PERFORMANCE of

MATERIALS
to resist FAILURE
Performance of component in
service depend on:
1. The material properties
2. The stress system
3. The environment
Common wisdom :
 Material properties limit performance.

 Performance can be maximized by

comparing and selecting the appropriate
material.

 Always consider a wide range of

materials.
Range of material
properties :
E 100 MPa – 1,000 GPa
cork diamond

3 3
 0.1 g/cm – 11 g/cm
cork tungsten

failure 0.1 MPa – 10,000 MPa

cork diamond
Cause of Failure :
 Error in design
 Working conditions
 Stress Analysis  specially near notches
 Wrong selection  specific materials properties,
beware for bad invironment
 Defect in manufacturing
 Overloading  load, temperature, voltage, speed, etc.
 Bad maintenance schedule ignored
Types of Mechanical Failure
 Yielding The componen yielding or permanently change in shape due to static
load above yield stress or elastic limit.
 Buckling (Telekuk) It happen on column by axial compression loading or
hollow thin shaft under torsion that exceed critical limit. Both cause permanent
deformation. Buckling happen depend on the length and the type of support.
 Creep (mulur) It happen in elevated temperature, the strain increase without
any additional load, even the load keep in elastic range or below the yield stress.
 Wear Failure such as erosion on the surface by relative movement of other
smooth surface.
 Fatigue fracture Failure that usually begin with crack, the crack enlarge by
dynamic load, stress concentration, or some flaw inside.
 Corrosion Failure due to the oxidation or chemical attack mostly on the
surface, or combination of stress and corrosion.
 Impact Failure by impact load. Severe condition may happen on brittle
material
Material’s Strength
 Static Stress: the ability to hold any static load at certain
temperature, such as yield stress or ultimate stress..
 Isotropic (material with same properties for any direction)
All metal are isotropic unless after special treatment such as
cold/hot rolled or drawing. Composite by unidirectional fiber
will be anisotropic
 Stres level can be determined by:
1. Absolute : base on absolute value such as ultimate tensile
stress 1400 Mpa, etc.
2. Relative : base on other value, forexample tensile
stress 500 MPa consider as very high for aluminum,
even for steel this value is low.
•.

Tensile
 Tensile
strength of
some
materials
Specific
tensile
strength of
some
materials
 Load-carrying
capacity of structure
depend on:
material’s strength
and component’s
dimension.

Material selection for component base on material’s

strength must consider about space, weight dan cost.
SELECTION OF MATERIAL BASE
ON STIFFNESS
Deflection depend on the stiffness of the structure,
berpengaruh terhadap defleksi suatu beban yang bekerja,
misal defleksi pada balok seperti Gambar di bawah.
L

Besar defleksi y di
tengah batang :Ll3
y
48EI
l

Dengan : I = momen area

permukaan lintang batang,
E = modulus elastisitas,
L = gaya, l = jarak antar
kedua support.
Kekakuan tergantung pada nilai E dan I, dengan I ditentukan
oleh luas penampang lintang, sedangkan E tergantung pada
bahan. Nilai E pada logam sukar diubah sedangkan pada
komposit dapat diatur dengan mengatur fraksi volume dan arah
serat atau penguat. E
G
2(1   )
 Jika pada beban geser digunakan persamaan :

dengan G : modulus elastisitas geser dan γ : regangan geser

 Pemakaian bahan kekuatan tinggi untuk mengurangi berat
menyebabkan pengurangan permukaan lintang dan momen luas
sehingga kekakuan menjadi rendah
 Untuk meningkatkan kekakuan dilakukan dengan meng-ubah
bentuk penampang komponen sehingga momen luasan tinggi
seperti Gambar di halaman berikut.
Kekakuan Spesifik (Specific Stiffness)
• Specific stiffness = (kekakuan)/(berat) = E/ρ dengan ρ : density
• Berat komponen dapat dikurangi melalui : 1) material dengan density
rendah atau 2) modulus elastisitas tinggi
• Berat w untuk struktur dengan penampang bxb di bawah adalah :

Besar defleksi y di tengah batang :

Ll3
L y
48EI
Ll3
y karena I =b.b3/12=b4/12
4Eb 4
1/ 2
l5 / 2 L 
ll
l Berat struktur : w  l.b . 
2
 
2 y E1 / 2

Berat batang berbanding lurus dengan ρ/E1/2

  
Fracture toughness : ketahanan bahan dalam
menahan rambatan retak. Tegangan patah (fracture toughness)
dinyatakan oleh persamaan Griffith:
 
 σf =

 σf : breaking stress (MPa atau psi)
a : crack’s length (m atau in)
E : Young modulus (MPa atau psi)
 : energy required to extend the crack by a unit area
(J/m2 atau lb/in2)
 
 Karena kesulitan mengukur energi maka fracture toughness
biasanya dinyatakan dengan stress intensity factor KI dimana KI
menunjukkan konsentrasi tegangan pada ujung retak.
 Saat tebal t meningkat, nilai KC turun dan mencapai nilai konstan KIC.
(lihat gambar)
Tebal minimum
t dimana
terjadi kondisi
plane strain
dinyatakan
dengan :

  2
t = []

dan fracture
toughness nya :

 = σ Y aπ
f

Y = geometry factor
Ductile & Brittle Fracture
Ductile Fracture
 Very rare
 If it happend, must be : wrong design, wrong
material, wrong manufacture, or overloading 
tensile breaking shape: cup and cone
 Brittle Fracture
 Very fast