Questions

a. Describe the principles of operation and tools used in ‘sonic logs and state where they can
applied [15]

 Sonic log is an acoustic logging tool which is equipped with ultrasonic transmitte(s) and two
or more piezoelectric receiver.
 Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response
to applied mechanical stress (applied acoustic wave).
 Transit time of acoustic wave propagating through 1m (1ft) interval in the wall rock is
measured.
 Observed parameter is acoustic interval time (∆ t ) in μs /m that is refracted P-wave slowness.
 If the sonde is at an inclined position and there different hole sizes, compensated acoustic
sonde is generally used at it has 2 transmitters (minimum) and 2 pairs of receivers.
 Because the sonic is run hole centred, any pulse transmitted by the tool, passed=s first into the
mud, it is then refracted at the borehlr wall and refracted back into the mud so to reach the
tool again.
 A transmitter send out a sound pulse. The different in arrival time (delay time) of the puls eat
two recieivers, which are 60cm apart, is measured.
 A second transmitter and a pair of reeivers measure the same parameter in the opposite
direction.
 By averaging the two measurements, the borehole effects on the travel time are estimated.
 Application of the sonic log
 Permeability estimation from stoneley wave travel time.
 In-situ determination of elastic moduli from travel time of P and S waves.
 Quantitative determination of reservoir fluid.
 Cross dipole measurements that is stress direction analysis, estimation of permeability,
mapping fractured systems.
 Aid for seismic interpretation since it improves the seismic velocity model.

b. Describe the principles and tools used in ‘natural gamma ray logs’, in terms of measurement of
nuclear radiations and application of gamma logs [15]
 The GR reads the natural gamma radiation of the rocks in units of cps or API.
 Gamma detector is a scintillation counter.

Question 2
a. What is a ‘log” and formation analysis [3]
b. The “header” on top of the log tracer is part of documentation of the log measurement. List some Six
(6) important information the log header must include [6]
c. Consider the reservoir whose resistivity log is shown in Figure2. The reservoir water
resistivity is 1.2 Ωm. If the Humble equation applies to this reservoir, and the saturation
exponent is 2.2, estimate the oil saturation at 4226 ft where the porosity is 24%. [5]
 Figure 2: Resistivity log
b) Sonic and resistivity logs on a sandstone aquifer (R w = 1.1 Ωm) yielded the following
data

Estimate the tortuosity constant and cementation factor for this formation. [15]