Digital Modulation

Kate Ching-Ju Lin (林靖茹)

Academia Sinica
 Modulation
§  Map bits to signals

TX  

bit  stream  
1   0   1   1   0  
x(t)  

modula7on  

signal  
s(t)   wireless  
channel  
 Demodulation
§  Map signals to bits

TX   RX  

bit  stream  
1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   0  
x(t)  

modula7on   demodula7on  

signal  
s(t)   wireless  
channel  
 Considerations
§  Data rate
–  Bits per second
§  Bandwidth requirement
–  MHz
§  Power efficiency
–  ∑t|s(t)|2
§  Bit error rate
–  Related to SNR (Eb/N0)
§  Hardware cost
 Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§  Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§  Sinusoid with phase shift
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
 Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§  Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§  Sinusoid with phase shift
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
 Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§  Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§  Sinusoid with phase shift
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
 Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§  Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§  Sinusoid with phase shift
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
 Sinusoid with Phase Shift
§  Sinusoidal carrier with center frequency fc
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct)
§  Sinusoid with phase shift
–  s(t) = cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*cos(2πfct+π/2)

§  sI and sQ are in-phase and quadrature

components of the signal s(t), respectively
Modulator
Demodulator
 Constellations
§  cos(2πfct+𝜙)
= cos(𝜙)cos(2πfct)-sin(𝜙)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
§  Constellation point on I-Q plane
–  (sI,sQ) = (cos(𝜙), sin(𝜙))

𝜙=0   Q   𝜙=π/4   Q   𝜙=π/2   Q   𝜙=π   Q  

I   I   I   I  

Delay  in  )me  domain  =  Phase  shi1  in  frequency  domain  =  Rota)on  in  I-­‐Q  plane  
 Types of Modulation
§  s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙))

§  Amplitude
–  ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§  Frequency
–  FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§  Phase
–  M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§  Amplitude + Phase
–  M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 Amplitude Shift Keying (PSK)
§  Represent samples using different amplitudes
–  ‘1’àA=1, ‘0’àA=0

TX   RX  

bit  stream  
1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   0  
s(t)  

modula7on   demodula7on  

signal  
s(t)  
 PSK
§  Pros
–  Easy to implement
–  Energy efficient
–  Low bandwidth requirement
§  Cons
–  Low data rate
•  bit-rate = baud rate
1  baud  
1  second  

–  High error probability

•  Hard to pick a right threshold
 Types of Modulation
§  s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙)

§  Amplitude
–  ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§  Frequency
–  FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§  Phase
–  M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§  Amplitude + Phase
–  M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
§  Represent samples using different frequencies
–  ‘1’àf=f1, ‘0’àf=f2

TX   RX  

bit  stream  
1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   0  
s(t)  

modula7on   demodula7on  

signal  
s(t)  
 FSK
§  Pros
–  Easy to implement
–  Better noise immunity than ASK
§  Cons
–  Low data rate
•  Bit-rate = baud rate
–  Require higher bandwidth
•  BW(min) = Nb + Nb
 Types of Modulation
§  s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙)

§  Amplitude
–  ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§  Frequency
–  FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§  Phase
–  M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§  Amplitude + Phase
–  M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 BPSK
§  Represent samples using different phases
–  ‘1’à𝜙=0, ‘0’à𝜙=π

TX   RX  

bit  stream  
1   0   1   1   0   1   0   1   1   0  
s(t)  

modula7on   demodula7on  

signal
 
s(t)
 
 Constellation Points for BPSK
§  ‘1’à𝜙=0
§  cos(2πfct+0)
= cos(0)cos(2πfct)-sin(0)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)
§  ‘0’à𝜙=π
§  cos(2πfct+π)
= cos(π)cos(2πfct)-sin(π)sin(2πfct)
= sI*cos(2πfct) – sQ*sin(2πfct)

𝜙=0   Q   𝜙=π   Q  

I   I  

(sI,sQ)  =  (1,  0)   (sI,sQ)  =  (-­‐1,  0)  

‘1’à  1+0i   ‘0’à  -­‐1+0i  
 Demodulate BPSK
§  Map to the closest constellation point

‘0’  
Q   ‘1’  

s’=a+bi  
n0   n1  
I  
s=1+0i  

n1=|s’-­‐(1+0i)|,  n0=|s’-­‐(-­‐1+0i)|  
Since  n1  <  n0,  map  s’  to  (1+0i)  =  ‘1’  
 Demodulate BPSK
§  Decoding error

‘0’  
Q   ‘1’  

s’=a+bi  
I  
s=1+0i  

Incorrectly  map  s’  to  (-­‐1+0)  =  ‘0’  

 
 SNR vs. BPSK BER
Q  

s’  =  a+bi  
n  
I  

2 2 2
s' s' a + bi
SNR = 2
= 2
= 2
n s'− s (a + bi) − (1+ 0i)
SNRdB = 10 log10 (SNR)
" E %
b
Bit error rate: Pb = Q $$ ''
# N0 &
 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
§  Use 2 degrees of freedom in I-Q plane
§  Represent two bits as a constellation point
–  Rotate the constellations by π/2
–  Double the bit-rate
–  No free lunch: Higher error probability (Why?)
Q  

‘01’   ‘00’  

I  

‘11’   ‘10’  
 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
§  Maximum power is bounded
–  Amplitude of each point should still be 1

Q  
Bits   Symbols  
‘00’   1/√2+1/√2i  
1
‘01’   2 ‘00’  =  1/√2(1+1i)  
’01’   -­‐1/√2+1/√2i  
1
I   ‘10’   1/√2-­‐1/√2i  
− 1
2
2
‘11’   -­‐1/√2-­‐1/√2i  
‘11’   −
1
2
‘10’  
 Higher BER in QPSK
§  For a particular error n, the symbol could be
decoded correctly in BPSK, but not in QPSK
–  Why? Each sample only gets half power.

Q   Q  
‘0’   ‘1’   ‘x1’   ‘x0’  

n  
I   I  
1  
n  
1/√2  
✔ in  BPSK   ✗ In  QPSK  

! 2E $( 1 2Eb +
b
Bit error rate: Pb = 2Q ## &&*1− Q -
" N 0 %) 2 N 0 ,
 Types of Modulation
§  s(t) = Acos(2πfct+𝜙)

§  Amplitude
–  ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
§  Frequency
–  FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
§  Phase
–  M-PSK: Phase Shift Keying
§  Amplitude + Phase
–  M-QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
§  Change both amplitude and phase
§  s(t)=Acos(2πfct+𝜙))
Q  
‘0000’   ‘0100’   ‘1100’   ‘1000’   Bits   Symbols  
‘1000’   s1=3a+3ai  
‘0001’   ‘0101’   ‘1101’   ‘1001’  
’1001’   s2=3a+ai  
a   3a  
I  
‘1100’   s3=a+3ai  
‘0011’   ‘0111’   ‘1111’   ‘1011’  
‘1101’   s4=a+ai  
‘0010’   ‘0110’   ‘1110’   ‘1010’  
expected power: E !" si #$ = 1
2

16-QAM

§  64-QAM: 64 constellation points, each with 8 bits

 BER Comparison

~3dB  

§  Require extra 3dB to ensure Pb=0.001

 Modulation in 802.11
§  802.11a
–  6 mb/s: BPSK + ½ code rate
–  9 mb/s: BPSK + ¾ code rate
–  12 mb/s: QPSK + ½ code rate
–  18 mb/s: QPSK + ¾ code rate
–  24 mb/s: 16-QAM + ½ code rate
–  36 mb/s: 16-QAM + ¾ code rate
–  48 mb/s: 64-QAM + ⅔ code rate
–  54 mb/s: 64-QAM + ¾ code rate
§  FEC (forward error correction)
–  k/n: k-bits useful information among n-bits of data
–  Decodable if any k bits among n transmitted bits are
correct
 Bit-Rate Selection

54  
48  
36  

24  
18  
12  
6  

throughputr = (1-PERr,SNR) * r = (1-BERr,SNR)N *r

r* = arg max throughputr
Bit-Rate Selection
best  rate  
54  
48  
36  

24  
18  
12  
6  

Adapt bit-rate to dynamic RSSI