
load the stage from the library into the application.
NOTE
i If the parameter (_:2) Operate & flt.rec. blockedBroken wire suspected of the Character-
istic curves stage is set to Yes, the Pickup characteristic 1, 2 is not forwarded to the V excita-
tion< stages.
Parameter: Sensor
NOTE
i Siemens recommends using the fast measuring-transducer inputs from the IO210 printed circuit board
assembly. Use only the MU3 input for measuring the excitation-voltage detection because this input has a
higher proof voltage. The continuous voltage permitted at the input is ±60 V. You can use the default
setting. It corresponds to the connection diagram in the appendix.
Check that the fast measuring transducer used is properly set in the Analog units function group.
Scaling depends on the selected connection and the excitation voltage. In the following example, the excita-
tion voltage is connected to the measuring transducer via a voltage divider. You must configure the measuring
transducer as a voltage input. The scaling is explained in the following example.
Example: Rated excitation voltage Vexc rated = 110 V when using a voltage divider of 10:1
When operating with the rated excitation voltage, 11 V is applied to the measuring-transducer input. The
measuring-transducer input can process voltages up to a maximum of 16 V (see chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview).
Since during parameterization the upper limits of the measuring-transducer input has a maximum of 10 V, you
must calculate Vexc rated as follows:
NOTE
i You can find a general explanation on the setting options for the measuring transducers in chapter
5.8.6.1 Overview.
Parameter: Vexc<
Where:
Vexc 0 Excitation no-load voltage
Example
Setting:
Vexc< [V] ≈ 0.5 ⋅ 40 V = 20.000 V
Set the parameter Vexc< = 20.000 V.
NOTE
i Regardless whether you are using primary, secondary, or per-unit setting values, always set the same
voltage value. A conversion is not necessary.
If the excitation voltage is monitored during the excitation, and a signal is provided if the excitation voltage is
too low, this signal must be connected to a binary input. You must route the logical input indication >Vexc
missing to this binary input.
If the characteristic curve 1 or 2 is exceeded and the excitation voltage is missing at the same time, the
machine must be shut down after a short time delay. A typical setting value for the Operate delay is between
0.50 s and 1.00 s.
6.45.5.3 Settings
• MT fast 1.MT in 4
• none
6.45.6.1 Description
Stage Description
This stage is an additional stage and can be used for special applications. It is not preconfigured. The stage
consists of a single characteristic curve. This stage is structured in the same way as the characteristic curve of
the characteristic curves stage (see chapter Stage Description, Page 1142). This additional characteristic
curve cannot be used to enable the V excitation< stage.
6.45.6.3 Settings
• Monitors the rotor circuit of electrical synchronous machines (generator, motor) for a ground fault
• Monitors the rotor circuit of asynchronous machines for a ground fault if the rotor circuit is accessible via
a slip ring
• Processes a warning (high-ohmic fault) and tripping (low-ohmic fault) by activating at least 2 stages
• Detects faults by injecting a rated-frequency voltage into a rotor circuit and by monitoring the rotor
ground current
In order to guarantee this function to work, one of the following external auxiliary component or component
group is necessary:
The Rotor ground-fault protection (IRgnd>, fn) function is used in 1-phase protection function groups.
The function is preconfigured with 2 Current stages. A maximum of 4 Current stages can be operated simul-
taneously within the function.
In addition, an undercurrent stage monitors the rotor circuit in terms of general functionality and sends an
alarm indication if an interruption occurs. The general functionality works across stages on the function level.
Method of Measurement
The rotor ground-fault protection operates with an external, power-frequency auxiliary alternating voltage of
approx. 39 V to 47 V (depending on the rated voltage of the voltage transformer). This auxiliary alternating
voltage can be obtained from the voltage transformers by using a coupling unit such as 7XR81 or
7XR6100-0*A00. The voltage is connected to the excitation circuit in a symmetrical way. With thyristor-driven
generation of the excitation voltage, the capacitors CC of the coupling unit are protected by preresistors Rpreload
because of the occurrence of excessive harmonic factors.
The coupled voltage drives a small charging current. During normal operation, the charging current flowing
through the coupling unit, the brush resistance, and the ground capacitance of the excitation circuit (rotor
including excitation) is only a few mA. The device captures the rotor ground current IRgnd and processes it. In
case of a failure, the current increases.
Figure 6-406 Connecting the Rotor and Measuring the Rotor Ground Current, 7XR61
Figure 6-407 Connecting the Rotor and Measuring the Rotor Ground Current, 7XR81
Logic
A special FIR filter (filter length 2 periods) is used to determine the current from the frequency-tracked
sampled values. The result is used to calculate the absolute value of the rotor ground current. This current is
used for the supervision function as well as for taking a decision regarding the safety.
Figure 6-409 Logic Diagram of the Rotor Ground-Fault Protection Stage (IRgnd>, fn)
Stage
The function compares the calculated rotor ground current with the set threshold value. If the measured value
exceeds the threshold value, the function picks up and starts the time delay.
The dropout ratio for the threshold value is fixed at 0.95.
• Via the binary input signal >Blocking stage from an external or internal source
In most instances, the rotor ground-fault protection is operated in 2 stages. The warning stage responds to
high-ohmic faults and reports them. The tripping stage responds to low-ohmic faults in the range of 1 kΩ to
3 kΩ. If the protection is based on a current, the threshold value must be converted to a current. To do this,
the data of the coupling unit must be applied (see Figure 6-406).
Example
In order to calculate the threshold value, use the following coupling impedance:
If the excitation device causes a high disturbance, you can connect an additional inductance of 750 mH in
series in the coupling unit 7XR81 or 7XR61. In this way, higher-frequency signals are damped more signifi-
cantly. This reduces the source impedance at the rated frequency. 50 Hz result in approx. 170 Ω and 60 Hz
result in approx. 70 Ω.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
i If a brush holder is used to operate the rotor ground-fault protection, the protection function must be
blocked when the brushes are not applied.
The measured rotor current IRG is displayed as a function measured value. The matrix can be used to route the
function measured value onto various targets, for example, to appear on the display, in the fault recording,
and onto the interface.
6.46.6 Settings
• Monitors the rotor circuit of electrical synchronous machines (generator, motor) for a ground fault
• Monitors the rotor circuit of asynchronous machines for a ground fault if the rotor circuit is accessible via
a slip ring
• Processes a warning (high-ohmic fault) and tripping (low-ohmic fault) by activating at least 2 stages
• Detects faults by injecting a rated-frequency voltage into a rotor circuit and monitoring the rotor ground
current
• In addition, the monitoring of the rotor ground current can also be used as a reserve stage.
In order to guarantee this function to work, one of the following external auxiliary component or component
group is necessary:
The Rotor ground-fault protection (RRgnd<, fn) function is used in 1-phase protection function groups.
The function is preconfigured with 2 Resistance stages. A maximum of 4 Resistance stages and 4 Current
stages can be operated simultaneously within the function. For the Current stages, you can find more infor-
mation in chapter 6.46 Rotor Ground-Fault Protection (IRgnd>, fn).
In addition, an undercurrent stage monitors the rotor circuit in terms of general functionality and sends an
alarm indication if an interruption occurs. The general functionality works across stages on the function level.
Method of Measurement
The rotor ground-fault protection operates with an external, power-frequency auxiliary alternating voltage of
approx. 39 V to 47 V (depending on the rated voltage of the voltage transformer). This auxiliary alternating
voltage can be obtained from the voltage transformers by using a coupling unit such as 7XR81 or
7XR6100-0*A00. The voltage is connected to the excitation circuit in a symmetrical way. With thyristor-driven
generation of the excitation voltage, the capacitors CC of the coupling unit are protected by preresistors Rpreload
because of the occurrence of excessive harmonic factors.
The coupled voltage drives a small charging current. During normal operation, the charging current flowing
through the coupling unit, the brush resistance, and the ground capacitance of the excitation circuit (rotor
including excitation) is only a few mA. The device captures the rotor ground current IRgnd and the voltage VRgnd
and processes them. In case of a failure, the current increases.
Figure 6-411 Connecting the Rotor and Measuring the Rotor Ground Current, 7XR61
Figure 6-412 Connecting the Rotor and Measuring the Rotor Ground Current, 7XR81
Logic
• Monitoring the rotor circuit (measuring circuit) and the coupled voltage
A special FIR filter (filter length 2 periods) is used to determine the current phasor and the voltage phasor from
the frequency-tracked sampled values. The current-phasor and the voltage-phasor values are used to calculate
the fault resistance. In addition, the current-phasor values are used to determine the absolute value of the
rotor current.
NOTE
Figure 6-414 Logic Diagram of the Rotor Ground-Fault Protection Stage (RRgnd<, fn)
Stage
The function compares the calculated fault resistance with the set threshold value. If the measured value
drops below the threshold value, the function picks up and starts the time delay.
The dropout ratio for the threshold value is fixed at 1.25.
• Via the binary input signal >Blocking stage from an external or internal source
In most instances, the rotor ground-fault protection is operated in 2 stages. The warning stage responds to
high-ohmic faults (for example, 5 kΩ to 10 kΩ) and reports them. The tripping stage responds to low-ohmic
faults in the range of 1 kΩ to 3 kΩ.
In order for the function to work properly, the correct setting of the parameter of the coupling unit is required.
During the commissioning, be sure to verify the parameters X-coupling and R-coupling (see chapter
Protection Function (Rgnd<, fn), Page 1960). If you work with standard connections, the default settings can be
accepted in most instances.
Parameter: X-coupling
Example
If the power frequency is 50 Hz, this results in the following value:
If the excitation device causes a high disturbance, you can connect an additional inductance of 750 mH in
series in the coupling unit 7XR81 or 7XR61. In this way, higher-frequency signals are damped more signifi-
cantly. The setting value of the parameters X-coupling must be reduced. 50 Hz result in approx. 162 Ω and
60 Hz result in approx. 49 Ω.
Parameter: R-coupling
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
i If a brush holder is used to operate the rotor ground-fault protection, the protection function must be
blocked when the brushes are not applied.
The measured rotor ground current IRgnd, the voltage VRgnd, and the fault resistance Rgnd including the overall
impedance X-meas and R-meas are displayed as a function measured value. The matrix can be used to route
the functional measured values onto various targets, for example, to appear on the display, in the fault
recording, and onto the interface.
6.47.6 Settings
The function Rotor ground-fault protection (1-3 Hz) (ANSI 64F – 1-3Hz):
• Monitors the rotor circuit of electrical synchronous machines (generator, motor) for a ground fault
• Monitors the rotor circuit of asynchronous machines for a ground fault if the rotor circuit is accessible via
a slip ring
• Processes a warning (high-ohmic fault) and tripping (low-ohmic fault) by activating at least 2 stages
• Detects faults by coupling a low-frequency square-wave voltage into the rotor circuit and monitoring the
rotor ground current
• Is insensitive to disturbances from the excitation (harmonics) due to the low-frequency measurement
In order to guarantee the correct operation of this function, the following external accessory components are
required:
The function Rotor ground-fault protection (1-3 Hz) is used in 1-phase protection function groups.
The function is preconfigured at the factory with 2 R< stages.
The following stages can be operated simultaneously within the function:
• 4 R< stages
• 1 Test stage
In addition, the General functionality of the function monitors the charge monitoring (current integration
after polarity reversal of the control voltage) of the rotor circuit and sends an alarm indication in the event of
interruption.
The General functionality works across stages on the function level.
6.48.3.1 Description
Basic Principle
To detect rotor ground faults, a low-frequency square-wave voltage of about 50 V is coupled to the rotor
circuit. For this, the injection unit 7XT71 and the series resistor 7XR8004 or 7XR6004 are required as accesso-
ries. The frequency can be adjusted in the injection unit 7XT71 from 0.5 Hz to 4.0 Hz using a switch. The
default setting is 1.5 Hz The injection device 7XT71 is fitted with voltage outputs. Connect these voltage
outputs to 2 measuring transducer inputs (10 V input of the IO210 module) of the protection device. The
signal Vcontrol equates to the coupled low-frequency square-wave voltage. The protection function derives the
coupled voltage as well as the time of the switchover from this signal. The signal Vmeas equates to the current,
which is flowing through the complete circuit (coupled resistances of series resistor 7XR8004 or 7XR6004 and
rotor ground resistance). This current is transferred into a voltage in the injection unit 7XT71. For conversion,
assume a virtual shunt of 375 Ω.
At each switchover time of the control voltage, the amplitude of the measuring voltage is determined from
the measuring signal before the switchover point. The amplitude of the measuring voltage is inversely propor-
tional to the fault resistance (for details, see Method of Measurement, Page 1180).
By using a low-frequency square-wave voltage as the residual voltage, the influence of the ground capacitance
is eliminated and at the same time the signal-to-noise ratio for the interference frequencies is large due to the
excitation machine.
Figure 6-417 Connection Example for Excitation fed via Slip Rings
NOTE
i The fuse F1 must have at least the rated voltage of excitation (for example DC 2000 V) and be rated for
0.1 A T (time-lag).
RE Fault resistance
CG Rotor ground capacitance
RS Series resistor
Vg Square-wave voltage of injection unit 7XT71
Ig Current flowing from injection unit 7XT71 to ground through the rotor
fg Square-wave frequency of the injection unit 7XT71
Method of Measurement
The switchover times are determined and the measurement triggered from the control voltage Vcontrol. At the
same time, the voltage amplitude is calculated and converted to the driving voltage Vg. The actual fault resis-
tance is calculated from the voltage Vmeas which is proportional to the current Ig. With every switchover of the
control voltage, the direct voltage in the measuring voltage is determined using a mean value filter. So that
only the stationary component is evaluated, the frequency of the injection unit must be set so that the rotor
ground capacitance is charged during the mean-value generation. In this way, high-ohmic faults (max. about
80 kΩ) can be detected unaffected by the ground capacitance.
2 disturbance variables distort the measurement:
• Depending on the level of the excitation voltage and on the location of the ground fault, a DC voltage
component appears in the measuring circuit of the excitation winding.
• Large high-frequency AC voltage peaks may be superimposed on the excitation DC voltage. A numeric
filter damps these AC voltage peaks.
In order to eliminate the disturbances from the superimposed DC voltage components, the voltage Vg is
inverted (square-wave voltage). The measuring voltage is calculated for each polarity. By taking the difference
between 2 consecutive measuring results of Ig (Ig1 and Ig2), the DC component originating from the excitation
circuit (Ioffset) cancels itself out.
The fault resistance RF is calculated taking the series resistances Rv from the measurand Ig and the calculated
magnitude of the residual voltage Vg into account (see the following figure).
Figure 6-419 Waveforms of the Residual Voltage Vg, the Shunt Voltage Vmeas and the Measuring Current Ig
In order to achieve high reliability, multiple plausibility monitoring functions are integrated:
• In order to eliminate the impact of interference from the changing excitation (Ioffset can move),
continuity supervision of consecutive measuring results is integrated. If the consecutive measured resis-
tance values are within the tolerance band, the measured value is valid.
• To detect intermittent ground faults, if the resistance measured values change, the measurement
switches over to averaging of the resistance measured values.
Logic
NOTE
i For a general explanation of the measuring transducer setting options, see also chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
6.48.3.3 Settings
Stage Logic
Stage
The function compares the calculated fault resistance with the set threshold value. If the measured value
drops below the threshold value, the function picks up and starts the time delay.
The dropout ratio for the threshold value is fixed at 1.25.
NOTE
i If a brush holder is used to operate the rotor ground-fault protection, the protection function must be
blocked when the brushes are not applied.
Example:
(_:2311:307) f gen = 1 Hz
(_:17341:6) Operate delay = 1.5 ⋅ 1/fgen = 1.5 ⋅ 1 s = 1.5 s
For monitoring the rotor circuit, Siemens recommends visualizing the fault resistance R gnd. The value can be
shown on the display and sent to systems control using the serial interface. To evaluate protection behavior in
the event of an operate, Siemens recommends a routing in the fault record.
The other available function measured values are provided to support the commissioning.
6.48.4.3 Settings
Stage Logic
Supervision Functions
At every polarity reversal, the charging current of the ground capacitance is determined. If the current drops
too low, errors, such as a wire breakage or brushes not contacting, are detected in the measuring circuit,
among other symptoms. This is only possible, however, if the ground capacitance is sufficiently high
(> 0.15 μF) and the disturbance variables originating in the excitation machine are sufficiently low.
Alternatively, an external check using a test resistor is provided for in the protection function. The series
resistor 7XR8004 or 7XR6004 includes this test resistor. The test mode is activated via a binary input and then
by connecting an external relay of the fault resistor to a slip ring. The test resistor used must be reported to
the protection function. The protection function provides the test results via appropriate indications. It can
also detect a single-sided interruption for example, in case of a broken wire or a loose coupling clamp.
The evaluating logic is shown in Figure 6-423.
6.48.5.3 Settings
• Enables the integration of any signals from external protection equipment in the indication and tripping
processing, for example from transient ground-fault relays or Buchholz protection
• Enables direct tripping of the circuit breaker in conjunction with busbar-protection applications
• Enables direct tripping of the circuit breaker in the case of circuit-breaker failure at the other line end
The External trip initiation function contains one stage. You can instantiate the External trip initiation func-
tion in DIGSI 5 multiple times.
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6.49.5 Settings
• Detects an out-of-step condition (asynchronous operation) between machines connected and the power
system and between power systems
• Suitable for integration into more complex automatic operations for power system monitoring and
disconnection
• Serves as a basic function for the protection of larger power plant units
• Used in the protection of power systems for selective disconnection in case of power swings
The Out-of-step protection function is preconfigured with one zone by the manufacturer. A maximum of 4
zones can be operated simultaneously in the function (see Figure 6-426). All zones are configured identically.
The Out-of-step protection function is contained in a function group with at least 3 voltage inputs and
current inputs. The protected object can be a line or a power plant unit (generator with generator trans-
former).
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Measuring point m divides the total impedance into 2 impedances m· Ztotal and (1-m)· Ztotal. The following
details apply to the impedance at a measuring point m:
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In combination with
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Angle δ is the angle between the generator voltage and the power system voltage. In normal operation, this
angle depends on the load profile and is relatively constant. In contrast, in the event of an out-of-step condi-
tion, the angle changes continuously and passes through all values between 0° and 360°. Figure 6-428 shows
the impedance process at the measuring point m according to the equation mentioned above. The point of
origin corresponds to the point where the protection device is built in (measuring point of the voltage-trans-
former substitute). Assuming a constant ratio between VNet/VG and a variable angle δ, the locus diagram is a
set of circles. The center and the radius are specified through the ratio VNet/VG. All centers of the circles are
located on one axis specified by the direction of Ztotal. The maximum and minimum impedance values are the
result for the 2 extreme values δ = 0° and δ = 180°. If the measuring point coincides directly with the electrical
center of the system, the measured voltage and thus the operating impedance result in 0 at an angle δ = 180°.
[dwzverla-230211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• If an unbalanced fault occurs during swinging, the zone (zones) is/are frozen.
• If an open circuit-breaker pole is detected, the loop resistance of a healthy loop is calculated temporarily.
Out-of-step detection works when the positive-sequence current flow is high enough. If the flow falls below
the adjustable positive-sequence current threshold I1<threshold blocks zone, the zone (zones) is/are
frozen.
[lo0imped_7um-120814-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-429 Impedance Measurement and Monitoring of the Positive and Negative Sequenced of the
Currents
NOTE
i If the impedance phasor enters through the straight lines, which can be set using the parameters Zone
limit X top or Zone limit X bottom, the power swing direction is not determined. Since the direc-
tion determination is coordinated with the setting parameter Count at, the above limitation applies only
to the setting entry, entry left and entry right.
[loostzon-070611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwzonein-230211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Power-Swing Counter
Passing though the impedance zone is the criterion for incrementing the power swing counter. Use the setting
parameter (Count at) to define when the counter is incremented. Depending on the application, there are
different selection options available for this parameter. For machine protection applications, you only see 3
selection options without direction dependency.
entry The counter is incremented upon entry into the zone.
entry left The counter is incremented upon entry into the zone from the left.
entry right The counter is incremented upon entry into the zone from the right.
axis The counter is incremented upon crossing the middle ordinate of the zone.
axis from left The counter is incremented upon crossing the middle ordinate of the zone from the
axis from right left.
The counter is incremented upon crossing the middle ordinate of the zone from the
right.
exit The counter is incremented upon exit of the zone.
exit left The counter is incremented upon exiting the zone from the left.
exit right The counter is incremented upon exiting the zone from the right.
In all cases, the impedance phasor must first have crossed the entry line and the
middle ordinate.
Figure 6-432 shows how counting is done for the different trajectories of the impedance phasor. 2 zones are
shown as an example. Each zone has a counter of its own.
4 cases are shown:
Case A: The counter for zone 1 is incremented only if entry or entry right is set for zone 1.
Case B: The counter for zone 1 is incremented. The time at which the increment takes place depends on the
settings (entry, entry right, axis, axis from right, exit, exit left).
Case C: The counter for zone 2 is incremented only if entry or entry right is set for zone 2. The counter
for zone 1 is incremented. The time at which the increment takes place depends on the settings (entry,
entry right, axis, axis from right, exit, exit left).
Case D: The counter for zone 1 is incremented only if entry or entry right is set for zone 1. The counter
for zone 2 is incremented. The time at which the increment takes place depends on the settings (entry,
entry left, axis, axis from left, exit, exit right).
[dwerhzae-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-432 Incrementing the Power Swing Counter for Different Impedance Phasor Trajectories
The protection setting is explained using a power-plant unit by way of example. 1 zone is sufficient to protect
the block. If you want to detect power swings in the system and to initiate a system split, you must use a 2nd
zone. The protection is installed between the generator and the main transformer. Figure 6-433 shows an
example.
[dw_ost_7um_1-030614-01, 1, en_US]
faults and open-pole conditions. At this point, the out-of-step tripping must not be in effect. A power swing is
typically a symmetrical process. The recommended setting value of 20 % has proven itself in numerous appli-
cations.
If power-swing frequencies > 7 Hz are expected to occur, Siemens recommends increasing the setting value to
40 % to 45 %.
[fo_ost_7um_1-030614-01, 1, en_US]
Depending on the generator type and on the secondary rated current, the reactance zones in the following
table are obtained. The secondary rated voltage is Vrated = 100 V and Vrated = 120 V.
To simplify the process, the short-circuit voltage is used to determine the transformer impedance. You can use
the following relationship to determine the secondary value:
[fo_ost_7um_2-030614-01, 1, en_US]
[fo_ost_7um_3-030614-01, 1, en_US]
The secondary values in the following table illustrate examples applicable to typical transformers.
Example:
Transformer data:
vsc =7%
Sr = 5.3 MVA
Vrated = 6.3 kV
Transformer ratios:
Current transformer RI = 500 A/1 A
Voltage transformer
[fo_ost_7um_5-030614-01, 1, en_US]
The resulting setting value for a selected range of 85 % is: 0.85 * 4.2 Ω = 3.6 Ω.
Example:
Generator data:
xd' = 0.20
Vr = 6.3 kV
Irated = 483 A
Transformer ratios:
Current transformer RI = 500 A/1 A
Voltage transformer
[fo_ost_7um_1-030614-01, 1, en_US]
[fo_ost_7um_6-030614-01, 1, en_US]
[dw_ost_7um_2-030614-01, 1, en_US]
[fo_ost_7um_7-030614-01, 2, en_US]
with δ = 120°
R = 0.289 (Xtop + Xbottom)
If you use only zone 1, the resulting total reactance is: Ztotal = Xd’ + 0.85 XTr =12 Ω + 3.6 Ω = 15.6 Ω. For the
Zone limit R parameter, this results in a setting value of 0.289 * 15.6 Ω = 4.5 Ω.
[dw_ost_7um_3-030614-01, 1, en_US]
If you use only zone 1, a 90° angle results, because the power-system impedance is not included.
6.50.5 Settings
• Generates a blocking signal for protection functions that protect the transformer (protected object) or for
protection functions that are affected in undesirable ways when transformers are switched on
• Overcurrent protection with a pickup value below the maximum inrush current
[dwirsh01-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loinru02-100611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Harmonic Analysis
For this method of measurement, the content of the 2nd harmonic and the fundamental component (1st
harmonic) are determined for each of the phase currents IA, IB, and IC and the quotient I2nd harm / I1st harm is
formed from this. If this quotient exceeds the set threshold value, a phase-selective signal is issued.
If 75 % of the set threshold value is exceeded, this leads to a pickup reset (dropout ratio = 0.75).
[loinru10-040912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwinru03-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following figure shows the logic diagram of the CWA method.
From the present fundamental-component current (1st harmonic), the threshold value for identification of the
flat areas is derived via an internal factor.
[loinru05-240211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[loinru12-060912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Make sure that at least one process is activated. Siemens recommends retaining the advised setting values.
Parameter: Cross-blocking
6.51.1.5 Settings
• Detects the content of 2nd harmonics in the neutral-point phase current IN or in the calculated zero-
sequence current 3I0.
• Generates a blocking signal for protection functions that use the neutral-point phase current IN or the
calculated zero-sequence current 3I0 as a measured value
Logic
[lo_2harm_detec_gnd, 2, en_US]
Harmonic Analysis
For this method of measurement, the content of the 2nd harmonic and the fundamental component (1st
harmonic) is determined for the neutral-point phase current IN or the calculated zero-sequence current 3I0
and the quotient I2nd harm/I1st harm is formed from this. If this quotient exceeds the set threshold value, a
blocking signal is issued.
NOTE
i During a transformer saturation, the high content of the 2nd harmonic in the ground current must not lead
to a pickup of the function.
NOTE
i If the ground current is measured in case of a sensitive transformer and the measured value exceeds the
saturation threshold of 1.6 ⋅ IN, the function switches to the calculated 3I0 value.
[lo_harmon-analyse, 1, en_US]
6.51.2.5 Settings
• Generates a blocking signal for protection functions that use this 1-phase current as a measured value
Logic
[lo_2harm_detec_1ph, 2, en_US]
Harmonic Analysis
For this method of measurement, the content of the 2nd harmonic and the fundamental component (1st
harmonic) is determined for the 1-phase current and the quotient I2nd harm/I1st harm is formed from this. If this
quotient exceeds the set threshold value, a blocking signal is issued.
NOTE
i During a transformer saturation, the high content of the 2nd harmonic in the 1-phase current must not
lead to a pickup of the function.
[lo_harmon-analyse_1ph, 1, en_US]
6.51.3.5 Settings
• Instantaneous tripping when switching onto an existing fault, for example, if a grounding switch is
closed.
• Stage with release method via protection interface (only applicable if the device is equipped with a
protection interface)
The function with the stage for the standard release procedure is factory-set.
[dwihcstr-230211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lo_hlore3, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-447 Logic Diagram of Instantaneous High-Current Tripping with Standard Release Method
Activation
Using the Activation parameter, you set the conditions under which the stage is released.
• on CB closure
With this procedure, the stage is released only if the circuit breaker is about to be closed (the CB is open)
or if the circuit breaker is being closed or the binary input signal >release is active. The way the Rel.
by CB switch on signal is generated is described in chapter 5.7.6 Circuit-Breaker Position Recognition
for Protection-Related Auxiliary Functions.
• always active
The stage is always released and is thus independent of the closing of the circuit breaker switch and of
the binary input signal>release.
Parameter: Activation
Parameter: Threshold
• Default setting (_:3901:3) Threshold = 10.0 A for Irated = 1 A or 50.0 A for Irated = 5 A
The stage works independently of the position of the remote circuit breakers. For this reason, set the
Threshold so that the fault current flowing through does not trigger the stage. Thus, use this stage only if
current grading over the protected object is possible, that is, for transformers, shunt reactors or long lines with
low source impedance. In other cases, deactivate the stage.
EXAMPLE
Calculation example for current grading of a 110 kV overhead line measuring 150 mm2
s (length) = 100 km;
R1/s = 0.21 Ω/km;
X1/s = 0.43 Ω/km
Since the stage is non-directional, the calculation must consider the maximum short-circuit power at the start
of the line or at the opposite end:
Ssc" = 3.5 GVA (subtransient, because the function can respond to the 1st peak value)
Current transformer: 600 A/5 A
The line impedance ZL and the minimum source impedance ZS are calculated on this basis:
[foglchzv-170309-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The maximum 3-phase short-circuit current I"sc flowing through is (at a source voltage of 1.1 VN):
[foglchik-170309-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[foglnste-170309-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If short-circuit currents exceed 1496 A (primary) or 12.5 A (secondary), there is a short circuit on the line to be
protected. It can be disconnected immediately.
NOTE
i The calculation was performed with absolute values, which is accurate enough for overhead lines. A
complex calculation is required only if the source impedance and the line impedance have extremely
different angles.
This stage can be applied only if the device is equipped with a protection interface.
Logic
[lohinre3-160611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-448 Logic Diagram of Instantaneous High-Current Tripping with Release Procedure via Protection
Interface
Release
If one of the following conditions is fulfilled, the stage is released (the internal Release signal is present) (for
further information, see chapter 5.9.1 Overview of Functions):
• No voltage has yet been applied to the protected object, which means that the remote circuit breakers
are open, or
NOTE
i To enable internal release of the stage, the devices at all ends of the protected object must be informed of
the circuit-breaker position (the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts must be connected to the devices; the
respective binary input signals must be routed).
Parameter: Threshold
• Default setting (_:3901:3) Threshold = 2.5 A for Irated = 1 A or 12.5 A for Irated = 5 A
Select the value high enough for the protection not to pick up on the RMS value of the inrush current that
occurs when the local circuit breaker is closed. You do not have to consider short-circuit currents flowing
through, because the stage is released only if the circuit breakers are opened at all remote ends of the
protected object or the release was caused by the binary input >release.
6.52.7 Settings
The Motor-starting time supervision (ANSI 48) function protects motors against too long starting operations
thus supplementing the Thermal overload protection rotor described in chapter 6.69.1 Overview of Func-
tions. In particular, rotor-critical high-voltage motors can exceed their thermal limits quickly, when multiple
starting attempts occur in a short period.
Followed are examples which can prolong the duration of starting attempts:
• Locked-rotor states
If the durations of starting attempts are prolonged to a degree which can damage the motor, the function
initiates an operate signal.
The Motor-starting time supervision function is used in the protection-function group Motor.
The Motor-starting time supervision function is pre-configured with 1 inverse-time characteristic curve
stage. The function can operate a maximum of 1 inverse-time characteristic curve stage and 2 user-defined
characteristic curve stages simultaneously.
[dwstruct-120712-02.tif, 1, en_US]
6.53.3.1 Description
[lomotinv-170712-05.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-450 Logic Diagram of Motor-Starting Time Supervision with Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve
Measurand
The calculated fundamental components of phase-current values are used as measurands.
[fo_ope_star_parameter, 1, en_US]
With
toperate Operate time at current flow I
Istarting,param. Per-unit value of rated starting current of the motor with motor rated current as refer-
ence (parameter Start.cur./mot.rated cur. )
I Measured-value current in per unit with motor rated current as reference
Tstarting,param. Operate time at rated starting current Istarting,param. (parameter
Max.start.time,cold motor or Max.str.time, warm motor).
[dwtherms-200712-03.tif, 1, en_US]
If the rotor is locked and if motor-starting time exceeds the maximum allowable locked-rotor time Max.
locked rotor time, the stage operates.
The stage can detect a locked-rotor state via a binary input >Rotor locked. An external speed monitor
provides the binary input.
Integral Method
The function uses the time integral of the measured current. This integral represents the current-time area
based on the actual current flowing during motor starting. The measurement is done per phase.
The result of the integration is compared with a calculated threshold value. The calculated threshold value is
derived from the current-time area below the characteristic curve corresponding to the actual current.
If the result of integration exceeds the calculated threshold value, the stage operates.
Cold and Warm Rotor States, Switching of Starting Times of the Thermal Characteristic Curve
The device-internal signal Rotor state indicates whether the motor is in cold or warm rotor state. The signal is
detected in Thermal replica rotor function block (for detailed description, see chapter 5.2.6.1 Overview of
Functions).
The motor manufacturer provides motor-starting time characteristic curves for both cold and warm rotor
states (see Figure 6-451). The stage can automatically perform a switching of the thermal characteristic curve
by the signal Rotor state. If the signal Rotor state indicates a switching from cold rotor state to warm rotor
state, or in opposite direction, the thermal characteristic curve changes accordingly.
The switching of the thermal characteristic curve does not reset the integral result. The integral method
proceeds continually when the rotor state changes.
EXAMPLE
The following data and diagrams are excerpted from the technical data sheet of a 2 MV 3-phase induction
motor with squirrel cage rotor, relevant for determining the function settings.
The motor rated current is given as a value in the data sheet:
Motor rated current Irated,motor = 430 A
The starting current is obtained from the starting-data diagram, which shows the starting current in depend-
ency to the motor speed:
[dwstarti-270612-03.tif, 1, en_US]
As the starting current is given in per unit of the motor rated current, the parameter Start.cur./
mot.rated cur. can be set directly:
Start.cur./mot.rated cur. = 4
The motor-starting time is given as a value in the data sheet:
Starting time at Vrated 44.0 s
Starting time at 80 % Vrated 77.0 s
If the rotor is locked while trying to start the motor, the locked-rotor time defines the maximum allowed time
that will not cause thermally damage of the motor. This time is either a given data-sheet value or obtained
from the thermal-limit curve, as shown in the following:
[dwtherml-270612-03.tif, 1, en_US]
Siemens recommends the following consideration for the parameters Max.str.time, warm motor and
Max.start.time,cold motor:
The given starting time (44 s) has to be compared to the locked-rotor time for a warm start (75 s). Due to an
adequate safety margin between 44 s and 75 s, select a setting a bit below the locked-rotor time, for example,
70 s.
Max.str.time, warm motor= 70 s
For the motor in the example (with a starting time of 44 s and a locked-rotor time of 75 s for the warm
motor), a differentiation between cold motor and warm motor is not required. Therefore the parameter
Max.start.time,cold motor is set to the same value:
Max.start.time,cold motor = 70 s
If the locked-rotor time for the warm motor is lower and in the range of the starting time, a differentiation
between cold motor and warm motor should take place.
Also for a reduced primary voltage, for example, 80 % of Vrated, the starting time is usually given in the data
sheet:
Starting time at 80 % Vrated 77.0 s
The starting time in this case is longer than the time for rated voltage. For a reduced voltage, the starting
current is also reduced almost linearly. The inverse thermal characteristic curve adapts very well to such
starting conditions with reduced voltage. As a consequence, no specific configuration measures are required
for a reduced primary voltage.
6.53.3.3 Settings
6.53.4.1 Description
The stage has the same structure as the stage with inverse-time characteristic curve (see chapter
6.53.3.1 Description) , except the following differences:
• The cold rotor state and warm rotor state have no influence on the stage.
[lomotuse-310812-03.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-454 Logic Diagram of Motor-Starting Time Supervision with User-Defined Characteristic Curve
[dwtherms-241012-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Currents that are lower than the current value of the smallest characteristic-curve extend the operate time
to infinite.
Currents that are larger than the current value of the largest characteristic-curve point do not reduce the
operate time. The pickup characteristic runs in parallel to the current axis from the largest characteristic-
curve point.
NOTE
6.53.4.3 Settings
• Prevents from restarting the motor if the rotor of the motor would exceed the permissible thermal limit
due to the start (Thermal stage)
• Prevents from multiple starts and stops in a short time interval (Counter stage)
• Ensures that a certain amount of time passes between stop and restart of the motor (Timer stage)
The Motor restart inhibit function can be used in specific protection function groups. The Motor restart
inhibit function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 Thermal stage (see Figure 6-456).
1 Thermal stage, 1 Counter stage as well as 1 Timer stage can operate simultaneously within this function.
[dw_morein-300913, 1, en_US]
Mode of Operation
The rotor temperature of a motor generally remains well below the maximum permissible temperature during
normal operation and also under increased load conditions. However, high starting currents, required during
motor start, increase the risk of the rotor being thermally damaged rather than the stator, due to the short
thermal constant of the rotor. To avoid that multiple starting attempts provoke tripping of the circuit breaker
during motor start, a restart of the motor must be inhibited, if it is apparent that the thermal limit of the rotor
will be exceeded during this starting attempt.
6.54.3.1 Description
[lomother-230812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwprrelo-170812-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• The motor state changes to Standstill and the rotor temperature Θ exceeds the restart limit.
NOTE
i Unlike the operate signal, the signal Restart inhibit does not trigger fault logging or fault recording.
Equilibrium Time
The equilibrium time takes into account the different thermal conditions of the motor parts at the moment of
a shutdown. During equilibrium time (represented by the input signal Wait for equilibrium), the signal
Restart inhibit is issued and the motor cannot be restarted.
For further information about equilibrium time, see chapter 5.2.6.1 Overview of Functions.
• Equilibrium time TEquil. and thermal cooling time TTherm.(both are obtained from the function block
Thermal replica rotor)
If the rotor temperature Θ exceeds the restart limit and the motor state changes to Standstill, the
thermal cooling time TTherm forecasts the time since the rotor temperature Θ starts to decrease until it
falls below the restart limit.
For more information , see chapter 5.2.6.1 Overview of Functions.
• Minimum restart-inhibit time TMin.inhibit time (parameter Min. restart inhibit time)
The total restart-inhibit time can also be interpreted as the total waiting time until a further motor restart is
possible. The total restart-inhibit time is calculated as follows:
Tinhibit,total = TEquil. + TTherm. for rotor temperature Θ > restart limit, and TEquil. + TTherm. >
TMin.inhibit time
Tinhibit,total = TMin.inhibit for rotor temperature Θ > restart limit, and TEquil. + TTherm. <
TMin.inhibit time
Tinhibit,total = TEquil. for rotor temperature Θ < restart limit
The remaining restart-inhibit time T inhibit is available for the user as function value. This is the waiting
time until the issued signal Restart inhibit drops off.
[dwprresi-210812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
Emergency Start
The signal >Emergency start of the function block General immediately resets the output signal Restart
inhibit as well as the internal timer. The signal >Emergency start works across all stages in the Motor
restart inhibit function.
6.54.3.3 Settings
6.54.4.1 Description
[lomocoun-160812-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Restart Inhibit
The signal Restart inhibit is used to prevent the motor from a further start. Once the maximum permis-
sible number of starts (parameter Perm. no. of starts) within a set time interval (parameter Time
interval (per.starts)) is reached and the motor state changes to Standstill, the Restart
inhibit signal becomes active.
NOTE
i Unlike the operate signal, the signal Restart inhibit does not trigger fault logging or fault recording.
• Remaining restart-inhibit time (value T inhibit). This is the waiting time until the issued signal
Restart inhibit drops off. As long as further restarts are allowed, this value equals 0.
Emergency Start
The >Emergency start signal of the function block General immediately resets the output signal Restart
inhibit. However, it does not reset the counter. That is, if the motor is switched off again and the restart
inhibit conditions are still fulfilled, the signal Restart inhibit is issued again.
EXAMPLE
The motor is allowed to be started 2 times within a time interval of 60 min. Accordingly the settings are:
Time interval (per.starts) is set to 60 min, and Perm. no. of starts is set to 2.
Assuming that the motor starts as follows:
Start at Stop at
First start 0 min 10 min
Second start 17 min 33 min
After 17 min, the number of motor starts reaches the permissible number of motor starts, and with the motor
stop after 33 min, the signal Restart inhibit becomes active. The remaining restart-inhibit time (T
inhibit) is obtained by 60 min - 33 min = 27 min, and the number of allowed starts (Allow.st) is 0. That
is, the signal Restart inhibit will remain active for 27 min.
6.54.4.3 Settings
6.54.5.1 Description
[lomotime-210812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Restart Inhibit
The signal Restart inhibit is used to prevent the motor from a further start. When the motor state
changes to Standstill and the time interval from the most recent start to the motor state change is less
than the setting value Min. time between starts, the Restart inhibit signal becomes active.
NOTE
i Unlike the operate signal, the signal Restart inhibit does not trigger fault logging or fault recording.
Emergency Start
The >Emergency start signal of the function block General immediately resets the output indication
Restart inhibit. However it does not reset the timer. That is, if the motor is switched off again and the
restart inhibit conditions are still fulfilled, the signal Restart inhibit is issued again.
EXAMPLE
The parameter Min. time between starts is set to 25 min.
• The motor starts at T = 0 min and stops at T = 12 min. At the moment, the signal Restart inhibit
becomes active, the remaining restart-inhibit time (T inhibit) equals to 25 min - 12 min = 13 min.
• The motor starts at T = 0 min and stops at T = 26 min. At the moment, the time since the first start
exceeds the parameter Min. time between starts, a further motor start is allowed and no
Restart inhibit signal is issued.
6.54.5.3 Settings
The 3-phase power protection (P, Q) function (ANSI 32) is used to:
• Detect whether the active or reactive power rises above or drops below a set threshold
• Detect both active and reactive power feedback in the power systems or on electric machines
• Detect machines (motors, generators) running without load and output an indication to shut them down.
• Be integrated into any automation solution, for example, to monitor very specific power limits (further
logical processing in CFC)
The 3-phase power protection (P, Q) function can be integrated in function groups, which provide measured
voltages and currents of the 3-phases for calculation of the power.
The 3-phase power protection (P,Q) function comes with one factory-set stage each for the active and the
reactive power. The following stages are preconfigured:
• Power P>
• Power Q>
• Power P<
• Power Q<
A maximum of 4 active power stages and 4 reactive power stages can be operated simultaneously in the func-
tion. The tripping stages have an identical structure.
Logic of a Stage
Figure 6-464 Logic Diagram of the Active Power Stage (Stage Type: Power P<)
Measured Value
The Measured value parameter is used to specify which measured power value is analyzed by the tripping
stage. Possible settings are positive seq. power and the phase-selective powers power of phase A,
power of phase B or power of phase C.
Pickup Characteristic
With the stage type you specify if the stage work as a greater stage (stage type: Power P>) or as a smaller
stage (stage type: Power P<).
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the stage. The Tilt power charac-
teristic parameter is used to define the tilt of the pickup characteristic. The figure below shows the defini-
tion of the signs.
Pickup
The stage compares the selected power value with the set Threshold. Depending on the stage type (Power
P> or Power P<) being above or falling below the threshold value will lead to a pickup.
Dropout Delay
A delay can be set for the dropout when the measured value falls below the dropout threshold. The pickup is
maintained for the specified time. The time delay of the tripping (parameter Operate delay) continues to
run. Once the Operate delay has elapsed, the stage trips.
Logic of a Stage
Figure 6-466 Logic Diagram of the Reactive Power Stage (Stage Type: Power Q<)
Measured Value
The Measured value parameter is used to specify which measured power value is processed by the tripping
stage. Possible settings are positive seq. power and the phase-selective powers power of phase A,
power of phase B or power of phase C.
Pickup Characteristic
With the stage type you specify if the stage work as a greater stage (stage type: Power Q>) or as a smaller
stage (stage type: Power Q<).
The Threshold parameter is used to define the pickup threshold of the stage. The Tilt power charac-
teristic parameter is used to define the tilt of the pickup characteristic. The figure below shows the defini-
tion of the signs.
Pickup
The stage compares the selected power value with the set Threshold. Depending on the stage type (Power
Q> or Power Q<) being above or falling below the threshold value will lead to a pickup.
Dropout Delay
A delay can be set for the dropout when the measured value falls below the dropout threshold. The pickup is
maintained for the specified time. The time delay of the tripping (parameter Operate delay) continues to
run. Once the Operate delay has elapsed, the stage trips.
The setting of the function will be explained using a generating unit as an example. When the active power
stage drops below a minimum forward power, an alarm indication is generated. The reactive power stage is
set to the threshold for the underexcitation limitation and also generates an alarm indication. The underexci-
tation limitation comes before the static stability limit. The function used is 3-phase power measurement.
Figure 6-468 shows the threshold values and the location of the characteristics in the PQ diagram.
Stage Type
In the following example, a drop of the active power below a threshold is to be monitored. In the 3-phase
circuit breaker (P, Q) function, work with the stage type Power P<.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
• The dropout value of a stage must have the same sign in all settings groups.
• Switching from a positive dropout value to a negative dropout value or vice versa is not allowed. As a
result, DIGSI reports an inconsistency.
• If you want to change the sign of the dropout value of a stage in an additional settings group, instan-
tiate a new stage and enable it. If the new stage should not be effective in another settings group,
disable the stage there.
Stage Type
In the example, the reactive power is to be monitored if it falls below the threshold. In the 3-phase circuit
breaker (P, Q) function, work with the stage type Power Q<. Ensure that the characteristic curve is located on
the negative Q axis.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
• The threshold value of a stage must have the same sign in all settings groups.
• Switching from a positive threshold value to a negative threshold value or vice versa is not allowed. As
a result, DIGSI reports an inconsistency.
• If you want to change the sign of the threshold value of a stage in an additional settings group, instan-
tiate a new stage and enable it. If the new stage should not be effective in another settings group,
disable the stage there.
6.55.8 Settings
• Detects external short circuits in the vicinity of the power plant (line, busbar) and opens the high-voltage
circuit breaker if the fault duration is long
• Prevents an impermissible stress on the shaft assembly due to high mechanical stress as a result of an
abrupt active-power unloading
• Prevents power swings of the power-plant unit with the electrical power system as a result of excessively
long fault-clearing times
• Protects the stator winding from excessively long short-circuit current stress
The Power-plant disconnection protection function is used in the Generator stator protection function
group. It can also run in the 3-phase voltage-current function group.
You can copy the function during engineering into the appropriate function group.
The Power-plant disconnection protection function consists of 1 stage, which contains the necessary func-
tion blocks.
The function processes the 3-phase voltage of the main generator lead and the current of the Generator
stator function group. The following figure shows the basic structure of the function.
[dw_PPD_structure, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i The rotor angle, which is shown among the functional measured values in the Generator stator function
group, relates to the terminal voltage of the generator and is somewhat smaller.
The equations presented below show, in simplified form, basic relationships of the resulting stress.
[fo_powerplant_stress_01, 2, en_US]
[fo_powerplant_stress_02, 2, en_US]
with
Tmech Mechanical torque (turbine torque)
Tel Electric torque (air gap torque)
Θ Mass moment of inertia of the shaft
ωL Angular velocity of the rotor
ω0 Synchronous angular velocity (constant: ω0 = 2πf)
tF Fault-clearing time
δ Rotor angle of the generator
δ0 Rotor angle before fault inception
The following figure schematically shows the effect of the sudden active-power jump.
[dw_PPD_rotor-angle, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-470 History of the Rotor Angle for Short Circuit near the Power Plant
As the electric torque changes, the angular velocity of the rotor changes linearly with the fault duration. The
rotor angle increases quadratically with the fault duration. The rotor angle at the time when the fault is
cleared has a considerable influence on the mechanical stress on the shaft assembly.
If the voltage does not collapse at the interconnection point, active power can still be output into the power
system during the fault. Thereby the change of electric torque is smaller and the stress on the shaft assembly
is lower. This means that a longer fault duration is permissible.
Power-plant disconnection avoids an impermissible stress on the shaft assembly. The evaluation of multiple
criteria ensures safe functionality:
• Active-power release P> Criterion that the generator has output sufficient active power to the
electrical power system before fault inception
• Active-power change dP< Decisive criterion for determining the stress on the shaft assembly. A
multi-stage characteristic curve is possible→ tout = f(ΔP).
The following figure shows the basic structure. You can find detailed information regarding the implementa-
tion under Logic of the Function, Page 1258 and in chapter 6.56.4 Application and Setting Notes.
[dw_PPD_power-plant-coupler, 2, en_US]
• Overcurrent pickup
• Undervoltage pickup
• Infeed of an appropriate active power from the power-plant unit into the power system
The indication Trigger for dP1 calc. describes the calculation time, starting from which the active
power before fault inception, P1(tprior) is stored internally. In order to avoid an incorrect measurement during
transition processes, the active power is not measured at the time of the trigger; instead the value of approx.
2 cycles before the trigger time is used.
[lo_PPD_db_measurement, 2, en_US]
[lo_PPD_function, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-473 gives an overview of the implementation and the effect of the individual criteria. The measur-
ands are evaluated every 1/4 cycle so that the function can respond quickly to changes in the power and can –
if necessary – quickly fall back. The evaluation of the tracked voltage and current signals at the sampling
frequency ensures the high level of measuring accuracy over a wide frequency range.
The measured active power is evaluated solely in percent related to the generator apparent power. It is there-
fore always less than 100 % and the maximum value is determined under rated conditions by cos φ (power
factor). The percentage value for the phase currents is related to the generator rated current; the percentage
value for the phase-to-phase voltage is related to the generator rated voltage.
• The overcurrent criterion detects the short circuit. The currents are detected on a phase-
segregated basis. The vector group of the generator transformer leads only to 2-phase or 3-
phase fault currents on the generator side (also see the Impedance protection function).
VPP< Phase-to-phase voltage of the fundamental phasor
• The undervoltage criterion detects an external short circuit. In case of a fault, the voltage
must be below the threshold value. The undervoltage criterion also makes it possible for the
function to drop out if the fault is cleared by the line protection.
P1> Positive-sequence system active power P1
• If a power plant is operated in the partial-load range, a relatively low load on the shaft
assembly can be expected. For this reason, it is checked whether the power-plant unit is
feeding in a minimum demand. The criterion is dropout-delayed (parameter: Dropout
delay), since the threshold value will be undershot in case of a fault.
P1< Positive-sequence system active power P1
• Falling below an active-power threshold is an additional criterion for fault detection. In the
event of a fault, the measured active power must be less than the threshold value.
dP1 dP1(t) = P1(tprior) - P1(t)
• This calculates the change of active power starting from fault inception. When a short circuit
is detected, the calculation of the power difference begins. The criterion calculates the power
difference from the active power before fault inception and the actual active power at the
calculation time.
For fault detection, the 1st active-power jump is detected and stored in the RS flip-flop. If the
preceding conditions are fulfilled and the dP threshold value (query of a negative jump) has
been fallen below, the function picks up and the timer is started.
If only a fixed time stage (Characteristic curve = no) is active, there is tripping after
expiration of the time, presuming that all the above conditions are still fulfilled.
dP1max dP1(t)max = Max (P1(tprior) - P1(t))
• If the characteristic curve for protection tripping is to be used, the active-power difference is
measured continuously from the trigger time. In contrast to the dP measurement, the
maximum active-power difference detected during the pickup is used as a variable in the
characteristic curve. This characteristic curve offers the benefit that you can respond
according to the level of the active-power change.
By using a multi-stage characteristic curve, you can assign a permissible tripping time to the maximum active-
power difference. You can define the number of stages from 2 to 5 and thus optimally adapt the function to
the system conditions. Longer tripping times are permitted for small active-power differences.
You can also select only 1 stage. Select between the stagewise operate curve or the defined time.
For a typical application for a power-plant unit, Siemens recommends the following basic settings. A setting
tailored to the power-plant unit, particularly regarding active-power difference and the permissible time delay,
is possible only with a power-system study with the specific plant parameter settings. Figure 6-474 and
Figure 6-475 show typical system configurations and also contain relevant technical data. Preferably load the
function into the Generator stator or Voltage-current, 3-phase function group.
[dw_PPD_connection-examples, 2, en_US]
Make the following settings in the Generator-stator function group. If calculating with per-unit values, these
settings are necessary for scaling the quantities.
NOTE
i Make sure that you set the correct generator data in the power-system data.
[dw_PPD_connection-example 2, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-475 Connection Example for the Voltage-Current 3-Phase Function Group
Make the following settings in the Voltage-current 3-phase function group. If calculating with per-unit
values, these settings are necessary for scaling the quantities.
NOTE
i Make sure that you set the correct generator data in the power-system data.
NOTE
i If the current transformer is grounded towards the generator (see Figure 6-475), set the parameter
Neutr.point in dir.of ref.obj to no. The parameter can be found in the DIGSI 5 project tree
under Name of the device → Settings → Power system → Measuring point I 3-phase.
NOTE
i The default settings of the following thresholds are given in percent. In DIGSI 5, you can show the Percent
mode in the path Project → Device → Settings → Device settings → Edit mode. You can find more infor-
mation about the mode in chapter 3.10 General Notes for Setting the Threshold Value of Protection Func-
tions.
A typical cos φ value of 0.8 to 0.9 yields a percentage of 80 % to 90 % active power (reference power is the
apparent power). Therefore the setting value is more than half the maximum active power. Siemens recom-
mends a value of > 50 % (P1/Srated,Gen).
NOTE
i When determining the Threshold Vph-ph< parameter, note that the fault current leads to a voltage
drop across the generator transformer. You must additionally take into account the short-circuit impedance
of the transformer (in simplified form, the short-circuit voltage vsc) in this case.
Example
vsc = 14 %
I"3-phase = 3Irated,Gen
[fo_pickupInd.Time, 1, en_US]
[fo_op.DelayTime, 1, en_US]
With:
tpickup-ind. Pickup indication time
tfault Maximum permissible fault-clearing time
tpickup Pickup delay
tdropout Dropout delay
EXAMPLE
tfault = 140 ms
tpickup = 25 ms
tdropout = 20 ms
NOTE
i In DIGSI, set the active-power jump of the operate curve in the descending order.
The following table shows an example of a rough estimation of the operate curve setting.
NOTE
i Set the Threshold dP1< parameter to the smallest value of the characteristic curve.
6.56.5 Settings
• Detects 1-phase or 2-phase short circuits in the electrical power system with clearly increased sensitivity
compared to the classical overcurrent protection
The Negative-sequence protection function is used in protection function groups with current measure-
ment.
The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 2 Definite-time negative-sequence protection
stages.
In the function Negative-sequence protection, the following stages can be operated simultaneously:
[dwnspstr-271112-01.tif, 3, en_US]
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, the stages can be stabilized against
operate due to transformer-inrush currents.
6.57.3.1 Description
Logic
The following figure represents the logic of the general functionality which applies across all configured
stages. It contains:
• Current-release criterion
Reference Value
With the parameter Reference value, the negative-sequence current I2 is normalized to the rated object
current Irated, obj or to the positive-sequence current I1. When I2 is normalized to I1, the sensitivity of the func-
tion for low short-circuit currents is increased.
Release Current
The threshold value of the Release current serves to release the negative-sequence protection.
Logic of a Stage
[logiknsp-070312-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-478 Logic Diagram of the Stage Negative-Sequence Protection with Definite-Time Characteristic
Curve
Method of Measurement
The fundamental phasors are calculated from the 3-phase phase currents. Based on this, the negative-
sequence system and the positive-sequence system are calculated. Following this, the negative-sequence
current is normalized to the reference current. The selection of the reference current is made in the FB
General.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
Parameter: Threshold
6.57.4.3 Settings
6.57.5.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lo_NSP_Inverse, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-479 Logic Diagram of the Negative-Sequence Protection with Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve
Method of Measurement
The fundamental phasors are calculated from the 3-phase phase currents. Based on this, the negative-
sequence system and the positive-sequence system are calculated. Following this, the negative-sequence
current is normalized to the reference current. The selection of the reference current is made in the FB
General.
Pickup and Dropout Behaviors of the Inverse-Time Characteristic Curve According to IEC and ANSI
When the input variable exceeds the threshold value by a factor of 1.1, the inverse-time characteristic curve is
processed. An integrating method of measurement summarizes the weighted time. The weighted time results
from the characteristic curve. For this, the time that is associated with the present current value is determined
from the characteristic curve. Once the weighted time exceeds the value 1, the stage operates.
When the measured value falls below the pickup value by a factor of 1.045 (0.95 ⋅ 1.1 ⋅ threshold value), the
dropout is started. The pickup will be indicated as clearing. You can influence the dropout behavior via setting
parameters. You can select between instantaneous dropout (totalized time is deleted) or dropout according to
the characteristic curve (reduction of totalized time depending on the characteristic curve). The dropout
according to characteristic curve (disk emulation) is the same as turning back a rotor disk. The weighted
reduction of the time is initiated from 0.9 of the set threshold value.
The characteristic curve and associated formulas are shown in the Technical Data.
The Blk. w. inrush curr. detect. parameter allows you to define whether the operate indication of
the stage should be blocked when a threshold value is exceeded due to an inrush current. In case of a blocking
and fulfilled pickup conditions, the stage picks up. The start of the time delay and the operate indication are
blocked. The function indicates this through a corresponding indication. If the blocking drops out and the
pickup conditions are still met, the time delay is started. After that time, the stage operates.
Parameter: Threshold
Parameter: Reset
6.57.5.3 Settings
The function Directional negative-sequence protection with current-independent time delay (ANSI 46)
serves as the backup short-circuit protection for unbalanced faults.
With the negative-sequence system, various supervision and protection tasks can be realized, for example:
• Recording of 1 or 2-phase short circuits in the system with a higher sensitivity than in classic overcurrent
protection. The pickup value can be set under the rated object current.
• Recording of phase conductor interruptions in the primary system and in the current-transformer secon-
dary circuits
• Protection of electrical machines following unbalanced loads that are caused by unbalanced voltages or
conductor interruptions (for example, through a defective fuse)
The Directional negative-sequence protection with definite time delay function can be used in protection
function groups with 3-phase current and voltage measurement.
The function comes factory-set with 1 stage. A maximum of 6 tripping stages can be operated simultaneously
in the function.
[dwnspdir-271112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If the device is equipped with the Inrush-current detection function, the tripping stages can be stabilized
against tripping due to transformer-inrush currents.
Stage Control
The following figure shows a stage control. It is available separately for each stage.
[lostensp-070611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
In addition to the generally valid stage control, the stage is blocked in the event of a measuring-voltage
failure, provided the stage is working directionally.
[lonspdir-300112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-482 Logic Diagram of the Function Directional Negative-Sequence System Protection with Current-
Independent Time Delay
Measurand
The negative-sequence current I2 is used as a measurand. From the 3-phase currents, the fundamental
phasors are determined via a 1-cycle filter and, corresponding with the definition equation of the symmetrical
components, the negative-sequence system is calculated from this.
Functioning
The stage picks up if the negative-sequence system current exceeds the set threshold value and the parame-
terized direction agrees with the measured direction. The pickup drops out if the negative-sequence system
current falls below 95 % of the set threshold.
[dwstabil-300112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Direction Determination
The direction determination takes place with the negative-sequence system measurements I2 and V2.
The forward and reverse region is defined through the parameters Angle forward α and Angle forward
β (see next figure). The reference for the 2 angles that must be set is the positive real axis. The angles are
positively defined in a mathematical sense (counter-clockwise). The region between the limit angle α and the
limit angle β - counted from the former in a positive direction - is the forward region. The remaining region is
the reverse region.
For determining of the direction, the function places the measuring current I2 on the real axis. If the phasor of
the negative-sequence system voltage V2 is located within the defined forward region, the function deter-
mines the direction as forward. In the other case, the function determines the direction as reverse.
The requirement for determining the direction is that the adjustable minimum variables have been exceeded
for the negative-sequence system current and negative-sequence system voltage (parameters Min. neg.-
seq. current I2 and Min. neg.-seq. voltage V2).
[dwphasor-140212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-484 Phasor Diagram for Direction Determination with Negative-Sequence System Values
If the device determines a fault in the voltage-transformer secondary circuit (through the binary input
voltage transformer circuit-breaker dropout or through measuring-voltage failure detec-
tion), direction determination will be disabled and every directionally set stage will be blocked. Non-direction-
ally set stages become active again if there are faults in the voltage-transformer secondary circuit.
[lorichtu-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Directional Mode
You use the Directional mode parameter to define whether the stage works in a forward or reverse direc-
tion. Non-directional operation is also possible.
NOTE
i The Op.mode at 1p dead time parameter is only available in devices with 1-/3-pole tripping. In
devices with 3-pole tripping, this setting does not apply.
• Blocking by
This setting is used to select the zone or stage at which blocking is to occur in the event of pickup.
NOTE
i The Op.mode at 1p dead time parameter is only available in devices with 1-/3-pole tripping. In
devices with 3-pole tripping, this setting does not apply.
NOTE
i The Hold mode 1p dead time parameter is only available in devices with 1-/3-pole tripping. In devices
with 3-pole tripping, this setting does not apply.
Parameter: Threshold
6.58.6 Settings
The Unbalanced-load protection function detects unbalanced loads or line interruptions of electrical
machines (generators and motors). Unbalanced loads create a counter-rotating magnetic field at double
frequency in the rotor. The skin effect leads to local overheating on the surface of the rotor bars in the transi-
tion between the slot wedges and the winding bundles. Another effect of unbalanced loads is the overheating
of the damper winding.
The Unbalanced-load protection function is used in the protection function group. The Unbalanced-load
protection function is preconfigured with 1 stage. A maximum of 2 stages can operate simultaneously in the
function.
[dwunbla-240913, 1, en_US]
[lounbala-090812-03.tif, 2, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the negative-sequence current I2 as a measurand. The negative-sequence current is calculated
from the measured 3-phase currents according to the defining equation of symmetrical components.
Warning Stage
If the negative-sequence current I2 continuously exceeds the parameter Max. continuously perm. I2,
the Warning indication is given after expiry of a set time Warning delay.
[forbanl1-030812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
With:
tI2Perm Permissible time of the negative-sequence current
K Unbalanced-load factor of the machine (parameter Unbalanced load factor K)
I2/Irated,machine Actual unbalanced-load current as a per unit value(negative-sequence current/rated
current of the machine)
[dwunbalo-230913, 2, en_US]
The parameter Unbalanced load factor K depends on the machine. It also represents the time in
seconds during which the machine can be loaded with a 100 % unbalanced load. This factor is typical in a
range from 5 s to 40 s. The heating of the protected object starts to calculate as soon as the negative-
sequence current I2 exceeds the parameter Max. continuously perm. I2. The operate time is calculated
from the flowing negative-sequence current I2 with an integrating method of measurement depending on the
thermal characteristic. As soon as the integrate result reaches the parameter Unbalanced load factor K,
the thermal characteristic stage operates.
[forunbl2-030812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
With
ΘI2/Θop Functional measured value indicating the thermal replica of the unbalanced
load
Integrating method of measurement of the thermal replica of the negative-
sequence system
If the functional measured value reaches 100 %, the operate of the function is initiated.
The function is used in the applications of machines. You can get the necessary settings from the technical
data of the synchronous generators and motors. The setting example is applied for a generator application.
• Design of the machine (salient pole or non-salient pole rotor synchronous machine)
required. The technical data of the machine is provided in the Technical Data Sheet of the machine manufac-
turer.
EXAMPLE
The following example shows the setting of the parameter Max. continuously perm. I2 . The value 10
% is selected in the example.
To avoid issuing the Warning indication too fast, Siemens recommends a longer delay. Setting the param-
eter Warning delay in the range of 10 s to 20 s is practicable. 15 s is selected in the example.
[dwunbloc-030812, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
[forbala2-290812-02.tif, 1, en_US]
6.59.5 Settings
The Load-jam protection function protects the motor in case of sudden rotor locking or a jump in load
increase. A quick motor shutdown avoids or reduces damage to drives, bearings, and other mechanic motor
components.
The rotor locking results in a jump in current increase in the phases. The current jump is used by the function
as a recognition criterion.
The Thermal overload protection rotor function can also pick up as soon as the configured threshold values
of the thermal replicas are exceeded. Because of the important stator time constants, this takes much more
time. The Load-jam protection function, however, is able to detect a locked rotor quicker, thus reducing
possible damage to the motor and to the powered equipment.
The Load-jam protection function can be used in the Motor function group. A maximum of 2 Load-jam
protection functions can operate simultaneously within the function group.
[dwrloaja-300913, 2, en_US]
Mode of Operation
Figure 6-491 shows the development of the current and of the torque as a function of the slip of an asynchro-
nous motor. A rated current flows in case of rated load and the rated slip appears. If the load is increased, the
current flow also increases and the speed of motor decreases something. The slip increases correspondingly.
Above a certain load, however, the motor is no longer able to adjust by increasing the torque. The motor
comes to standstill in spite of an increase in current to a multiple of its rated value, as the breakdown torque is
exceeded. (see Figure 6-492). Apart from the thermal heating of the motor, a locked rotor causes substantial
mechanical strain on the rotor winding and bearings.
[dwasysqu-100812-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The following figure shows an example of a locked rotor caused by mechanical overload. The current flow
increases substantially as soon as the mechanical load approximates the breakdown point.
[dwexmero-100812-02.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-492 Example of the Time Characteristic Curve for Mechanical Rotor Locking
Logic
[loloadja-160812-04.tif, 3, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The calculated positive-sequence current I1 calculated from the 3 phase currents is used as measurand.
EXAMPLE
Motor Protection
Figure 6-494 shows an example of a complete motor-protection characteristic curve. In general, a character-
istic curve consists of different protection functions. Each function is responsible for a special motor fault type.
The followings protection functions are available:
• Load-jam protection
To prevent overheating and mechanical damage due to rotor locking
[dwexmocu-160812-03.tif, 2, en_US]
EXAMPLE
The setting for the parameter Threshold for operate as secondary value is calculated as follows:
(2 * 154 A) 300 A * 1 A = 1,027 A
The parameter Operate delay can remain at the default setting of 1 s.
The parameter Threshold for warning is set to 75 % of the operating threshold , that is, 75 % x 1.027 A
= 0.77 A.
The parameter Warning delay can remain at the default setting of 2 s.
The parameter Release delay is set to the motor starting time, which is 19.0 s.
6.60.5 Settings
• Monitors the motor operation of generators and thus detects driving-power failure
• Prevents endangering the turbine (e.g. the turbine-blade damage due to overheating) by opening the
circuit breaker of the system
The Reverse-power protection function comes factory-set with 1 stage. A maximum of 2 stages can be oper-
ated simultaneously within the function.
In all function groups, the function works with a 3-phase voltage and current interface. Depending on the
current transformer used, this is the Voltage/current 3-phase function group or the Generator stator func-
tion group.
6.61.3.1 Description
The angle error between voltage transformer and current transformer has a strong influence on the measuring
accuracy. With the parameter (_:2311:101) Angle correction , you can correct the angle error. The
following 2 methods are possible here:
• Determine the angle error from the transformer test report data. Ask the transformer manufacturer for
these values when you order the transformer.
• While the generator is connected to the power system, measure to determine the angle error (see
chapter 11.24.2 Primary Test).
The influence on the power-system voltage makes it very difficult to test high-power generators with a meas-
urement while the generator is connected to the power system. In this case, you must determine the angle
error from the transformer test report data (see chapter 6.61.3.2 Application and Setting Notes). Alternatively,
you can use instrument transformers with small angle errors. This is ensured with class 0.2 instrument trans-
formers (voltage and current). The following equation describes the influence of the angle error:
P = 3V1 I1 cos(φ V + φ V,F - (φ I + φ I,F)) = 3V1 I1 cos(φ U - φ I + (φ V,F - φ I,F))
The angle error to be corrected results as:
ϕ Corr = φ V,F - φ I,F
To rotate in the correct direction, the correction angle is considered with inverted sign inside the unit.
NOTE
i If you use class 0.2 instrument transformers on the primary side to avoid the influence of the angle, you
can connect a protection device with a protection current transformer without any problems.
Class 0.2 voltage transformers have a maximum admissible angle error of 10 min (0.17°). The angle error
of a class 0.2 measuring current transformer at rated current is approximately 10 min, at 0.2 Irated = 15 min,
and at 0.05 Irated = 30 min.
Example
This example uses a class 0.2 voltage transformer with a rated burden of 45 VA. The following data was taken
from the measuring report.
The values resulting for the phases B and C are almost identical.
Furthermore, a termination with a rated burden (other measuring devices are still connected) is assumed so
that an angle error of +0.43 min (rated-voltage value) is used as the calculation variable.
A current transformer of type 5PR is used here. This current transformer features a gap that limits the rema-
nence to 10 %. However, this gap results in larger angle errors. The following tables show excerpts from the
test reports.
Since the positive-sequence system power is evaluated in the device, take the sign into account when you add
the angle errors per phase, and divide the result by 3.
The following value results in this example:
6.61.3.3 Settings
6.61.4.1 Description
Trip Command
To bridge brief power consumption during synchronization or during power swings caused by system inci-
dents, tripping (shutdown of the generator via reverse power) is delayed by a settable time (for example,
10 s).
A brief delay is enough when the quick-stop valve is closed. Couple the position of the quick-stop valve via the
binary input signal >Stop valve closed . When quick stop is tripped, the short Operate delay thus
becomes effective.
Parameter: Threshold
You can measure the reverse power of the turbo-generator set yourself in a primary test by using the protec-
tion function. Set the setting value P reverse, for example, to 0.5 times the value of the measured reverse
power. This power is shown additionally in the functional measured values in the Reverse-power protection
function (P1avg). For large machines with very small reverse power, you must use the angle-error correction
option of the current and voltage transformers.
NOTE
i In the current-input selection, you can select protection current transformers or instrument transformers
on the device side. Since the transformers are calibrated at the factory, there are hardly any differences
between the transformers for the Reverse-power protection function. You can thus always select device
inputs with a protection current transformer.
In contrast, a primary current transformer significantly influences the measuring accuracy via its angle
error. The angle error of a class 0.2 instrument transformer is significantly smaller than the angle error of a
class 5P protection current transformer. A separate function group is necessary for the connection to an
instrument transformer. Use a Voltage/current 3-phase function group and load the Reverse-power
protection function from the library.
Do not connect the Reverse-power protection function to a linear core-type transformer (for example, a
TPZ type), as these transformers have a large angle error (for example, approx. 180 min).
6.61.4.3 Settings
• Allows a flexible evolution of the shaft current with different measuring principles (the fundamental
frequency, 3rd harmonic signal of the shaft current, or both of them)
The Shaft-current protection function is used in the Voltage/current 1-phase protection function group.
The Shaft-current protection function is preconfigured with one stage. A maximum of 2 stages can be oper-
ated simultaneously in the function.
6.62.3.1 Description
The Shaft-current protection function is mainly used in hydro generators (salient-pole generators). Due to
the construction, the hydro generators have relatively long shafts. The shafts are connected to ground at
points via the turbine wheels and water. In an application with a cylindrical rotor synchronous generator, the
shaft is grounded at one point via the grounding brush. A number of factors such as friction, magnetic fields
of the generators and others can build up a voltage across the shaft. The shaft then acts as a voltage source
(electromotive force - EMF). The voltage also contains harmonics and the 3rd harmonic is the strongest
among the harmonics. The induced voltage is still dependent on the load, the system, and the machine. The
induced voltage ranges from 0.5 V to 2 V in a cylindrical rotor synchronous generator and ranges from 10 V to
30 V in a hydro generator (salient-pole generator). A detection is only possible while the generator is oper-
ating.
If the oil film covering a bearing is too thin, the breakdown can occur. Since the bearing housing is grounded,
the electric circuit is closed. Due to the low impedance (shaft, bearing and grounding), high currents can flow
and destroy the bearing. The currents greater than 1 A are critical for the bearings. As different bearings can
be affected, the current is not measured at each bearing. A special transformer detects the current entering
the shaft. It is a folding transformer that is mounted around the shaft.
Figure 6-499 shows the basic connection of the Shaft-current protection function. The shaft-current trans-
former is then connected to a sensitive current transformer of the protection device. If the shaft current
exceeds a certain value, the generator is shut down.
Figure 6-499 Connection of the Shaft-Current Transformer (Possible Current Flow in the Event of a Fault)
Purchase the shaft-current transformer from a transformer manufacturer, or use the existing shaft-current
transformer when replacing the protection. The diameter of the transformer depends on the shaft diameter
and can be up to 2 m. The number of the secondary-winding turns varies slightly with the diameter. The trans-
former is available with turns from 400 to 1000. The transformers with fewer turns (for example, 600 turns)
can be used to provide a sufficiently high measuring current.
The shaft-current transformers also have a test winding with usually 4 turns. The test winding allows injecting
a test current to check the entire circuit. Figure 6-500 shows an example of the terminals S1 - S2: measure-
ment terminal (400 turns) and A - B: test terminal (4 turns).
In order to preserve the flexibility of the application, different methods of measurement are available for
processing the shaft current. The setting of the protection determines the value of the method of measure-
ment. In order to achieve high accuracy, a long filter window is used deliberately.
To achieve high accuracy at variable generator speed (frequency), the frequency tracked sampling current
values are used.
The following filter options are available:
Parameter Value Description
fundamental comp. The fundamental component is predominant.
(50 Hz or 60 Hz)
3rd harmonic The 3rd harmonic is predominant.
(150 Hz or 180 Hz)
1st and 3rd harmonic Both the fundamental component and the 3rd harmonic are predominant.
Measurand
The 3 calculated measured values can be displayed and routed to the fault record. The values support the
commissioning.
6.62.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_Stage_SCP_20150619, 2, en_US]
Method of Measurement
You use the Method of measurement parameter to define whether the stage uses the fundamental
comp., the 3rd harmonic, or the 1st and 3rd harmonic.
Parameter: Threshold
NOTE
i Use the sensitive current transformer with a secondary rated current of 1 A. The secondary rated-current of
5 A makes no sense for this application.
6.62.4.3 Settings
The Inadvertent energization protection function is used to limit damage by activating a generator circuit
breaker accidentally. The following 2 conditions can cause the damage:
• An accidental energization of a generator which is in the turn-gear operating mode, that is, the generator
is not at standstill and the gear is operating at low speed
• An accidental energization of a generator which is operating at rated speed, but not yet synchronized.
The voltage of the generator is below the undervoltage threshold.
A connection to a generator which is in the turn-gear operating mode corresponds to the connection to a low-
ohmic resistor. Due to the rated voltage given by the power system, the generator starts with a high slip as an
asynchronous machine. In this case, the impermissible high currents are induced inside the rotor which can
finally destroy it.
The Inadvertent energization protection function is used in the Generator stator, Generator side, and
voltage/current 3-phase protection function groups.
The function is preconfigured with one stage. A maximum of 2 stages can be operated simultaneously in the
function.
6.63.3.1 Description
Logic
Measurand
The General functionality calculates the measured values of averaged phase-to-phase voltage and phase
currents with an average filter. The filter processes the data stream with fixed sampling frequency. The calcu-
lated measured values are forwarded to all subordinate stages.
6.63.4.1 Description
Logic of a Stage
[lo_Stage_IE_20150619, 2, en_US]
Method of Measurement
The stage uses the measured values which are calculated from the General functionality. For more informa-
tion, refer to chapter 6.63.3.1 Description.
• The generator is in the turn-gear operating mode. The input signal >Generator standstill couples
in the status of the generator.
• The generator is operating at rated speed, but is not yet synchronized. The voltage of the generator is
below the undervoltage threshold.
Pickup Delay
If the voltage is lower than the value of the parameter V< Threshold, with the parameter Pickup delay,
the release of the current stage is delayed. Then, the signal Voltage relase is issued.
The pickup delay avoids an overfunction during a short circuit in or close to the generator transformer unit. A
short circuit leads to an undervoltage as well. For more information, refer to Parameter: Pickup delay,
Page 1317.
Dropout Delay
The dropout delay is the time where the Inadvertent energization protection is activated. In the case of an
accidental closing of the circuit breaker, the generator voltage is increased. The logical signal becomes Low at
the output of the threshold, but the timer output keeps High for the time Dropout delay. If an accidental
closing of the circuit breaker occurs within the dropout delay and the current threshold is exceeded, a pickup
occurs and an operate signal is generated. The pickup is maintained for the specified time. If the time delay
expires and the pickup is still maintained, the stage operates.
• From inside on pickup of the Measuring-voltage failure detection function (see chapter 8.3.2.1 Over-
view of Functions).
• From an external source via the binary input signal >Open of the function block Volt.-transf. c. b., which
links in the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit breaker.
The parameter Blk. by meas.-volt. failure can be set so that the measuring-voltage failure detection
blocks the voltage criterion or does not block it.
Parameter: Threshold
• The course of events during a voltage collapse on short circuit close to generator terminals
A measuring-voltage failure can only be detected if one of the following 2 conditions is met:
• The binary input signal >Open of the function block VTCB is connected to the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
6.63.4.3 Settings
• Evaluates the voltage across the broken-delta winding of a voltage transformer measuring against the
generator neutral point
The Turn-to-turn fault protection function is used within the function group Voltage/current 1-phase
(VI1ph). The function is not preconfigured in the function group and must be linked to the corresponding
application template during engineering.
The function comes factory-set with 1 stage.
2 stages can be operated simultaneously within the function.
6.64.3 Description
Basic Principle
The following diagram shows the basic principle of the Turn-to-turn fault protection function. The residual
voltage at the broken-delta winding is detected using three 2-pole isolated voltage transformers. In order to
be insensitive to ground faults, the isolated voltage transformer neutral point must be connected via a high-
voltage cable to the generator neutral point. The neutral point of the voltage transformer must not be
grounded; otherwise, the generator neutral point would also be grounded and every ground fault would result
in a 1-pole ground fault. A turn-to-turn fault leads to a voltage reduction in the affected phase. This voltage
reduction leads to a residual voltage that is detected across the broken-delta winding. The sensitivity is limited
mainly by the winding unbalances and less by the protection device.
Figure 6-508 Basic Principle of Voltage Injection into the Generator Neutral Point
Figure 6-509 shows an alternative connection with limited sensitivity. The load equipment is located at the
generator neutral point and the residual voltage is measured through the voltage transformer. This voltage
transformer is used at the same time for the stator ground-fault protection. The generator-side voltage trans-
former is grounded and has a broken-delta winding in addition. As shown in the following figure, by using this
interconnection, the residual voltage is canceled at the measuring input of the turn-to-turn fault protection in
the event of a ground fault. In the event of a turn-to-turn fault, the residual voltage only occurs at the gener-
ator-side broken-delta winding. The secondary voltages of the voltage transformer must be identical in this
design.
Method of Measurement
A 1-phase voltage measuring input is connected as shown in Figure 6-508. The fundamental component of
the voltage is determined via an FIR filter (finite impulse response filter) from the frequency-tracked sampled
values of the residual voltage. Using a suitably selected window function, the attenuation achieves higher
frequency oscillations and eliminates the disruptive influence of the 3rd harmonic.
The following figure shows the calculation of the measured values.
Stage Logic
Stage Description
The stage monitors the residual voltage V0,tt. If the residual voltage exceeds the set value of the parameter
(_:17881:3) Threshold, the stage picks up and the time delay is started.
• Internally or externally via the binary input signal of the stage ((_:17881:81) >Block stage)
For implementation, Siemens recommends using the connection according to Figure 6-508 since a higher
sensitivity can be achieved using this connection.
For the voltage transformer, in the power-system data, measuring point V-1ph, set the parameter to Rated
primary voltage Vrated,prim/√3.
Example
Rated voltage of the voltage transformer: Vrated,prim = 11 kV
Parameter setting value Rated primary voltage = 6.35 kV
In the function group Voltage/current 1-phase (VI 1ph), where the function Turn-to-turn fault protection
operates, set the parameter Rated voltage to Vrated,Gen/√3.
Parameter: Threshold
6.64.6 Settings
The Circuit-breaker failure protection function (ANSI 50BF) monitors the tripping of the associated circuit-
breaker (CB) and generates a backup trip signal if the circuit-breaker fails.
Starting with version V7.50, the previous function CB failure has been replaced with the new Circuit-breaker
failure protection with an adaptive algorithm Adaptive CB failure protection. In this way, you achieve a
faster, more reliable detection of the opening of the circuit breaker in the event of complex signal histories.
The 2 functions are identical, with the exception of a slightly increased processor load, in terms of setting
options, logic and indications. Siemens recommends using the adaptive circuit-breaker failure protection and
avoiding mixing the protection types in one device. You can find additional information on the processor load
in DIGSI for each device under Device information in the Resource consumption tab.
The function Circuit-breaker failure protection (CBFP) can be used in the Circuit-breaker function group.
[dwstrbfp-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-513 shows the functionalities and the function control of the function.
The start is initiated by the device-internal protection function or by an external protection. Along with the
start, the current-flow criterion or the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion is used to check whether the
circuit breaker is closed. If the circuit breaker is closed, the function picks up and starts the time delay. During
the time delay, the system continuously checks whether the circuit breaker has opened. If this is the case, the
function drops out. If the circuit breaker is not opened, the function trips upon expiration of the time delay.
The following description elaborates on the detailed functionality of the individual function blocks.
[losvsbfp-090712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The Circuit-breaker failure protection function is started by device-internal protection functions and/or exter-
nally (via a binary input or an interface, such as GOOSE). Figure 6-514 and Figure 6-515 show the function-
ality.
Internal Start
By default, each device-internal protection stage that has to control the local circuit breaker starts the circuit-
breaker failure protection. The function is started by the tripping of the protection stage. In the default setting,
the starting signal Internal start (see Figure 6-514) is held when the pickup signal has a falling edge or
the protection function has tripped. The Circuit-breaker failure protection function can in this case only drop
out if the circuit breaker is detected to be open. This is detected using the current flow or circuit-breaker auxil-
iary contact criterion. If necessary, the Circuit-breaker failure protection function can also drop out when the
pickup signal has a falling edge or the protection function trips (internal starting signal is not held).
Using routing, you can specify whether individual protection stages or protection functions are used as a
starting source or whether starting happens only externally.
The internal starting sources are routed in the protection function groups via the Circuit-breaker interaction
entry (for this, see 2.1 Embedding of Functions in the Device Figure 2-6).
[loanwint-160611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
External Start
The parameter Start via binary input is used to set whether the external start is initiated by a 1-
channel or 2-channel signal. The required routing of the input signals is compared with the setting. If a
routing is missing, an error message is generated. The Health signal changes to the state Warning.
[loanwext-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-515 Configuration of the External Start of the Circuit-Breaker Failure Protection Function
In 1-channel operation, the start is initiated with the binary input signal >Start only.
In 2-channel operation, the binary input signal >Release must also be activated to initiate the start. In the
default setting, the starting signal External start drops out immediately when the input signals have a
falling edge (see Figure 6-516). If necessary, the starting signal can be held. In this case the start remains
active when the binary input signals have a falling edge.
The input signals are monitored to avoid an unwanted pickup of the function.
If either of the signals >Start or >Release is active for more than the set supervision time of the corre-
sponding signal without the function picking up, an error in the binary input circuit is assumed. The corre-
sponding signal is blocked to exclude an external pickup of the function. An indication to this effect is output,
and the Health signal changes to the state Warning. The blocking is reset as soon as the binary input signal
drops out.
• On pickup of the Circuit-breaker failure protection function (only in the case of an external start). This
prevents an unwanted pickup of the supervision if the external protection that starts the Circuit-breaker
failure protection function uses a lockout functionality. When the starting signal drops out, supervision is
enabled again.
• As long as the function or the device is in test mode. This allows to check the function without the super-
vision blocking the function.
If the >Start signal is active and no release signal is present after elapse of the settable supervision time for
the starting signal, the pickup is blocked and an indication to this effect is output. The Health signal changes
to the state Warning. The blocking is reset with the dropout of the starting signal.
The binary input signals only take effect if the binary inputs are activated for at least 10 ms (SW filter, see
Figure 6-516).
[logikext-070611-02.tif, 3, en_US]
Figure 6-516 External Start of the Circuit-Breaker Failure Protection Function, Logic
Current-Flow Criterion
The current-flow criterion is the primary criterion for determining the circuit-breaker switch position. A circuit-
breaker pole is supposed to be closed, and the current-flow criterion fulfilled, as soon as one of the phase
currents exceeds the phase-current threshold value, and at the same time a plausibility current exceeds the
associated threshold value. The plausibility current can be either a 2nd phase current (to compare with the
threshold value for phase currents) or the zero-sequence or negative-sequence current (to compare with the
sensitive threshold value). The additional evaluation of the plausibility current increases the safety of the crite-
rion.
If you are using the transformer connection type 3-phase, 2prim.trans., the ground current is neither meas-
ured nor calculated. The plausibility check via the ground current is therefore not possible. The setting
Direct release via the ground current does not lead to a pickup of the circuit-breaker failure protection.
In the case of ground faults, the sensitive threshold value can be dynamically applied to the phase currents as
well. The current-flow criterion is fulfilled when the currents exceed the sensitive threshold value. The phase-
current threshold value is then ineffective. The binary signal >Threshold sensitive is used for the switch-
over.
If you set the 3I0 criterion parameter to Direct release, you prevent the plausibility check of the
zero-sequence current. In this way, a pickup only by way of this current can be achieved. With the Threshold
3I0 dir. release parameter, you set the threshold value to be exceeded.
If you set the I2 criterion parameter to Direct release, you also switch off the plausibility check of
the negative-sequence current. With the Threshold I2 dir. release parameter, you set the threshold
value to be exceeded.
If you set the I2 criterion parameter to Direct release, a plausibility check is performed via the phase
currents with 1/3 * Threshold I2 dir. release.
The measuring algorithm is optimized for fast dropout when the value drops below the threshold value.
[lostrom1-030211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[lokriter-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Pickup/Dropout
After the start, a check is performed whether the circuit breaker is closed. The current-flow criterion and the
circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion are available for this purpose.
Even if the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion is permitted, preference is given to the fulfilled current-
flow criterion because the current-flow criterion is the most reliable criterion for detecting whether the circuit
breaker is closed. This means that the circuit breaker is deemed to be closed if it is closed according to the
current-flow criterion but at the same time open according to the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion.
If no current is flowing at the start time, the function can only pick up on the basis of the circuit-breaker auxil-
iary contact criterion. For this purpose, the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts must be permitted as criterion.
When the current begins to flow after the start, the function switches over to the current-flow criterion.
If the circuit breaker is detected as closed and the starting condition is present, the function picks up.
The pickup starts a time delay (see Delay/Tripping). While the delay is running, the system checks continuously
whether the circuit breaker has opened. In the default setting, the opening of the circuit breaker is checked on
the basis of the currently valid criterion, which is normally the current-flow criterion because it is preferred. If
until expiration of the time delay, no current flow above the set threshold values has been detected, the
circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion becomes effective.
The function has also a setting in which dropout is only possible if both criteria detect in parallel the circuit
breaker to be open (dropout with auxiliary contact and current-flow criterion).
In the default setting, the internal starting signal is held (see Figure 6-514 and Figure 6-516). This means that
dropout is controlled solely by the current or the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion. If dropout is also to
occur on the falling edge of the starting signal (that is, when the pickup signal has a falling edge or the protec-
tion function trips), holding of the start signal must be disabled.
[loanreg1-030211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Delay/Tripping
In a first step, tripping at the local circuit breaker can be repeated. Tripping is repeated after expiration of the
settable delay T1. If the local CB was not yet tripped, for example, in the event of an external start of the
circuit-breaker failure protection, the trip logic of the circuit breaker itself is activated when the time delay T1
elapses.
Time delay T2 (backup tripping) can commence in parallel either with the start of time T1 or after expiration of
time T1.
If time delay T2 expires without a dropout of the function, a circuit-breaker failure is assumed and the backup
tripping signal Tripping T2 is output. If there is a protection interface in the device, if needed a transfer-trip
signal can be sent to the opposite end.
You can find detailed information in the chapter 3.6.3 Protection Interface and Protection Topology.
If the >CB defect input signal is valid, any repetition of the trip signal is suppressed, and the backup tripping
signal T2 is generated immediately (without delay). The binary input of the >CB defect input signal must be
activated for at least 20 ms before the signal becomes valid.
With help of the CB failure pole indication, you can determine the phase currents that are above the
threshold value at the tripping time T2.
The Minimum operate time parameter defines the minimum duration for tripping the function. In contrast
to other protection functions, the parameter is set within its own function. As a result, the setting is inde-
pendent of the identically named global parameter that is set in the Device settings.
[lo-bbp-verza-3ph.vsd, 6, en_US]
With the Immediate dropout parameter, you determine whether the circuit-breaker switch position is
checked continuously or on expiration of the T1 and T2 delay times. If the circuit-breaker switch position is
checked once the delay times have expired, the function picks up using Start.
Figure 6-521 gives an overview of the functions involved in an external start of the CBFP function. In the case
of an internal start, there is no external protection device and the protection functionality is located in the
CBFP device.
[loextpol-021112-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-521 Circuit-Breaker Failure Protection with External Start, Tripping Repetition, and 3‑Pole Tripping
(T2)
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
NOTE
i Siemens would like to point out that, with a hold signal, the CBFP generates a trip signal each time a
starting pulse is received and the current flow is high enough. Remember this particularly in the case of an
external start.
• Recommended setting value (_:102) Threshold phase current = approx. 0.50 Isc, min
In order to ensure that the disconnection of the fault is promptly detected and the function can drop out
quickly, Siemens recommends setting both thresholds to half the minimum short-circuit current (Isc, min).
If – depending on the neutral-point treatment and/or load conditions – ground faults lead to relatively low
fault currents, a sensitive setting of the parameter Threshold sensitive must be selected according to
the rule (0.5 Isc, min). There can also be values which are noticeably below the rated or load current.
If you have set the Threshold phase current to be larger than the maximum load current, overfunction
because of a false start is impossible. To ensure a Circuit-breaker failure protection for smaller ground faults
also with this setting, you can set the 3I0 criterion to Direct release and set the Threshold 3I0
dir. release to be appropriately smaller than the Threshold phase current.
Parameter: I2 criterion
If you have set the Threshold phase current to be larger than the maximum load current, overfunction
because of a false start is impossible. To have a Circuit-breaker failure protection function for smaller unbal-
anced faults also with this setting, you can set the I2 criterion to Direct release and set the
Threshold 3I0 dir. release to be appropriately smaller than the Threshold phase current.
EXAMPLES
Applications which require you to permit the circuit-breaker auxiliary contact criterion:
• Tripping of the high and low-voltage side CB on the transformer. If only one of the 2 CBs trips, there is no
more current flow.
• Tripping of protection functions whose tripping decision is not based on a current measurement in
combination with voltage or frequency protection functions
• Recommended setting value (_:103) CB aux.cont. crit. allowed = w. 'CB pos. closed
3p.'
Parameter: Dropout
Parameter: Retrip
• If the minimum fault-clearing time has top priority, Siemens recommends setting the time to 0. This
setting causes initiation of the retrip immediately upon the start. The drawback is that a defect of the 1st
trip circuit is not detected.
• With a small time delay of, for instance, 50 ms, the defect of the 1st trip circuit can be detected based on
the evaluation of the fault record.
• With a long time delay, which reliably ensures the dropout of the CBFP with the CB open, the rising edge
indication of the trip repeat Retrip T1 is a sure signal for a fault in the 1st trip circuit. The following
example shows how this time is determined.
EXAMPLE
Determining the T1 Time that Reliably Ensures the Dropout of the CBFP with the CB Open:
EXAMPLE
Determining the T2 Time that Reliably Ensures the Dropout of the CBFP with the CB Open:
If T1 and T2 are started in parallel, take into account the time T1 for the setting of T2.
EXAMPLE
! CAUTION
Do not set a time that is too short.
If you set a time that is too short, there is a danger (dropout of the function without the current-flow
criterion) that the device contacts will interrupt the control circuit. If this happens, the device
contacts will burn out.
² Set a duration that is long enough to ensure that the circuit breaker reaches its final position open
reliably after a control operation.
6.65.5 Settings
• Monitors the circuit breaker against restriking, for example, caused by an overvoltage over the circuit-
breaker poles after switching off a capacitor bank
The Circuit-breaker restrike protection function is used in the Circuit-breaker function group. A maximum
of 2 functions can operate simultaneously within the function group.
[lo_strrestrike_2014-03-05.vsd, 2, en_US]
The function logic is grouped into the parts shown in Figure 6-523. In the following chapter, these logic parts
are described in detail.
[lo_respro, 2, en_US]
Plausibility Release
The function Circuit-breaker restrike protection issues a trip command to a superordinated circuit breaker,
usually the infeed circuit breaker of a busbar. Overfunction of this protection can cause extreme problems for
the whole application.
The logic of plausibility release strongly reduces the risk of a false start of the function by adding an extra
release criteria for a function start.
Each criterion can be switched on or off individually.
[lo_paus-210113-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-524 Logic Diagram for the Plausibility Release of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
• When the parameter Plausibility via 50BF fct. is set to yes, the pickup signal of the Circuit-
breaker failure protection is monitored. The plausibility release is given if the Circuit-breaker failure
protection has picked up.
• When the parameter Plaus. via open/trip cmd is set to yes, the trip/open command is moni-
tored. The plausibility release is given if the trip/open command has been generated.
• When the parameter Plaus. via binary input is set to yes, the >release signal is monitored.
The plausibility release is given if the >release signal has been received.
If one of the conditions is fulfilled, the plausibility release is given for 5 s. The 5-s timer ensures that the
release criterion and start condition relate to the same circuit-breaker opening/tripping process.
If all the 3 plausibility settings are set to no, the start/stop-monitoring logic considers the release as fulfilled.
For safety reasons, the input signal >release has a preset software filtering time of 20 ms.
Start/Stop Monitoring
Via the start/stop monitoring logic, the monitoring duration of the current signal regarding restriking is deter-
mined.
[lo_starstop-210113-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-525 Logic Diagram for Start/Stop Monitoring of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
• The circuit-breaker position is detected as open via the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts during the time
set with the parameter Position recognition delay.
The Position recognition delay time is used for safety means to ensure that the circuit breaker is
definitely open when the monitoring starts. This parameter allows to adapt this start criterion to all kinds
of auxiliary-contact configurations.
• On one hand, current peaks are damped but still detected reliably by the fundamental-component value.
• On the other hand, a DC (Direct Current) component is suppressed. A DC component can occur after
switching off the circuit breaker.
Thus, the fundamental-component value is a good choice for a reliable restrike detection.
If any phase current exceeds the set current threshold value, the function picks up. The coming pickup indi-
cates the first restrike current pulse. With the pickup, the operate delay timers are started, see also the
following description Delay/Tripping, Page 1346.
[lo_pickdrop-210113-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-526 Logic Diagram for Measuring Value, Pickup/Dropout of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
If restriking occurs, the current signal drops below the current threshold if the time between restrike pulses is
long enough. In this case, the operate delay must not be reset. During the dropout delay, the pickup is
extended to ensure that the operate delay timers are not reset. However, if the dropout delay time expires (no
new current peak occurred), the function drops out and the operate delay timers are reset.
Delay/Tripping
In the first step, tripping of the local circuit breaker can be repeated. Tripping is repeated after expiration of
the settable delay T1. The retrip on the local circuit breaker is as a safety mechanism as well. In the event of a
wrong start and pickup, only the local circuit breaker is opened instead of the superordinated circuit breaker.
Time delay T2 (backup tripping) can start in parallel either with the start of time T1 or after expiration of time
T1.
If time delay T2 expires, circuit-breaker restriking takes place and the backup-tripping signal Trip T2 is
generated.
If the >CB defect input signal is valid, any repetition of the trip signal is suppressed and the backup-trip-
ping signal Trip T2 is generated immediately (without delay). For safety reasons, a default software filter
time of 20 ms is preset (configurable in DIGSI) for the binary input signal >CB defect.
The Minimum operate time parameter defines the minimum duration for the trip command of the func-
tion. In contrast to other protection functions, the parameter is set within its own function. As a result, the
setting is independent of the identically named comprehensive parameter that is set in the Device settings.
[lo_deltrip-030211-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-527 Logic Diagram for Delay/Tripping of the Circuit-Breaker Restrike Protection
NOTE
i When using release criteria, it must be ensured that the criteria are given under all the conditions where
the Circuit-breaker restrike protection shall be started. If you choose no release criteria, the release is
permanently given.
NOTE
i Opening the circuit breaker manually without using the device will not release the start of the Circuit-
breaker restrike protection.
NOTE
i Opening the circuit breaker by control or manually will not trigger the Circuit-breaker failure protection.
Consequently the Circuit-breaker restrike protection cannot be released either.
The input signals >Start , >release , and >Stop have a filtering time of 20 ms as default setting. If a
transient spurious signal to the binary inputs is expected due to the design of the external binary-input control
circuits and environmental conditions, the filtering time can be extended.
Parameter: Threshold
• When using the retrip functionality, this delay time must ensure a safe function dropout after giving the
retrip on the local circuit breaker.
Siemens recommends applying a delay time of 150 ms which is the default setting.
! CAUTION
Do not set a time that is too short.
If you set a time that is too short, there is a danger (dropout of the function without the current-flow
criterion) that the device contacts interrupt the control circuit. If this happens, the device contacts
burn out.
² Set a duration that is long enough to ensure that the circuit breaker reliably reaches its final position
(open) after a control operation.
6.66.5 Settings
The Thermal overload protection, 3-phase – advanced function (ANSI 49) is used to:
• Protect the equipment (motors, generators, transformers, capacitors, overhead lines, and cables) against
thermal overloads
• Monitor the thermal state of motors, generators, transformers, capacitors, overhead lines, and cables
The Thermal overload protection, 3-phase – advanced function is used in protection function groups with
current measurement.
The function is preconfigured by the manufacturer with 1 Thermal overload protection, 3-phase –
advanced stage.
The non-preconfigured function block Filter can optionally be applied to gain the RMS value used by the
Thermal overload protection, 3-phase – advanced stage.
6.67.3 Description
Logic
[lopttrdi-100611-01.tif, 5, en_US]
Figure 6-529 Logic Diagram of the Thermal Overload Protection, 3-Phase - Advanced Stage
Thermal Replica
The protection function calculates the overtemperature from the phase currents based on a thermal single-
body model according to the thermal differential equation with
[fo_diffgl-170914, 2, en_US]
[fo_normie-170914, 3, en_US]
At the same time, Irated, obj is the rated current of the assigned protected object side:
• In the case of transformers, the rated current of the winding to be protected, which the device calculates
from the set rated apparent power and rated voltage, is decisive.
• The uncontrolled winding forms the basis in the case of transformers with voltage control
• In the case of generators, motors and reactors, the rated current, which the device calculates from the
set rated apparent power and rated voltage, is decisive.
• In the case of lines, nodes and busbars, the rated current of the protected object is set directly
In a steady state, the solution to the thermal differential equation is an e-function whose asymptote repre-
sents the final overtemperature Θend. The time constant τth determines the rise. After reaching an initial adjust-
able overtemperature threshold Θwarn ( Threshold thermal warn. ), a warning indication is given.
If the overtemperature limit ΘOff (tripping overtemperature) is exceeded, an operate indication is immediately
issued and the equipment disconnected from the power supply. This threshold is specified at 100 % and corre-
sponds to the final temperature set at a flowing permissible continuous current (Imax).
Figure 6-530 shows the temperature rise at different overload currents and the supervision thresholds.
[dwtempve-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-530 Temperature History for Different Overload Currents ( K-factor = 1.1)
The overtemperature is calculated separately for each phase. The current overtemperature can be obtained
from the operational measured values. It is shown in percent. An indication of 100 % means that the thermal
threshold has been reached. The maximum overtemperature of the phases is regarded as the tripping temper-
ature. This means that the highest of the 3 phase currents is always assumed.
The analysis of the RMS values of the currents over a broad frequency band also includes the harmonic
components. These harmonic components contribute to the temperature rise of the equipment.
If the flowing current falls below an adjustable minimum current Imin cooling , the Cooling time
constant is activated.
Operate Curve
If the ambient temperature is not measured and set to 40°C, you can get the operate curve as following:
[foauslos-211010-01.tif, 1, en_US]
t Operate time
τth Time constant
I Measured load current
Ipreload Preload current
k Setting factor according to VDE 0435 part 3011 or IEC 60255-149 (K factor)
Irated, obj Rated current of the protected object
Ambient Temperature
This function can take the ambient temperature into consideration. The reference temperature of the thermal
model is 40°C. If the ambient temperature drops below the reference temperature, the thermal limit increases.
The equipment can be stressed more. If the ambient temperature is higher, the conditions change.
The Default temperature parameter can be used to fix or measure the ambient temperature. The
Minimal temperature parameter limits the coupled ambient temperature. If the measured ambient
temperature is lower than the minimum temperature, the minimum temperature is processed in the thermal
model.
The ambient temperature refers to the overtemperature of the protected object, which sets itself at the rated
current (parameter Temperature rise at Irated ).
The measured ambient temperature is measured by an external RTD unit (RTD = Resistance Temperature
Detector) or by an IO111 module and provided by the functions RTD unit Ether., RTD unit serial, or Tempera-
ture module IO111 of the function group Analog unit. When using the Temperature sensor parameter,
the respective temperature sensor can be selected.
If the temperature measurement is faulty, for example, due to an open circuit between the device and the RTD
unit, the health state of the Thermal overload protection, 3-phase – advanced function changes to
Warning. In this case, the process continues with either the temperature measured last or the value set under
the Default temperature parameter, depending on which value is the highest.
Current Influence
The thermal replica based on the single-body model applies with limitations to high overcurrent situations
(short circuits, motor startup currents). To avoid an overfunction of the overload protection, the thermal
replica must be influenced for overcurrents (exceeding l threshold). You can select between 2 strategies for this:
• Limitation of the input current for the thermal replica to the set current. The temperature rise is thereby
retarded at high currents.
Warning Thresholds
The thermal warning threshold issues a warning indication before the tripping threshold (tripping tempera-
ture) is reached. In this way, for example, a load can be reduced in sufficient time and a disconnection
avoided. At a normal K-factor of 1.1, a thermal memory value of 83 % sets in at continuously flowing
rated current.
Apart from the thermal warning threshold, the overload protection also has a current-warning threshold. This
current-warning threshold can signal an overload current in sufficient time before the overtemperature value
has reached the warning or tripping threshold.
Dropout of Tripping
Once the thermal memory has fallen below the setting value of the Dropout threshold operate , the
trip command is canceled upon tripping. In contrast, the current-warning threshold and the thermal warning
threshold are reduced at a fixed dropout threshold (see Technical Data).
Emergency Start
Depending on the operating conditions, tripping can be blocked or closure enabled despite the permissible
thermal limits being exceeded. Upon activation of the binary input signal >Emergency start , tripping is
blocked and closure enabled. This does not affect the state of the thermal memory. After the input >Emer-
gency start disappears, the blocking remains in effect for the set Emerg. start T overtravel .
Blocking Closure
The signal Block close can be used to prevent closure of the protected object at a high thermal load. The
signal is set if the tripping overtemperature is exceeded, and canceled if the temperature falls below the
dropout threshold.
Motors and generators as well as transformers are at risk from longer-lasting overloads. The overload protec-
tion has a thermal operate curve, which can be adapted to the overload capacity of the equipment that is to
be protected.
Set the threshold to the maximum permissible continuous current (Imax, perm). This results in the same setting
value as for the K-factor .
[fowarnsc-100810-01.tif, 2, en_US]
At a K-factor of 1.05, the thermal memory for rated current is already 91 % filled. Increase the Threshold
thermal warn. to 95 %.
Parameter: K-factor
[fotolpkf-100810-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i The thermally permissible continuous current for the protected object is known from relevant tables, from
the thermal limit curves or from the specifications of the manufacturer!
EXAMPLE
Motor and transformer with the following data
Continuous permissible current: Imax perm. = 1.1 Irated motor
Rated current of the motor: Irated motor = 1100 A
Selected K factor of 1.1
NOTE
For motors, for instance, it is on the order of magnitude of 10 to 30 min. Deviations are possible. A Thermal
time constant of 15.12 min is a customary value in practice.
If, on the other hand, the Thermal time constant is not known, but only an operate curve is available,
the time constant can also be concluded from this. Define the K-factor for this by calculating the maximum
permissible overcurrent or assuming the K-factor ( K-factor = 1.1). The operate time for a current
value (for example, 1.5 Irated, obj.) is read off from the operate curve. The current value must be close to the
overload current value.
The operate curves are indicated for both the cold and warm state. The operate curve for the cold state is
recommended for calculating the time constant.
Use the formula for the operate time to calculate the Thermal time constant parameter. It must be
converted according to the time constant τth. For the cold-operation case, set the previous current to 0 (Iprevious
load = 0).
[fo_konsmt_270912_01, 2, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For the asynchronous motor
K factor = 1.1
Characteristic curve class 10 according to ANSI: At 1.5 I/Irated, obj, a required operate time of 700 s is derived
from the characteristic curve.
The Thermal time constant can therefore be calculated:
[fokonsta-310510-02.tif, 2, en_US]
This results in a setting value of 907 s for the Thermal time constant.
NOTE
i The Cooling time constant is a multiple of the thermal time constant and can be taken from the
motor data.
The Imax thermal parameter allows you to set the threshold current for the Behav. at I> Imax
therm. parameter. If you calculate with relatively long start times for motors (longer than 25 s), the current
limiting must be reduced to 2 I/Irated, obj.
[fo_ueb_for_Irated, 3, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
Temperature class B for continuous operation: permissible overtemperature = 80 K
From this, a temperature for Irated of 120°C (80 K + 40°C) can be derived when using a temperature sensor for
the measurement.
Temperature class F as thermal limiting value: permissible overtemperature = 105 K.
From this, a maximum temperature of 155°C (105 K + 40°C) derives.
From these values, the K factor can be derived:
[fo_bsp_kfaktor, 3, en_US]
If you select a setting value of 1.1 for the K-factor, your selection can be considered as conservative.
NOTE
i For electrical machines, the limits can vary depending on the type of coolant.
Consult the machine manufacturer to agree on a setting value for the overtemperature.
• The temperature measurement is faulty and the last measured temperature value is less than the
Default temperature.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
6.67.5 Settings
The Thermal overload protection 1-phase function (ANSI 49) is used to:
• Protect the equipment (reactors or resistors in the neutral point of a transformer) from thermal overload
The Thermal overload protection 1-phase function is used in 1-phase protection function groups with
current measurement.
The Thermal overload protection, 1-phase function is steplessly preconfigured.
[dwtolp1p-270613-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lotolp1p-250713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Thermal Replica
The protection function calculates the overtemperature from the current flowing in the protected object (for
example, reactor or resistance in the transformer neutral point) on the basis of a thermal single-body model
according to the thermal differential equation with
[fodiffgl-310510-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[fonormie-310510-01.tif, 2, en_US]
At the same time, Irated,obj is the rated current of the protected object.
In a steady state, the solution to the thermal differential equation is an e-function whose asymptote repre-
sents the final overtemperature Θend. The time constant τth determines the rise. After reaching an initial adjust-
able overtemperature threshold Θwarn (Threshold thermal warn.), a warning indication is given.
If the overtemperature limit ΘOff (tripping overtemperature) is exceeded, an operate indication is immediately
issued and the equipment disconnected from the power supply. This threshold is specified at 100 % and corre-
sponds to the final temperature set at a flowing permissible continuous current (Imax).
Figure 6-533 shows the temperature rise at different overload currents and the supervision thresholds.
[dwtempve-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-533 Temperature History for Different Overload Currents (K-factor = 1.1)
The current overtemperature can be obtained from the operational measured values. It is shown in percent.
An indication of 100 % means that the thermal threshold has been reached.
The analysis of the RMS value of the current over a broad frequency band also includes the harmonic compo-
nents. These harmonic components contribute to the temperature rise of the equipment.
Operate Curve
If the ambient temperature is not measured and set to 40°C, you get the following operate curve:
[foauslos-211010-01.tif, 1, en_US]
t Operate time
τth Time constant
I Measured load current
Ipreload Preload current
k Setting factor according to VDE 0435 part 3011 or IEC 60255-149 (K factor)
Irated,obj Rated current of the protected object
Ambient Temperature
This function can take the ambient temperature into consideration The reference temperature of the thermal
model is 40 °C. If the ambient temperature drops below the reference temperature, the thermal limit
increases. The equipment can be stressed more. If the ambient temperature is higher, the conditions change.
The Default temperature parameter can be used to fix or measure the ambient temperature. The
Minimal temperature parameter limits the coupled ambient temperature. If the measured ambient
temperature is lower than the minimum temperature, the minimum temperature is processed in the thermal
model.
The ambient temperature refers to the overtemperature of the protected object, which sets itself at the rated
current (parameter Temperature rise at Irated).
The measured ambient temperature is recorded by an external RTD unit (RTD = Resistance Temperature
Detector) or by an IO111 module and provided by the functions RTD unit Ether., RTD unit serial, or Tempera-
ture module IO111 of the function group Analog units. When using the Temperature sensor parameter,
the respective temperature sensor can be selected.
If the temperature measurement is disrupted, for example, due to an open circuit between the device and the
RTD unit, the health state of the Thermal overload protection, 1-phase function changes to Warning. In this
case, the process continues with either the temperature measured last or the value set under the Default
temperature parameter, whichever value is the highest.
Current Influence
The thermal replica based on the single-body model applies with limitations to high overcurrent situations
(short circuits). To avoid an overfunction of the overload protection, the thermal replica must be influenced
for overcurrents (exceeding llimit). You can select between 2 strategies for this:
• Limitation of the input current for the thermal replica to the set current. The temperature rise is thereby
retarded at high currents.
Warning Thresholds
The thermal warning threshold issues a warning indication before the tripping threshold (tripping tempera-
ture) is reached. In this way, for example, a load can be reduced in sufficient time and a disconnection
avoided. At a normal K-factor of 1.1, a thermal memory value of 83 % sets in at continuously flowing rated
current.
Apart from the thermal warning threshold, the overload protection also has a current-warning threshold. This
current-warning threshold can signal an overload current in sufficient time before the overtemperature value
has reached the warning or tripping threshold.
Dropout of Tripping
Once the thermal memory has fallen below the setting value of the Dropout threshold operate, the trip
command is cancelled upon tripping. In contrast, the current-warning threshold and the thermal warning
threshold are reduced at a fixed dropout threshold (see technical data).
Blocking Closure
The signal Block close can be used to prevent closure of the protected object at a high thermal load. The
signal is set if the tripping overtemperature is exceeded, and cancelled if the temperature falls below the
dropout threshold.
• Recommended setting value (_:101) Threshold current warning = 1.1 A for lrated = 1 A
Set the threshold to the maximum permissible continuous current (Imax, perm). This results in the same setting
value as for K-factor.
[fowarnsc-100810-01.tif, 2, en_US]
At a K-factor of 1.05, the thermal memory for rated current is 91% filled. Increase the Threshold
thermal warn. to 95%.
Parameter: K-factor
[fotolpkf-100810-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i The thermally permissible continuous current for the protected object is known from relevant tables or
from the specifications of the manufacturer!
Siemens recommends using the default value as it is a typical value for many applications.
EXAMPLE
[fo_time_constance_11082015, 1, en_US]
[dwtime-dependent-110815-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
The Imax thermal parameter allows you to set the threshold current for the Behav. at I> Imax
therm. parameter. The selected current threshold of 2.5 Irated, obj is a practicable value.
NOTE
i For an application as a 1-phase overload protection, the ambient temperature measured via the tempera-
ture sensor is not taken into account. Therefore, the setting has no influence. You can keep the default
setting. If you take into account the temperature, note the following descriptions.
Set the overtemperature as the value that is the result if the equipment is continuously operated with the
rated current and at an ambient temperature of 40°C. Here, the rated current refers to the protected object.
You can find the temperature value in the Technical data of the equipment or you can measure the value. If
you use a temperature sensor when measuring at the rated current, deduct the actual ambient temperature or
the coolant temperature from the measured value.
When selecting the setting value, you can also use the specified temperature class for orientation. Usually, you
will find the overtemperature expressed in Kelvin (K), which can be accepted as is. If the absolute temperature
is given, the ambient temperature must be deducted. As a rule, this is 40 °C.
The overtemperature (ϑmax) at maximum permissible current and the Temperature rise at Irated
(ϑrated,obj.) can be converted by using the following formula:
[fo_ueb_for_Irated, 3, en_US]
EXAMPLE:
Temperature class B for continuous operation: permissible overtemperature = 80 K
From this, a temperature for Irated of 120 °C (80 K + 40 °C) can be derived when using a measuring element for
the measurement.
Temperature class F as thermal limiting value: permissible overtemperature = 105 K.
From this, a maximum temperature of 155 °C (105 K + 40 °C) derives.
From these values, the magnitude of the K factor can also be derived.
[fo_bsp_kfaktor, 3, en_US]
If selecting a setting value of 1.1 for the K-factor, your selection can be considered as conservative.
• Recommended setting value (_:114) Behav. at I> Imax therm. = current limiting
The Behav. at I> Imax therm. parameter is used to select the process by which the function reacts to
short-circuit currents. To prevent premature tripping of the overload protection at low time constants, high
preloading and high short-circuit currents, the thermal replica can be modified.
The default setting has been selected compatible with SIPROTEC 4 devices. If you wish to take further temper-
ature rise into consideration, the current limiting procedure is recommended.
Parameter Value Description
current limiting The input current is limited to the value set in the Imax thermal parameter. If
the measured current exceeds the set current value, the limited current value is
supplied to the thermal replica. An advisable current threshold is approx. 2 to
2.5 Irated, obj.
freeze therm. rep. If the input current exceeds the Imax thermal parameter, the thermal replica
will be frozen for the time the parameter is exceeded. This parameter value is
provided to enable compatibility with older products!
Under the following conditions, the Default temperature will be set as ambient temperature:
• The temperature measurement is interrupted and the measured temperature value is less than the
Default temperature.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
6.68.5 Settings
The function Thermal overload protection rotor (ANSI 49R) is used to protect the rotor of asynchronous
motors against thermal overloads. If the rotor temperature exceeds the maximum admissible temperature
(which is 100 % rotor overload), an operate or a warning indication occurs.
The Thermal overload protection rotor function is used in specific protection-function groups. Only one
Thermal overload protection rotor (49R Overl.rot.) function can be applied within the protection-function
group.
[dwrtheov-300913, 1, en_US]
[lotherov-300712-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 6-535 Logic Diagram of the Thermal Overload Protection Rotor (49R Overl.rot. Protection)
Rotor Temperature
The Rotor temperature comes from the Thermal replica of the rotor function block. The Rotor temperature
is calculated as a percentage value of the maximum allowed thermal load of the rotor.
6.69.5 Settings
The Thermal overload protection, user-defined characteristic curve function (ANSI 49) is used to:
• Protect the equipment (motors, generators, and transformers) against thermal overloads
• Realize a manufacturer specific overload characteristic curve for specific equipment, for example, shunt
reactors
The Thermal overload protection, user-defined characteristic curve function is used in protection function
groups with 3-phase current measurement.
The function comes factory-set with 1 Thermal overload protection, user-defined characteristic curve
stage.
The non-preconfigured function block Filter can optionally be applied to gain the RMS value used by the
Thermal overload protection, user-defined characteristic curve stage.
[dw_TOLP_UserCurveStr, 2, en_US]
Logic
[lo_TOLP_UserCurve_stage, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-537 Logic Diagram of the Thermal Overload Protection, User-Defined Characteristic Curve Function
(1) The (_:101) Rated current parameter is from the protected object.
(2) The (_:104) Rated primary current parameter is from the used current transformer.
RMS-Value Selection
The protection function supports 2 kinds of RMS measurement:
NOTE
i When the function block Filter is applied, only one current measuring point I-3ph is allowed to be
connected to the 3-phase current interface of the function group.
[dw_TOLP_UserCurve_characteristic, 2, en_US]
The calculation is identical to the realization of the standard Thermal overload protection, 3-phase -
advanced function. You can find more information in the function description Thermal overload protection,
3-phase - advanced starting from chapter 6.67.1 Overview of Functions.
The main deviations are as follows:
– The first point of the characteristic curve is important and is used to calculate the internal k-Factor.
To meet the applications with a minimum internal k-Factor value of 1.001, the minimum I/Irated,obj
value of 1.011 can be set as the first point of the characteristic curve.
– The point at I/Irated,obj = 1.5 is used to calculate the internal thermal time constant. If there is no point
at I/Irated,obj = 1.5, the point which is the closest to I/Irated,obj = 1.5 from I/Irated,obj = 1.1 is used to calcu-
late the internal thermal time.
– The points are set according to the maximum permissible load current.
• The Curve based on preload parameter describes for which thermal preload the user-defined char-
acteristic curve is valid. Normally, such a curve is given for protected objects under rated load.
• The Cool-down factor Tau parameter is used for the determination of the cooling time constant.
The set factor is multiplied with the internal calculated time constant.
• The thermal model is based on a constant ambient temperature of 40 °C. It cannot be corrected via the
external measurement.
Thermal Replica
The protection function calculates the overtemperature from the phase currents on the basis of a thermal
single-body model according to the thermal differential equation with
[fo_TOLP_diffgl, 1, en_US]
[fo_TOLP_normie, 1, en_US]
[dw_TOLP_Temperature, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-540 Temperature History for Different Overload Currents ( K-factor = 1.1)
The overtemperature is calculated separately for each phase. The current overtemperature can be obtained
from the operational measured values. It is shown in percent. An indication of 100 % means that the thermal
threshold has been reached. The maximum overtemperature of the phases is regarded as the tripping temper-
ature. This means that the highest of the 3 phase currents is always assumed.
The analysis of the RMS values of the currents over a broad frequency band also includes the harmonic
components. These harmonic components contribute to the temperature rise of the equipment.
Current Influence
The thermal replica based on the single-body model applies only with limitations to high overcurrent situa-
tions (short circuits, motor startup currents). To avoid an overfunction of the overload protection, the thermal
replica must be influenced in case of overcurrents (exceeding Ithreshold). You can select between 2 strategies for
this:
• Limitation of the input current for the thermal replica to the set current. The temperature rise is thereby
retarded at high currents.
Warning Thresholds
The thermal warning threshold issues a warning indication before the tripping threshold (tripping tempera-
ture) is reached. In this way, for example, a load can be reduced in sufficient time and a disconnection can be
avoided. If the first setting value of the user-defined characteristic curve is set to 1.1 of the rated current, a
thermal memory value of 83 % is set to the continuously flowing rated current.
Apart from the thermal warning threshold, the overload protection also has a current-warning threshold. This
current-warning threshold can signal an overload current in sufficient time before the overtemperature value
has reached the warning or tripping threshold.
Dropout of Tripping
Once the thermal memory has fallen below the setting value of the Dropout threshold operate, the trip
command is cancelled upon tripping. In contrast, the current-warning threshold and the thermal warning
threshold are reduced at a fixed dropout threshold (see Technical Data).
Emergency Start
Depending on the operating conditions, tripping can be blocked or closure enabled despite the permissible
thermal limits being exceeded. Upon activation of the binary input signal >Emergency start, tripping is
blocked and closure enabled. This does not affect the state of the thermal memory. After the input >Emer-
gency start disappears, the blocking remains in effect for the set Emerg. start T overtravel.
Blocking Closure
The signal Block close can be used to prevent closure of the protected object at a high thermal load. The
signal is set if the tripping overtemperature is exceeded, and cancelled if the temperature falls below the
dropout threshold.
Motors and generators as well as transformers are at risk from long-lasting overloads. You can adapt the given
overload characteristic curve to the user-defined characteristic curve with the Thermal overload protection,
user-defined characteristic curve function. You can find the predefined characteristic curve in the chapter
12.69 Thermal Overload Protection, User-Defined Characteristic Curve.
When setting the parameters, consider the following:
• The settings for the used current transformer (primary values and secondary values) must be set correctly
in the power system.
• The rated values for the protected object must be correct in the used function group.
Set the threshold to the maximum permissible continuous current (Imax, perm). This results in the same setting
value as for the first value of the user-defined characteristic curve.
The Imax thermal parameter allows you to set the threshold current for the Behav. at I> Imax
therm. parameter. If you calculate with relatively long start times for motors (longer than 25 s), the current
limiting must be reduced to 2 I/Irated, obj.
When defining the minimum current Imin cooling, you can use the no-load current for orientation. If no
data is available, set 0.5 I/Irated, obj. If the current falls below this value, the internal thermal time constant τ
automatically switches to the internal cooling time constant with the Cool-down factor Tau parameter.
• Recommended setting value (_:114) Behav. at I> Imax therm. = current limiting
The Behav. at I> Imax therm. parameter is used to select the process by which the function reacts to
short-circuit currents. To prevent premature tripping of the overload protection at low time constants, high
preloading and high short-circuit currents, the thermal replica can be modified. As overcurrent due to a
starting of the motor also leads to a certain heating of the stator winding, limiting the input current is recom-
mended for machines.
Parameter Value Description
current limiting The input currents are limited to the value set in the Imax thermal
parameter. If the measured current exceeds the set current value, the
limited current value is supplied to the thermal replica. An advisable current
threshold is approx. 2 to 2.5 Irated, obj.
freeze therm. rep. If input currents exceed the Imax thermal parameter, the thermal replica
will be frozen for the time the parameter is exceeded.
• Set the current value as per-unit value with the rated current of the protected object as reference.
EXAMPLE
With the following 12 points, you can get a user-defined characteristic curve as shown in the following figure.
I / Iobj t (s)
1.16 120.00
1.21 96.00
1.25 76.00
1.28 62.00
1.35 48.00
1.42 37.50
1.48 33.50
1.58 27.50
1.84 20.50
2.09 14.00
2.25 9.85
8.00 9.85
6.70.5 Settings
The Field-winding overload protection function can be used in the Generator stator function group.
A stage of the Field-winding overload protection function can be configured as a tripping stage or as a
warning stage.
• The tripping stage shows the warning indication and can trip the Circuit-breaker function group.
[dw_Structure_FWOLP, 1, en_US]
6.71.3.1 Description
• Provide the processed value to the Field-winding overload protection function for further processing
Field-Current Measuring
The following figure shows the field-current measuring. The Field-winding overload protection function
evaluates the field current from the external measuring transducer (MT). The field current is measured via a
shunt converter (x kA → 60 mV). An MT is used for converting the 60-mV signal to a 4-mA to 20-mA signal.
The 4-mA to 20-mA interface of the MT current is the interface for the device. The MT must be scaled
according to the range of the field current. The field current is a direct current in the range of 0 A to 10 kA.
• In the MT fast input function, with the parameter Measuring window, you set the measuring range
within which the arithmetic mean value is determined and determine measurement speed for the input.
Siemens recommends setting the parameter to 40 ms.
• In the MT module function, with the parameter Resolution, you specify the accuracy of the measured
value.
• The Field-winding overload protection function requires the parameter Range active to be acti-
vated. You activate the setting by activating the check mark in DIGSI (see Figure 5-101). If the parameter
is not activated, an inconsistency message is given.
• The parameters Upper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor must be set to positive
values. The ranges of the parameters Field current I-base and No load field current in
each stage depend on the parameters Upper limit - Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor.
You can find more information in the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs
starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
Logic
[lo_FB0_FWOLP, 1, en_US]
Measurand
The sampling signal is provided by the MT and is forwarded to the stages.
• If the MT fast input function is used, with a special average filter, the pure direct-current value is calcu-
lated.
• If the MT module function is used, a measured value without average calculating is forwarded to the
stages.
6.71.3.2 Settings
6.71.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_FB_FWOLP, 2, en_US]
Stage Configuration
With the parameter Operate & flt.rec. blocked, you can configure the stage as a tripping stage
(Operate & flt.rec. blocked = no) or as a warning stage (Operate & flt.rec. blocked = yes).
Measured Value
The measured value used in the stage is provided by the general functionality. You can find more information
in chapter 6.71.3.1 Description.
Warning Threshold
If the Field current I-base is exceeded, the time delay (parameter Warning delay) is started. If the
time delay has elapsed, the Current warning indication will be displayed.
Thermal Behavior
The standard of rotating electrical machines (IEC 60034-3, IEEE -C50.13) indicates the permissible overload of
the field-winding curve using the following formula:
[fo_OLCurve_FWOLP, 1, en_US]
With:
If Measured field current
Ibase Reference field current, is the maximum permissible continuous field current Ifmax and
is given by the manufacturer. With the parameter Field current I-base, you can
set the value of the current.
t Time
TC Time constant and it is given by the generator manufacturer using the parameter Time
constant
The parameter Time constant depends on the design of the machine. It also represents the time in seconds
during which the machine can be loaded with a 100 % field-winding load. This factor is typical in a range from
10 s to 120 s. Once the field current If exceeds the Field current I-base, the calculation of the heating
of the protected object starts. The operate time is calculated from If with an integrating method of measure-
ment depending on the thermal characteristic. As soon as the integrate result reaches the value of the param-
eter Time constant, the stage of the Field-winding overload protection function generates an operate
indication.
The parameters Cooling time therm. replic. and Cooling time at no load are the times
required by the thermal replica to cool down from 100 % to 0 %. If the parameters Cooling time therm.
replic. and Cooling time at no load are set to 0, the thermal replica is reset immediately.
• Via the binary input signal >Block stage from an external or internal source
EXAMPLE
If the field current at rated power factor is 1781.000 A, you can set the parameter Field current I-base
with the following values which are provided by the generator manufacturer:
Example
NOTE
The range of the parameter No load field current is determined by the parameters Upper limit -
Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor in the Analog unit function group. You can find more information in
the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Over-
view.
NOTE
i If there is a broken wire, the thermal replica starts to cool down according to the parameter Cooling
time at no load.
6.71.4.3 Settings
The function Rotor overload protection with cold-gas temperature (ANSI 49R CG):
• Calculates the rotor thermal replica of the generator and considers the influence of the cold-gas tempera-
ture
• Protects the field winding of the generator against damages caused by overload
• Ensures the maximum apparent power of the generator at different cold-gas temperatures
The function Rotor overload protection with cold-gas temperature is used in the Generator stator function
group. A maximum of 2 functions can be instantiated in the FG.
A stage of the function Rotor overload protection with cold-gas temperature can be configured as a trip-
ping stage or as a warning stage.
• The tripping stage shows the warning indication and can trip the circuit breaker.
• 3 Thermal stages
• 3 Overtemperature stages
The non-preconfigured stages are shown in gray in the following figure.
[dw_Structure_ROLP_CGT, 1, en_US]
6.72.3.1 Description
• Measuring transducer
The function MT fast input or MT module in the Analog units function group converts the cold-gas
temperature into a processed value and provides the processed value to the function Rotor overload
protection with cold-gas temperature for further processing.
• Protocol
The function Temperature acquisition via protocols in the Analog units function group transfers the
cold-gas temperature to the function Rotor overload protection with cold-gas temperature. The func-
tion Temperature acquisition via protocols processes the transmitted cold-gas temperature PROFINET
IO or IEC 61850 from the power-plant control system, or via GOOSE from another protection device.
Figure 6-548 Field-Current Measurement and Cold-Gas Temperature Measurement via PROFINET IO or IEC
61850
Figure 6-549 Field-Current Measurement and Cold-Gas Temperature Measurement via GOOSE
[lo_OLP_CGT_FB0_Sel, 2, en_US]
• With the measured cold-gas temperature, the reference current is calculated in the general functionality.
The calculated reference current is used for the base-current calculation in the Thermal stage.
• The measured cold-gas temperature is used for the temperature supervision in the Overtemperature
stage.
If one of the following conditions is met, the general functionality uses the value of the parameter Default
val. cold-gas temp to calculate the reference current:
[dw_SOLP_ref.I_temp., 1, en_US]
[lo_OLP_CGT_FB0_Cal., 2, en_US]
• The parameter TD input-signal type of the function MT fast input and the parameter Meas.
transduc. I/O type of the function MT module must be set to Current input.
• For the parameter Measuring window of the function MT fast input, Siemens recommends the
following settings:
– Field-current measurement: 40 ms
– Cold-gas temperature measurement: 100 ms
• For the function Rotor overload protection with cold-gas temperature, you must activate the param-
eter Range active. Activate the setting by placing the relevant check mark in DIGSI (see Figure 5-101).
If the parameter is not activated, an inconsistency indication is given.
• For both the field-current measurement and the cold-gas temperature measurement, the parameter
Lower limit must be set to 4.000 mA and the parameter Upper limit must be set to 20.000 mA.
• The cold-gas temperature ranges and the field-current ranges of the relevant primary values depend on
the parameters Lower limit - Sensor and Upper limit - Sensor in each MT. The parameters
must be set to positive values.
You can find more information in the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs
starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
When configuring the parameter Temperature via protocol, consider the following:
• If the function Temperature acquisition via protocols in the FG Analog units is used to obtain the cold-
gas temperature value, only 1 temperature sensor is allowed to be used. The value of the parameter
Temperature via protocol must not be None.
• If the function MT fast or MT module in the FG Analog units is used to obtain the cold-gas temperature,
the value of the parameter must be None.
EXAMPLE
The following table shows the current values of a generator which are provided by the manufacturer.
Generator Cold-Gas Reference Current (A) Limit Current (A) Alarm Current (A) Trip Current
Temp. (°C) (A)
0.0 1824 1893 1931 2008
10.0 1824 1893 1931 2008
28.0 1781 1848 1885 1960
53.5 1522 1584 1616 1680
65.0 1411 1472 1501 1561
70.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A 1510
Name Definition
Reference current Rotor current with 1.0 p.u. of the terminal voltage
Limit current Current at the allowed maximum continuous terminal-voltage deviation
Alarm current Base current for the warning stage of the thermal model
Trip current Base current for the tripping stage of the thermal model
In DIGSI, you can add the number of value pairs that characterize the reference-current curve. In this example,
6 pairs of values are set.
6.72.3.3 Settings
6.72.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_OLP_FB_Rotor, 3, en_US]
Stage Configuration
You can configure the stage as a tripping stage or as a warning stage. Except for the parameter Base-
current factor, the tripping stage and the warning stage have the same logic. You can find more informa-
tion in chapter 6.72.4.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Measured Values
The field current If and the reference current Iref. used in the stage are provided by the general functionality.
You can find more information in chapter 6.72.3.1 Description.
[fo_ROLP_BaseA, 1, en_US]
With:
Base-current factor With the scaling factor, you determine the value for the tripping stage or for the
warning stage
Iref. Rotor current at 1.0 p.u. terminal voltage. It is calculated with the user-defined char-
acteristic curve. You can find more information in section Calculating the Reference
Current, Page 1401.
Pickup
The stage compares the field current If with the base current Ibase. When the field current If exceeds the base
current Ibase, the stage picks up.
Warning Indication
If the value of the current Ibase is exceeded, the pickup indication is issued and the time delay (parameter
Warning delay) is started. After the time delay has elapsed, the Current warning indication is issued.
Thermal Model
The standard of rotating electrical machines (IEC 60034-3, IEEE-C50.13) indicates the permissible overload of
the thermal curve using the following formula:
[fo_ROLP_OLCurve, 1, en_US]
With:
If Measured field current
Ibase Base current
t Time until trip
TC Time constant, given by the generator manufacturer using the parameter Time constant
The parameter Time constant depends on the design of the machine. It also represents the time in seconds
during which the machine can be loaded with a 100 % thermal load. Once the field current If exceeds the base
current Ibase, the calculation of the thermal replica of the protected object starts. The operate time is calculated
from the field current If with an integrating method of measurement depending on the thermal characteristic.
As soon as the integration result reaches the value of the parameter Time constant, the Thermal stage
generates an operate indication.
• Default setting (_:19231:2) Operate & flt.rec. blocked = yes (Warning stage)
EXAMPLE
If the cold-gas temperature is 28.0 °C, with the characteristic curve (see Calculating the Reference Current,
Page 1401), you get the reference current 1781 A.
With:
Base-current factor for the tripping stage = 1.101
Base-current factor for the warning stage = 1.059
If the field current If is smaller than the parameter No load field current, the parameter Cooling
time at no load is activated.
Unless otherwise specified, the default value can be maintained.
Example
NOTE
The range of the parameter No load field current is determined by the parameters Upper limit -
Sensor and Lower limit - Sensor in the Analog units function group. You can find more information
in the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs starting from chapter
5.8.6.1 Overview.
6.72.4.3 Settings
6.72.5.1 Description
Logic
[lo_OLP_FB_OverTemp., 2, en_US]
For generators, if the cold-gas temperature is too high, there is no need to integrate the thermal replica and
an alarm signal or an operate signal is issued immediately.
Measurand
The measured temperature is from the general functionality. You can find more information in chapter
6.72.3.1 Description.
Pickup
The stage compares the measured temperature value with the value of the parameter Threshold. If the
measured temperature value exceeds the value of the parameter Threshold, the Overtemperature stage
picks up. The Operate delay parameter allows you to delay the pickup of the stage.
Stage Configuration
You can configure the stage as a tripping stage or as a warning stage. You can find more information in
chapter 6.72.5.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Parameter: Threshold
6.72.5.3 Settings
The function Stator overload protection with cold-gas temperature (ANSI 49S CG):
• Calculates the stator thermal replica of the generator and considers the influence of the cold-gas temper-
ature
• Ensures the maximum apparent power of the generator at different cold-gas temperatures
The function Stator overload protection with cold-gas temperature is used in the Generator stator func-
tion group. A maximum of 2 functions can be instantiated in the FG.
A stage of the function Stator overload protection with cold-gas temperature can be configured as a trip-
ping stage or as a warning stage.
• The tripping stage shows the warning indication and can trip the circuit breaker.
• 3 Thermal stages
• 3 Overtemperature stages
The non-preconfigured stages are shown in gray in the following figure.
[dw_Structure_SOLP_CGT, 1, en_US]
6.73.3.1 Description
• Protocol
The function Temperature acquisition via protocols in the Analog units function group transfers the
cold-gas temperature to the function Stator overload protection with cold-gas temperature. The func-
tion Temperature acquisition via protocols processes the transmitted the cold-gas temperature via
PROFINET IO or IEC 61850 from the power-plant control system, or via GOOSE from another protection
device.
[dw_Excit_cur_moni_SOLP, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-558 Stator-Current Measurement and Cold-Gas Temperature Measurement via PROFINET IO or
IEC 61850
Figure 6-559 Stator-Current Measurement and Cold-Gas Temperature Measurement via GOOSE
[lo_OLP_CGT_FB0_Sel, 2, en_US]
• With the measured cold-gas temperature, the reference current is calculated in the general functionality.
The calculated reference current is used for the base-current calculation in the Thermal stage.
• The measured cold-gas temperature is used for the temperature supervision in the Overtemperature
stage.
If one of the following conditions is met, the general functionality uses the value of the parameter Default
val. cold-gas temp to calculate the reference current:
[dw_SOLP_ref.I_temp., 1, en_US]
[lo_OLP_CGT_FB0_Cal., 2, en_US]
• The parameter TD input-signal type of the function MT fast input and the parameter Meas.
transduc. I/O type of the function MT module must be set to Current input.
• For the cold-gas temperature measurement, the parameter Unit can be set to °C or °F.
• For the parameter Measuring window of the function MT fast input, Siemens recommends setting it
to 100 ms.
• For the function Stator overload protection with cold-gas temperature, you must activate the param-
eter Range active. Activate the setting by placing the relevant check mark in DIGSI (see Figure 5-101).
If the parameter is not activated, an inconsistency indication is given.
• For the cold-gas temperature measurement, the parameter Lower limit must be set to 4 mA and the
parameter Upper limit must be set to 20 mA.
• The cold-gas temperature ranges of the relevant primary values depend on the parameters Lower
limit - Sensor and Upper limit - Sensor in the MT. The parameters must be set to positive
values.
You can find more information in the function description V/I-Measuring-Transducer Unit with Fast Inputs
starting from chapter 5.8.6.1 Overview.
• If the function Temperature acquisition via protocols in the FG Analog units is used to obtain the cold-
gas temperature, only 1 temperature sensor is allowed to be used. The value of the parameter Tempera-
ture via protocol must not be None.
• If the function MT fast or MT module in the FG Analog units is used to obtain the cold-gas temperature,
the value of the parameter must be None.
EXAMPLE
The following table shows the current values of a generator which are provided by the manufacturer.
Generator Cold-Gas Reference Current (A) Limit Current (A) Alarm Current (A) Trip Current
Temp. (°C) (A)
0.0 10248 10787 11003 11443
10.0 10248 10787 11003 11443
28.0 9959 10483 10693 11121
53.5 8170 8599 8771 9122
65.0 7362 7750 7905 8221
70.0 #N/A #N/A #N/A 7829
Name Definition
Reference current Stator current at 1.0 p.u of the terminal voltage
Limit current Current at the allowed maximum continuous terminal-voltage deviation
Alarm current Base current for the warning stage of the thermal model
Trip current Base current for the tripping stage of the thermal model
In DIGSI, you can add the number of value pairs that characterize the reference-current curve. In this example,
6 pairs of values are set.
[sc_Ref.A.curve_SOLP, 2, en_US]
6.73.3.3 Settings
6.73.4.1 Description
Logic
[lo_OLP_FB_Stator, 1, en_US]
[lo_OLP_FB_Stator_General, 2, en_US]
Stage Configuration
You can configure the stage as a tripping stage or as a warning stage. Except for the parameter Base-
current factor, the tripping stage and the warning stage have the same logic. You can find more informa-
tion in chapter 6.73.4.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Measured Values
The reference current Iref. used in the stage is provided by the general functionality. You can find more infor-
mation in chapter 6.73.3.1 Description.
[fo_ROLP_BaseA, 1, en_US]
With:
Base-current factor With the scaling factor, you determine the value for the tripping stage or for the
warning stage
Iref. Stator current at 1.0 p.u. terminal voltage. It is calculated with the user-defined char-
acteristic curve. You can find more information in section Calculating the Reference
Current, Page 1416.
Pickup
The stage compares the RMS current with the base current Ibase. When the RMS current exceeds the base
current, the stage picks up.
Warning Indication
If the value of the current Ibase is exceeded, the pickup indication is issued and the time delay (parameter
Warning delay) is started. After the time delay has elapsed, the Current warning indication is issued.
Thermal Model
The standard of rotating electrical machines (IEC 60034-3, IEEE -C50.13) indicates the permissible overload of
the thermal curve using the following formula:
[fo_OLCurve_SOLP, 1, en_US]
With:
IRMS Measured RMS value of the current
Ibase Base current
t Time until trip
TC Time constant, given by the generator manufacturer using the parameter Time constant
The parameter Time constant depends on the design of the machine. It also represents the time in seconds
during which the machine can be loaded with a 100 % thermal load. Once the RMS value of the current
exceeds the base current Ibase, the calculation of the thermal replica of the protected object starts. The operate
time is calculated from the RMS value of the current with an integrating method of measurement depending
on the thermal characteristic. As soon as the integration result reaches the value of the parameter Time
constant, the Thermal stage generates an operate indication.
stored value for calculation and matches it to the operating conditions. The default setting of the parameter
Storage of thermal replica is no.
• Default setting (_:19381:2) Operate & flt.rec. blocked = yes (Warning stage)
EXAMPLE
If the cold-gas temperature is 28.0 °C, with the characteristic curve (see Calculating the Reference Current,
Page 1416), you get the reference current 9959 A.
With:
Base-current factor for the tripping stage = 1.117
Base-current factor for the warning stage = 1.074
With the parameter No load stator current, you can select the way in which the device cools down.
The parameter is deviated from the input current at no-load operation.
A possible approach is appr. 5 % of the rated current.
6.73.4.3 Settings
6.73.5.1 Description
Logic
[lo_OLP_FB_OverTemp., 2, en_US]
For generators, if the cold-gas temperature is too high, there is no need to integrate the thermal replica and
an alarm signal or an operate signal is issued immediately.
Measurand
The measured temperature is from the general functionality. You can find more information in chapter
6.73.3.1 Description.
Pickup
The stage compares the measured temperature value with the value of the parameter Threshold. If the
measured temperature value exceeds the value of the parameter Threshold, the Overtemperature stage
picks up. The Operate delay parameter allows you to delay the pickup of the stage.
Stage Configuration
You can configure the stage as a tripping stage or as a warning stage. You can find more information in
chapter 6.73.3.1 Description.
Parameter: Threshold
6.73.5.3 Settings
• Motors
• Generators
• Transformers
In rotating machines, it also checks bearing temperatures for a limit violation.
The temperatures are measured at various locations of the protected object using temperature sensors (RTD =
Resistance Temperature Detector) and are sent to the device via one or more RTD units.
The Temperature supervision function receives its measured temperature values via the RTD unit Ether. or
RTD unit serial functions from the Analog units function group.
The Temperature supervision function can work in all protection function groups. A maximum of 48 tempera-
ture supervision locations can operate simultaneously in the Temperature supervision function function.
Each temperature supervision location has 2 threshold stages.
[dwstrtmp-170712-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lotmpsup-170712-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The Temperature supervision location function block (Location FB) receives a measured temperature value
in °C or °F as an input variable delivered from the temperature sensor function blocks of the Analog units
function group. The Sensor number parameter is used to select the temperature sensor.
2 threshold value decisions can be performed for each measuring point. If the measured temperature value is
greater than or equal to the set threshold values, the stages generate a pickup indication independent of one
another and, after a set tripping time delay, an operate indication.
The indications from the supervision locations remain available for further processing.
NOTE
i The pickup of the stages does not result in fault logging. The operate indications of the stages do not go
into the trip logic of the device.
If you use an external RTD unit, connect the RTD unit via an interface (Ethernet or serial) to the SIPROTEC 5
device. Observe the setting notes for configuration of the interfaces in chapter Analog Transformer Function
Group Type under 5.8.7.3 Communication with an RTD Unit .
Temperature Unit
Temperature Unit To change the display and evaluation of measured temperature values from °C to °F, adapt
the DIGSI user default settings accordingly (see 5.8.7.5 Temperature Sensor).
6.74.5 Settings
The Hot-spot calculation function (ANSI 49H) protects the transformer against thermal destruction at
increased operating currents and monitors the thermal state of the turns.
The main use of this function is monitoring the temperature of the turns in the transformer. Continuously
monitoring the temperature at special points, the hot spots, is very important. An increased turn temperature
can have serious effects on the transformer.
The most frequent consequential damage of this is:
• Hot-spot temperature
• Relative aging
• Cooling methods
• Power factor
• Transformer size
The Hot-spot calculation function can be used in every protection function group that has a 3-phase current
input. During the engineering phase, you can incorporate the function into the project using drag & drop from
the DISGI 5 function library.
The Hot-spot calculation function is continuous.
[dwhotspt-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lohotspt-300513-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The hotspot temperature of a transformer winding can be calculated according to IEC 60076-7 or
IEEE C57.91 2011. The following 3 variables, relevant for the protection function, are calculated:
• Relative aging
Cooling Versions
Calculating the hotspot is dependent on the cooling method. Air cooling is always available and is differenti-
ated into 2 convection types:
• ON (Oil Natural = convective oil flow): The coolant (oil) moves in the tank due to the temperature differ-
ences that occur. The cooling effect coming from natural convection is not very pronounced.
• OF (Oil Forced = forced oil flow): The coolant (oil) moves in the tank because of an oil pump. The cooling
effect is, for this reason, greater than for ON.
• OD (Oil Directed = directed oil flow): The coolant (oil) follows a directional route in the tank because of
an oil pump. As a result, the oil flow can be increased at points that are particularly temperature critical.
The cooling effect is particularly good for this reason, the temperature gradient is smallest.
• Temperature at the hottest point in the coolant (coupled in by way of temperature measurement)
• Component coming from the temperature increase of the turn caused by the transformer load. It speci-
fies the temperature gradient from the hotspot of the winding to the top-oil temperature.
• Component of the temperature rise of the turn due to a sudden change in the transformer load
To calculate the temperature at the hotspot, the protection device needs the following information:
The following 2 factors determine the temperature ratio between the hotspot and the oil temperature:
[fohsalt8-300513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fohsalt9-300513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
Hgr Insulation temperature gradient
K Load ratio I/IN (measured)
y Turn exponent
k21, k22 Constant of the thermal model
τo Oil time constant
τw Turn time constant
t Current calculation time point
Δt Calculation Interval
During this, the load ratio K is determined from the measured current of the side and the rated object current.
The rated current of the appropriate function group is used as the rated object current.
[fohsalt7-060313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following graphic shows an example for the behavior of the hotspot temperature during a load jam of 0 ·
I/IN to 1 · I/IN and a steady oil temperature of 70 °C. All required settings correspond to the default values. The
results of the calculation methods according to IEC 60076-7 and IEEE C57.91 2011 are compared.
[dwhslsfk-170613-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fohsalt1-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
V Relative aging
Θh Temperature of the hotspot in °C
The mean relative aging rate L results from forming the average over an observed time lapse from T1 to T2.
The time period between T1 and T2 is 1 min.
[fohsalt2-260213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with
At a steady rated load, L = 1 corresponds to a hotspot temperature of 98 °C; at values over 1, accelerated
aging occurs, for example, at L = 2 only half the service life is reached with respect to normal load conditions.
The relative aging is defined according to IEC only in the range from 80 °C to 140 °C. This is the defined oper-
ating range of the aging calculation. Temperatures below 80 °C do not extend calculated aging. Values
exceeding 140 °C do not result in a reduction in the calculated aging.
The calculation of relative aging described refers only to the winding insulation and is, for this reason, not
applicable for other failure causes.
Results
The hotspot temperature is calculated for the associated function group of the protected object. The currents
of this function group and the measured coolant temperature at a selected temperature measuring point are
used for this. The rated object current of the appropriate function group is used as the rated current.
Hotspot Thresholds
There are 2 indication thresholds for the hotspot temperature: A warning threshold HST Warning
Threshold and an alarm threshold HST Alarm Threshold. There is also one adjustable threshold each for
warning Aging Warning Threshold and alarm Aging Alarm Threshold for the mean aging rate.
Emergency Start
If the transformer must be operated beyond the maximum permissible hotspot temperature for operational
reasons, the trip command can be blocked or a closure made possible by way of a binary input (>Emergency
start).
After the binary input signal >Emergency start drops out, it may be necessary for the blocking to stay in
effect because the hotspot temperature determined is still above the trip threshold. For this reason, the
protection function is equipped with an adjustable seal-in time (Emerg. start T overtravel) that starts
when the binary input signal drops and continues to suppress the trip command. Tripping by the hotspot
calculation is only possible again after this time has elapsed.
This binary input acts only on the alarm indication and the trip command, has no effect on fault logging and
does not reset the thermal image.
Blocking Closure
The signal Block close can be used to prevent closure of the protected object at a high thermal load. The
signal is set if the tripping temperature is exceeded, and cancelled if the temperature falls below the dropout
threshold.
You can read the current status at any time on the device under the functional measured value.
You can find the functional measured values for the Hotspot calculation under the following menu item of
the device:
Parameter: Sensor
Using the Turn time constant setting, you account for the heat transfer from an electrical conductor
(turn) to the outside of the insulation. This takes a few minutes. If no appropriate specifications are available,
those found in IEC 60076-7 or IEEE C57.91 2011 may be used. You can find an excerpt from the tables of
these standards with the data relevant here in Table 6-35.
IEC 60076-7
The following settings apply only for the calculation method according to the IEC 60076-7 standard.
If no specifications are available, those found in IEC 60076-7 may be used. You can find an excerpt from the
tables of this standard with the data relevant here in Table 6-35.
If no specifications are available, those found in IEEE C57.91 2011 may be used. You can find an excerpt from
the tables of this standard with the data relevant here in Table 6-35.
6.75.5 Settings
• Provide the ability to switchover the voltage measuring points to be applied, if various voltage measuring
points are connected to the voltage interface of the function group
• Select the correct voltage based on the switch position of the plant
If more than one voltage measuring points are connected to the same voltage interface of the function group,
use the Voltage measuring-point selection function block in the function group to select the correct voltage
based on the switch position of the plant.
The Voltage measuring-point selection is a common functionality for the function groups of the protected
objects.
The Voltage measuring-point selection function block realizes the selection of 1-phase voltage measuring
points or of 3-phase voltage measuring points by a logic block chart. The logic block chart controls the input
>MP-ID selection depending on the switch positions of disconnectors.
Example
Figure 6-572 shows an example of voltage measuring points selection for the function group Capacitor bank
in a double busbar application.
[dwbusbardouble.vsd, 2, en_US]
[scconnection, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-573 Connecting the Measuring Points with the Capacitor Bank Function Group
There are consistency checks that validate the connections of voltage measuring points to the function group:
• The connection type must be identical for all measuring points connected to the same interface of the
function group.
• The rated voltage (primary and secondary) must be identical for all measuring points connected to the
same interface.
• If more than 1 measuring point is connected to one voltage interface, a function block must be added to
enable the selection of the voltage measuring points.
CFC Control
The voltage measuring point is selected by logic block chart on basis of the measuring point IDs. If more than
one measuring point is connected to the interface of the function group, instantiate the function block
Voltage measuring-point selection from the library in the corresponding function group.
In order to ensure the correct measuring-point connection for the function group, a logic block chart has to
define the actual valid IDs for the input >MP-ID selection of the function block.
The following logic block chart implementation is based on the example given in Figure 6-572.
If the Disconnector 1 (QB1) is closed and no matter what the position the Disconnector 2 (QB2) is, the value 2
is the output of CFC block mux_d_1 and transferred to the input >MP-ID selection. Then, the Meas.point
V-3ph with ID 2 is selected as the reference voltage. Similarly, the Meas.point V-3ph with ID 3 is selected as
the reference voltage if the Disconnector 1 (QB1) is not closed (open or in intermediate position) while
Disconnector 2 (QB2) is closed.
[sc_lo-cfcVP, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-574 Logic Block Chart: Voltage Selection Using Measuring Point ID
However, the disconnectors might be both open or in a transient state. In this case, the input IN3 of the block
bool_int_1 becomes true, the value 0 is used as the ID for voltage selection input ( >MP-ID selection). If
ID 0 is selected, then all voltage values of the respective function-group interface are set to 0 V immediately.
An alarm indication Selection invalid is issued and the indication Health is issued as OK. In case you
want to supply the function group with voltage values under the condition that both disconnectors are open
or in transient state from one or the other busbar, you can alter the CFC chart respectively.
NOTE
i An invalid measuring-point selection (ID < 0 or an ID of a unconnected measuring point) for input >MP-ID
selection results in the following:
• The voltage measured values are displayed as failure.
• Detects arcs in air-insulated switchgear parts without delay and in a fail-safe way
The Arc protection function can be added to function groups that provide current measured values.
The Arc protection function consists of the following blocks.
• General
• 3 stages
[dw_structure_arcprot, 2, en_US]
[lo_fb0_arcprot, 3, en_US]
[lo_stage_arcprotection, 2, en_US]
The Arc protection function uses a locally connected optical arc sensor or an external trip initiation by other
devices in order to detect arcs.
NOTE
i Install the arc sensors inside the switchgear in such a way that they are not hidden behind other system
components!
Shadowing of the arc sensors must be avoided!
NOTE
i Once an optical sensor has detected an arc, you must replace the affected optical sensor!
Within the Arc protection function, you can use a fast current-flow criterion as an additional release criterion.
The parameters for the current-flow criterion can be found in the General block. For each stage, you can
select individually whether the current-flow criterion must be evaluated as well.
NOTE
i If using the current-flow criterion in addition to the light, prevent a potential overfunction caused by the
suddenly occurring light signal.
If you use the current-flow criterion, arcs are typically detected in 4 ms!
Self Monitoring
The Arc protection function uses a self-monitoring circuit. This circuit monitors the optical arc sensors and the
fiber-optic cables. The arc-protection module uses the fiber-optic cable to send a cyclic test signal (light) to the
arc sensors. If the channel is operating properly, the test signal is sent back to the arc protection module. If the
test signal is not returned to the arc protection module, the indication channel # Sensor failure is
generated.
If the self-monitoring function detects a fault, the indication Health is set to Alarm and the stage/function is
blocked.
Go to General under the function Arc protection and set the following parameters. The setting values apply
to all stages.
NOTE
i If you set the parameter CT connection = 3-phase, 2 primary CT for the 3-phase current meas-
uring point, the parameter Threshold 3I0> has no effect.
Parameter: Sensor
Parameter: Channel
6.77.6 Settings
6.77.8 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating Mode:
Light Only
6.77.8.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with one infeed and
2 feeders. The Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = light only.
The following items are considered in the example below:
• Connecting the optical point sensors to the protection devices in the feeders and the infeed
• Number of necessary stages of the functions in the protection devices of the feeders and the infeed
• Setting notes about the selected parameters in the stages of the function
The following figure shows the arrangement and the connection of the optical point sensors:
[dw_arcprot-light-only, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-578 Layout and Connection of the Optical Point Sensors (Operating Mode = Light only)
• The circuit breaker of the infeed must be switched off. This ensures that the arcs in the busbar compart-
ments of the infeed and the feeders or in the circuit-breaker compartment of the feeders are off.
Install the optical point sensors in the busbar compartments (BB compartment) of the infeed and feeders.
Install additional optical point sensors in the circuit-breaker compartment (CB compartment) of the
feeders. Connect all optical point sensors to the protection device of the infeed.
• The optical point sensors in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders detect arcs in this compart-
ment. Install one optical point sensor in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders and connect it
to the protection device of the feeder. This allows for the selective clearing of arcs inside the cable-
connection compartment.
Due to the pressure waves that occur during the formation of an arc, partitions can deform and cause
undesirable light influences in adjacent compartments. This can result in a non-selective tripping.
• If there is an arc in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device must switch off.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates in Operating mode = light only, the effects of external light
can result in non-selective tripping.
NOTE
i It must be considered that the number of arc protection modules connected to the device depends on the
hardware configuration of the device.
When using modular devices, a maximum of 15 sensors can be connected. If using non-modular devices, a
maximum of 6 sensors (3 sensors per module) can be connected.
General Notes
• Connect one optical point sensor from the cable-connection compartment in feeder 1 to the protection
device in feeder 1. Arcs in the cable-connection compartment are cleared selectively by the circuit
breaker in feeder 1.
• Connect one optical point sensor from the cable-connection compartment in feeder 2 to the protection
device in feeder 2. Arcs in the cable-connection are cleared selectively by the circuit breaker in feeder 2.
• Connect optical point sensors from all busbar compartments and all circuit-breaker compartments of
feeders 1 and 2 to the protection device in the infeed. Arcs in these compartments are detected and
cleared by the device in the infeed.
The parameters in block General are not relevant since the Operating mode = light only.
6.77.9 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating Mode:
Light and Current
6.77.9.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with one infeed and 2
feeders. The Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = current and light. In the
example, all arcs are detected by the protection device in the infeed.
The following items are considered in the example:
• Connecting the optical point sensors to the protection devices in the feeders and the infeed
• Number of necessary stages of the functions in the protection devices of the feeders and the infeed
[dw_light-and-current, 2, en_US]
Figure 6-579 Layout and Connection of the Optical Point Sensors (Operating Mode = Current and Light)
• The current-flow criterion offers additional security to prevent unwanted tripping caused by sudden light
influences.
Depending on the arc location in the cable-connection compartment of the feeder, it is not always
possible to measure the current. If an arc is detected in the cable-connection compartment of the feeder,
the current will therefore be evaluated in the infeed.
• Install the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the
cable-connection compartment of the feeders as well as the busbar compartment of the infeed. Connect
the optical point sensors to the protection device in the infeed.
• The protection device in the infeed clears all arcs in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker
compartment, and the cable-connection compartment of feeder 1 and 2. Furthermore, the protection
device clears arcs in the busbar compartment of the infeed.
• If the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the cable-
connection compartment of the feeders, or in the busbar compartment of the infeed detect an arc, the
protection device in the infeed evaluates the current as well.
• If an arc occurs in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device must trip.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = current and light, the addi-
tional current-flow criterion prevents unwanted tripping caused by external light influences.
NOTE
i This application example requires the connection of several optical point sensors to a single protection
device. It must be considered that the number of arc-protection modules that are connected to the device
depends on the hardware configuration of the device.
When using modular devices, a maximum of 15 sensors can be connected. If you use non-modular devices,
a maximum of 6 sensors (3 sensors per module) can be connected.
General Notes
• Connect the optical point sensors from the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and
the cable-connection compartment of feeders 1 and 2 to the protection device in the infeed. Arcs in the
busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment and the cable-connection compartment of
feeders 1 and 2 are detected and cleared by the device in the infeed.
• Connect an optical point sensor from the busbar compartment in the infeed to the protection device in
the infeed. Arcs in the busbar compartment of the infeed are cleared selectively by the circuit breaker in
the infeed.
6.77.10 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors via External Trip
Initiation
6.77.10.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with one infeed and
2 feeders. The stages of the Arc protection function are triggered by External trip initiation.
The following items are considered in the example below:
• Connecting the optical point sensors to the protection devices in the feeders and the infeed
• Number of necessary stages of the functions in the protection devices of the feeders and the infeed
• Setting notes about the selected parameters in the stages of the function
[dw_arcprot-extern-input, 3, en_US]
• Install the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the
cable-connection compartment of the feeder and the infeed. Connect the optical point sensors to the
respective protection device in the feeder and infeed.
• If the optical point sensors detect an arc in the busbar compartment or the circuit-breaker compartment
of the feeders, the Light detected indication is sent via binary inputs/outputs, a protection interface,
or IEC 61850 GOOSE to the protection device in the infeed. Then, the protection device in the infeed
evaluates the current as well. If the measured current exceeds the thresholds Threshold I> and/or
Threshold 3I0>, the protection device in the infeed switches off the malfunction.
You can find detailed information in chapter 6.77.10.2 Application and Setting Notes
• Arcs in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders can also be switched off selectively by the
protection device of the affected feeder. To do this, the Current detected pickup indication from the
infeed unit must be sent to the appropriate protection device in the feeder.
• If an arc occurs in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device trips.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates via the External trip initiation, only 3 optical point
sensors are required per feeder protection device in order to detect the arcs (only one arc-protection
module).
The number of GOOSE messages is not limited. Therefore, the number of feeders is not limited, and the
protection of complex systems is feasible.
General Notes:
• Install the optical point sensors in the busbar compartment, the circuit-breaker compartment, and the
cable-connection compartment of the feeders and the infeed to the respective protection devices.
• Arcs in the busbar compartment and the circuit-breaker compartment of the feeders must be switched
off by the protection device in the infeed. To do this, the protection devices in the feeder device must
send the indication Light detected to the infeed device. Use the binary inputs/outputs, a protection
interface, or IEC 61850 GOOSE.
The protection device in the infeed evaluates the current. If the measured current exceeds the
Threshold I> and/or Threshold 3I0> threshold values, the protection device in the infeed switches
off faults on the busbar and the circuit-breaker compartment of the feeders.
Connect the signals over 4 stages, using the external trip initiation or a CFC chart.
• Arcs in the cable-connection compartment of the feeders are switched off locally. The protection device
in the infeed evaluates the current. If the measured current exceeds the threshold values Threshold
I> and/or Threshold 3I0>, the Current detected indication is sent to the protection devices in
the feeders. If, at the same time, an optical sensor in a cable-connection compartment detects light, the
protection device trips in the corresponding feeder.
6.77.11 Application Example for Arc Protection with a Line Sensor in Operating Mode:
Light and Current
6.77.11.1 Description
Overview
The example describes the Arc protection function in a medium-voltage switchgear with 1 infeed and
2 feeders. The Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = current and light. In the
example, all arcs are detected by the protection device in the infeed.
The following items are considered in the example below:
• Setting notes about the selected parameters in the stages of the function
[dw_Liniensensor, 1, en_US]
Figure 6-581 Layout and Connection of the Optical Line Sensors (Operating Mode = Current and Light)
• The current-flow criterion offers additional protection to prevent unwanted tripping caused by the
sudden effects of light.
• Figure 6-581 shows how the optical line sensors should be routed. Start in the infeed busbar compart-
ment and route the optical line sensor along the busbar and back again to the protection device in the
infeed. Connect the optical line sensor to the protection device in the infeed.
• Depending on the routing options in the control cabinet, you can also route the optical line sensor
through the circuit-breaker and cable-connection compartments of the feeders.
If this is not possible, you can detect arcs in these compartments using point sensors. For more detailed
information, see chapters 6.77.8 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating
Mode: Light Only and 6.77.9 Application Example for Arc Protection with Point Sensors in Operating
Mode: Light and Current.
• If an arc occurs in the circuit-breaker compartment and in the cable-connection compartment of the
infeed, the superordinate protection device will shut off.
NOTE
i If the Arc protection function operates with the Operating mode = current and light, the addi-
tional current-flow criterion will prevent unwanted tripping caused by external light effects.
NOTE
i Note that the number of arc protection modules that are connected to the device depend on the hardware
configuration of the equipment.
When using modular equipment, a maximum of 15 sensors can be connected. If using non-modular equip-
ment, a maximum of 6 sensors (3 sensors per module) can be connected.
Depending on the use case, you can combine point and line sensors.
• Parameter: Channel = Arc mod. 1 channel 1 (Stage 1) → Busbar compartment supervision (infeed,
feeder 1, feeder 2)
You can find more information about the settings of the parameters Threshold I> and Threshold 3I0>
in chapter 6.77.4 Application and Setting Notes – General Settings.
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview
The SIPROTEC 5 series of devices offers powerful command processing capability as well as additional func-
tions that are needed when serving as bay controllers for the substation automation technology or when
providing combi-protection. The object model for the devices is based on the IEC 61850 standard, making the
SIPROTEC 5 series of devices ideally suited for use in systems employing the IEC 61850 communication
protocol. In view of the function blocks necessary for the control functions, other logs are also used.
The concept of so-called controllables is based on the data model described in IEC 61850. Controllables are
objects that can be controlled, such as a switch with feedback. The model of a transformer tap changer, for
example, contains controllables. The controllables are identifiable by their last letter C of the data type (for
example, DPC = Double Point Controllable/Double Command with feedback or BSC = Binary-Controlled Step
Position Indication / transformer tap command with feedback).
[sc_control, 1, en_US]
The trip, opening and the close commands are connected to the relays. For the trip command, a choice
between saved and unsaved output is possible. The position is connected with 2 binary inputs (double-point
indication). In addition, signals are available that display the current state of the switch (not selected, off, on,
intermediate position, disturbed position). These signals can be queried in CFC for example, in order to
build interlocking conditions.
Control Models
You can set the operating mode of the controllables by selecting the control model.
[dwsteuer-190912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The figure shows the control models (right) with the respective control mechanisms (center). The standard
control model for a switching command in an IEC 61850 compliant system is SBO with feedback monitoring
(SBO w. enh. security). This control model is the default setting for newly created switching devices.
The following switching devices can be found in the DIGSI 5 library in the Circuit-breaker and Switching-
devices function groups (see following figures).
[sccbausw, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-2 Selecting the Circuit-Breaker Switching Device Using the DIGSI Circuit-Breaker Function Group
Menu
[scswausw, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-3 Selecting the Remaining Switching Devices Using the DIGSI Switching-Devices Menu
[dwbreake-220512-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The circuit breaker in DIGSI 5 is linked with the binary inputs that acquire the switch position via information
routing. The circuit breaker in DIGSI 5 is also linked with the binary outputs that issue the switching
commands.
The Circuit-breaker switching device is available in 4 different types:
NOTE
i When setting the parameters of a device, you will find 2 circuit-breaker types in the Global DIGSI 5 library:
- 3-pole circuit breaker or 1-pole circuit breaker, depending on the device type selected (3-pole or 1-pole
tripping)
- Circuit breaker (status only)
The setting values of the parameter can be found in the chapter 7.2.2.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Table 7-2 Setting Options of the Controllable Command with Feedback in the Control Function
Block of the Circuit Breaker.
34 First click Position and then click the Details key in the Properties window (below).
Table 7-3 Setting Options of the Controllable Position in the Circuit-Breaker Function Block (Chatter
Blocking)
Table 7-4 Additional Settings in the Device Settings Having Effects on the Circuit Breaker
The inputs and outputs as well as the setting options of the Circuit-breaker and Control function blocks are
described in the next section (see 7.2.2.3 Connection Variants of the Circuit Breaker).
Interlocking
The Interlocking function block generates the releases for switchgear interlocking protection. The actual
interlocking conditions are deposited in CFC. For more information on this, see the general chapter
7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection.
Circuit Breaker
The Circuit-breaker function block in the SIPROTEC 5 device represents the physical switch device. The task of
the circuit breaker is to replicate the switch position from the status of the binary inputs.
The following figure shows the logical inputs and outputs of the Circuit-breaker function block.
[dwfuncls-140212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-5 Logical Inputs and Outputs of the Circuit-Breaker Function Blocks
Table 7-5 and Table 7-6 list the inputs and outputs with a description of their function and type. For inputs,
the effect of Quality = invalid on the value of the signal is described.
EXAMPLE
If the signal >Ready has the Quality = invalid, then the value is set to cleared. In problematic operating
states, the circuit breaker should signal that it is not ready for an Off-On-Off cycle.
If the quality of the input signal assumes the status Quality = invalid, then the standby status (EHealth) of the
Circuit-breaker function block is set to Warning.
Control
It is the task of the controls to execute command checks and establish communication between the command
source and the circuit breaker. Using the control settings, you specify how the commands are to be processed
(see also chapter 7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection).
Through the function SBO (Select Before Operate, reservation35), the switching device is reserved prior to the
actual switching operation, thus it remains locked for additional commands. Feedback monitoring provides
information about the initiator of the command while the command is in process, that means, informing
whether or not the command was implemented successfully. These 2 options can be selected individually in
the selection of the control model, so that 4 combinations in total are available (see the following table).
The control makes the following settings available (see next table).
Parameters Default Setting Possible Parameter Values
(_:4201:101) Control model SBO w. enh. direct w. normal secur.
security36 SBO w. normal secur.
direct w. enh. security
SBO w. enh. security
(_:4201:102) SBO time-out 30.00 s 0.01 s to 1800 s
(Increment: 0.01 s)
35 In the IEC 61850 standard, reservation is described as Select before Operate (SBO).
36 This default setting is the standard control model for a switching command in an IEC 61850-compliant system.
The following figure shows the logical inputs and outputs of the Control function block.
[dwsteue1-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-6 Logical Inputs and Outputs of the Control Function Block
In the information routing of DIGSI 5, you may select a function key as a possible command source. In addi-
tion, it is displayed here if the command is activated by CFC. The logging is routed here.
[dw3polls-070611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
1-Pole Triggering
[dw1polig-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS1p, 1, en_US]
You can select the contacts for On and Off as desired. They need not necessarily be next to one another. The
letter U represents an unlatched command. Alternatively, TL (latched tripping) can be selected.
1.5-Pole Triggering
[dw5polig-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS15p, 1, en_US]
2-Pole Triggering
[dw2polan-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS13p, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i The wiring of the Circuit-breaker function group with binary inputs and binary outputs occurs once per
device.
The control function in this type switches all 3 poles on or off simultaneously.
The protection functions can switch off 1-pole. The close command is always 3-pole. Optionally, only the open
poles are closed.
[dw1polls-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For the circuit breaker with 1-pole triggering, triggering takes place via one relay per phase for the trip
command and via a 4th relay for the close command (see next figure).
[dw1panls-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLS13pz, 1, en_US]
In the previous figure, the switch is connected 1-pole. The protection trip command is routed individually for
the 3 phases ( Trip only pole A to Trip only pole C ). The protection trip command is routed for
the 3 phases ( Trip/open cmd. 3-pole ). The control always switches off the 3 poles of the switch. In
addition, the 3 U (Unlatched) routings of the trip and open command are set to 3-pole. This routing is also
used by protection functions that trip 3 poles. The close command is issued simultaneously for all 3 phases.
[dw_trip-command_between_1p-3p, 1, en_US]
[scrang1pLSHk, 1, en_US]
The meaning of abbreviations can be found in Table 7-8 and Table 7-9.
The indication Command active can also be routed to a binary output. This binary output is always active if
either a close or trip command is pending, or the switching device was selected by the command control.
7.2.2.4 Settings
Manual close
_:6541:101 Manual 0.01 s to 60.00 s 0.30 s
close:Action time
_:6541:102 Manual close:CB 0.00 s to 60.00 s 0.00 s
open dropout delay
Control
_:4201:101 Control:Control • status only SBO w. enh.
model security
• direct w. normal secur.
• SBO w. normal secur.
• direct w. enh. security
• SBO w. enh. security
_:4201:102 Control:SBO time- 0.01 s to 1800.00 s 30.00 s
out
_:4201:103 Control:Feedback 0.01 s to 1800.00 s 1.00 s
monitoring time
_:4201:104 Control:Check • no yes
switching authority
• yes
• advanced
_:4201:105 Control:Check if • no yes
pos. is reached
• yes
_:4201:106 Control:Check • no yes
double activat. blk.
• yes
_:4201:107 Control:Check blk. • no yes
by protection
• yes
Switching authority
_:4201:151 Control:Swi.dev. • 0 false
related sw.auth.
• 1
_:4201:152 Control:Specific sw. • 0 true
authorities
• 1
_:4201:115 Control:Specific • station station/remote
sw.auth. valid for
• station/remote
• remote
_:4201:153 Control:Num. of 2 to 5 2
specific sw.auth.
_:4201:155 Control:Ident. Freely editable text
sw.auth. 1
NOTE
i In contrast to the Circuit-breaker switching device, the Disconnector switching device cannot contain any
additional functions because protection functions or synchronization can have no effect on the discon-
nector.
The following figure shows the structure of the Disconnector switching element:
[dwdiscon-190612-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The Disconnector switching device behaves like the Circuit-breaker switching device. The only difference is
the designation of the function block that the physical switch provides (disconnector instead of circuit
breaker). Blocking by protection is not provided in the analysis of the Control function block.
The Disconnector switching device is available in the DIGSI 5 library in 2 different variants:
The setting values of the parameter can be found in the chapter 7.2.3.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Table 7-11 Setting Options of the Controllable Command with Feedback in the Control Function
Block of the Circuit Breaker
Table 7-12 Setting Options of the Controllable Position in the Disconnector Function Block (Chatter
Blocking)
Table 7-13 Additional Settings in the Device Settings with Effects on the Disconnector
The inputs and outputs as well as the setting options of the Disconnector switch function block will be
described in the next chapter (see 7.2.3.3 Trigger Variants of the Disconnector). The Control function block is
described identically as the Circuit-breaker function block, with the exception that the command check
blocking is available through protection only with the circuit breaker.
You can find more information on this in chapter 7.2.2.2 Application and Setting Notes.
Interlocking
The Interlocking function block generates the releases for switchgear interlocking protection. The actual
interlocking conditions are deposited in CFC. For more information on this, see the general chapter
7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection.
Disconnector
The disconnector represents the physical switch in the SIPROTEC 5 device. The task of the disconnector is to
replicate the switch position from the status of the binary inputs.
The Disconnector function block is linked automatically via the information matrix with the binary inputs that
register the switch position and with the binary outputs that issue the switching commands.
The Disconnector function block makes the following settings available (see next table).
Parameters Default Setting Possible Parameter Values
(_:5401:101) Maximum output time 10.00 s 0.02 s to 1800 s
The Maximum output time specifies the duration (Increment: 0.01 s)
of the output pulse created by the switching
command.
(_:5401:102) Seal-in time 0.00 s 0 s to 60 s
If the target actuating position is not yet attained
although feedback has already been received, the
output time is extended by the Seal-in time. The
Seal-in time is relevant for equipment that sends
feedback before the switching operation is
completely performed. The Seal-in time is only
considered for control models with feedback moni-
toring.
(_:5401:103) Switching-device type disconnector switch-disconnector
The Switching-device type specifies the type of disconnector
the switching device. grounding switch
fast grounding switch
NOTE
i The parameter Switching-device type is effective only on the IEC 61850 interface. This parameter is
used to set the disconnector switching device type for communication via IEC 61850. It is a mandatory data
object in the IEC 61850 standard.
The following figure shows the logical inputs and outputs of the Disconnector function block.
[dwoutinp-150212-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-19 Logical Inputs and Outputs of the Disconnector Function Block
Table 7-14 and Table 7-15 list the inputs and outputs with a description of their function and type. For inputs,
the effect of Quality = invalid on the value of the signal is described.
If the quality of the input signal assumes the status Quality = invalid, then the standby status (Health) of the
Disconnector function block is set to Warning.
Control
It is the task of the controls to execute command checks and establish communication between the command
source and the disconnector. Using the control settings, you specify how the commands are to be processed
(see also chapter 7.4.1 Command Checks and Switchgear Interlocking Protection).
Through the function SBO (Select Before Operate, reservation37), the switching device is reserved prior to the
actual switching operation, thus it remains locked for additional commands. Feedback monitoring provides
information about the initiator of the command while the command is in process, that means, informing
whether or not the command was implemented successfully. These two options can be selected individually in
the selection of the control model, so that 4 combinations in total are available (see the following table).
The control makes the following settings available (see next table).
Parameters Default Setting Possible Parameter Values
(_:4201:101) Control model SBO w. enh. direct w. normal secur.
security38 SBO w. normal secur.
direct w. enh. security
SBO w. enh. security
(_:4201:102) SBO time-out 30.00 s -
(_:4201:103) Feedback monitoring time 10.00 s -
(_:4201:104) Check switching authority yes no
yes
advanced
(_:4201:105) Check if pos. is reached yes no
yes
(_:4201:106) Check double activat. blk. yes no
yes
37 In the IEC 61850 standard, Reservation is described as Select before Operate (SBO).
38 This default setting is the standard control model for a switching command in an IEC 61850-compliant system.
1-Pole Triggering
[dw1ptren-030211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangtrenn1p, 1, en_US]
You can select the contacts for On and Off as desired. They need not necessarily be next to one another.
1.5-Pole Triggering
[dw5polig-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangtrenn15p, 1, en_US]
2-Pole Triggering
[dw2polan-020211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scrangtrenn2p, 1, en_US]
7.2.3.4 Settings
Switching sequences may be running inside the device that switch the switchgear automatically in a prespeci-
fied sequence.
A switching sequence consists of a special function block Switching sequence (Swi. seq.) from the DIGSI 5
Library and the project-specific list of the switching commands that are generated in the CFC.
The function block Switching sequence is located in folder User-defined functions in the DIGSI 5 Library.
[scudeffb-150816-01, 1, en_US]
These function blocks can be used in the information matrix on the highest level (level of the function groups)
or in a user-defined function group.
One Switching sequence function block is used per switching sequence. The function block is the interface
for controlling and monitoring the condition of the CFC switching sequence. The task of the function block is
to verify the relative conditions for control commands, for example, switching authority, interlocking condi-
tions, etc. You can connect the signals of the function block with the CFC chart. They start and stop the
switching sequence and provide data about the status of the switching sequence (see Figure 7-27). The CFC
chart is used to activate the switching device that must be switched. The CFC blocks define, among other
things, the switching devices that must be switched.
[dwswseq1-110913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
• Input >Start during rising edge, for example, via binary input
• Controllable Start for the start via a communication protocol, for example, IEC 61850, T103, or DNP
• Input >Cancel during rising edge, for example, via binary input
• Controllable Cancel for the cancelation via a communication protocol, for example, IEC 61850, T103, or
DNP
On-Site Operation
If at least one Switching sequence function block is used in the device, a new Switching sequences entry is
shown in the first line of the Control menu. If this menu item is selected, an overview of all switching
sequences and the current status will be displayed (see Figure 7-28, example with 2 switching sequences).
You can start or cancel the switching sequences from this menu.
Figure 7-28
Overview of the Switching Sequences on the Device Display
The function block offers similar settings to the Control function block of a circuit breaker or disconnector (see
chapter 7.2.1 General Overview).
[scccs4pa-13112014_DE, 1, en_US]
Information
The Switching sequence function block provides the following data:
[scinfof1-13112014, 1, en_US]
In the Switching sequence function block, the interlocking is analog to the Interlocking function block and it
is possible to use it in the switching sequence:
• >Enable start: Connection to interlocking conditions (CFC) for the start of the entire switching
sequence. Not in effect in the non-interlocked switching mode.
• >Enable start (fixed): Non-revocable interlocking conditions for the start of the entire switching
sequence. In effect regardless of the switching mode.
If the time-out monitoring is activated (parameter Time-out monitoring), the process feedback must take
place via the inputs >Successful and >Failed. If the last switching command of the switching sequence
was executed successfully, the input >Successful usually is set. To do this, connect the feedback of the last
switching command from the CFC with this input of the function block during the device parameterization.
If a switching command fails, this feedback can be captured by the input >Failed. The active switching
sequence will be ended immediately and does not have to wait for a time-out.
The indication Execution signals the current state of the switching sequence. The events running,
canceled, failed, and successful are generated only while the time-out monitoring is activated. The
event Start Trigger is used to start the switching sequence in the CFC chart.
[dwbspunt-120913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
The switching sequence C4 Off (Figure 7-32) should switch off feeder bay C4. The circuit breaker is opened;
followed by opening of one of the 2 busbar disconnectors.
[Scssc4as-110913-01, 1, en_US]
Command Execution
As described in section Starting and Canceling a Switching Sequence, Page 1509, the display page or the
Control menu can be used to start the switching sequence. The Start Trigger signal for indication
Execution is used to recognize the start and initiates the switching sequence by pickup of TRIG in the DPC-
DEF building block of circuit breaker QA1. Building blocks DPC-DEF and DPC-EXE are always used in pairs. The
DEF building block controls the type and nature of the command
• SELECT = Select switching device (2 = Select with a value suitable for the preset control model SBO w.
enh. security)
7.3.4 Settings
Before switching commands can be issued by the SIPROTEC 5 device, several steps are used to check the
command:
[scconf89-061016-01, 1, en_US]
• Set/operate 222222
! DANGER
If the switching mode = non-interlocked, the switchgear interlocking protection is shut off.
Erroneous switching operations can lead to severe or fatal injuries.
² Ensure manually that all checks have been implemented.
In addition, you can set the switching mode directly with a binary input or CFC. Use the General function
block (see next figure).
[scmoscha-260511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The following table shows the effects of changing the switching mode to use command checks.
Switching Authority
The switching authority determines which command source is allowed. The following command sources are
possible:
• Local:
A switching command from the local control (cause-of-error source Local) is possible only if the
switching authority is set to Local and the device is capable of on-site operation. Setting the switching
authority to Local is typically accomplished with key switch S5 (Local/Remote). In this case, commands
from all other sources are rejected. If the switching authority is set to Local, the setting cannot be
changed remotely.
• DIGSI:
A switching command from DIGSI (connected via USB or Ethernet, cause-of-error source Maintenance) is
accepted only if the switching authority in the device is set to Remote. Once DIGSI has signed on the
device for command output, no commands from other command sources or a different DIGSI PC will be
executed.
• Station:
This switching authority level can be activated via a parameter in the General function block. A switching
command from the station level (cause-of-error source Station or Automatic station) is accepted if the
switching authority is set to Remote and the controllable Station switching authority is set. This is
accomplished by a command from the substation automation technology. Switching commands from the
device or from outside the station (cause-of-error source Local, Remote or Automatic remote) are
rejected.
Full support of the this switching authority level is assured only when using the IEC 61850 protocol.
• Remote:
This switching authority level stands from remote control directly from the network control center or (if
the switching authority level Station is not activated) generally for Remote control. The cause-of-error
source is Automatic remote. Commands from this level are accepted if the switching authority is set to
Remote and the controllable Station switching authority is not set. Switching commands from the
device or from the station (cause-of-error source Local, Station or Automatic station) are rejected.
[schoheit-260511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-35 Display of Switching Authority and Switching Mode in Information Routing (in Function Block
General)
Sw. authority key/set and Sw.mode key/set indicate the current state of the key switch or parameter for
switching authority or switching mode and provide this information for further processing in the CFC. In the
CFC, for example, it is possible to set up an automatic routine to ensure that the switching authority is auto-
matically set to Local when the key switch is set to non-interlocked.
The following table shows the dependency of the switching mode on the key-switch position and the
switching authority. In the case of switching commands from Remote, the information on whether a locked
or non-interlocked switching should take place is also sent. For this reason, the position of the key switch is
irrelevant for the switching mode in these cases. The information in the table assumes that, in the case of
remote switching commands or those from the station, the switching mode is interlocked in each case.
Table 7-18 Dependency of the Switching Mode on the Key-Switch Position and Switching Authority
Switching Authority
Key Switch for Switching Mode Local Remote Station
Interlocked Interlocked Interlocked Interlocked
Not interlocked Non-interlocked Interlocked Interlocked
The signals shown in Figure 7-35 in DIGSI 5 information routing have the following relationship:
• In terms of switching authority and switching mode, the respective key switch position serves as the
input signal and the input signals in the matrix.
• The state of the switching authority and switching mode is indicated by corresponding output signals.
• The Switching authority and Switching mode functions link the input signals and in this way establish
the output signals (see Figure 7-36 and Figure 7-37).
[dwhoheit-260511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwmodsch-020513-01.tif, 1, en_US]
In the case of both functions, the input signals overwrite the state of the key switch. This allows external
inputs to also set the switching authority or switching mode, if desired (for instance, by querying an external
key switch).
The following additional settings are available for the switching authority:
[scakthoh-161014, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-38 How to Activate the Station Switching Authority and to Enable Several Switching-Authority
Levels
Table 7-19 Effect on Switching Authority when Several Switching-Authority Levels Are Enabled with/
without Activation of the Station Switching Authority
No Signed on – – DIGSI
The following table shows the result of the switching-authority check, based on the set switching authority
and the cause of the command. This overview represents a simplified normal case (no multiple command
sources when using Station and Remote).
• Specific sw.auth. valid for (for station/remote, only remote or only station):
With this parameter, you determine for which command source the extended switching-authority check
is used.
Table 7-21 Result Derived from the Combination of the Parameter Value Specific sw.auth. valid
for and the Level of the Command Source (Field Originator/orCat of the Switching
Command)
• Multiple specific sw.auth. ensures the simultaneous validity of the various command sources.
The following table shows how to determine the resulting specific switching authority when activating
the command sources of Remote or Station. If this parameter is activated, all parameterized command
sources get permissible automatically (see last row in the table) and they cannot be deactivated via the
controllable Enable sw. auth. 1 to Enable sw. auth. 5. Otherwise, the enabled command
source with the lowest number has always the highest priority and prevails against the other numbers.
Table 7-22 Determining Switching Authority if Multiple Command Sources Are Available
Multiple Enable sw. Enable sw. Enable sw. Enable sw. Enable sw. Resulting
specific auth. 1 auth. 2 auth. 3 auth. 4 auth. 5 Specific
sw.auth. Switching
Authority
No On * * * * Switch. auth. 1
No Off On * * * Switch. auth. 2
No Off Off On * * Switch. auth. 3
No Off Off Off On * Switch. auth. 4
No Off Off Off Off On Switch. auth. 5
No Off Off Off Off Off None
Yes On On On On On All
Figure 7-40 Display of Switching Authority and Switching Mode in the Information Routing (in Function
Block General), Example of 2 Activated Remote Switching Authorities
Individual Switching Authority and Switching Mode for the Switching Devices
In a standard case, the functionalities switching authority, switching mode, and specific switching authority as
described in the previous sections, are applicable to the entire bay unit and, therefore, are valid for all
switching devices that are controlled by this bay unit. In addition, you can configure an individual switching
authority and specific switching authority as well as individual switching modes for single switching devices.
Therefore, individual switching devices can accept various switching authorities and switching modes simulta-
neously.
This is offered for the following function groups and function blocks:
Figure 7-41 Additional Parameters for Switching Authorities in the Parameters of a Switching Device
When activating the parameter Swi.dev. related sw.auth., an individual switching authority as well as
an individual switching mode for this switching device are configured. Additional signals are displayed in the
Control function block of the corresponding switching device.
Figure 7-42 Expanded Parameters for the Switching Authority in the Switching Device
Figure 7-43 Individually Modifiable Switching Authority and Switching Mode for Switching Devices
The new input signals that are displayed allow you to set the individual switching authority and switching
mode for the switching devices. For this switching device, these inputs overwrite the central switching
authority and the switching mode. The outputs Switching authority and Switching mode indicate the
states only for this switching device.
When activating Specific sw. authorities, an individual specific switching authority for this switching
device is configured. Additional parameters are displayed.
The functionality of the specific switching authority for the individual switching device and the significance of
the additional parameters is identical to the operating mode of the central specific switching authority. Addi-
tional signals are displayed in the Control function block.
Figure 7-45 Specific Switching Authority, Modifiable for Each Switching Device
[scverrie-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
For interlocking
For the making direction of the circuit breaker QA in bay E01 (see the figure below), it is necessary to check
whether the disconnectors QB1, QB2, and QB9 are in the defined position, that is, either On or Off. Opening
the circuit breaker QA should be possible at any time.
The interlocking equations are: QA_On = ((QB1 = On) or (QB1 = Off)) and ((QB2 = On) or (QB2 = Off)) and
((QB9 = On) or (QB9 = Off)). There is no condition for opening.
[ScAbgang-270410-deDE-01, 1, en_US]
The CFC chart that is required to implement the interlocking equation is shown in the next figure.
[scverpla-270511-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Since the Disconnector function block provides the defined position On or Off, the exclusive OR gate XOR is
not necessary for the linkage. A simple OR suffices.
As can be seen in the CFC chart, the result of the check is connected to the >Release on signal in the
Interlocking function block in the Circuit breaker QA function group (see Figure 7-48).
EXAMPLE
[ScAnlage-270410-deDE-01, 1, en_US]
The circuit breaker QA in coupler bay = E02 will be considered next. As the multibay interlocking condition,
you must provide the bus-coupler circuit-breaker command block at the end:
If the 2 busbars in bay = E01 are connected, that is, if the 2 disconnectors QB1 and QB2 in bay =E01 are
closed, the circuit breaker QA in bay = E02 is not allowed to be switched off. Accordingly, bay = E01 in the CFC
of the device generates the indication Bus coupler closed from the positions of the switches QB1 and
QB2 and, using IEC 61850-GOOSE, transmits it to bay = E02 in the device. You must then store the following
interlocking condition in bay = E02:
QA_Off = NOT (= E01/Bus coupler closed)
In the CFC chart for the coupling device = E02, you must create the following CFC chart (see the figure below).
[scplanve-241013, 1, en_US]
[scdoppel-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scnotselected-090315_de, 1, en_US]
The signal is then queried in the CFC interlocking conditions for the associated switching devices and is used
to generate the release signal (for example, >Release on).
You can use the function block Ext. 1-of-N check in the Circuit breaker and Disconnector function groups. In
order to use the function, a control model with feedback monitoring must be configured in the circuit-
breaker control.
If the external 1-of-N check is instantiated, the output Release request prompts a central bay controller
before executing a switching command. This bay controller must permit the switching operation (see the
following figure). If the allocated switching devices were locked in another bay, the release is issued. Only
when the release was issued via the input >Release active is the allocation (Control model: SBO w.
enh. security) or the switching command (Control model: direct w. enh. security) executed
and confirmed. The central bay controller is parameterized to reject a 2nd switching request.
[dw_block-ext-setzen, 1, en_US]
Once the switch position has been reached, interlocking of the switching devices is canceled via the output
Release request. The switching command is completed and acknowledged with CMT (see the following
figure) only when interlocking termination has been acknowledged positively via the input >Release
active.
[dw_block-aufheben-1, 2, en_US]
This applies to automatic reclosing as well. Switching commands must be prevented as long as automatic
reclosing is active.
The default setting for blocking by the protection function is therefore yes. If necessary, you can disable this
blocking. You can find the settings on the same page as the double-activation blocking (see Figure 7-51).
NOTE
i Remember, for instance, that pickup of the thermal overload protection can create a fault as well and thus
prevent switching commands.
NOTE
i The command check Blocking by protection function is only available for controlling circuit breakers,
because in this case a unique relationship with protection functions and automatic reclosing has been
configured. In disconnectors, this relationship is not always unique, precisely with regard to the 1 1/2
circuit-breaker layout, and it must be mapped for each system using CFC charts.
To carry out the command check Blocking by protection function for disconnectors, use the following
indications (if present) in your interlocking conditions:
All commands in the sequence are logged. The command log contains:
• Reason for the transmission (SEL = Selected, OPR = Operate, CMT = Command execution end, SPN =
Spontaneous)
EXAMPLE
The following example illustrates control of a disconnector QB1 for various cases.
• Interrupted command
[scposcas-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scposca2-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scposcan-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scnegint-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scnegtim-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scnegti2-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scsponta-070411-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Depending on the transmission reason, the desired control value or the actual state value of the controllable
and the switching device can be contained in the log.
The following table shows the relationship.
Table 7-23 Relationship between the Reason for Transmission and the Value Logged
7.4.3 Settings
The 1-channel Synchronization function (ANSI 25) checks whether the activation is permissible without a risk
to the stability of the system when interconnecting 2 parts of an electrical power system.
Typical applications are as follows:
• Synchrocheck
• Synchrocheck stage
• Synchronous/asynchronous stage
[dw_syn-asyn-stage_with_adjusting_com, 1, en_US]
Connection
You can find examples for the synchronization of line and busbar in the following 2 figures. Figure 7-66 shows
an example for the synchronization of 2 busbars via bus coupler.
The synchronization function uses 2 voltages to check the connecting conditions: a voltage of the reference
side 1 (V1) as well as a voltage to be used as a reference on side 2 (V2). The reference voltage of side 1 is
designated in the synchronization function as V139. This is always the voltage of the measuring point that is
connected to the Sync. voltage 1 interface of the Circuit-breaker function group. The voltage to be set as
reference is designated with V239. This is always the voltage of the measuring point that is connected to the
Sync. voltage 2 interface of the Circuit-breaker function group. The assignment of the measuring points to
the interfaces of the Circuit-breaker function group can be configured, see chapter 2.1 Embedding of Func-
tions in the Device.
The selection of the voltages used for the synchronization depends on the device connection to the primary
system:
• Connection of the primary system via 4 voltage inputs and hence use of a 1-phase and a 3-phase meas-
uring point (Figure 7-64 and Figure 7-66):
The voltage connected to the 1-phase measuring point is definitive here. If. for example, this is the
phase-to-ground voltage VA, the voltage VA is also used by the other side of the 3-phase measuring point.
• Connection of the primary system via 6 voltage inputs and hence use of two 3-phase measuring points
(Figure 7-65):
The phase-to-phase voltage VAB of both sides is always used for the test.
You can connect both the phase-to-ground voltages and the phase-to-phase voltages to the device. The
possible interface connections are listed in the Appendix.
39 Do not confuse the designations V1 and V2 with the numbering of the voltage inputs V1 to V4 (Figure 7-64) and V1 to V8
(Figure 7-65)
[dwsyns01-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-64 Synchronization of Line and Busbar, Connection via 4 Voltage Inputs
[dwsyns02-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-65 Synchronization of Line and Busbar, Connection via 6 Voltage Inputs
[dwsyns03-210912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-66 Synchronization of 2 Busbars via Cross-Coupling, Connection via 4 Voltage Inputs
[dw_synp_04, 1, en_US]
Only positive values are permissible for the setting parameters. Inequalities are used to characterize the
setting parameters uniquely. The representation is explained with the example of differential voltage. 2
setting values are necessary to allow unbalanced settings.
The inequality V2 > V1 yields a positive value for dV. The associated parameter is Max. voltage diff.
V2>V1. For the 2nd setting parameter Max. voltage diff. V2<V1, the inequality V2 < V1 applies. It
corresponds to a negative dV.
The procedure is the same for the differential frequency and differential phase angle.
7.5.4.1 Description
• Stage control with mode, state control, standby, and blocking (description in this chapter)
• Functional sequence for issuing the closing release (see chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions)
[losyn001-100611-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Stage Control
The normal stage control is used for a synchronization stage (see Figure 7-68).
Note the following special features:
• As soon as there is a synchronization function available in the device, the measured values are calculated
and displayed. One stage must be activated for calculating all Delta settings. It is not necessary to start
the stage for this purpose.
• If all synchronization stages are deactivated within the function, closure via the control will no longer be
possible, as none of the stages can generate a closing release. If the synchronization function is deleted,
the circuit breaker is no longer regarded as subject to compulsory synchronization. In this case, it is
possible to activate via the control without synchronization.
• If more than one synchronization stage is activated, the >Selection signal must be active for exactly
one stage, so that it can be activated via the controls.
You can block the entire synchronization stage via the binary signal >Block stage. A started process is
completed and the entire stage reset after blocking. The stage must be restarted to initiate a new switching
procedure. The blocking only affects the test process for the closing conditions. The measured values are still
calculated and displayed.
Operating Range
[losyn002-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The operating range of the synchronization function is defined by the configurable voltage limits Min.
operating limit Vmin and Max. operat. limit Vmax, as well as by the specified frequency band
frated ±4 Hz.
If one or both voltages are outside the permitted operating range when the measurement is started or a
voltage leaves the range, this is displayed via corresponding indications Frequency f1 > fmax,
Frequency f1 < fmin, Voltage V1 > Vmax, Voltage V1 < Vmin etc. The closing conditions are
then not checked.
Supervision
The supervisions listed below are executed in a function-specific manner. If one of the supervisions picks up,
the Health goes to alarm. The stage is indicated as Inactive. A closing release or direct close command is
not possible in this case.
• For multiple selection of the stage at the start time of the synchronization
If there is a simultaneous selection of multiple closed synchronization stages at the start time, the error
message Multiple selection is issued.
Measuring-Voltage Failure
If a voltage-transformer fault (measuring-voltage failure) is recorded via the binary input signal >Open of one
of the voltage-measuring points, then the closing conditions of the synchronization stage are no longer
tested. This means that a release of the closure based on the measurement is no longer possible. The readi-
ness of the stage turns to warning. Direct close command is still possible.
The device-internal supervision function measuring-voltage failure detection (Fuse Failure Monitor) does not
have any effect on the synchronization stage.
Different Voltage-Transformer Ratios from Both Sides of the Electrical Power System
The synchronization function automatically takes different transformation ratios of the voltage measuring
points into account on both sides of the power system. Set the parameter Voltage adjustment in the
synchronization function for the following cases:
• Without a power transformer between the voltage measuring points of the circuit breaker to be
synchronized, if the rated primary voltages are different on both sides of the electrical power system.
• With a power transformer between the voltage measuring points of the circuit breaker to be synchron-
ized, if the transfer ratios of the rated primary voltages on the voltage transformer are different on both
sides of the electrical power system.
For more information about the parameter Voltage adjustment, refer to 7.5.4.2 Application and Setting
Notes, Parameter: Voltage adjustment, Page 1549.
EXAMPLE:
The 1-phase measuring point connected with Sync-voltage 1 records the phase-to-phase voltage VAB. The 1-
phase measuring point connected with Sync-voltage 2 records VA. In this case the phase angle between VAB
and VA takes into consideration the delta variable Δα during calculation.
This automation guarantees that several voltage sources can be switched between during running operation,
each of which records different voltages.
Stage-Type Selection
The following 2 types of stage are available:
Stage Type Application
Synchrocheck stage Select this type of stage to issue, for example, an additional release
during an automatic reclosing or a manual reclosing for safety reasons.
With this type, the variables ΔV, Δf, and Δα are checked before
connecting the 2 parts of the power system.
Synchronous/asynchronous stage Select this type of stage if it is necessary to differentiate between
synchronous and asynchronous systems, depending on the switch posi-
tion.
If galvanically coupled systems are switched in parallel, synchronous
systems are present. A typical characteristic of synchronous systems is
equality of frequency (Δf ≈ 0). In this state, the conditions Δα and ΔV
are checked.
If the systems are galvanically isolated, asynchronous systems can be
present. At the same time, compliance with the voltage difference ΔV
and frequency difference Δf conditions is checked. The time of the
direct close command is calculated taking into account the angle differ-
ence Δα and the closing time of the circuit breaker. The time of the
direct close command is calculated such that the voltages are equal at
the moment the circuit-breaker poles come into contact (ΔV ≈ 0, Δα ≈
0).
interface Voltage is the reference side 1 with the reference voltage V1. The measuring point connected to the
interface Sync. voltage is the side 2 with V2. The definition of the Delta parameters that can be derived from
this is also described in chapter 7.5.3 Connection and Definition.
NOTE
i All voltages connected according to the parameterized measuring-point connection type are subjected to
the appropriate Vmin/Vmax test. Therefore, connected phase-to-ground voltages are multiplied by √3,
since the threshold values must be set with reference to the rated voltage (phase-to-phase voltage).
[lohyster-010415-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
If the Synchronization function is started within the hysteresis, no switching is performed as a result of the
minimum and maximum operating limit (parameters Min. operating limit Vmin and Max. operat.
limit Vmax). If the Synchronization function is started within the voltage operating range and the voltage
exceeds the minimum or maximum operating limit during the synchronization process, selecting can occur in
the area of the hysteresis.
EXAMPLE:
For Continuous Checking of the Switching Conditions without Issuing a Direct Close Command
With the aid of the following CFC chart you can set the input >Block stage of the corresponding synchro-
check stage permanently:
[sc_Sync_CFC, 1, en_US]
If you route the indication All sync. conditio. OK to the corresponding binary output, you receive a
separate release of the closure for an external synchronization unit.
[sc_Sync_routing, 1, en_US]
If you wish to permanently report each occasion on which synchronization conditions are reached following
the start of synchronization, you set the parameter Max.durat. sync.process to ∞.
[sc_Sync_setting, 1, en_US]
To apply a transformer between measuring points, the Voltage adjustment parameter is not needed. The
transformer ratios are set for the measuring points and the function will take them into account automatically.
To apply a transformer between the voltage measuring points, the transformer ratio does not have to be taken
into account. When you set the parameter Voltage adjustment, the transformer ratio is automatically
taken into account. In the following, you can find 2 examples for the setting of the parameter Voltage
adjustment:
Example 1:
In the electrical power system, no power transformer exists between the voltage measuring points of the
circuit breaker to be synchronized. The rated primary voltages of 2 sides of the electrical power system are
different.
Figure 7-70 Example: the Electrical Power System without a Power Transformer
(1) The virtual VT does not exist in the primary voltage system. It is just a virtual voltage transformer
to show the displayed V2 on the device display. The virtual VT has the same transformer ratio as
VT1.
The displayed V2 is a processed voltage from VT2.
With:
V2rated prim. Rated primary voltage of VT2
V1rated prim. Rated primary voltage of VT1
For this example, the displayed voltage V2 on the device display is from the virtual VT, not from VT2.
The primary voltages, secondary voltages, and percentage values of the measured values are shown in the
following table.
V2 400 kV
Displayed V2 400 kV
Example 2:
In the electrical power system, a power transformer is located between the voltage measuring points of the
circuit breaker to be synchronized. The power transformer ratio differs from the ratio between the rated
primary voltages of the voltage transformers of 2 sides of the electrical power system.
Figure 7-71 Example: the Electrical Power System with a Power Transformer
(1) The virtual VT does not exist in the primary voltage system. It is just a virtual voltage transformer
to show the displayed V2 on the device display. The virtual VT has the same transformer ratio as
VT1.
The displayed V2 is a processed voltage from VT2.
(2) This ratio is not the rated transformer ratio on the transformer name plate. This ratio is an actual
ratio which considers the tap-changer scenarios when the Tap changer function is not used in
the device. The rated transformer ratio is 220 kV/10 kV.
With:
V2rated prim. Rated primary voltage of VT2
V1rated prim. Rated primary voltage of VT1
RPT Transformer ratio of the power transformer
For this example, the displayed voltage V2 on the device display is from the virtual VT, not from VT2.
The primary voltages, secondary voltages, and percentage values of the measured values are shown in the
following table.
V2 10.5 kV
Displayed V2 220 kV
If there is a power transformer between the voltage transformers of the circuit breaker to be synchronized,
you then have to correct the phase-angle rotation for a vector group deviating from 0. Figure 7-72 shows such
an application. The Angle adjust. (transform.) parameter is used to save the phase-angle rotation.
The transformer vector group is defined from the upper-voltage side to the undervoltage side. If the reference
voltage transformer V1 is connected on the upper-voltage side of the transformer (as in Figure 7-72), enter
the phase-angle rotation directly according to the vector group. A vector-group figure of 5, for example,
means an angular rotation of 5 ⋅ 30o = 150o. Set this value for the Angle adjust. (transform.) param-
eter.
If the voltage connection V1 is on the undervoltage side due to the system, you then have to apply the exten-
sion angle with 360o. A transformer with vector group 5 yields an angular adjustment of 360o –
(5 ⋅ 30o) = 210o.
2. Correction of phase-angle errors:
You can correct a phase-angle error between the voltage transformers in increments. Ascertain a possible
correction value during commissioning.
7.5.4.3 Settings
Dynamic measuring-point switching provides the capability to connect the voltages used in the Synchro-
check function to various measuring points. In this way, for example, it is possible to use the correct voltage
on the basis of the switch position on the switching devices. If more than 1 measuring point is connected to V
sync1 or V sync2, you must create the V sync select. function block in the Circuit-breaker function
group.
Selection of the desired voltage measuring points (V sync1 and V sync2) for the Circuit-breaker function
group is controlled via Continuous Function Chart.
Example
Figure 7-73 shows an example of a Synchrocheck in a breaker-and-a-half arrangement. If circuit breaker QA2
is to be closed, the reference voltages must be selected from several possible measuring points. This selection
of measuring points is dependent on the switch positions of all circuit breakers and disconnectors.
[dwdynmsu-140212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Each synchronization function requires 2 comparison voltages. For the circuit breaker QA2 located in the
middle, there are 2 options for each side (Vsync1 and Vsync2). The selection of synchronization voltages for each
side depends on the position of the circuit breaker and the disconnectors.
For circuit breakers QA1 and QA3, the busbar voltage (Vsync1) is available for one side, and 3 voltages (Vsync2)
are available for the other side.
[scdynms2-211212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-74 Connecting the Measuring Points with the Circuit-Breaker Function Group
There are consistency checks that validate the connections of voltage measuring points to the function group:
• The connection type must be identical for all measuring points connected to the same interface.
• It is not permitted to route a measuring point to the function group using the option VN.
• The rated voltage (primary and secondary) must be identical for all measuring points connected to the
same interface.
• If more than 1 measuring point is connected to 1 voltage interface, a function block must be expanded to
enable selection of the synchronization voltage.
CFC Control
The voltages are selected by CFC logic on the basis of the measuring point IDs. If more than one measuring
point is connected to interfaces Vsync1 or Vsync2 of the Circuit-breaker function group, theV sync select.
function block has to be removed from the library in the Circuit-breaker function group. A CFC logic (see
following example) has to define IDs for the V sync1 or V sync2 inputs of this function block in order to
ensure the correct measuring point connection for the Synchrocheck function.
[scdynmsx-160212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
If no measuring point can be selected because of the switch or disconnector positions, the ID0 is used. If ID0 is
selected, the indication (_:2311:304) Blocked no V selected is set. The synchrocheck is blocked. If
you have activated the parameter (_:5071:108) Direct close command, unsynchronized switching is
still possible.
[losynf01-100611-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Start
The synchronization stage must be started to check the closing conditions. The synchronization stage can be
started device-internally by the control and the reclosing, or externally via binary input signals, for example, by
an external automatic reclosing (AREC), (see chapter 7.5.13 Interaction with Control, Automatic Reclosing
(AREC), and External Triggering).
At the start, the system checks whether there is a multiple selection of the synchronization stage (see chapter
Supervision in chapter 7.5.4.1 Description). If this is the case, the process is terminated. After a successful
start, the indication In progress is cleared and the supervision time for the maximum duration of the
synchronization process (parameter Max.durat. sync.process) is started. The system also checks
whether the voltages and frequencies are in the operating range (see chapter 7.5.4.1 Description). If this is
not the case, the closing conditions are not checked.
Blocking Closure
You can use the input signal >Block close command to block the release signal for the closure (signal
Release close cmd.) as well as the closure itself. The measurement continues to operate during the
blocking. If the blocking is revoked and the release conditions are still fulfilled, the release is given for closure.
7.5.7.1 Description
[losynche-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With this operating mode, the values ΔV, Δf, and Δα are checked before connecting the 2 parts of the elec-
trical power system. The indication All sync. conditio. OK signals that the setting values (conditions)
have been reached and that the release for closure has been given (see section Checking the Closing Condi-
tions, Closure in chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions).
Every fulfilled condition is signaled individually via the indications Voltage difference OK, Frequency
diff. OK, and Angle difference OK.
If a condition is not fulfilled, detailed information on why the condition is not fulfilled is provided via indica-
tions. If the differential voltage is outside the setting limits, for example, the indication V dif.too
large(V2<V1) is issued. The indication indirectly contains information that the voltage V2 has to be
increased for a successful synchronization.
With the Expanded delta-f options stage type configured and an activated (_:140) Limit dfdiff/dt
for sync. op parameter, the frequency difference rate of change is also checked. If the permissible
frequency change rate (parameter (_:141) Max. value dfdiff/dt syn) is exceeded, the indication
(_:329) dfdiff/dt too large is issued.
7.5.7.3 Settings
7.5.8.1 Description
A distinction according to synchronous and asynchronous systems can be made with this type of stage.
If galvanically coupled systems are switched in parallel, synchronous systems are present. A typical character-
istic for synchronous systems is equality of frequency (Δf ≈ 0). If the frequency difference falls below the
setting value of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, synchronous systems are to be assumed. If the
frequency difference exceeds the setting value of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, asynchronous
systems are to be assumed. This status occurs in galvanically isolated systems, for example.
Both states have their own operating mode with its own closing conditions. Both operating modes can be
switched on and off separately (parameter Sync. operating mode and Async. operating mode). The
following combinations result from this:
Sync. operating mode Async. operating Functionality
mode
on on If the frequency difference is below the set
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
operating mode synchronous is active. In other
cases, the operating mode asynchronous is active.
off on Regardless of the frequency difference and the
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
operating mode is exclusively active asynchro-
nously.
on off If the frequency difference is below the set
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
operating mode synchronous is active. In other
cases, the stage is inactive, that is, a switching
release cannot be issued.
off off Both operating modes are deactivated. No activa-
tion release can be be given via these operating
modes either.
[losynsyn-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The frequency difference is very low in the synchronous systems operating mode. It is below the threshold
value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN. The status is signaled via the State f-synchronous indication.
The parameters ΔV and Δα are checked for issuing an activation release (see Figure 7-79). The indication All
sync. conditio. OK signals that both setting values (conditions) are reached. If the conditions remain
fulfilled over the set time delay (parameter Delay close command), the release for closing is given (see
also 7.5.7.1 Description).
Every condition fulfilled is signaled individually via the indications Voltage difference OK and Angle
difference OK.
If a condition is not fulfilled, detailed information on why the condition is not fulfilled is provided via indica-
tions. If the differential voltage is outside the setting limits, for example, the indication V dif.too
large(V2<V1) is issued. The indication indirectly contains information that the voltage V2 has to be
increased for a successful synchronization.
With the Expanded delta-f options stage type configured and an activated (_:142) Limit dfdiff/dt
for asyn. op parameter, the frequency difference rate of change is also checked. If the permissible
frequency change rate (parameter (_:143) Max. value dfdiff/dt asyn) is exceeded, the indication
(_:329) dfdiff/dt too large is generated.
[losynzus-110211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[losynasy-210912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
In this operating mode, compliance with the voltage difference ΔV and frequency difference Δf conditions is
checked. The function calculates the time point of the close command taking into account the angular differ-
ence Δα and the closing time of the circuit breaker. This is calculated so that the voltage phasors are equal at
the moment of pole contact by the circuit breaker (ΔV ≈ 0, Δα ≈ 0).
[losynarb-080211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-81 Operating Range under Synchronous and Asynchronous Conditions for Voltage (V) and
Frequency (f)
Parameter for asynchronous operation: Max. voltage diff. of voltage and frequency
Parameter for synchronous operation: Maximum voltage diff. of voltage and angle
Typical differential values are selected in the default setting. Depending on the system, the settings must be
checked and adjusted, if necessary.
7.5.8.3 Settings
7.5.9.1 Description
With this stage type, a distinction by synchronous and asynchronous systems can be made.
Additionally, the stage provides the balancing commands for adjustment of the voltage and frequency (speed)
to the target conditions. The stage is used for automatic synchronization of generators. The stage has the
functionality of a 1-channel parallel switching function.
If galvanically coupled systems are switched in parallel, synchronous systems are present. A typical feature for
synchronous systems is equality of frequency (Δf ≈ 0). If the frequency difference falls below the setting value
of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, synchronous systems are to be assumed. If the frequency
difference exceeds the setting value of the f-threshold ASYN<->SYN parameter, asynchronous systems
are to be assumed. This status occurs in galvanically separated systems, for example.
Both states have their own operating mode with own closing conditions. You can switch both operating
modes on and off separately (parameters Sync. operating mode and Async. operating mode). The
following combinations result from this:
Sync. operating mode Async. operating Functionality
mode
on on If the frequency difference is below the set
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
synchronous operating mode is active. In other
cases, the asynchronous operating mode is active.
off on Regardless of the frequency difference and the
threshold value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN, the
asynchronous operating mode is exclusively
active.
[losynsyn_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
The frequency difference is very low in the synchronous systems operating mode. It is below the threshold
value f-threshold ASYN<->SYN. The status is signaled via the State f-synchronous indication.
The parameters ΔV and Δα are checked for issuing a closure release (see Figure 7-83). The indication All
sync. conditio. OK signals that both setting values (conditions) are reached. If the conditions remain
fulfilled over the set time delay (parameter Delay close command), the release for closing is issued (see
also chapter 7.5.7.1 Description).
Every fulfilled condition is signaled individually via the indications Voltage difference OK and Angle
difference OK.
If a condition is not fulfilled, detailed information on why the condition is not fulfilled is provided via indica-
tions. If, for example, the differential voltage is outside the setting limits, the indication V dif.too
large(V2>V1) is issued. The indication indirectly contains information that the voltage V2 must be
increased for successful synchronization.
If the Expanded delta-f options stage type is configured and the parameter (_:142) Limit dfdiff/dt
for asyn. op is activated, the rate of change of the differential frequency is also checked. If the permissible
frequency change rate (parameter (_:143) Max. value dfdiff/dt asyn) is exceeded, the indication
(_:329) dfdiff/dt too large is generated.
[losynzus_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
[losynasy_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
In this operating mode, compliance with the voltage difference ΔV and frequency difference Δf conditions is
checked. The function calculates the time of the close command taking into account the angle difference Δα
and the closing time of the circuit breaker. This is calculated in such a way that the voltage phasors are equal
at the moment of closing the circuit-breaker poles (ΔU ≈ 0, Δα ≈ 0).
[losynarb_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-85 Operating Range under Synchronous and Asynchronous Conditions for Voltage (V) and
Frequency (f)
[fo_voltage-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dVMeasured value Measured differential voltage
dV per second Parameter for default speed of set point value change
The following figure shows the effect of the functionality. When the voltage range limits fall short by approxi-
mately 1/8 of the voltage range, the stage no longer issues any voltage balancing commands.
[dw_build_voltage-adjusting-com, 1, en_US]
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dfMeasured value Measured differential frequency
Δf set point for Parameter for default set point value for the frequency balancing
balancing commands
df/dt of the controller Parameter for default speed of set point value change
[dw_build_frequency-adjusting-com, 1, en_US]
If the speed (frequency) was adjusted in such a way that the differential frequency df ≈ is 0, the voltage
phasors of V1 and V2 are practically standing still. This can result in an angle difference that does not allow
any switching. A certain frequency difference is required for safe switching. A kick pulse is emitted to attain
this state. With the parameter Release for the kick pulse, you can control the generation of a kick
pulse. A kick pulse is only emitted if the frequency difference falls below the setting value for the parameter
f-threshold ASYN<->SYN. You can find the parameter f-threshold ASYN<->SYN in the entry block
Synchr. op.mode. The actuating time of the kick pulse is defined with the parameter Δf for the kick
pulse. The following equation applies:
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command_01, 1, en_US]
with:
tfact Pulse duration
Δf for the kick pulse Parameter for default set point value for the kick pulse
df/dt of the controller Parameter for adapting the balancing commands to the controller
The following figure shows the overall effect of the balancing commands:
[dw_kick-pulse_freq-adj-com, 1, en_US]
[sc_FBadjcomm, 1, en_US]
Delete the stages of the synchronization function that are not used.
NOTE
i Ensure that the transformer connections available in the specific application are routed to the correct meas-
uring point!
You can find the routing in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Function-group connections → Connect meas-
uring points to function group.
• Route the system-side transformer connections in the FG Circuit breaker to the input V Sync 1.
• Route the generator-side transformer connections in the FG Circuit breaker to the input V Sync 2.
The following figures show possible connection variants for the voltage transformers:
[dw_dim_two_3ph-voltage-trans, 1, en_US]
[dw_dim_3ph_and_1ph-voltage-trans, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-91 Connection of a 3-Phase and a 1-Phase Voltage Transformer (Phase-to-Phase Voltage)
[dw_dim_two_1ph-voltage-trans, 1, en_US]
If you have routed the voltage transformers to the measuring points, set the corresponding transformer data
in the System data.
In the FG Circuit breaker, under General, set the rated voltage that is used as a reference for percentage-
value scaling.
Siemens recommends routing the functional measured values into the fault record in addition to the logical
signals. Route at least the functional measured values (_:2311:300) dV, (_:2311:301) df, and
(_:2311:302) dα into the fault record. This allows you to document the commissioning and subsequently
the quality of synchronization.
The asynchronous operating mode defines the automatic synchronization of generators. For this reason, the
parameters for this operating mode are described in the following sections.
You can find the basic parameters in the setting sheet for the Syn./Asy.bal. stage in the General block. The
default settings for the parameters are typical values. You can use the default settings if the transformer has a
secondary rated voltage of 100 V.
[sc_FB0_adj_comm, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-93 General Block for Syn./Asy.Bal. Stage in the DIGSI Setting Sheet
If you want to switch the generator to a dead busbar (black start), Siemens recommends keeping the default
values and controlling the release via the binary input signal (_:506) >Op. mode 'V1<V2>'.
The preset voltage ranges V1 < 5 V (dead busbar) and V2 > 80 V (live generator) are tested only once the
binary input signal (_:506) >Op. mode 'V1<V2>' is active. Siemens recommends this procedure.
If you set the parameter (_:105) Close cmd. at V1< & V2> = yes, on the other hand, the voltage
ranges are tested automatically once synchronization has started. The condition V1 < 5 V is met if the voltage
is really 0 V or in case of an interruption.
In case of an interruption, the current voltage state of the busbar is unknown and there is a risk of wrong
synchronization. In this case, you can increase safety with the following measures:
• Alternatively, you can control release via a redundant 2nd channel. If V1 < 5 V (dead busbar), the binary
input signal (_:506) >Op. mode 'V1<V2>' is active.
[sc_FB_spglos_sch, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-94 De-en.gized Switch. Block for Syn./Asy.Bal. Stage in the DIGSI Setting Sheet
NOTE
i In the black-start application, a 3-phase voltage connection provides the advantage that all voltages are
monitored. This increases the safety of this application.
Parameter for Asynchronous Operation: Maximum Differential Values for Voltage and Frequency
• (_:135) T pause V
• (_:136) Smoothing
• (_:137) (V/Vrated)/(f/frated)
[fo_voltage-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dVMeasured value Measured differential voltage
dV per second Parameter for specifying the speed of set point value change
EXAMPLE:
The following values apply to the example:
Measured differential voltage dV = 4 V
Parameter setting value dV per second = 2 V/s
Use the following equation to estimate the duration of the balancing pulse:
[fo_du-dt_2v-s, 1, en_US]
The calculated duration of the setting pulse is 2 s. The setting value of the parameter (_:133) T V pulse
max limits the maximum duration of the setting pulse to 1 s. In this case, the value of 1 s applies.
Parameter: T pause V
Parameter: Smoothing
[dw_characteristic-adjusting-com, 1, en_US]
Parameter: (V/Vrated)/(f/frated)
EXAMPLE:
[fo_v-rated_the_generator, 1, en_US]
• Balancing frequency f2
• T f pulse min
• T f pulse max
• T pause f
• Smoothing
• Stabilization
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command, 1, en_US]
with:
dfMeasured value Measured differential frequency
Δf set point for Parameter for specifying the set point value for the frequency balancing
balancing commands
df/dt of the controller Parameter for specifying the speed of set point value change
Parameter: T pause f
EXAMPLE:
Use the following equation to calculate the duration of the balancing pulse:
[fo_df-dt_1hz-s, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Smoothing
EXAMPLE:
The set frequency band in the example is df = 0.1 Hz.
At this threshold, the period duration is as follows:
[fo_Tdf, 1, en_US]
The rule of three may be used to estimate the minimum dead time as follows:
360° = 10 s
120° = tmin
[fo_frequenzband, 1, en_US]
Set the parameter T close without balancing to a higher value, as in a practical case, the current
differential frequency is less than 0.1 Hz (for example, set point value 0.04 s).
At a differential frequency of 0.04 Hz, a 360° rotation takes 25 s and this leads to a minimum dead time of
approximately 8 s.
The example shows that the default setting of 5.00 s is a practicable value.
[fo_frequency-adujsting-command_02, 1, en_US]
If the controller does not respond to this brief pulse (tfact < t pulse min), the minimum pulse T f pulse
min applies.
Parameter: Stabilization
7.5.9.3 Settings
When configuring the Expanded delta-f options function block, you can expand the synchronization checks
to include the following aspects:
[dwsynfre-101013-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-96 Example: Frequency Difference between the Constant Frequency f1 and the Sinusoidal
Oscillating Frequency f2
With this option active, the range of function measured values is expanded by the smoothed frequency.
Release of switching in synchronous networks occurs after one second at the earliest. This time is needed
to smooth the frequency measured values.
The actual frequency can be larger or smaller than the smoothed value at any instant. The Max. diff.
"f threshold" parameter makes it possible to limit the increase in instantaneous frequency value in
relation to the respective frequency threshold value.
7.5.11.1 Description
If at least one of 2 parts of an electrical power system is de-energized, the parts of the electrical power system
can be connected together via the following operating modes.
If the measured voltage is less than the threshold V1, V2 without voltage, the zero potential of the part
of the electrical power system is detected. In this case, all phases are compared to the parameter V1, V2
without voltage. The energized side must be in the defined operating range with respect to voltage and
frequency (see chapter 7.5.4.1 Description) and all phases must exceed the threshold V1, V2 with
voltage.
The following additional closing conditions can be selected, which are then applied next to the closing condi-
tions for the synchronism:
Settings Description
Close cmd. at V1> & V2< Closing release under the condition that the part V1 of the power
system is energized and the part of the electrical power system
U2 is de-energized.
Close cmd. at V1< & V2> Closing release under the condition that the part V1 of the power
system is de-energized and the part of the electrical power
system U2 is energized.
Close cmd. at V1< & V2< Closing release provided mains adapters V 1 and V2 are de-ener-
gized.
Each of these conditions can be made effective individually via parameters or binary input. You can also set
parameters for combinations, for example a release for closure, if Close cmd. at V1> & V2< or Close
cmd. at V1< & V2> has been fulfilled.
[losyn003-160311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The indications Cond. V1>V2< fulfilled, Cond. V1<V2> fulfilled and Cond. V1<V2<
fulfilled indicate that the relevant conditions are fulfilled.
You can use the Supervision time parameter to set a supervision time for which the closing conditions
must at least be fulfilled with de-energized connection, before closing is allowed.
NOTE
i For reasons of safety, the releases have been deactivated in the default setting and are therefore at no.
Even if you wish to apply one of these operating modes, Siemens recommends leaving the setting at no for
reasons of safety. Set the operating mode only dynamically via the assigned binary input signal (for
example >Operating mode 'U1>U2<') (see also Figure 7-97). This prevents one of these operating
modes from being incorrectly activated statically thereby resulting in an incorrect switching.
Settings Description
no No release for closing is possible via this operating mode.
yes If part V1of the power system is de-energized and part V2 of the power
system is energized, the release for closure is given upon starting the
synchronization stage after the supervision time has passed.
The setting depends on the operational requirements. Note the above
information.
Settings Description
no No release for closing is possible via this operating mode.
yes If part V1of the power system is energized and part V2 of the power
system is de-energized, the release for closure is given upon starting the
synchronization stage after the supervision time has passed.
The setting depends on the operational requirements. Note the above
information.
Settings Description
no No release for closing is possible via this operating mode.
yes If the parts V1 and V2 of the power system are de-energized, the release
for closure is given upon starting the synchronization stage after the
supervision time has passed.
The setting depends on the operational requirements. Note the above
information.
You must set the value below the minimum expected operational undervoltage. Siemens therefore recom-
mends a setting value of approx. 80 % of the rated voltage. All voltages connected according to the parame-
terized measuring-point connection type are subjected to the appropriate Vmin/Vmax test.
NOTE
i For safety reasons, Siemens recommends leaving the setting atno. If a direct close command is necessary,
Siemens recommends only using this operating mode dynamically via the binary input signal >Op. mode
'dir.cls.cmd' (see also Figure 7-99). This prevents this operating mode from being incorrectly acti-
vated statically thereby resulting in an incorrect switching.
You can activate the operating mode direct close command statically via the Direct close command
parameter or dynamically with the binary input signal >Op. mode 'dir.cls.cmd' (see Figure 7-98).
[losyndir-140611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
The operating mode Direct close command function initiates a closure release without any testing upon start
of the synchronization stage. The closure occurs immediately.
The combination Direct close command with other operating modes is not recommended, as the other oper-
ating data is bypassed.
If the synchronization function is defective (standby of the sync stage = alarm or warning), a direct close
command is executed or not executed, depending on the type of fault (see also supervisions in chapter
7.5.4.1 Description).
7.5.13 Interaction with Control, Automatic Reclosing (AREC), and External Triggering
With Control
The control and synchronization functions are always located in a Circuit-breaker function group. The control
and also the synchronization function always operate with the circuit breaker, which is linked to the function
group Circuit breaker.
As soon as the synchronization function is in the Circuit-breaker function group, the circuit breaker is subject
to compulsory synchronization. If all synchronization stages are deactivated, the circuit breaker cannot be acti-
vated via the control, as no release can be generated for the closure. The circuit breaker is no longer subject to
compulsory synchronization after deletion of the synchronization function. Closure without synchronization is
then possible via the control.
If closure is to be synchronized via the control, the control automatically generates an internal signal which
starts the synchronization function. The functional sequence is described in chapter 7.5.6 Sequence of Func-
tions. After fulfilling all closing conditions, the synchronization sends a release signal to the control, which
closes the circuit breaker and then stops and synchronization function.
[losynaw1-310111-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[losynaw2-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
• Edge-controlled
• Via the signals >Start syn. process and >Stop syn. process
• State-controlled via the signal >Start/stop syn.proc. (see also 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions).
The start is followed by the functional sequence (see 7.5.6 Sequence of Functions). If the conditions are
fulfilled, the output signal Release close cmd. is output. The switched object QAx of the function group
Circuit breaker is not closed. The output signal Release close cmd. must be explicitly routed to the
binary output in order to close the circuit breaker.
[losynaw3-160311-01.tif, 2, en_US]
7.5.14.1 Description
The purpose of the External synchronization function is to control an external synchronization device.
[dw_ctrl_ext_sync_device, 1, en_US]
The bay controller in bay x should switch the circuit breaker in bay x in synchrony. The synchronization check
is carried out in the central paralleling device 7VE6. In addition to the paralleling device, another central bay
controller ensures the switching of the correct measuring voltages and the routing of the CB close command
from the 7VE6 to the correct circuit breaker in bay x. The bay controller x provides the information to the
central bay controller via IEC61850-GOOSE.
The External synchronization is designed as a function block which can be used in the Circuit-breaker func-
tion group. The additional External synchronization function block integrates the external synchronization
into command processing, so that the corresponding feedback can be forwarded to the command source.
If a circuit-breaker close command with a synchronization requirement is present, the external synchroniza-
tion device is started. After successfully checking the synchronization conditions, the close command is issued
from the external synchronization device to the circuit breaker. If a circuit-breaker close command without
synchronization requirement is present, the circuit-breaker close command is issued directly from the Circuit-
breaker function group to the circuit breaker. Also, each circuit-breaker trip command is issued directly to the
circuit breaker.
In case of a failure of the external synchronization device, you can also close the circuit breaker directly
without considering the synchronization conditions.
[dwextsyn-02, 1, en_US]
[scextsyn-041116-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-104 Instantiating the External Synchronization Function Block in the Circuit-Breaker Function
Group
It is not possible to jointly instantiate the External synchronization function block with the 25 synchroniza-
tion function in the same Circuit-breaker function group.
Parameter: Mode
7.5.14.3 Settings
7.5.15 Settings
The User-defined function block [control] allows the switching-authority check of a control command, the
check of whether the position has been reached, a double-activation blocking, and the definition of inter-
locking conditions for user-defined controllables.
The User-defined function block [control] is located in the folder User-defined functions in the DIGSI 5
Library.
You can instantiate the user-defined function blocks on the top level (in parallel to other function groups) as
well as within function groups and functions.
The task of the function block is to check the switching authority and the interlocking conditions for the user-
defined control commands instantiated within it. For these control commands, the function block checks
whether the required switch position is equal to the current switch position (actual/set point comparison). If
you activate the double-activation blocking, commands from switching objects and user-defined control
signals will be rejected as long as a command is still being performed for one of the other switching objects
for which double-activation blocking has also been set.
With the binary release signals, you can determine a switchgear interlocking protection for all the user-defined
control signals instantiated in the function block. Unlike the switching devices (circuit breaker, disconnector),
there is only one release input here, since there is only one switching direction for the signal types INC and
APC. The signal types DPC, SPC, and BSC have 2 switching directions, but still only one release input. This
release input can be operated based on the result of a logic created in the CFC, or can be directly connected to
a binary input or a variable. If the input >Enable is activated, the switching command can be performed. If it
is not activated, the switching command is rejected, with the reason Interlocking violation.
This applies in a similar way to the input >Enable (fixed), although with this input, the interlocking
cannot be revoked by key switch S1 or an unlocked switching authority.
The following table shows the reaction of the function to the assignment of its inputs.
Input >Enable Input >Enable (fixed) Effect on control command
1 0 Rejected
0 1 Successful if device mode = unlocked
Rejected if device mode = locked
1 1 Successful
0 0 Rejected
NOTE
i The default setting for the state of the inputs is 1, that is, the switching commands are not locked.
You can instantiate every user-defined signal (for example, SPS, DPC, INC) in the function block and route the
corresponding indications (see following figure).
[scuser01, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-105 Information Routing with Inserted User-Defined Function Block [Control]: Process Indications
and Some Single-Point Indications
The function block contains the parameters (_:104) Check switching authority, (_:105) Check
if pos. is reached, (_:106) Check double activat. blk., and (_:150) Check swi.auth.
for Mode. The parameter settings Check switching authority and Check if pos. is reached
affect all controllables instantiated in the function block. Other signal types are not affected by these parame-
ters and objects.
On the other hand, the parameter setting Check swi.auth. for Mode affects the controllable Mode
(controllable) of the function block.
[scuser02, 1, en_US]
7.6.4 Settings
If you want to process a parameter in a CFC chart and this parameter is to be changeable during runtime using
DIGSI or HMI, you can use the function blocks CFC chart of Boolean parameters, the CFC chart of integer
parameters and the CFC chart of floating-point parameters. Instantiate the appropriate function block
depending on the parameter value needed (logical, integer, or floating point). In this way, the current value of
the parameter can then be used in the CFC chart at runtime.
You can find the CFC-chart parameters Chrt sett.Bool , Chart setting Int , and Chrt sett.real
in the DIGSI library in the User-defined functions folder. Drag and drop the desired function block into a func-
tion group or a function. Set the appropriate parameter value of the function block in DIGSI using the param-
eter editor or via HMI under the Settings menu item. You can then use the parameter as an input signal in CFC
charts.
NOTE
i The user-defined function groups and the user-defined functions can be used to group the CFC-chart
parameters. You can rename for the function block and change the parameter value in the DIGSI Informa-
tion routing matrix to suit your specific application.
[sccfcparam, 1, en_US]
You can use the parameter Chrt sett.Bool in a CFC chart as an input signal with a Boolean value. This
input value can then be changed during the runtime of the CFC chart.
7.7.4 Settings
With the device control function, you can change a transformer tap by moving it higher or lower and monitor
the proper execution of the adjusting commands.
The function has built-in comprehensive options for measuring the tap changer position as well as supervision
and monitoring functions. The supervision and monitoring functions are used to check the voltage and supply
information about the tap position for adaptive matching of the transformer differential protection
The following options are provided for control:
• Direct user commands via the device keypad or routed binary inputs
[sc_tssdig, 1, en_US]
The central element is the Controllable Position of type BSC (Binary Controlled Step Position Information,
based on IEC 61850). You connect this Controllable in the matrix to the desired number of binary inputs that
indicate the current tap position.
You can find more information in chapter 7.8.2 Application and Setting Notes.
The Position Controllable also contains parameters. If you wish to change the settings, you must select the
Controllable in the DIGSI information matrix and change the settings by way of the Properties dialog. The taps
are controlled via the commands Higher command and Lower command, each of which must be connected
to one binary output.
Example
The following 2 figures show a CFC chart as an example for transformer tap control with the routing of the
function keys for stepping up or stepping down.
[schilocd-280316-01, 2, en_US]
To use the function keys, you create 2 user-defined single-point indications (SPS). These are used for the func-
tion keys (for example, <F1>, Higher function key and <F2>, Lower function key) and as the input signals for
the appropriate CFC blocks. In addition, you must use the controllable Cmd. with feedback for the CFC
chart and set the control model to direct w. enh. security.
You can select the control direction using the following values at the Val input of the BSC_DEF building block:
• 1 means step up
[scbivctv-280715-01, 3, en_US]
Pressing the function keys to step up or down incrementally can be displayed using this simple CFC chart.
Adjusting-Command Supervision
Adjusting-command supervision is used for checking the proper operation of the tap-changer mechanism. The
Tap changer function calculates the next logical tap position as a result of the higher/lower tap command.
The time of position detection is determined as a function of the availability of the motor sliding contact. After
resetting the active motor sliding contact, the Tap changer function reads the new tap position value. If the
value for the calculated tap position could not be received within the parameterized time Motor supervi-
sion time, the error message Position failure is output.
The following position errors of the tap changer are taken into consideration during this:
• Invalid tap position: The tap position is outside the predefined range of minimum value and maximum
value
• Adjusting command in the wrong direction (for example, if a higher tap was commanded and the tap
changer responds with a lower position and vice versa)
• No operation of the tap changer (for example, if the tap-changer motor is defective or the position indi-
cation is not functioning)
• Illogical tap-change operation (for example, if no logical tap position following the previous position is
indicated)
The value of 0 during an unexpected interruption of the auxiliary voltage represents a special case. An invalid
tap-changer position without a corresponding adjusting command is signaled in the Position controllable
only as an invalid tap position.
[lotcmoue-090713-01.tif, 3, en_US]
The user-defined signals Higher command and Lower command are provided via a CFC chart (see
Figure 7-110).
Supervision Behavior
Depending on the setting of the Supervision behavior parameter, the function reaches a health state of
Alarm or Warning. You can set the parameter Supervision behavior to off, alarm block, or
warning.
In the alarm block mode, the function is set to the health state Alarm. All tap-changer commands are
blocked.
In the warning mode, the function is set to the health state Warning. Executing tap-changer commands is
still possible.
You can manually reset the health state of alarm block or warning using the controllable Reset errors
(Main menu → Device functions → Reset functions → Tap changer). As an alternative to this, you can also
switch off the supervision function and then switch it on again.
Operating Counter
The device counts the number of successfully completed adjusting commands with the Op.ct. switching
cycle counting value. The counting and memory levels are protected against an auxiliary-voltage failure. The
switching cycle counting value can be set to 0 or to any other starting value.
You can access the statistical values via the operation panel on the device (measured values/statistics), via
DIGSI, or using various communication protocols.
[scstuslt-100713-01.tif, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i If run positions, this means internal tap changer positions without voltage changes, are available, the
following must be observed:
If these tap changer positions contain a suffix a and c or + and -, and additional switching pulses are not
required, adjust the parameter for the feedback and motor supervision time to the actual motor runtime
when passing through a run position. Siemens recommends parameterization with capturing of the motor
sliding contact.
• status only
• Default setting (_:116) Highest tap changer pos. = Lowest voltage tap
With the Highest tap changer pos. parameter, you specify whether the lowest or highest voltage is
present at the highest tap changer position.
[scdeegts-170216-01, 1, en_US]
• binary
• 1-of-n
• BCD
• table
• BCD signed
• gray
The tap changer position can also be routed via a GOOSE signal (BSC) or a 20-mA measuring transducer input.
You can find more information on this in the document Measuring the transformer tap changer using an
analog measuring transducer input in SIPROTEC 5 in the Download area under SIPROTEC 5 and DIGSI
5 downloads → SIPROTEC 5 General → Application Notes → Control.
A selection of tap-coding types is described in greater detail using examples in the following text.
Example
BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6
Tap changer X X X X – –
Meaning Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Moving – –
contact
Tap = 1 1 0 0 – –
With 3 binary inputs, a maximum of 23 -1 = 7 tap positions can be mapped in binary code. If all routed binary
inputs indicate 0, this is interpreted as a connection error and is reported by Position --- or -64 with quality
invalid. The representation of transformer taps should start with the metered value 3. You must configure the
information properties as follows for the example:
Tap-coding type: binary
Number of tap positions: 7
Number of bits f. tap code: 4
Tap-display offset: 2
Moving contact (highest binary input): Yes
The 3 binary inputs must be numbered sequentially, for example, BI 1, BI 2, BI 3, and BI 4 for the moving
contact.
Example
BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6 BI7
Tap changer X X X X X X X
Meaning BCD 1 BCD 2 BCD 4 BCD 8 BCD 10 BCD 20 Moving
contact
Tap = 21 1 0 0 0 0 1 –
With 6 binary inputs, a maximum of 39 tap positions can be mapped with the tap-coding type of BCD. This
yields the number of tap positions from 1 to 39. If all routed binary inputs indicate 0, this is detected as tap 0.
The 7 binary inputs must be numbered sequentially, for example, BI 1, BI 2, BI 3, BI 4, BI 5, BI 6, and BI 7 for
the moving contact.
Tap-coding type: BCD
Number of tap positions: 39
Number of bits f. tap code: 7
Tap-display offset: 0
Moving contact (highest binary input): Yes
• Binary (2 characters)
• Octal (8 characters)
[sccotabi-111016-01, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i If the binary inputs used for encoding are all inactive, this indicates an invalid tap position (regardless of
the display offset). For an invalid tap position, the display shows the position --- or -64 with quality invalid,
exception BCD signed, see Routing of the Binary Inputs (Tap-Coding Type BCD signed), Page 1622.
Enter the encoding for the tap in the Encoding column in the Code table. Enter the value according to the
number system previously selected. Select the desired number of taps and number of bits for tap coding. Taps
with the same encoding and taps with 0 coding are not permitted.
Table 7-29 Routing of the Binary Inputs (Tap-Coding Type BCD signed)
Example
BI1 BI2 BI3 BI4 BI5 BI6
Tap changer X X X – – –
Meaning BCD 1 BCD 2 Sign – – –
Tap = 1 1 0 1 – – –
Using 3 binary inputs, a maximum of 7 tap positions can be mapped with the tap coding type of BCD signed.
This yields the number of tap positions from -3 to 3. If all routed binary inputs indicate 0, this is recognized as
tap 0. The 3 binary inputs must be numbered sequentially.
Tap-coding type: BCD signed
Number of tap positions: 7
Number of bits f. tap code: 3
Tap-display offset: 0
Moving contact (highest binary input): No
[sc_trass7, 1, en_US]
The settings listed here can only be reached and changed by way of the Properties dialog of the Position
Controllable.
Addr. Parameter C Range of Values Default Setting
General Information
- Minimum value Calculated -
- Maximum value Calculated -
- Tap-display offset –63 to +63 0
- Number of bits f. tap code 2 to 32 4
- Number of tap positions 2 to 63 15
- Tap-coding type • binary binary
• 1-of-n
• BCD
• table
• BCD signed
• gray
Software filter
- Software filter time 0 ms to 100 000 ms 1000 ms
7.8.4 Settings
The transformer voltage controller functionality (ANSI 90V) is used to control power transformers (two-
winding transformers, three-winding transformers, grid coupling transformers) and auto transformers using a
motor-operated tap changer. In addition, the voltage control can be used for two-winding transformers
connected in parallel.
The function provides automatic voltage control within a specified voltage range on the secondary side of the
transformers or, as an alternative, at a remote load point (Z compensation or R/X compensation) in the
network. In order to compensate for the voltage variations in the meshed system, use the LDC-Z procedure (Z
compensation). For voltage drops on the line, use the LDC-XandR procedure (R/X compensation).
The control principle is based on the fact that a higher or lower adjusting command to the tap changer, as a
function of the voltage change (ΔV) per tap, causes a voltage increase or decrease.
The voltage control operates on a tap-for-tap basis and compares the measured actual voltage (Vact) with the
specified target voltage (Vtarget). If the voltage difference is greater than the set bandwidth (B), a higher or
lower adjusting command is sent to the tap changer once the set time delay (T1) has elapsed. Specifying the
time delay (T1) depends on the set controller response (inverse or linear), so as to avoid unnecessary adjusting
commands during brief voltage deviations from the target value and for coordination with other automatic
voltage controllers in the system.
The voltage controller function also monitors the currents on the upper-voltage side and the low-voltage side
of the transformer to block the voltage controller during impermissible operating states (overcurrent/under-
current/undervoltage). The voltage controller function also has limiting values that, in special operating cases,
suppress higher adjusting commands in the case of overvoltage and lower adjusting commands in the case of
undervoltage.
You can also use the voltage controller function for parallel control of up to 8 two-winding transformers in
different groups. You can carry out parallel control based on the Master-Follower method or using circulating
reactive current minimization method.
The Two-winding transformer voltage controller, Three-winding transformer voltage controller, and Grid
coupling transformer voltage controller function groups consist of 5 function blocks. Depending on the
application, the function groups are preconfigured in the relevant application template by the manufacturer or
can be copied into the corresponding device project during engineering.
The following figure shows, for example, the functional scope of the Two-winding transformer voltage
controller function group.
[dwvolctl-060913-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
The functions General (GAPC), Tap changer (YLTC), and Voltage controller (ATCC) are logical node points in
IEC 61850-8-1.
The tap changer (YLTC) is the interface between the voltage controller (ATCC) and the motor-operated tap
changer of the transformer (OLTC). This means that the voltage controller (ATCC) sends higher and lower
adjusting commands to the tap changer. This tap changer issues command pulses to the motor-operated tap
changer of the transformer (OLTC). The tap changer (YLTC) measures the tap positions and monitors the
action of the motor-operated tap changer (OLTC).
The Parallel control function is needed for the parallel operation of 2 to 8 transformers. The Parallel control
function can only be instantiated in the Voltage controller function group.
The function group has interfaces to the following measuring points:
• Two-winding transformer:
– Voltage, 3-phase
– Current, 3-phase (optional)
• Three-winding transformer:
– 2 x voltage, 3-phase
– 2 x current, 3-phase (optional)
[dwvocnti-060913-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
You can find the information and functional measured values of the voltage controller in the DIGSI routing
matrix.
7.9.3.1 General
If the load is increased in an electricity-supply system, the voltage is reduced and vice versa. The power trans-
formers are usually equipped with transformer tap changers (OLTC) so as to keep the power-system voltage at
a constant level.
As a result, the transformer ratio is changed in predefined steps. Changes to the transformer taps cause the
voltage to change.
The Voltage control function is intended to control transformers with motor-operated transformer tap
changers.
This function is designed to control the following:
• For two-winding transformers (2W): the voltage on the secondary circuit of the power transformer and
parallel control of several transformers feeding the same busbar or a nodal point of a system
• For three-winding transformers (3W): the voltage of the secondary winding 1 or winding 2
• For grid coupling transformers (GC): voltage of winding 1 or winding 2, selectively depending on the
power direction
Control operation is based on a step-by-step principle. To move the tap changer one position higher or lower,
a single control pulse is issued to the motor-drive mechanism of the tap changer. The length of the control
pulse can be set over a large range so as to handle the different types of tap-changer drives. The control pulse
is issued if the measured voltage deviates from the set reference value by more than the preset voltage range
for more than a given time period.
The voltage can be controlled at the voltage measuring point or at the load point in the electrical power
system. In this case, the load-point voltage is calculated on the basis of the measured load current and the
known impedance between the voltage measuring point and the load point.
The following figures show possible configurations of the voltage controller for two-winding transformers
with and without current measurement.
[dwkonlst-060913.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-118 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Two-Winding Transformers with Current Measurement for
Load Compensation at the End of the Line
[dwkonlsK-060913.vsd, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-119 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Two-Winding Transformers without Current Measurement
Three-Winding Transformers
Three-winding transformers are special power transformers that have 2 separate windings on the secondary
circuit and typically supply 2 different busbars. The voltage levels on the secondary circuit of the power trans-
formers can either be the same or different. In addition to designs with 2 tap changers on the secondary
circuits, in most cases, three-winding transformers are equipped with only one tap changer or on-load tap
changer on the primary side. It is therefore necessary to feed both voltages of the secondary windings to the
voltage measuring inputs (V1, V2) and to specify one of them, depending on the busbar situation, to the
voltage controller as the control variable.
The voltages of side 1 and 2 of the three-winding transformer are simultaneously monitored. In the process,
the voltage to be controlled can be automatically selected via the load current of both sides or by using one
parameter. This parameter is the settings group switching via binary input, protocol, or function keys. The
uncontrolled voltage can be monitored in parallel to ensure that it remains within the defined voltage limits.
If a current measuring point is assigned to a function group, the voltage to be controlled can be automatically
selected dependent on the load.
For automatic on-load tap changing, the voltage of the transformer side into which the larger load current
flows is controlled. The respective uncontrolled voltage is monitored for undervoltage and overvoltage.
In contrast to overvoltage on the controlled side, for overvoltage on the uncontrolled side, the higher
adjusting command is blocked and no fast step down to a lower tap occurs. In case of undervoltage on the
uncontrolled side, the lower adjusting commands are blocked if this behavior is activated for undervoltage
supervision.
[dw_V-constell-3wind-with-imeas.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-120 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Three-Winding Transformers with Current Measurement
for Load Compensation at the End of the Line
[dw_V-constell-3wind-without-imeas-091014.vsd, 2, en_US]
Figure 7-121 Voltage-Controller Constellation for Three-Winding Transformers without Current Measure-
ment
[dw_V-constell-2wind-coupl-transf.vsd, 1, en_US]
Tap Changer
The Tap changer function issues the adjusting commands to the on-load tap changer and receives the corre-
sponding feedback. The function of the tap changer inside the voltage controller corresponds to that of the
separate tap changer. The higher and lower adjusting commands are generated by the voltage controller. The
Check switching authority, Control model, SBO time-out, and Feedback monitoring time
parameters are set only in the voltage controller.
You can find more information in chapter 7.9.4.1 General.
Voltage Controller
The Voltage controller function controls the voltage within the bandwidth and within the set voltage limits.
Using the Mode parameter, you can turn the voltage controller on or off or set it for test mode.
With the Number of target voltage parameter, you can specify up to 4 target voltages. You can only
activate one of these target voltages at a time using function key, communication, or a binary input. Use the
Set point mode active parameter to specify a valid target voltage via a communication network.
If the voltage controller is switched off, adjusting commands cannot be given to the tap changer in automatic
operation or in manual operation. The set on-site or remote switching authority is independent of this.
You can set the voltage controller operating mode using the Operating mode parameter or the Operating
mode command to automatic operation or manual operation. In automatic operation, the voltage is
controlled automatically in accordance with the set parameters.
[lovoltco-060913-01.vsd, 7, en_US]
1) Manual operation
2) Automatic operation
3) Controllable
4) Command
5) Position and motor supervision (Figure 7-111)
In accordance with the IEC 61850 standard, DOI LTCBlk (Block automatic operation command), automatic
control can be blocked with a command.
The voltage controller measures the actual voltage (Vact) and compares it to the target voltage (Vtarget). If
the difference between the measured voltage (control deviation D) is greater than the set bandwidth (B), a
higher or lower adjusting command is sent to the tap changer once the set time delay (T1) has elapsed.
You can change the settings for control during operation with the settings group switching.
You can switchover the settings groups via the following alternatives:
• Via a communication connection to substation automation technology (IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 61850)
You can find more information on this in chapter 3.11.1 Settings-Group Switching.
Measuring-Voltage Selection
The control measurand can be selected, depending on the connection type, via a selection parameter in the
Voltage controller function group. The associated current is automatically selected for the set voltage type.
The load voltage calculated for the line compensation is likewise influenced by selection with the Measured
value parameter. The load current (Iload) and the voltage to be controlled at the transformer are replaced
according to the following table:
[fo_vload_in_percent, 1, en_US]
The angle φx is between the angles of the phase-to-phase voltage φVA-VB and the phase-to-ground voltage φVA.
If the 3-phase voltage is symmetric, then the angle φx = 30°. If the measured voltage is not symmetric, then
you can use the following formula for calculating the angle φx:
[fo_angle_bet_phases, 1, en_US]
Control Deviation
The control deviation is calculated from the present actual voltage and the target voltage in relation to the
rated voltage.
[fokonisk-211013, 2, en_US]
D = Control deviation
Bandwidth
To minimize the number of switching operations by the tap changer, a permitted bandwidth is defined. If the
actual voltage is within the bandwidth, no adjusting control commands are issued to the tap changer. If the
actual voltage exceeds the defined bandwidth, an adjusting command is issued after the set time delay T1
delay. If the actual voltage returns to the voltage range of the bandwidth before T1 delay elapses, no
adjusting control command is issued.
If the actual voltage returns to the voltage range of the bandwidth within the time delay T1, the running time
delay T1 continues to count down, starting at the already elapsed time. If the actual voltage returns again to
the set bandwidth while the time is counting down, the time delay T1 is started at the remaining time. In this
way, the time delay is reduced in the event of frequent violations of the lower limit of the bandwidth.
[dwistspn-060913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
Linear, Inverse
With linear control response, the voltage controller reacts independently of the control deviation after the set
time T1 delay. If more than one tap-position change is required to bring the actual voltage back within the
bandwidth, the set time T2 delay takes effect.
With inverse control response, the time T1 delay depends on the magnitude of the control deviation. Small
deviations are tolerated for longer than larger ones. If the time delay is very small in accordance with the set
characteristic curve, the time T1 Inverse Min takes effect.
The set inverse characteristic curve is a function of the parameter T1 delay. The characteristic curves arising
for different settings of the time T1 delay are shown in chapter 7.9.4.1 General, margin title Parameter: T1
characteristic.
[dw_istgro-130215, 1, en_US]
[dwistgro-060913-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
• The completion of a tap change command after the new valid position was detected
[losnlruk-090913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
Automatic Operation
If the actual voltage exceeds or falls below the set bandwidth for longer than the set time delay, this situation
is shown by the indication (_:14011:309) Auto Monitor. If the actual voltage returns to the voltage
range, the indication is reset. You can switch off the function monitor with a time delay = 0 min.
[lofktueb-090913-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i As a prerequisite for the dynamic voltage control (DVC), the voltage and current must be measured by the
device. The dynamic voltage control cannot be activated in parallel to the LDC function or the paralleling
function.
[dw_dtvc, 1, en_US]
If the measured active power Pmeas exceeds the set value for Pmax, the voltage value at Pmax is taken as the
current voltage target value:
Pmeas ≥ Pmax ⇒ Vtarget max = VTarget
If the measured active power Pmeas = 0 MW, the function takes the voltage target value VTarget set in the voltage
controller.
[fo_Vtargetcomp_Pmin, 1, en_US]
[fo_Vtargetcomp_Pmax, 1, en_US]
• Z compensation (LDC-Z)
NOTE
i Line compensation is only active if power is flowing in the direction of the line.
Z Compensation (LDC-Z)
Z compensation allows you to include the voltage drop of a line connected to the transformer. You can switch
the Z compensation on or off. If cos φ is roughly constant, you can use the Z compensation. Setting the
parameters requires the calculation of the voltage increase (Target voltage rising) taking into consid-
eration the load current (Max load current).
The parameter Target voltage rising represents the voltage drop across the line as a % under rated
load.
You can find more information and the calculation in chapter 7.9.4.1 General.
In case of active Z compensation, you must limit the maximum permitted voltage increase in relation to the
target voltage to avoid too high voltage at the transformer. To do this, set the parameter Max load
current. In addition, the parameter Vmax threshold is active. If the actual voltage exceeds this threshold
value, no more higher adjusting commands are issued.
[dwregchr-090913-01.vsd, 3, en_US]
[dw-line-drop-kompensation-250214-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
You can also use X and R compensation for parallel control of transformers. If the X value is positive, the
voltage losses of the phase are compensated. If you are implementing parallel control with X and R compen-
sation, then the X value is negative and considers the voltage increase from the busbar to the transformer.
If the X and R compensation you must limit the maximum permitted voltage increase in relation to the target
voltage in order to avoid a voltage at the transformer that is too high. To do this, set the parameter Vmax
threshold. If the actual voltage exceeds this threshold value, no more higher adjusting commands are
issued.
7.9.3.8 Blockings
The blockings prevent tap positions under abnormal network conditions. The following blocking functions are
available:
• Undervoltage
• Undercurrent
[loblokir-090913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
If assignment of the tap changer for the transformer side is available, the current of the upper-voltage side is
also monitored and the differential-protection pickup automatically blocks the voltage controller.
General
The parallel operation of 2 or more power transformers is intended to increase the electrical throughput or
short-circuit power at a power-system node. An additional reason for the parallel operation of transformers is
a reserve in the event of a failure of a transformer.
If power peaks are to be expected in the power system, multiple transformers can be connected in parallel on
different busbars. This allows several feeders to be supplied simultaneously. You can control up to 8 trans-
formers in parallel in one group. The evaluation of the measured and status values takes place via the IEC
61850 GOOSE communication.
If for the transformers used the tap positions differ, therefore creating a different transformation ratio, the no-
load voltages on the low-voltage side will be different. A circulating reactive current flows via the trans-
formers. Since the transformer impedance consists mainly of leakage inductance, the current is inductive.
These currents can result in the overloading of the transformer.
The parallel operation is intended for two-winding transformers. For this application, additionally instantiate
the function Parallel operation. For each of the transformers connected in parallel you need an additional
function block ParallelProxy. The 1st ParallelProxy is preinstantiated. For a configuration with 8
transformers working in parallel, you can instantiate a maximum of 7 ParallelProxy. The exchange of the
necessary information takes place via this proxy. 8 transformers can be configured to a maximum of 4 groups.
• Master-follower method
As the preceding table shows, before selecting the method, you must check whether the corresponding
requirements are met. If you place transformers in parallel, whose short-circuit voltages differ by more than
10 % from each other, then Siemens recommends the Method of minimizing circulating reactive current.
• No mode
• Independent
• Master
• Follower
[sc_infogroup, 1, en_US]
Grouping
Each transformer in the parallel operation is assigned to a group. The group number can be set by a superordi-
nate control system or locally using a CFC logic. Once the group assignment is fixed, enter a value for the
initial start via the Properties tab of the command Parallel group in the information routing of DIGSI 5.
[sccfcgrouprel, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-134 CFC Chart for Group Assignment and Group Display
[sc_para_grouping_vc, 1, en_US]
During operation you can change this assignment by command, depending on the switching state of the
transformers.
[lo_proxy-logic-part_01, 1, en_US]
same parallel-operation group via GOOSE. The groups of the transformers to be controlled in parallel are set
and changed using the control Parallel group, where you assign the device to a parallel-operation group.
This can be done remotely or locally on the device. If No mode is set for the parallel operation, no group
assignment takes place.
[lo_proxy-logic-part_03, 1, en_US]
The signals automatic operation, automatic-block. local, Health and Remote parallel
mode are transmitted via the GOOSE communication between the other transformers in the group.
If the other voltage controllers in the group are set to the mode No mode or the communication is disturbed,
the automatic operation is blocked. The blocking is reported. If a fault in the tap position is detected via the
difference in the tap positions of the transformers, the indication Error tap difference is issued.
[lo_proxy-logic-part_02, 2, en_US]
Controlling Locally/Remote
The parallel operation can be done with a parameter or via the control. With the parameter setting control-
lable, you can also use a binary input and the status signal of a circuit breaker with a CFC block
(Figure 7-141).
First, for the control of the Parallel operation, set the parameters Parallel mode changeable and
Force master changeable.
You can select one of the 2 options:
• by setting
• controllable
[sc_para_oper_change, 1, en_US]
If you set Parallel mode changeable to controllable, you can read and change the settings for the
parallel operation on the device under the following path:
[sc_para_hmi_oper, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-140 Menu Item for Parallel Operation on the Device Display
Figure 7-141 shows an example of a CFC chart for switching to parallel mode via the binary input of the circuit
breaker.
[sc_switchparop_cfc, 1, en_US]
Master-Follower Method
As a prerequisite for the application of this method, the following values must be almost equal:
result in the same ratios. The relative short-circuit voltages of the transformers must not deviate significantly
from each other (max. 10 %).
[lo_parallel_voltage_contrl-master-follower, 1, en_US]
The Master-Follower method can be blocked using the automatic function in the systems control. In case of a
communication failure the function is also blocked.
The Master device controls the voltage of the transformer. The Follower device updates the tap position of the
Master device. When doing so, the maximum tap-position difference between the transformers is taken into
account. If the tap-position difference is exceeded for a predefined time, an error is reported (Error tap
difference). If the supervision of a group detects that there is more than one Master device, this is reported
and the automatic operation is blocked.
[dw_CCM_01, 1, en_US]
The following formulas are used to calculate the circulating reactive current.
For each device, a direct-axis reactance relating to the control side of the transformer is calculated from the
following 3 parameters:
If the ohmic longitudinal resistance is neglected, the direct-axis reactance of the transformer Tk (k = 1,2,3 ... n
in the example) relating to the control side results in:
[fo_reakccm, 1, en_US]
This direct-axis resistance is transferred to the other voltage controllers as a measured value with GOOSE. This
value is displayed as a check. To determine the total load current, from each voltage controller the measured
current with magnitude and phase angle is transferred as a GOOSE CMV measured value.
The total load current results in:
[fo_summccm, 1, en_US]
The total inductive susceptance, the total susceptance of all transformers results in:
[fo_suszccm, 1, en_US]
The partial load current value of the individual transformers results from the ratio between susceptance and
total susceptance multiplied with the total load current. Only the inductive value, namely the imaginary part
Im(IA) of the calculated total load current is used.
[fo_loadcurccm, 1, en_US]
The circulating reactive current at transformer k is the difference of the current measured at the transformer
and the calculated partial load current ILkImag. This is multiplied with -1 so that its positive no-load voltage
difference results in a positive circulating reactive current:
[fo_ccmtrafo, 1, en_US]
where:
ILkImag Calculated inductive part (imaginary part) of the partial load current of transformer k
IKBSk Circulating reactive current
IkImag Measured inductive part of the current at transformer k
ISC Measured current at the transformer
X Reactance of the transformer
k 1, 2, 3, ... 8 (number of the transformer)
[fo_regelabwdcc, 1, en_US]
where:
Xk Reactance of the transformer
Bp Total susceptance (total susceptance value) of all parallel transformers (sum of the reciprocals
of the transformer reactance)
Bk Susceptance of the transformer (reciprocal of the reactance)
Vrated Rated voltage of the transformer
With the parameter Reactive I control factor you can adjust the control deviation DKBSk so that the
circulating reactive current caused by a tap difference results in exceeding the control bandwidth. A Reac-
tive I control factor which is set too high can affect the control stability. In most cases, control
quality and control stability are available with the default setting of 1.
The sum of the control deviation resulting from voltage deviation DV and the control deviation DKBSk, caused by
the circulating reactive current, results in:
Dk = DKBSk + DV
and is compared with the set bandwidth. The following 2 diagrams explain the summations of the control
deviation at negative and positive voltage deviation. A possible control deviation initiated by the circulating
reactive current, is on transformer T1 in contrast to transformer T2. This results for both voltage controllers in a
different total deviation.
For the calculation of the voltage deviation, the voltages of all voltage controllers are transferred with GOOSE
as a measured value and an average value is calculated. The voltage can be monitored. If the data are not
plausible the voltage controller is blocked after a time delay which can be set.
Error Behavior
If the value of the circulating reactive current exceeds the set time delay Circul. current time delay
for a longer time than the threshold value Circul. current threshold, the indication Circul.
current blocking is issued and the voltage control blocked.
If the circulating reactive current value drops below the preset value, the signal is automatically reset. This can
be achieved using the manual control of the tap changer.
[scblockVC-240117-01, 1, en_US]
[loblokir-090913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
In addition to the blockings present with a parallel operation the number of proxies used is taken into account.
Binary input
Controllable/device display
NOTE
i Decommissioning the device is only allowed if the Parallel mode of the voltage controller is set to No
mode. After the decommissioning you must commission the voltage controller again.
The decommissioning can be done with binary input indications or via the control.
[dw_overview_sys-config_and_iec61850-goose, 1, en_US]
Step 1
• Create the 1st device for parallel control in the DIGSI 5 project.
• Create the configurations and make the necessary settings for the IEC 61850 structure.
[sc_para_dev_set, 1, en_US]
[sc_para_dev_func, 1, en_US]
• Instantiate the voltage controller function for the two-winding transformer and the Parallel control
function and the proxies that are necessary for parallel operation. One ParallelProxy is required for
each transformer to be controlled in parallel, that is, for 3 transformers in the project, it must be addition-
ally instantiate 2 ParallelProxies.
[sc_para_instanz, 1, en_US]
[sc_para_com_prot, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Note that you must assign a separate IP address for each device.
NOTE
i Note the hardware equipment of the device and the settings for the IEC 61850 communication (IEC 61850
Edition 2 required).
[sc_change_edition, 1, en_US]
• Copy the 1st device as many times as are needed for the parallel transformers. The copied devices
contain the same settings.
• Adapt the IP addresses of the copied devices in the project tree under Hardware and protocols.
[sc_para_ether_portj, 1, en_US]
• Adapt the entries of the copied devices for the other transformers (device name and IEC 61850 name).
[sc_lbnametrafo, 1, en_US]
• Assign a unique transformer ID for the other transformers in the copied devices.
NOTE
i Note that in the Master-Follower method, you must configure one device as the Master device and the
additional devices as Follower devices.
[sc_par_trafo_id, 1, en_US]
Step 3
• Change the IEC 61850 station name for example in parallel operation.
[sc_par_stat_iec_edi, 1, en_US]
[sc_par_assign_syscon, 1, en_US]
• Export the IEC 61850 station as an ICD file to the IEC 61850 System Configurator.
[sc_par_exp_syscon, 1, en_US]
If the following dialog appears, confirm with OK and specify a storage location for the SCD file.
[sc_para_assinged, 1, en_US]
Step 4
• Import the ICD files into the system configurator. After the export to the system configurator, the config-
urator starts automatically.
[sc_para_single_line_konfig, 1, en_US]
• Create the individual bays (bays 1-3) and instantiate for each a function and subfunction.
NOTE
i If you use the specified function and subfunction names, the GOOSE application will be created without
faults.
• Connect the LN Trafo1\VCtrl1\ATCC1 of the device to the function and the other LN
Trafo2\Ctrl_90VParallelOperation\ProxyATCC1 to the proxies according to Figure 7-159.
Step 5
• Create a new GOOSE application and subsequently perform the GOOSE later binding using the applica-
tion template. With the GOOSE application template, all the links between the devices and the proxies
are automatically connected.
• Set all the settings for GOOSE communication between the Master and the Follower devices in the
IEC 61850 System Configurator.
• If you have done all the links and settings in the IEC 61850 System Configurator, save the project and
close the IEC 61850 System Configurator.
[sc_parasyscon_goose, 1, en_US]
Step 6
• Import the SCD file generated and stored in the IEC 61850 System Configurator back to DIGSI.
[sc_para_import, 1, en_US]
Figure 7-161 Import from the IEC 61850 System Configurator into DIGSI
The function measured values V max and V min can be reset with the input indication >Reset min./max..
For the two-winding transformer, you can find the measured values under the following menu entries of the
device:
For the parallel control, you can find the measured values under the following menu entries of the device:
• Main menu → Measurements → Voltage control 2w → Functional measured values → Parallel operation
The function measured values Vmax 1, Vmax 2, Vmin 1, and Vmin 2 can be reset with the input indication
>Reset min./max..
For the three-winding transformer, you can find the measured values under the following menu entries of
the device:
The function measured values Vmax 1, Vmax 2, Vmin 1, and Vmin 2 can be reset with the input indication
>Reset min./max..
For the grid coupling transformer, you can find the measured values under the following menu entries of the
device:
Table 7-32 Possible Fundamental Values for the Voltage Controller Function Group
Table 7-33 Possible Power Measured Values of the Voltage Controller Function Group
7.9.4.1 General
The following application and setting notes refer to a two-winding transformer. The additional parameters for
a three-winding transformer or a grid coupling transformer are marked correspondingly.
Parameter: Rated current
Additional Parameters for the Three-Winding Transformer or the Grid Coupling Transformer
Winding 1
Parameter: Rated current
Winding 2
Parameter: Rated current
Tap Changer
The parameters of the tap changer inside the voltage controller correspond to those of the tap changer in
chapter 7.8.2 Application and Setting Notes.
For the tap changer inside the voltage controller, the parameters for the control model are copies of those
from the voltage controller. This concerns the parameters:
• Control model
• SBO40 Time-out
• Feedback.monitor.time
General
Parameter: Mode
40 In the IEC 61850 standard, reservation is known as Select Before Operate (SBO).
7.9.4.2 Controlling
Parameter: Check switching authority
NOTE
i Keep in mind that the parameter Number of target voltage cannot be influenced by way of the
settings group switching.
You can specify the target voltages (1 to 4) in primary, secondary, or in percent.
For the activation of the target voltage 1 to 4 via a binary input, you need a CFC chart.
Note:
Keep in mind that the parameter Number of target voltage cannot be influenced by way of the
settings group switching.
You can specify the target voltages (1 W1/2 to 4 W1/2) in primary, secondary, or in percent.
For the activation of the target voltage 1 to 4 via a binary input, you need a CFC chart.
Parameter: Target voltage 1 w1
Note:
Keep in mind that the parameter Number of target voltage cannot be influenced by way of the
settings group switching.
You can specify the target voltages (1 W1/2 to 4 W1/2) in primary, secondary, or in percent.
For the activation of the target voltage 1 to 4 via a binary input, you need a CFC chart.
Parameter: Target voltage 1 w1
Parameter: Bandwidth
NOTE
i When calculating the Bandwidth B, keep the maximum accepted voltage deviation in the electrical power
system and the tap voltage of the tap changer on the secondary side of the transformer in mind. Select the
bandwidths so that it is not passed through within an increment.
NOTE
On the secondary side, the increment ∆Vsec is not linear. The largest ∆Vmax,sec in an increment results with the
increment to the highest stage (smallest ratio) and with maximum power-system voltage on the primary side.
[fobdnvrz-150816, 1, en_US]
If the control deviation and the bandwidth are thus correlated, this results in a minimal bandwidth that is to be
set:
[fospnvrz-150816, 1, en_US]
Parameter: T1 characteristic
[fovrzzet-211013, 2, en_US]
T1 – Parameter T1 delay
[fokonisk-211013, 2, en_US]
D = Control deviation
[dwrglchr-160913-01.vsd, 2, en_US]
[foschlst-211013, 2, en_US]
where:
With the following equation, you can determine the percentage of the primary load current of the line from
the rated current of the transformer k (k = 1, 2, …, 8).
[fo_ibs_load_cur_perc, 1, en_US]
where:
Iload Primary load current
Irated Rated current of the transformer
Example
Application example of the LDC-Z line compensation for the voltage control of 2 transformers connected in
parallel.
[dw_target_voltage_2exam, 1, en_US]
In the example, a load current of Iload = 1430 A results in a voltage drop of Vload = 500 V.
Iload(%) 100 % 50 %
NOTE
i Make sure that you configure the parameter Max load current on the voltage controller on the trans-
former T1 to 200 %, as this summation load current is used for the line compensation.
[fo-I-V-Ratio-250214, 1, en_US]
[fo-I-V-Ratio_Value-250214, 1, en_US]
If you are implementing a parallel control with the X and R compensation, then the X value is negative and
considers the voltage rising from the busbar to the transformer.
Additional Parameters for the Three-Winding Transformer and for the Grid Coupling Transformer
Parameter: Line drop compensation
The voltage limits are necessary only for special control situations. The overvoltage limit prevents a change to
a higher tap by the voltage controller if the limiting value Vmax threshold is exceeded. The undervoltage
limit prevents a change to a lower tap by the voltage controller if the voltage drops below the limiting value
Vmin threshold.
Additional Parameters for the Three-Winding Transformer and for the Grid Coupling Transformer
Parameter: Vmin threshold w1
7.9.4.7 Blockings
Parameter: Blocking behavior
If the load current drops below the threshold value I< Threshold for the time I< Time delay, the under-
current blocking prevents changing to a higher or lower tap. Set the threshold value I< Threshold in % in
relation to the rated current. To do this, set the parameter I reference for % values.
Additional Pararmeters for Three-Winding Transformers and for Grid Coupling Transformers
Parameter: V< Threshold w1
You can find the parameter and information lists in chapter 7.9.5 Settings.
With the VT supervision parameter, you switch the voltage supervision on or off.
Parameter: VT supervision threshold
7.9.5 Settings
Three-Winding Transformer
Three-Winding Transformer
The Point-on-wave switching function is always started via a control command, either from the device
internal control or from an external control function. Protection functions generally directly trip the circuit
breaker and have no interaction with the Point-on-wave switching function.
You can find more information about this function in the Point-on-Wave Switching Function Manual.
8.1 Overview
SIPROTEC 5 devices are equipped with an extensive and integrated supervision concept. Continuous supervi-
sion:
• Supervision of the secondary system, including the external auxiliary power supply
SIPROTEC 5 devices are freely configurable. A load model is integrated in DIGSI 5. The load model prevents you
from overloading the device with an excessively large application.
The load model shows the device utilization and the response times for device functions. If it determines that
an application created is likely to overload the device, DIGSI prevents the application from being loaded into
the device.
In this rare case, you must then reduce the application in order to be able to load it into the device.
The load model can be found in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of the device → Device information. In
the operating range, select the Resource consumption setting sheet. The following figure shows an example
of the view of the load model in DIGSI 5:
[sclastmo-141210-01, 1, en_US]
A green total display for the processor response time indicates that the device is not overloaded by the present
application. On the other hand, if you see a red exclamation mark, the planned application is overloading the
device.
The list below the total display shows the individual functional areas. These areas combine functions with the
same real-time requirements in groups. A green display in front of an area (see Figure 8-1) indicates that the
response times of the functions grouped in this area can be maintained. A red exclamation point indicates that
functions may have longer response times than are specified in the Technical data for the device. In such a
case, loading of the application into the device is blocked.
The following table provides an overview of the functional areas and the most important influencing quanti-
ties on device utilization:
If the load model displays a warning, bear in mind the following general instructions:
The areas named in the table are listed in descending order of real time requirements. If a warning appears to
the effect that the guaranteed response times may be exceeded in an area, you can return to the permitted
area by taking the following measures:
• Reduce the functional scope in the marked area (red exclamation mark)
• Reduce the functional scope in another area with higher real time requirements
When you have reduced the application, check the display in resource consumption! If a function or stage has
been switched off, it will continue to represent a load for the area. If you do not need the function or stage,
delete it rather than switching it off.
Use the general Circuit-breaker function group only in the following cases:
• You want to use functions such as the automatic reclosing function or circuit-breaker failure protection in
the Circuit-breaker function group.
If a circuit breaker is only to be modeled for control purposes, use the Circuit breaker [state only] function
group.
When you order a SIPROTEC 5 device, you are also ordering a function-points account for use of additional
functions.
The following figure illustrates consumption of function points in the current application with respect to the
existing function-points account.
[scfpunkt-141210-01, 1, en_US]
The remaining white bar shows the function points that have not yet been used up by your configuration. The
number of function points available in a device depends on the device purchase order (position 20 of the
product code). You can also order function points subsequently, and so increase the function-points account
for the device.
NOTE
i Find out the function-points requirement for the desired application before ordering the device. For this,
you can use the device configurator.
All CFC function blocks can be assigned to all the task levels. There are no device-specific function blocks. If
enough ticks are available, all CFC charts can be created in the same task level. A tick is the measure of the
performance requirement of CFC blocks.
The number of available ticks for each task is calculated depending on the created device configuration. This
calculation is based on the previously described load model. In this process, it is recommended to create all
selected functions and objects first followed by configuration of the CFC charts so that a realistic information
about the remaining system capacitance for CFC charts is available. Significantly exceeding the typical
response time is prevented by the load model by limiting the number of CFC function blocks in the corre-
sponding task level via the number of ticks available.
The typical response times for CFC tasks are listed in the Technical Data.
The following figure shows an example of the CFC chart capacitances in DIGSI calculated by the load model.
The ticks available for each task are shown here. The green bars represent the ticks used in the task levels. You
reach this dialog with the following call: Device → Device information → Resource consumption.
[sc-cfc-statistic, 2, en_US]
NOTE
i High priority Event-triggered CFC charts have the highest priority and are processed before all other tasks.
At this level, a considerable smaller number of ticks are available than at all other tasks. It is recommended
to configure only very-high-priority logic functions at this task and to configure the other logic functions in
any other level.
NOTE
i Empty CFC charts also consume system resources. Empty charts that are not required any more should be
deleted.
8.3.1 Overview
The secondary circuits establish a connection to the power system from the point of view of the device. The
measuring-input circuit (currents, voltages) as well as the command circuits to the circuit breakers are moni-
tored for the correct function of the device. The connection to the station battery is ensured with the supervi-
sion of the external auxiliary voltage. The secondary system has the following supervision systems:
Measuring circuits (voltage):
• Measuring-voltage failure
• Voltage balance
• Voltage sum
• Current balance
• Current sum
Trip circuits
When the supervisions listed in the previous section pick up, corresponding warning indications are output.
Some supervisions lead directly to the blocking of affected protection functions or to the marking of meas-
uring points that have become invalid, so that affected protection functions can go into a secure state.
A detailed description of the supervision mechanisms and their error responses can be found in the respective
function descriptions.
• Non-connected transformers
• Pickup of the voltage transformer circuit breaker (in the event of short circuits in the secondary circuit)
• Underexcitation Protection
• Distance protection
[dwstrffm-210113-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lozusamm-100611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Each subfunction creates its own monitoring indication. The function summarizes these indications via the
group indication Alarm.
The response to the detection of a measuring-voltage failure is explained in the specific protection-function
descriptions.
Logic
[looppode-200812-05.tif, 5, en_US]
The criterion for detection of an unbalanced measuring-voltage failure is the voltage unbalance. This unbal-
ance is determined based on the ratio between negative and positive-sequence voltage. If the threshold value
is exceeded and the monitoring is released and not blocked, the monitoring picks up (see Figure 8-6). The
indication Asym.fail.-inst.alarm is output.
The monitoring is released as soon as a certain minimum voltage is exceeded. This prevents a spurious
response in the presence of low voltage measurands or a measurand of 0 (for example, circuit breaker open).
Instantaneous monitoring also requires the presence of a minimum current. This prevents a spurious instanta-
neous pick up of the monitoring in the presence of a weak infeed (current < 10 % of rated current) combined
with a power-system incident.
If the voltage unbalance is blocked by unbalanced faults in the primary system, the supervision is blocked. The
device detects an unbalanced fault based on the ratio between negative-sequence and positive-sequence
current.
Delay/Seal-In
In the presence of a weak infeed (current < 10 % of rated current), certain protection functions require more
time for detection of a system incident. For this purpose, the monitoring can be delayed using the
Asym.fail. - time delay parameter.
If a system incident is detected during the time delay, the supervision drops off. This is because the function
assumes that the unbalance - and consequently the pickup of the supervision - is due to the system incident.
After the time delay has elapsed, it definitely assumes a measuring-voltage failure. The monitoring seals in
and the Asym.fail.-alarm indication is output. The dropout does not happen until the voltage unbalance
has disappeared after a seal-in time of 10 s. In the presence of 3-pole close-in faults outside the protection
zone, this seal-in time prevents the monitoring from dropping off too quickly and thus releasing the protection
functions.
The sealing-in function can be deactivated using the Asym.fail.-DO on netw.flt. parameter. As soon
as a system incident is detected, the monitoring drops off instantaneously.
Logic
[losymmet-190912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
• All 3 phase-to-ground voltages drop below the threshold value 3ph.fail. - VA,VB,VC <
NOTE
i If a voltage-transformer circuit breaker is installed in the secondary circuit of the voltage transformers, its
position is communicated to the device via a binary input (see chapter 8.3.3.1 Overview of Functions).
Logic
[lozuscha-100611-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Switching onto a 3-phase measuring-voltage failure is detected if the following criteria are fulfilled simultane-
ously:
• All 3 phase-to-ground voltages have dropped below the threshold value 3ph.fail. - VA,VB,VC <.
• The circuit breaker is detected to be in closed position. The detection takes place either via the phase
currents or via the ≥1-pole closed signal, which is generated via the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts.
You can find more detailed information in chapter 5.9.6 Circuit-Breaker Condition for the Protected
Object.
A voltage jump – such as in a 3-phase measuring-voltage failure with closed circuit breaker (see chapter
8.3.2.4 3-Phase Measuring-Voltage Failure) – does not occur in the case of switching to a 3-phase measuring-
voltage failure. If the monitoring is not blocked, the time delay SO 3ph.fail. - time delay is started.
After the time has elapsed, the indication SO 3ph.failure-alarm is displayed. A dropout of the moni-
toring is only possible by a recovery of the voltage.
The supervision is blocked as soon as a pickup of a protection function is detected within a protection function
group and the time delay of the supervision has not yet elapsed.
This subfunction also covers the situation of a low load with 3-phase measuring-voltage failure and closed
circuit breaker, because the circuit-breaker position is also determined from the circuit-breaker auxiliary
contacts. The subfunction for detecting a 3-phase measuring-voltage failure (see chapter 8.3.2.4 3-Phase
Measuring-Voltage Failure) is not released in this situation, for example, because the current flow is too low.
This subfunction can be switched on or off separately using the Switch-on 3ph. failure parameter.
The 3ph.fail. - phs.curr.release parameter is used to define the phase current threshold above
which the monitoring is released.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
If the device incorporates the Distance protection function, this value must be set to less than or equal to the
release current of the distance protection.
• Recommended setting value (_:103) 3ph.fail. - phs.curr. jump = 0.1 A for Irated = 1 A or
0.5 A for Irated = 5 A
The 3ph.fail. - phs.curr. jump parameter is used to set the differential current between the present
current phasor and the stored phasor (from the previous period). If the value is exceeded, the function detects
a system incident and blocks the monitoring.
Siemens recommends using the default setting.
NOTE
i Adapt the SO 3ph.fail. - time delay parameter to the inherent time of protection functions which
are intended to block the monitoring function.
Note that with parameter values 0 s blocking of the monitoring function via a protection stimulation will
not be possible any more.
8.3.2.7 Settings
• Distance protection
NOTE
i If the voltage signal is generated using the optional merging-unit function, the quality of the voltage signal
is sent as invalid in the sampled value stream, depending on the status of the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker. For more information about configuring the voltage-transformer circuit breaker function for
devices with merging unit and process-bus client, see Process Bus manual.
[dwmcbstr-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
with the Response time parameter. For a timely detection of the tripping of the voltage-transformer circuit
breaker, the pickup of the distance protection is delayed by that response time.
8.3.3.5 Settings
[dwivsstr-060214-01.vsd, 1, en_US]
[sc_ivslib, 1, en_US]
Following the instantiation of the function group in the DIGSI project tree, it appears in the information
routing of DIGSI (see the following figure). The status indications of the supervision groups can be routed
here, for example, to existing binary outputs and/or logs.
[sc_ivsrou, 1, en_US]
Set the binary input used for signaling-voltage supervision within one input/output module using the setting
option (see the following figure). This binary input monitors the presence of the signaling voltage. If the
signaling voltage fails, this sets the quality attribute for all other binary inputs of the parameterized input/
output module to invalid. The signal status of each of these binary inputs is frozen with its last valid value
prior to the occurrence of the fault. The quality attribute of the binary inputs for other input/output modules
are not taken into consideration by this.
If the signaling voltage again exceeds the binary threshold, the quality attribute of the binary inputs is reset to
valid.
[sc_ivsgrp, 2, en_US]
NOTE
You can also combine binary inputs across modules in one Superv.Grp. function block and define any
binary input within this group for supervision of the signaling voltage. For this purpose, place a check mark at
the parameter (_:102) Enable variable group when configuring the supervision group. This extends
the parameterization menu by the sections Supervis. grp. start and Supervis. grp. end (see the
following figure).
[sc_gruppe_de, 2, en_US]
There, for example, you are able to combine 1 to n different binary inputs into one supervision group. When
doing so, the binary inputs on the input/output modules assignable to a supervision group must be related
logically. With 3 input/output modules, for example, this allows only consecutive binary inputs to be grouped
on the modules 1 and 2 or 2 and 3, but no binary inputs on modules 1 and 3. The binary inputs used for super-
vision can be located on any input/output module within the group defined in this manner.
If you have to monitor several binary inputs that, for example, work with different signaling voltages from
different sources, then you can also instantiate and configure several Superv.Grp. function blocks within
the Signaling-voltage supervision function group accordingly.
Within different supervision groups, only those consecutive binary inputs that are not already assigned to
another supervision group can be grouped. The overlapping of binary inputs in different supervision groups is
not permitted.
Error parameters are displayed to you by inconsistency indications in DIGSI.
Example
There are 4 input/output modules available.
Binary inputs of input/output modules 1 and 2 are already combined in supervision group 1. The 2 last binary
inputs on module 2 are not included in the grouping.
In supervision group 2, only these 2 binary inputs of the input/output module 2 not used in supervision group
1 as well as further consecutive binary inputs of the input/output modules 3 and 4 can be combined.
8.3.4.5 Settings
• Connection errors during commissioning or short circuits and interruptions in the secondary circuit
The voltage measurement is based on the RMS values of the fundamental component.
[dwstrusy-300913, 2, en_US]
[lokenuns-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lospasym-100611-01.tif, 5, en_US]
The Threshold min/max parameter is the criterion by which a phase-to-phase voltage unbalance is meas-
ured. The device calculates the ratio between the minimum (Vmin) and the maximum (Vmax) phase-to-phase
voltage.
Enter the lower limit of the maximum phase-to-phase voltage (Vmax) with the parameter Release
threshold. This specifies the lower limit of the operating range of this function.
• A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the Failure indication.
The Threshold min/max parameter is used to set the ratio between the minimum (Vmin) and the maximum
(Vmax) phase-to-phase voltage. Siemens recommends using the default setting.
8.3.5.5 Settings
NOTE
i For the Voltage-sum supervision, the externally generated residual voltage must be connected to the 4th
voltage measuring input.
For the Voltage-sum supervision to work correctly, the Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter must be
set accordingly.
[dwstrvss-100611-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[lo_kenvss-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[lovssumm-140611-01.tif, 5, en_US]
The device measures the phase-to-ground voltage and the ground voltage of the lines to be protected. The
sum of the 4 voltages must be 0.
Threshold
If the calculated fault voltage (VF) exceeds the Threshold the parameter Delay failure indication
triggers the indication Failure.
The device calculates the fault voltage (VF) with the formula:
VF = |VA + VB + VC - Vph/UN • UN|, where Vph/VN forms the Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter.
The Matching ratio Vph / VN parameter takes into account the differing transformation ratios between
the residual voltage input and the phase-voltage inputs.
You can find more information in this respect in chapter 8.3.6.1 Overview of Functions ).
• A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the Failure indication.
Parameter: Threshold
8.3.6.5 Settings
[dwstrvrs-060611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
Logic
[lovrsymm-100611-01.tif, 5, en_US]
The phase rotation is important for protection functions which process phase, loop, and directional informa-
tion. You can set the phase sequence with the Phase sequence parameter in the function block General of
the power-system data (see chapter 6.1 Power-System Data).
To supervise the phase rotation, the device compares the measured phase sequence with the set phase
sequence. For abnormal phase sequences, the indication Failure is generated.
The connection of the voltages to the device does not depend on the selected phase sequence. The connec-
tion diagrams are shown in chapter A Appendix.
Release Condition
The supervision of the voltage phase rotation is carried out when all measured phase-to-phase voltages are
greater than 40 V.
• Via the binary input signal >Block function from an external or internal source
8.3.7.5 Settings
• Monitors the voltage-transformer circuits by comparing the voltages from 2 voltage transformers
If failures in the voltage circuits are detected, voltage-related protection functions can be blocked.
• Requires the connection of 2 voltage measuring points to the voltage interface of the function group
You can take one of the voltages as the reference voltage and then the other becomes the main voltage.
The reference voltage is used for comparison.
NOTE
i The voltage selection for the protection function in the FGs works independent of the status of the
Voltage-comparison supervision function.
• Generator stator
• Generator side
• Transformer side
[dw_structure_VBP, 1, en_US]
8.3.8.3 Description
Function Application
The following figure shows an application example.
[sc_VBStoFG, 1, en_US]
Figure 8-25 Connecting the Measuring Points to the Generator Stator Function Group
There are consistency checks that validate the connections of voltage measuring points to the function group:
• The connection type must be identical for all measuring points connected to the same interface of the
function group.
• The rated voltage (primary and secondary) must be identical for all measuring points connected to the
same interface.
• Either the Voltage-comparison supervision function or the Voltage measuring-point selection func-
tion must be instantiated. They must not be instantiated at the same time.
About the Voltage measuring-point selection function, you can find more information in chapter
6.76 Voltage Measuring-Point Selection.
Voltage Selection
2 voltage measuring points are connected to a voltage interface of a function group. In the Voltage-compar-
ison supervision function, you can set one of the voltages as the reference voltage via the parameter Refer-
ence voltage, and the other voltage becomes the main voltage.
• The main voltage is used for all voltage-related functions in the FGs that contain the Voltage-compar-
ison supervision function.
If the main voltage transformer is disconnected, the Voltage-comparison supervision function issues
the blocking signal Meas.-volt failure. The signal is transmitted to all voltage-related protection
functions which are used in the same FGs as the Voltage-comparison supervision.
The voltage inputs in the preceding figure are calculated with the following equations:
ΔV1 = |v(n)ref.| - |v(n)main|
ΔV2 = |v(n)main| - |v(n)ref.|
ΔV3 = |Vref. - Vmain|
ΔV4 = Max. (V1ref., V1main)
Voltages Description
v(n)ref. Sampled value of the reference voltage
v(n)main Sampled value of the main voltage
Vref. Fundamental value of the reference voltage
Vmain Fundamental value of the main voltage
Voltages Description
V1ref. Positive-sequence value of the reference voltage
V1main Positive-sequence value of the main voltage
Pickup
If the voltage difference between each 2 of 3 continuous sampling points is over 8 % Vrated of the plant, the
supervision stage picks up.
Voltage Supervision
For the Voltage-comparison supervision function, the following 2 connection types are allowed:
• Phase-to-ground
The phase-to-ground voltages are used for the voltage-difference comparison.
• Phase-to-phase
The phase-to-phase voltages are used for the voltage-difference comparison.
NOTE
i The 2 ph-to-ph volt. + VN and 2 ph-to-ph voltages connection types are not allowed.
Voltage-Failure Indication
For different connection types, the indications are different.
• Phase-to-ground
You can get the voltage-failure information from the output signals Main-voltage failure and
Ref.-voltage failure.
• Phase-to-phase
– If one phase is influenced, the phase information is indicated.
– If more than one phase is influenced, the phase-to-phase information is indicated.
Take the main voltage transformer for example. You can determine the faulty phase with the
following table.
Release Voltage
If the main positive-sequence voltage or the reference positive-sequence voltage is between 50 % Vrated and
130 % Vrated, the function is released.
Selection Invalid
An invalid measuring-point selection results in the following:
NOTE
i You must assign a voltage measuring point to the parameter Reference voltage. The assignment influ-
ences the voltage-related protection functions which are used in the same FGs as the Voltage-comparison
supervision function. These voltage-related protection functions use the unassigned voltage measuring
point, which is defined as the main voltage in the Voltage-comparison supervision function. You can find
more information in section Voltage Selection, Page 1736.
EXAMPLE
Meas.point V-3ph 1 and Meas.point V-3ph 2 are connected to the Voltage-comparison supervision func-
tion. Then you have 2 more setting options, as shown in the following figure. You must select one of these
setting options for the parameter Reference voltage.
[sc_VBS_ref.voltage, 1, en_US]
Parameter: Mode
8.3.8.5 Settings
• Connection errors during commissioning or short circuits and interruptions in the secondary circuit
The current measurement is based on the RMS values of the fundamental component.
[dwstrsym-060611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
[losymmke-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[locbsymm-100611-01.tif, 4, en_US]
The Threshold min/max parameter is the criterion by which unbalance in the phase currents is measured.
The device calculates the ratio between the minimum (Imin) and the maximum (Imax) phase current.
Enter the lower limit of the maximum phase current (Imax) with the parameter Release threshold. This
specifies the lower limit of the operating range of this function.
• A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the indication Failure.
• Recommended setting value (_:101) Release threshold = 0.5 A for Irated = 1 A or 2.5 A for Irated
=5A
The Release threshold parameter is used to set the lower limit of the maximum phase current (Imax).
8.3.9.5 Settings
• Current-transformer connections connected to 3 current transformers and the neutral point (see
Figure A-6 in the Attachment)
NOTE
i For current-sum supervision, the ground current of the line to be protected must be connected to the 4th
current measurement input (IN).
[dwstrcss-300913, 3, en_US]
[lokensum-300311-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Logic
[locssumm-140611-01.tif, 4, en_US]
[foglchki-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Threshold
The Threshold parameter is the lower limit of the operating range of the Current-sum supervision func-
tion.
• A protection pickup
The pickup signal of a protection function blocks the Failure indication.
Parameter: Threshold
• Recommended setting value (_:102) Threshold = 0.1 A for Irated = 1 A or 0.5 A for Irated = 5 A
The Threshold parameter is used to set the maximum phase current (Imax).
8.3.10.5 Settings
[dwstrcrs-040211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Logic
[locrsymm-100611-01.tif, 6, en_US]
The phase rotation is important for protection functions which process phase, loop, and directional informa-
tion. You can set the phase sequence with the Phase sequence parameter in the function block General of
the power-system data (see 6.1 Power-System Data).
To supervise the phase rotation, the device compares the measured phase sequence with the set phase
sequence. For abnormal phase sequences, the indication Failure is generated.
The connection of the currents to the device does not depend on the selected phase sequence. For connection
diagrams see A Appendix.
Release Condition
The supervision of the current phase rotation is carried out when all measured phase currents are greater than
the value of the Release threshold parameter.
• Via the binary input signal >Block function from an external or internal source
• Default setting (_:102) Release threshold = 0.500 A for Irated = 1 A or 2.50 A for Irated = 5 A
With the Release threshold parameter, you specify the lower limit of the phase current for phase-rotation
supervision.
8.3.11.5 Settings
The control voltage for the circuit breaker must be greater than the sum of the minimum voltage drops at the
binary inputs VCtrl > 2 VBImin. At least 19 V are required for each binary input. This makes the supervision usable
only with a system-side control voltage of > 38 V.
[dwtcsueb-010313-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwtcs2be-110611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
CR Command relay
CB Circuit breaker (open)
CB coil Circuit-breaker coil
AuxCon1 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (make contact)
AuxCon2 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (break contact)
V-Ctrl Control voltage (tripping voltage)
V-BI1 Input voltage for binary input 1
V-BI2 Input voltage for binary input 2
Supervision with 2 binary inputs identifies disruptions in the trip circuit and the outage of the control voltage.
It also monitors the reaction of the circuit breaker by way of the position of the circuit-breaker auxiliary
contacts.
Depending on the switch position of the command relay and circuit breaker, the binary inputs are either acti-
vated (H) or not (L). If both binary inputs are not activated, there is a fault. The fault can be a disruption or a
short circuit in the trip circuit, an outage of the battery voltage or a fault in the mechanics of the circuit
breaker. With intact trip circuits, this state will occur only briefly while the command relay is closed and the
circuit breaker has not yet been opened.
No. Command CB AuxCon1 AuxCon2 BI 1 BI 2 Dynamic State Static State
Relay
(CR)
1 Open ON Closed Open H L Normal operation with closed circuit
breaker
2 Open OFF Open Closed H H Normal operation with open circuit
breaker
3 Closed ON Closed Open L L Transmission or fault Fault
4 Closed OFF Open Closed L H CR successfully activated the circuit
breaker
With the Alarm delay parameter, you can set the time delay. After fixing the fault in the trip circuit, the
failure indication will automatically expire after the same time.
If the binary input signals >Trip relay or >CB auxiliary contact are not routed on the binary inputs
of the device, then the Input sig. not routed indication is generated and the Trip-circuit supervision
function is ineffective.
The following figure shows the logic diagram of the trip-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs.
[lotcs2be-260912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
[dwtcs1be-110611-01.tif, 3, en_US]
CR Command relay
CB Circuit breaker (open)
CB coil Circuit-breaker coil
AuxCon1 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (make contact)
AuxCon2 Circuit-breaker auxiliary contact (break contact)
V-Ctrl Control voltage (tripping voltage)
V-BI Input voltage for binary input
R Equivalent resistance
The supervision with 1 binary input identifies disruptions in the trip circuit and the outage of the control
voltage.
In normal operation, the binary input is activated with the command relay open and the trip circuit intact (H).
The supervision circuit is closed with the equivalent resistance R or with the auxiliary contact AuxCon1 of the
closed circuit breaker. The binary input is not activated while the command relay is closed (L). If the binary
input is not activated for a prolonged time, there is a disruption in the trip circuit or the control voltage has
failed.
No. Command CB AuxCon1 AuxCon2 BI Dynamic State Static State
Relay
1 Open ON Closed Open H Normal operation with closed
circuit breaker
2 Open OFF Open Closed H Normal operation with open
circuit breaker
3 Closed ON Closed Open L Transmission or Fault
fault
4 Closed OFF Open Closed L CR successfully activated the
circuit breaker
Use the parameter Blk.by trip/open cmd from to set the conditions under which the trip-circuit super-
vision is blocked. The following conditions can cause a blocking of the trip-circuit supervision function:
As long as the trip-circuit supervision function is blocked, the closed contact of the command relay does not
cause a failure indication.
If the command contacts of other devices work in parallel on the trip circuit, the failure indication must be
delayed. With the Alarm delay parameter, you can set the time delay. After fixing the fault in the trip
circuit, the failure indication will automatically expire after the same time.
If the binary input signal >Trip relay is not routed to a binary input of the device (information routing in
DIGSI 5), then the Input sig. not routed indication is generated and the Trip-circuit supervision func-
tion is not in effect.
The following figure shows the logic diagram of the trip-circuit supervision with 1 binary input.
[lotcs1be-260912-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Equivalent Resistance R
The equivalent resistance R must be dimensioned such that the circuit-breaker coil is no longer activated when
the circuit breaker is open. Simultaneously, the binary input must still be activated when the command relay is
open.
In order to ensure the minimum voltage for activating the binary input, Rmax results in:
[fo_r_max, 1, en_US]
So that the circuit-breaker coil does not remain activated, Rmin results in:
[fo_r_min, 1, en_US]
with:
VCtrlst Control voltage for the trip circuit
VBI min Minimum activate voltage for BI
RCBC Ohm's resistance of the CB coil
IBI(High) Constant current with activated BI
VCBC (Low max) Maximum voltage at the CB coil that does not lead to a tripping
You can calculate the optimal value for the equivalent resistance R from the 2 values Rmin and Rmax:
[fo_r, 1, en_US]
The following applies for the power consumption of the equivalent resistance R:
[fo_pr, 1, en_US]
• Recommended setting value (_:100) Alarm delay = 2 s (Trip-circuit supervision with 2 binary
inputs)
• Recommended setting value (_:100) Alarm delay = 300 s (Trip-circuit supervision with 1 binary
input)
With the parameter Alarm delay, you can set the time for the delayed output of the indication Trip-
circuit failure.
For Trip-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs, you set the Alarm delay parameter so that the short-
term transient states do not cause the function to activate.
For the Trip-circuit supervision with 1 binary input, you set the Alarm delay so that the longest duration
of a trip command is bridged without fail. This ensures that the indication is emitted only if the trip circuit is
actually interrupted.
circuit breaker can also be operated parallel to a higher-level circuit breaker upon which the circuit-breaker
failure protection acts.
8.3.12.6 Settings
[dw_CCS_structure, 1, en_US]
Principle
In order to detect disruptions in the closed circuit for each switch position, 2 binary inputs are necessary:
• Another binary input is connected in series with the circuit‑breaker auxiliary contact.
[dw_CCS_2BI, 1, en_US]
The stage Closing-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs detects disruptions in the closed circuit. It also
monitors the reaction of the circuit breaker via the position of the circuit-breaker auxiliary contacts.
Depending on the switch position of the close-command relay and the circuit breaker, the binary inputs are
either activated (H) or deactivated (L). If both binary inputs are deactivated, a fault occurs. The fault can be
one of the following conditions:
• A disruption
Logic
[lo_CCS_2BI, 2, en_US]
Figure 8-42 Logic Diagram of the Stage Closing-Circuit Supervision with 2 Binary Inputs
The indication Closing-circuit failure is generated when the following 2 conditions are met:
• The binary inputs >Closed contact and >CB auxiliary contact are both deactivated.
Principle
In the stage Closing-circuit supervision with 1 binary input, 1 binary input is used to detect the disruption in
the closed circuit. The binary input is connected parallel to the close-command relay. The circuit-breaker auxil-
iary contact is bridged with an equivalent resistance R.
[dw_CCS_1BI, 1, en_US]
Depending on the switch position of the close-command relay, the binary input is either activated (H) or deac-
tivated (L). If the binary input is deactivated, a fault occurs. The fault can be one of the following conditions:
• A disruption
Logic
[lo_CCS_1BI, 2, en_US]
Figure 8-44 Logic Diagram of the Stage Closing-Circuit Supervision with 1 Binary Input
The indication Closing-circuit failure is generated when the following 2 conditions are met:
Equivalent Resistance R
The equivalent resistance R must be dimensioned such that the circuit-breaker closing coil is no longer acti-
vated when the circuit breaker is open. Simultaneously, the binary input must still be activated when the
command relay is open.
In order to ensure the minimum voltage for activating the binary input, Rmax results in:
[fo_CCS_general_Rmax, 1, en_US]
Because the circuit-breaker closing coil does not remain activated, Rmin results in:
[fo_CCS_general_Rmin, 1, en_US]
You can calculate the optimal value for the equivalent resistance R from the 2 values Rmin and Rmax:
[fo_CCS_general_R, 1, en_US]
The following equation applies for the power consumption of the equivalent resistance R:
[fo_CCS_general_P, 1, en_US]
With:
VCtrl Control voltage for the closed circuit
VBImin The minimum voltage to activate the binary input
IBImax The maximum current to activate the binary input
RCBC The resistance of the circuit-breaker closing coil
VCBC(Lowmax) The maximum voltage flow through the circuit-breaker closing coil, which does not result in
the closing of the circuit breaker
• Default setting (_:100) Alarm delay = 2 s (Closing-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs)
• Default setting (_:100) Alarm delay = 300 s (Closing-circuit supervision with 1 binary input)
With the parameter Alarm delay, you can set the time for the delayed output of the indication Closing-
circuit failure.
For the stage Closing-circuit supervision with 2 binary inputs, set the parameter Alarm delay so that the
short-term transient states do not cause the function to activate.
For the stage Closing-circuit supervision with 1 binary input, set the parameter Alarm delay so that the
longest duration of a close command is bridged without fail. This setting ensures that the function is activated
only when the closed circuit is disrupted.
8.3.13.6 Settings
8.4.1 Overview
The correct state of the device hardware is a requirement for the correct functioning of the device. The failure
or erroneous function of a hardware component leads to device malfunctions.
The following modules of the device hardware are monitored:
• Base module
• Expansion modules
• USB interface
• Battery voltage
• Defective module
NOTE
i If the error has not be rectified after 3 unsuccessful attempts, the system automatically recognizes it as a
severe device malfunction. The device goes permanently out of operation into a secure state (fallback
mode).
Fatal device errors with outage of central components: The device goes permanently out of operation
into a secure state (fallback mode).
Such errors are, for example:
• Supervision of the correct functioning of the device-internal analog-digital converters, based on the sum
of all currents of one measuring point in the secondary circuit.
• Detection of failures in the device-internal measuring circuits (for example, analog-digital converter)
• Blocking of protection and control functions that process the measured values from this current meas-
uring point (for example, differential protection). This avoids an overfunction of the device.
The supervision principle is based on fast current-sum supervision with connection of the neutral-point current
to the 4th current measuring input. In order to ensure that even the fast tripping stages of the protection
functions can be blocked in time before a spurious pickup, the fast current measurement is based on instanta-
neous values.
For Analog-digital converter supervision, the neutral-point current of the line to be protected must be
connected to the 4th current measuring input (IN). The 4th current measuring input must be routed via the
current-transformer neutral point (IN neutral point) (see next figure).
[tileite2-070211-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 8-45 Connection to a 3-Phase Current Transformer and Measured Zero-Sequence Current (Current
in Common Return Conductor)
NOTE
i The analog channel supervision via fast current sum is only available when the 4th current input is a
protection-class current transformer. In the DIGSI 5 project tree, under Device → Measuring-point
routing, set the connection type 3-phase + IN for the current measuring point.
[dwschstr-040211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[lokenisu-240413-01.tif, 2, en_US]
Figure 8-47 Characteristic Curve of the Supervision of the Device-Internal Analog-Digital Converters
Logic
[losumsch-240413-01.tif, 4, en_US]
Figure 8-48 Logic Diagram of the Supervision of the Device-Internal Analog-Digital Converters
When the output signal A/D converter monit. is active, certain protection functions are blocked to avoid
failures (see 12.84 Analog Channel Supervision via Fast Current Sum ).
NOTE
Threshold Value
The threshold value is the lower limit of the operating range of the Supervision of the device-internal
analog-digital converters function.
The threshold value is permanently set to 10 % of the device rated current.
Failures which can partially be corrected by a restart of the device. The device goes briefly out of
operation.
Such errors are, for example:
• Device startup with faulty new parameter set. The old parameter set is still present.
• Program-sequence error
Fatal firmware error. The device goes permanently out of operation into a secure state (fallback mode).
Such errors are, for example:
• Device startup with faulty new parameter set. No usable parameter set is present.
• CFC-runtime error
Fatal configuration error: The device goes permanently out of operation into a secure state (fallback
mode).
Such errors are, for example:
Supervision
With the supervision of the communication connections, every communication port is monitored selectively.
• Failures are detected and indicated via the operational log. The device remains in operation!
• Each port additionally is equipped with a separate communication log, with which details of the failures
(for example, error rate) are displayed.
• GOOSE signals can automatically be set to defined values in case of disturbed IEC 61850 communication.
• Disturbed protection interfaces set phasor values, both analog measured values and binary information
to invalid (for example, for differential protection). Binary signal traces can be set to defined values in
cases of failures.
• Disturbed time-synchronization signals can lead to an automatic change of the source of time synchroni-
zation.
Normally, you can correct communication failures by checking the external connections or by replacing the
affected communication modules. In chapter to 8.8.4 Defect Severity 3 you will find the detailed description,
in tabular form, of the error responses. Corresponding corrective measures can also be found there.
8.8.1 Overview
When device errors occur and the corresponding supervision functions pick up, this is displayed on the device
and also indicated. Device errors can lead to corruption of data and signals. These data and signals are marked
and tagged as invalid, so that affected functions automatically go into a secure state. If the supervision func-
tions pick up, this will lead to defined error responses.
• Defect severity 1:
Internal or external device error that is reported. The device remains in operation.
• Defect severity 2:
Severe device failure, the device restarts (reset) to correct the cause for defect.
• Defect severity 3:
Severe device failure, the device goes to a safe condition (fallback mode), as the
correction of defects cannot be implemented by a restart. In fallback mode, the
protection and automated functions are inactive. The device is out of operation.
• Defect severity 4:
Severe device-external failure, the device switches the protection and automatic
functions to inactive for safety, but remains in operation. Normally, the user can
correct the fault by himself.
Step 2: For every defect severity, you will find detailed tables with information about causes
for defects, error responses, and corrective measures in the following chapters.
Device-Diagnosis Log
Indication of the
Operational Log
Group Warning
Fallback Mode
Device restart
Indication in
Indication in
Life Contact
are inactive
(Reset)
Defect Severity 1 x x x – – – –
Defect Severity 2 – – x x During the x –
starting time of
the device
Defect Severity 3 – – x x x – x
Defect Severity 4 – x – x x – –
Defect severity 1 faults allow the continued safe operation of the device. Defect severity 1 faults are indicated.
The device remains in operation.
When the supervision functions pick up, corrupted data and signals are marked as invalid. In this way, the
affected functions can go into a secure state. Whether functions are blocked is decided in the appropriate
function itself. For more detailed information, refer to the function descriptions.
Life contact Remains activated
Red error LED Is not activated
Log
For every device fault, a corresponding supervision indication is generated. The device records these indica-
tions with a real-time stamp in the operational log. In this way they are available for further analyses. If super-
visions in the communication interfaces area of the device pick up, there is a separate communication log
available for each port. Extended diagnostic indications and measured values are available there. The device-
diagnosis log contains expanded fault descriptions. There you also receive recommendations of corresponding
corrective measures for each detected device error.
There is further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.1 Indications.
[lo_warning_indication, 1, en_US]
Overview of Errors
Faults of defect severity 2 are fatal device faults that lead to an immediate restart of the device (reset).
This occurs when the device data is corrupted (for example, RAM memory), if a restart prevents restoration of
data consistency. The device goes briefly out of operation, a failure is avoided.
Life contact Is terminated during the restart
Red error LED Is activated during the restart
42 The indications are not pre-routed in the logic block chart. The indications must be added to by the user in the logic block chart!
NOTE
i If the fault of defect severity 2 has not be been removed after 3 unsuccessful restarts (reset), the fault is
automatically assigned to defect severity 3. The device will automatically turn to the fallback mode.
Log
For every device error with a subsequent restart (reset), only the restart can be detected in the operational log.
The actual supervision indication is entered in the device-diagnosis log at the point in time of the fault detec-
tion and before the restart. These indications are recorded with a real-time stamp and are thus available for
later analyses. The device-diagnosis log contains expanded fault descriptions. There you also receive recom-
mendations of corresponding corrective measures for each detected device error.
You can find further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.
Overview of Errors
Faults of defect severity 3 are fatal device faults that lead to device immediately going into the fallback mode.
The signal (_:301) Device status goes to the Alarm state. The Warning state is not supported for this
signal.
Fatal device errors are errors that cannot be resolved by a restart of the device. In this case, contact the
Customer Support Center. The device goes permanently out of operation, a failure is avoided. In the fallback
mode, minimal operation of the device via the on-site operation panel and DIGSI is possible. In this way, for
example, you can still read out information from the device-diagnosis log.
Life contact Is terminated in the fallback mode
Red error LED Is activated in the fallback mode
Log
For every device error that immediately leads to entry into the fallback mode, entries from supervision
messages and from the signal (_:301) Device status into the operational log are not possible. The
actual supervision indication is entered in the device-diagnosis log at the point in time of the fault detection,
that is, before entry into the fallback mode. These indications are recorded with a real-time stamp and are thus
available for later analyses. The device-diagnosis log contains expanded fault descriptions. There, you are
offered recommendations of corresponding corrective measures for each detected device error.
You can find further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.
Overview of Errors
Errors of defect severity 4 are not device failures in the classical meaning. These errors do not affect the device
hardware and are not detected or reported by internal device supervision functions. The condition of the
defect severity 4 – the group alarm – is set user-specifically by the binary input signal (_:503) >Group
alarm. If the binary input signal is reset, the device is no longer in the Group alarm condition and all func-
tions return to the normal operating state.
If the group alarm is generated, the device reacts as follows:
• The group indication (_:300) Group alarm is generated and recorded in the operational log.
• The device remains in operation, does not carry out any restart (reset), and does not switch to the safe
condition (Fallback mode).
• The signals managed internally are marked with the invalid quality attribute. Signals managed inter-
nally are, for example, measured values, binary input and output signals, GOOSE and CFC signals.
In the delivery condition, every device has the CFC chart Process mode inactive, that initiates the Group
alarm (see chapter 8.9 Group Indications).
Life contact Is terminated in case of Group alarm
Red error LED Is initiated in case of Group alarm
Log
The group indication (_:300) Group alarm is recorded in the operational log. Depending on the cause of
the initiation, further information can be found in the operational log.
You can find further information on handling the logs in chapter 3.
[scgrwarn-010313-01, 1, en_US]
Figure 8-50 Group Monitoring Indication in the DIGSI 5 Information Routing Matrix
You can adapt the CFC chart as needed. You can find the CFC chart in the DIGSI 5 project tree under Name of
the device → Charts.
The group-warning indication (_:301) Group warning is prerouted to an LED of the base module.
Group Indication
The Group indication is exclusively for user-specific purposes. There is no internal device supervision
function that activates this indication. If the binary input signal (_:505) >Group indication is set, the
indication (_:302) Group indication becomes active and is recorded in the operational log. This
warning indication does not result in blocking a protection function. If the binary input signal is reset, the
signal (_:302) Group indication drops out. Using a CFC chart, you can define when the binary input
signal (_:505) >Group indication is to be set.
[dwomverf-010212-01.tif, 1, en_US]
For the display, the measured values of a SIPROTEC 5 device are summed up in the following groups:
• Statistical values
[dwomvls1-250211-01.tif, 1, en_US]
With x = 1 to 3
vphsx(t) – Instantaneous value of the phase voltage, that is, vA, vB, vC
iphsx(t) – Instantaneous value of the phase, that is, iA, iB, iC
Active power (total)
With x = A to C
Iphsx – RMS value of the phase current (true RMS); with x = A to C
Apparent power (total)
With:
n – Harmonic order (up to n = 50)
φn – Angle difference between voltage and current of the nth harmonic
Reactive power (total)
Power factor
Active factor
NOTE
i With the parameter P, Q sign in the function block General of the respective function group, the sign of
the following measured values can be inverted:
Fundamental Components
Symmetrical Components
At the connection point to the public power system, the allowed total harmonic distortion (THD) is limited
according to the power-quality related standards. The function THD and harmonics can be used to monitor
the THD value.
The function THD and harmonics serves for the calculation of the following values:
The function THD and harmonics can be used in the protection function groups with 3-phase current and
voltage measurements and in the protection function group with only 3-phase voltage measurement.
When being used in a function group with 3-phase current and voltage measurements, the function comes
factory-set with 1 stage Current. The following stages can be operated simultaneously within the function:
• 1 stage Current
• 1 stage Voltage
When being used in a function group with only 3-phase voltage measurement, the function comes factory-set
with 1 stage Voltage. Only 1 voltage stage can be operated within the function.
The 2 types of function groups are displayed in the following figure. The stage that is not preconfigured is
shown in gray.
• Current stage
The stage calculates and displays the THD values and harmonics for the 3-phase current.
• Voltage stage
The stage calculates and displays the THD values and harmonics for the 3-phase voltage.
Where
n n = 20
The function supports the THD calculation to the 20th harmonic.
Vi Harmonic value of order i
Vs Fundamental-component value
The calculated harmonic values are a percentage value that takes the fundamental-component value as refer-
ence.
For the Voltage stage, the functional measured values are divided into 2 submenus: one is for the
phase‑to‑ground voltage and the other is for the phase‑to‑phase voltage, as shown in Table 9-4 and Table 9-5.
Table 9-4 Functional Measured Values of the Voltage Stage for the Phase-to-Ground Voltage
Table 9-5 Functional Measured Values of the Voltage Stage for the Phase-to-Phase Voltage
• If the power frequency is in this range, the THD values and harmonics are calculated.
• If the power frequency is out of this range, the THD values and harmonics are shown as --.
Stabilization
For stabilization, THD values and harmonics are set to 0 if one of the following conditions is met:
• Voltage stage: The fundamental-component value is smaller than 1 % of the rated voltage.
• Current stage: The fundamental-component value is smaller than 1 % of the rated current.
A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) measures the phasor values of current and voltage. These values get a high
precision time stamp and together with the values of power frequency, power frequency change rate and
optional binary data that are also time stamped are transmitted to a central analysis station. The standardized
transmission protocol IEEEC 37.118 is used to do this.
The PMU function group is activated by selecting the protocol IEEE C37.118PMU on an Ethernet module
(electrical or optical). The PMU obtains the measured values from the measuring points and the precise time
from time synchronization. The time-stamped synchrophasors for current and voltage are formed from this
and transferred together with additional values via the communication module to a server (PDC, Phasor Data
Concentrator).
[dwstrpmu-250613-01.tif, 2, en_US]
The synchrophasors, sent from the PMU in a continuous data stream to a PDC, are provided with time stamps
and thus are comparable with the measured values of other PMUs. The power frequency, the power frequency
change rate and optional binary information are also transmitted as time-stamped measured values. There-
fore, you receive an overview of the transient processes in a distributed energy transfer system, for example
network fluctuations and compensating processes.
The following table shows the differences between the PMU measured values and the remaining measured
values of the device.
The following figure shows the structure of such a Wide Area Monitoring System. The data delivered from the
PMUs on the PDC are transmitted via the Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol (ICCP) according to
DIN EN 60870-6 to the network control center.
[dwstrwam-120124-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-4 Structure of a Wide-Area Monitoring System with Phasor Measurement Units
The phasor measurement units each have 2 communication interfaces: an Ethernet module for synchrophasor
communication via IEEE C37.118 and another module for communication with the substation automation
technology, for example, through the IEC 61850 protocol.
The central evaluation system, for example SIGUARD PDP Phasor Data Processor, receives the data, files,
archives them and graphically displays them on a User Interface. In this system, a self-checking function may
also be performed, for example, on undamped power swings. The further distribution of information to other
PDCs or to a control center is done here.
To maintain the required maximum errors (TVE) required in the standard IEEE C37.118, the time tolerance
relative to the UTC time reference (UTC = Universal Time Coordinated) may be maximum 10 μs. Therefore, the
device must be directly synchronized with a GPS precise time signal for the correct function of the PMU.
Phasors
A phasor u(t) = Uejωt can be displayed as a phasor that moves counterclockwise in the complex plane at the
angular frequency ω. Therefore, the voltage function u(t) = Re{u(t)} is obtained as a projection of the phasor
u(t) on the real axis.
[dwgeopdc-061011-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[dwutcphi-260112-01.tif, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-6 Determination of Phase Angle ρ of Measuring Signal Xm Relative to the Cosine Function
The number of phasors that are transmitted per second is configurable. The transmission rate is defined
according to IEEE C37.118 as the reporting rate. The reporting rate defines the number of phasors that are
transmitted per second. Extremely precise time synchronization via GPS is essential so that phasor measure-
ment can be carried out to enable phasors from different sites to be compared.
Reporting Rate
You use the configurable reporting rate (parameter (_:10621:102) Reporting rate) to specify the
number of telegrams that are compiled and sent to the PDC per second. It is adjustable, depending on the
rated frequency, and applies to all currents and voltages of the relevant PMU function group. If several PMU
function groups are created on the device, these can work with different reporting rates.
• Signal magnitude (relative to 100 % nominal magnitude) for voltage and current
[dwklatve-120124-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[fo_utcphi_new, 1, en_US]
where:
• Amplitude errors
• Phase errors
• Frequency
• Binary information
The current and voltage channels transferred from a PMU function group are selected through the Function
group connections editor in DIGSI 5. The frequency and frequency change rate are determined once per
PMU. In this case, only the current and voltage channels selected via the Function group connections editor
for this PMU are taken into consideration. You may route the binary information in the information routing
matrix of DIGSI 5. You can instantiate the analog-channel data from the Global DIGSI 5 library in the PMU
function group.
The channel used for specifying the frequency is selected dynamically during the device runtime. Each
channel is checked for the presence of a signal in the following order:
1. 3-phase voltage measuring points
2nd 1-phase voltage measuring points
3rd 3-phase current measuring points
4th 1-phase current measuring points
The 1st measuring point found with a valid signal is used for specifying the frequency in the PMU function
group.
In the case of 3-phase measuring points, the positive-sequence system can also be transmitted instead of or in
addition to 3 individual sychrophasors. You can make the selection using the (_:10621:103) Positive
sequence parameter, see 9.6.8 Application and Setting Notes, Parameter: Positive sequence, Page 1812.
PMU communication according to standard IEEE C37.118 is a client-server communication format in which the
PDC (Phasor Data Concentrator) functions as both the client and the server.
Once the PDC has been successfully connected to the device PMU and the PMU configuration data has been
queried, the PDC initiates transmission of the synchrophasor data by sending a close command to the PMU. If
you use the method of spontaneous data transmission via UDP, data output starts immediately after the
device boots without a close command to the PMU.
The values and names for the values are transmitted for the phasors, binary information, and analog channels.
The names for the phasors and binary information are automatically generated by the respective PMU function
groups. You must enter the analog-channel names yourself.
If necessary, you can edit the names for the phasors, binary information, and analog-channel data and assign
your own designations for them. For more information, see chapter 9.6.6 Parameterizing the PMU with DIGSI.
As an example, the names (generated) for measuring points or binary information may be as follows:
Name Displayed in the DIGSI Function Depending on the Connection Type, Name Transferred to the
Group Connections PDC (in case it cannot be assigned automatically)
Measuring point V-3ph 1[ID 1] MP-V3ph VAB ID01
MP-V3ph VBC ID01
MP-V3ph VCA ID01
MP-V3ph VA ID01
MP-V3ph VB ID01
MP-V3ph VC ID01
MP-V3ph V1 ID01
MP-V3ph VN ID01
Measuring point I-3ph 1[ID 2] MP-I3ph IA ID02
MP-I3ph IB ID02
MP-I3ph IC ID02
MP-I3ph I1 ID02
MP-I3ph IN ID02
Measuring point I-1ph 1[ID 3] MP-I1ph ID03
Measuring point V-1ph 1[ID 4] MP-V1ph ID04
Data is transmitted continuously from the PMU to the PDC at the configured reporting rate. The transmission is
terminated by a corresponding trip command from the PDC or when the connection between the PDC and the
PMU is interrupted.
Communication between the PMU and the PDC can be passed via TCP or UDP protocols.
The following ports are used for data transmission by default:
NOTE
i When configuring the ports, do not set any ports already being used by other communication protocols.
Configuring ports used elsewhere prevents communication with the PMU. In this case, data packets from
the PDC cannot be received, and inquiries from the PMU cannot be transmitted.
If you are using the UDP protocol for communication between the PMU and the PDC, you can set either
command mode or asynchronous response mode as the communication mode. In asynchronous
response mode, data can be transmitted continuously to preset PDC destination addresses in IEEE C37.118
format without a PDC having to request transmission of the synchrophasor data via a close command to the
PMU.
Up to 4 different PDCs can be connected to one device PMU at the same time. The IP addresses of the
maximum 4 PDCs are set in the PMU function group. If 4 device PMUs are configured, this enables support for
up to 16 PDCs.
You configure and parameterize the Phasor Measurement Unit with DIGSI. After a device has been added in a
DIGSI project, one or more communication modules that support synchrophasors can be configured as PMUs.
The device module supports a maximum of 2 communication modules that can be configured as PMUs. If
more than 2 PMUs are needed, the device must be expanded with a CB202 plug-in module assembly (expan-
sion module), which can accommodate 2 more communication modules.
The following communication modules support synchrophasors:
[sccommod-140213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i Port M of the CB202 plug-in module assembly is used to accommodate measuring-transducer modules and
cannot be used for the installation of communication modules.
Addressing
You must configure the respective Ethernet address (IP address, subnet mask, etc.) for each communication
module in DIGSI. This is done in the DIGSI General settings properties dialog of the communication module in
item Ethernet addresses and so forms the IP address for the respective PMU.
[scethern-210415, 2, en_US]
In the Protocols – Communication menu, select the synchrophasor protocol; see the following figure.
[scprotoc-100419, 2, en_US]
After you have selected the synchrophasor protocol for the communication module, a settings dialog for PMU-
specific configuration opens in Settings; see the following figure.
[scwildcard-100419, 3, en_US]
You configure the specific settings for the communication protocol in the top section of this settings dialog. In
the bottom section, you specify the corresponding PMU-specific settings.
In order to permit a better configuration of larger wide-area supervision systems, changes have been imple-
mented in the IEEE C37.118 communication configuration that permit a flexible IP configuration without the
loss of safety aspects in the networks administered.
Configurable placeholders are allowed for every PDC/IP address with the TCP PMU transmission protocol in
general and with UDP in the Communication mode Commanded operation. These placeholders allow you
to define a range of IP addresses where they are accepted within these accesses. The purpose of this is to
permit each individual device or system access within the respective network without limits with regard to
their hierarchy level. Therefore, with regard to security aspects, the limitation to individual IP addresses is
eliminated. You are thus allowed to configure complete sections of IP addresses in each PMU and, as a result,
very flexible when making changes to the configuration of the entire network, for example. The placeholder
character must follow consecutively at the bit level, starting with the bit with the lowest value.
• Placeholder: 0.0.0.127
The device accepts requests within the IP address range of 192.172.16.1 to 192.172.16.127.
Example 3:
• Placeholder: 0.0.0.3
The device accepts requests within the IP address range of 192.172.16.100 to 192.172.16.103.
If a PDC attempts to establish a connection to the device, the PDC IP addresses and corresponding place-
holders are checked in the same order as they had been configured (IP address PDC1, IP address PDC2,
IP address PDC3). Running through the list is stopped with the first match of the IP address, placeholder, and
requested IP-address range and the connection is built-up. If there are no matches, the attempt to connect is
rejected.
If you have configured the IP address 0.0.0.0 and the placeholder 255.255.255.255, every IP address received
is accepted as valid. This could be of use in the course of commissioning measures.
NOTE
i You must have configured at least one IP address to establish a connection between the device and the
PDC.
If you set UDP as the transmission protocol, you can transmit PMU data to groups of PDCs using IP multicast.
Using multicast, considerably more PDCs can be reached via one communication module than when every
PDC connects in unicast mode. Usually, the address range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 is used.
NOTE
i The router used must support the IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) V3 protocol.
[sc_PMU_multicast01, 1, en_US]
Make a checkmark at the Use multicast parameter. If Use multicast is checked, you can set up to
2 multicast IP addresses. If you do not put the checkmark in place, the settings for the multicast IP addresses
are not displayed.
[sc_PMU_multicast03, 1, en_US]
NOTE
i DIGSI does not check the validity of the set multicast IP address. A multicast IP address of 0.0.0.0 is ignored.
You can set the settings for the multicast IP addresses and the PDC IP addresses in the Access Control List. If
Use multicast is active, all data packages of the PMU are transmitted to the parameterized multicast
IP addresses, but not to the PDC IP addresses. Commands from PDCs in the Access Control List are processed as
if operating without multicast. Responses are only transmitted by way of the multicast IP addresses. In the
Command mode UDP communication mode, you need at least one additional PDC IP address in the Access
Control List to start PMU data transmission (see Figure 9-12).
[sc_PMU_Multicast_Access, 1, en_US]
EXAMPLE
Multicast Operation
[dw_PMU_multicast_config_with_whitellist_PDC, 1, en_US]
Select the communication module in the Hardware and protocols menu in DIGSI. Set the IP address of the
PMU (192.168.100.1) under Properties → Ethernet addresses.
[sc_IP_comm-mode_de, 1, en_US]
After you have selected the synchrophasor protocol for the communication module, a settings dialog for PMU-
specific configuration opens in Settings; see the following figure. Set the communication mode to Asyn-
chronous response mode.
[sc_general_spon_mode, 2, en_US]
In the following dialog, you set the IP addresses of the multicast routers:
[sc_PMU_multicast03, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-15 Additional Multicast IP Addresses During PMU Transport: UDP and Multicast
If you are using the asynchronous data transmission method, set the PMU transport parameter to UDP
and the Communication mode parameter to Spontaneous operation. The PMU data are then sent cycli-
cally via UDP to every PDC/IP address permanently configured in DIGSI. You may not configure placeholders for
PDC/IP address ranges in this communication mode.
Data output starts immediately after the device has booted. In this way, a starting signal from the PDC is not
necessary to start data transmission.
[scspontan-100419, 2, en_US]
The configuration dataset is transmitted 1x per minute. With the Spont. mode config type parameter,
you select the type for the configuration data record. With the Reporting rate parameter, you configure
the number of cyclic repetitions of the data packages. As UDP is a connectionless protocol, a preconfigured
destination device with its PDC/IP address is not required to be physically present and/or connected. This
allows uninterrupted provision of the data without bidirectional communication.
NOTE
i If you have not configured valid PDC/IP addresses and still activate option for spontaneous data transmis-
sion, no cyclic data telegrams are sent.
NOTE
i It is possible to configure IP addresses for various PDCs that are not present in the same subnetwork as the
COM module. Such configurations are considered valid and can be loaded into the device. However, if the
device transmits spontaneous data and configuration packages to these IP addresses, the PDC cannot be
reached with the deviating subnetwork destination addresses.
NOTE
EXAMPLE
COM-Module Address Configuration
• IP address: 192.168.100.1
Measuring-Point Assignment
After adding measuring points to the device, you can assign these measuring points to each configured PMU.
Figure 9-17 shows an example of how the device configuration can be supplemented with 2 additional input/
output modules. You connect the current and voltage inputs of these I/O modules to measuring points via the
DIGSI routing matrix, see example in Figure 9-18.
[scaddios-140213-01.tif, 1, en_US]
[scroutin-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-18 Assignment of the Current and Voltage Inputs of the Added Input/Output Modules on Meas-
uring Points
NOTE
i Consider that the maximum amount of measuring points that can be routed is limited by the device.
The maximum numbers of measuring points that can be routed for one PMU are:
phasors) must not exceed 80 per PMU. The limitation of the load model must also be considered, depending
on the device configuration.
[scfgconn-210415, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-19 Connecting Measuring Points to the Configured PMU Function Groups
When these setting steps have been completed, the PMUs are fully configured. The PMU is a function group
that functions independently of all the other function groups instantiated in the device.
[scphasoredit-100419, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-20 Options for Editing the Names of the Individual Phasors
NOTE
i You can only rename each individual phasor when you set the parameter Positive sequence to no or
additionally in the function settings. Otherwise you will only be offered one single phasor for each 3-
phase measuring point for renaming.
[sc_PMU_bin_info_edit, 1, en_US]
Figure 9-21 Options for Editing the Names of the Individual Binary Channels
[scpmubif-210415, 1, en_US]
Routing Indications
The routable indication ChannelLive of the PMU log
[scparami-260912-01.tif, 1, en_US]
You can also change the PMU settings directly on the device. To do this, select the desired PMU instance on
the device display. By selecting menu item Settings you then access the editable setting values (see
Figure 9-25). Note that the parameter Port cannot be changed, because this corresponds to the physical slot
position of the communication module in question.
[scdevpmu-210415, 2, en_US]
Figure 9-25 Changing the PMU Setting Values via the Device Display
You can also change the communication settings in the same way. To do this, select the corresponding
communication port in the Communication menu on the device display. From the Channel 1 menu item, you
can then access the detailed setting options for the IP or PMU communication settings (see Figure 9-26).
[sccompmu, 2, en_US]
Figure 9-26 Changing the Communication Setting Values via the Device Display
Time Synchronization
In order to ensure the time accuracy of the PMU, you must select IRIG-B as protocol for the GPS clock, see the
following figure. With other settings, the PMU function function group indicates that it is not time synchron-
ized.
To detect a lack of synchronization quickly, also set the waiting time for the failure indication of the loss of
time synchronization to the smallest possible value, thus to 1 s.
Parameter: Mode
NOTE
i Different setting values are shown or hidden, depending on the rated frequency set.
The setting you make here is then valid for all PMUs with 3-phase measuring points.
Parameter: Class
Parameter: Port
This parameter cannot be set, because the Port results from the physical position where the corresponding
communication module is inserted.
9.6.9 Settings
• Symmetrical components
Through the settings, you can set how and when the average values are formed. The settings describe:
• Synchronization time for establishing the date of commencement updating information, for example, at
the top of the hour (hh:00) or at one of the other times (hh:15, hh:30, hh:45).
(Parameter: Average synchroniz. time )
Average values are formed through the following measurands:
• DIGSI
NOTE
i With the P, Q sign parameter in the function block General, the sign of the following measured values
of the respective function group can be inverted (see Chapter 9.2 Structure of the Function Structure of the
Function, section Inversion of Output-Related Measured and Statistical Values):
The average value formation functionality is not preconfigured with the devices in the function group. If you
use the functionality, you must load it from the library into the respective function group.
The following settings listed for the calculation of the average values can be set with DIGSI and at the device.
You find the setting parameters in DIGSI in the project tree under Settings > Device settings.
NOTE
The following examples explain how to set parameters and to make a change.
A new average value is formed every 30 min, at hh:15 (15 min after the top of the hour) and hh:45 (15 min
before the top of the hour). All measured values obtained during the last 60 min are used for average value
formation.
If these settings are changed to 11:03:25, for instance, the average values are first reset and "---" appears in
the display. The 1st average value is then formed at 12:15:00.
In this example, the Average synchroniz. time = hh:45 acts as described above for = hh:15.
A new average value is formed every 60 min at hh:15 (15 min after the top of the hour). All measured values
obtained during the last 60 min are used for average value formation.
If these settings are changed to 11:03:25, for instance, the average values are first reset and "---" appears in
the display. The 1st average value is then formed at 12:15:00.
A new average value is formed every 10 min at hh:00, hh:10, hh:20, hh:30, hh:40, hh:50. All measured
values obtained during the last 5 min are used to form the average value.
If these settings are changed to 11:03:25, for instance, the average values are first reset and "---" appears in
the display. The 1st average value is then formed at 11:10:00.
Minimum and maximum values can be formed based on different measured or calculated measurands:
• Symmetrical components
• Selected values
You can set which measurand will be used. The measurands for the minimum/maximum formation are loaded
from DIGSI.
Calculation and resetting of the minimum and maximum values are controlled through settings. The settings
describe the following points:
• Point in time when the memories of the minimum/maximum values are reset to 0.
(Setting Min/Max reset each and setting Min/Max reset minute )