International Geology Review

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Petrogenesis and geodynamic significance of

the late Palaeozoic Dongwanzi Complex, North
China Craton: constraints from petrological,
geochemical, and Os-Nd-Sr isotopic data

Xu Ma, Bin Chen, Jia-Fu Chen & Wen-Jun Qu

To cite this article: Xu Ma, Bin Chen, Jia-Fu Chen & Wen-Jun Qu (2014) Petrogenesis and
geodynamic significance of the late Palaeozoic Dongwanzi Complex, North China Craton:
constraints from petrological, geochemical, and Os-Nd-Sr isotopic data, International Geology
Review, 56:12, 1521-1540, DOI: 10.1080/00206814.2014.948082

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International Geology Review, 2014
Vol. 56, No. 12, 1521–1540, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.948082

Petrogenesis and geodynamic significance of the late Palaeozoic Dongwanzi Complex, North
China Craton: constraints from petrological, geochemical, and Os-Nd-Sr isotopic data
Xu Maa, Bin Chenb,c*, Jia-Fu Chena and Wen-Jun Qud
a
Department of Geology, College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeast University, Shenyang 110004, China; bSchool of
Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; cSchool of Earth and Space
Sciences, Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, MOE, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; dKey Laboratory of
Re-Os Isotope Geochemistry, National Research Centre for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
(Received 28 January 2014; accepted 21 July 2014)

The late Carboniferous Dongwanzi Complex in the northern North China Craton is composed of intrusive pyroxenite,
hornblendite, gabbro, and syenite. The mafic-ultramafic rocks of the complex exhibit typical cumulate textures, curved-
upward REE patterns, and variable contents of compatible elements, suggesting a cumulate origin. The syenite shows Sr-
Nd isotopic ratios similar to the mafic-ultramafic complex and positive Eu anomalies in the chondrite-normalized REE
patterns, suggesting that the syenite may represent residual melt after significant fractional crystallization of mafic melt.
The mafic-ultramafic cumulates have low HREE abundance and high (Tb/Yb)N (2.5–4.2) and Dy/Yb ratios (>2),
indicating that they may have originated from melting of garnet peridotite in the mantle. The Dongwanzi Complex is
characterized by a large variation in Sr-Nd isotopic composition, with ISr = 0.7035 to 0.7052 and εNd(t) = −4.0 to +5.2,
which may be accounted for by mixing melts of depleted asthenospheric and enriched lithospheric sources. The radio-
genic Os isotopic compositions of the complex ((187Os/188Os)i = 0.1344 to 0.3090) suggest slight contamination by mafic
lower crust (≤2.5% based on Os isotopic modelling). The Dongwanzi Complex exhibits arc-related whole-rock and
mineral geochemical affinities, such as enrichment in LILE (e.g. Sr, Ba, K) and depletion in HFSE (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti). The
abundance of hornblende and high CaO contents (22–24 wt.%) of clinopyroxene suggest that the source was rich in H2O,
probably due to the formation above a subduction zone. We conclude that the Dongwanzi Complex and the related
crust–mantle interactions probably reflect formation in a back-arc extensional environment related to the subduction of
the Palaeo-Asian Ocean beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton in late Palaeozoic time.
Keywords: late Palaeozoic; cumulate; active continental margin; North China Craton; crust-mantle interaction

1. Introduction (known as the late Palaeozoic magmatic belt; Zhang et al.

The North China (or Sino-Korean) Craton (NCC) is one of
the world’s oldest cratons and has experienced a compli-
cated evolution (Kusky et al. 2007; Zhao 2009, 2014; Zhai
2010; Zhang et al. 2013). Traditionally, the NCC was
considered to have been stable from the Neoproterozoic
to Triassic (e.g. Ren et al. 1990; Song 1999), and the
northern margin of the NCC was regarded as a passive
continental margin in the Palaeozoic (e.g. Hsü et al. 1991;
Robinson et al. 1999). However, recent geological and
geochronological data reveal that the northern margin of
the NCC was influenced by the Palaeo-Asian Ocean in the
Palaeozoic. Many early Palaeozoic plutons with arc affi-
nities on the northern margin of the NCC have been
recognized (Shi et al. 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2010; Jian
et al. 2008; Zhang and Jian 2008). Studies of late
Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks suggest that the northern
margin of the NCC might have been an Andean-type
active continental margin in the late Palaeozoic (Meng
and Ge 2001; Cope et al. 2005), as revealed by many
Carboniferous to early Permian subduction-related plutons
2004, 2007a, 2007b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c; Wang et al.
2007; Ma et al. 2013; Figure 1a and b). The Dongwanzi
Complex, ca. 100 km from the southern margin of the late
Palaeozoic magmatic belt (Figure 1b), was previously
regarded as part of an Archaean ophiolite (Kusky et al.
2001, 2004a, 2004b), but later proved to be a Late
Carboniferous complex on the basis of zircon U-Pb ages
(Zhao et al. 2007). Ma et al. (2009) reported petrological
and geochemical data on the pyroxenite, hornblendite, and
gabbro of the Dongwanzi Complex and proposed that they
were of cumulate origin and displayed characteristics of
arc magmatism probably related to the southward subduc-
tion of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic slab. In this study, we
report new data on different plutons of the Dongwanzi
Complex, including petrographic, mineralogical, bulk-
rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Os isotopic analysis, and
use these data to clarify its source characteristics, origin,
and geodynamic setting. This leads to a better understand-
ing of the tectono-magmatic evolution of the northern
margin of the NCC in late Carboniferous time.

*Corresponding author. Email: binchen@pku.edu.cn

© 2014 Taylor & Francis

1522
Figure 1. Geological map of the Dongwanzi Complex: (a) geological map showing the location of the study area in the northern North
China Craton (NCC); (b) late Palaeozoic continental arc intrusions in the northern NCC; and (c) geological map and cross section of the
Dongwanzi Complex.
2. Geological setting
The NCC is bounded to the north by the Central Asian
Orogenic Belt (Windley et al. 2007) and to the south by
the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (Meng and Zhang
2000) (Figure 1a). The NCC was finally stabilized at
around 1.85 Ga (Zhao et al. 2001; Wilde et al. 2002;
Zhao and Cawood 2012). The basement of the NCC is
dominated by Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic tonalitic-
trondhjemitic-granodioritic (TTG) gneisses and metavol-
canic and metasedimentary rocks, covered by a
Mesoproterozoic clastic sedimentary succession,
Cambrian to Middle Ordovician marine sedimentary
rocks, Carboniferous–Permian terrigenous clastic rocks,
and Mesozoic basin deposits (Zhao et al. 2001; Kusky
et al. 2007; Zhao and Zhai 2013). The northern margin of
the NCC trends E–W and is separated by the Bainaimiao
arc and the Ondor Sum subduction-accretionary complex
from the Solonker suture zone that marks the final closure
X. Ma et al.
of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and collision between the NCC
and Mongolian composite terrane (Xiao et al. 2003;
Windley et al. 2007; Chen et al. 2009a; Jian et al. 2010).
Timing of the final amalgamation between the northern
margin of the NCC and Mongolian composite terrane
remains controversial. Some workers (e.g. Tang 1990;
Shao 1991; Xu and Chen 1997) suggested that the colli-
sion occurred during Late Devonian to early
Carboniferous time based on regional structure and strati-
graphy studies. Other workers (e.g. Hsü et al. 1991;
Sengör and Natal’in 1996; Chen et al. 2000, 2009a;
Xiao et al. 2003; Jian et al. 2010; Eizenhöfer et al.
2014), however, proposed that the NCC and the South
Mongolian composite terrane collided along the Solonker
suture in the late Permian. Recent zircon U-Pb age data on
the Xilinhot metamorphic complex demonstrated that it
formed during collision between the NCC and the
Mongolian microcontinent between 296 and 234 Ma
 International Geology Review 1523

(Chen et al. 2009a). Studies on the chronology of the late

Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic sedimentary rocks (Cope
et al. 2005) and on palaeoclimate (Meng and Ge 2001;
Yang et al. 2006) revealed that the NCC was an Andean-
type continental arc in the late Palaeozoic. Moreover,
massive late Carboniferous–early Permian subduction-
related magmatism has been reported (Zhang et al. 2004,
2007a; Wang et al. 2007). These Palaeozoic plutons form
a huge magmatic belt that is more than 1000 km long and
30–120 km wide, parallel to the northern margin of the
NCC (Figure 1b). The plutons have similar petrographic
and geochemical features, with arc affinities such as calc-
alkaline features, enrichment of LILEs (e.g. K, Sr, and
Ba), and depletion of HFSE (e.g. Nb, Zr, and Ti) (Sajona
et al. 1996; Stern and Kilian 1996), suggesting that they
formed in a typical Andean-type continental arc setting Figure 2. Modal classification of the Dongwanzi mafic–ultra-
due to southward subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic mafic complex based on the proportions of plagioclase (Plag),
pyroxene (Px), and hornblende (Hbl) (Le Maitre et al. 2002).
slab beneath the NCC in late Palaeozoic time.

(<5%). Most pyroxenites show adcumulate texture

3. Field relations and petrology
The Dongwanzi Complex occurs in eastern Hebei province,
to the south of the northern margin of the NCC, covering an
area of ~12 km2. It was emplaced into Mesoproterozoic
sandstones (Zhao et al. 2007) and intruded by Mesozoic
diorite (Figure 1c). The complex consists mainly of layered
pyroxenite, hornblendite, and gabbro (Figure 2), with
gradational contacts between different rock types. Minor
syenite overlies the ultramafic-mafic intrusions. SHRIMP
U-Pb zircon ages of the Dongwanzi Complex are in the
range of 308–298 Ma (Zhao et al. 2007).
The pyroxenite is coarse-grained (Figure 3a), massive,
and layered in structure, composed of clinopyroxene
(55–82%), hornblende (7–27%), magnetite (7–20%), apa-
tite (3–15%), and minor plagioclase, biotite, and ilmenite
(Figure 4a), but some of them contain cumulus clinopyr-
oxene and intercumulus hornblende with orthocumulate
texture (Figure 4b). Rounded pyroxene is included in
large, poikilitic hornblende, suggesting late precipitation
of hornblende.
Hornblendite (Figure 3b and c) is dark, coarse-to med-
ium-grained, and composed mainly of hornblende (85–
90%) and small amounts of clinopyroxene (10–15%),
plagioclase (5–10%), and biotite, and accessory minerals
such as apatite, titanite, magnetite, and ilmenite. Locally,
the hornblendite contains more plagioclase (15–30%) with
similar textures. Some samples have more plagioclase and
plot in the hornblende gabbro field (Figure 2), but these
still show mineralogical and geochemical characteristics
similar to hornblendites. For convenience, they are

Figure 3. Field photographs of different rocks of the Dongwanzi Complex: (a) pyroxenite; (b) hornblendite; (c) plagioclase-rich
hornblendite; (d) gabbro; and (e) syenite.
1524
Figure 4. Microphotographs of the Dongwanzi Complex: (a) cumulate clinopyroxene; (b) intercumulus amphibole in pyroxenite; (c)
cumulate amphibole; (d) intercumulus plagioclase in hornblendite; (e) gabbro; and (f) syenite. Cpx, clinopyroxene; Am, amphibole; Mt,
magnetite; Pl, plagioclase; Ap, apatite, Pl, plagioclase, Kfs, potassium feldspar.
collectively referred to as hornblendite. Hornblendite
displays typical adcumulate and orthocumulate textures
(Figure 4c and d), with abundant euhedral hornblende
grains. Variably rounded and embayed clinopyroxene is
poikilitically enclosed by hornblende. Plagioclase is
usually altered and occurs as an intercumulus phase, indi-
cating its crystallization after hornblende. Apatite inclu-
sions are commonly included in hornblende and
plagioclase.
The gabbro is dark-grey (Figure 3d), medium-grained,
and layered with cumulate texture. It contains plagioclase
(55–70%), clinopyroxene (14–25%), hornblende (3–15%),
biotite (<5%), and accessory apatite, titanite, and magne-
tite (Figure 4e). Clinopyroxene is anhedral, enclosed by
hornblende with embayed margins, revealing it crystal-
lized before hornblende.
The syenite is medium-grained (Figure 3e), consisting
of K-feldspar (60–65%), plagioclase (24–26%), horn-
blende (5–10%), quartz (5%), and accessory magnetite,
apatite, and zircon (Figure 4f). Anhedral plagioclase and
hornblende grains are enclosed within euhedral K-feldspar.
There is no olivine or orthopyroxene in all rock types.
4. Analytical methods
Electron microprobe analyses on clinopyroxene, hornble-
nde, plagioclase, biotite, and apatite grains from different
rock types were carried out using a JXA-8100 microprobe
at Peking University, in the wavelength-dispersive mode
with 15 kV acceleration potential and 10 nA beam current.
Trace element analysis for apatite was conducted by a
laser ablation system with a wavelength of 193 nm, con-
nected to an Agilent 7500 ICP-MS at Peking University.
Analytical procedure is similar to that reported by Gao
X. Ma et al.
et al. (2002a). The results are listed in Supplementary
Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; see http://dx.doi.org/
10.1080/00206814.2014.948082.
Major element compositions of whole-rock samples
were determined by X-ray fluorescence (Rigaku ZSX-
100e) at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences. Analytical uncertainties
are <1%. Trace elements were measured by ICP-MS
(Agilent 7500a) at China University of Geosciences
(Beijing). Analytical errors are within 5% for most trace
elements and <10% for the rest.
Nd-Sr isotopic analyses were performed at the Institute
of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
(Beijing) and the Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral
Resources. Analytical procedures are the same as described
by Wei et al. (2002) and Li et al. (2004). The Sr and Nd
isotopic ratios were normalized against 86Sr/88Sr = 0.1194
and 146Nd/144Nd = 0.7219, respectively.
Rhenium and osmium isotope analyses were per-
formed on a Thermo Finnigan TRITON® at JAMSTEC,
Japan. The analysis for Os and Re concentrations and Os
isotopes was based on the Carius tube digestion method
(Shirey and Walker 1995), combined with carbon tetra-
chloride extraction (Pearson and Woodland 2000) and
microdistillation (Roy-Barman 1993). The analytical pro-
cedures follow Liu et al. (2010). Oxygen subtraction for
Os and Re used the ratios of 17O/16O = 0.00037 and
18 16
O/ O = 0.002047 (Nier 1950). Both Re and Os were
corrected for blanks. Total blank levels were 8 ± 2 and
3 ± 2 pg for Re and Os, respectively, and the blank
187
Os/188Os ratio was 0.191 ± 0.025. Precision of
187
Os/188Os measurements, based on analysis of an in-
house standard over a period of several months, was better
than 0.4% (two standard deviations).
 International Geology Review
5. Results
5.1. Mineral chemistry
5.1.1. Clinopyroxene
Representative analyses of pyroxenes from pyroxenite,
hornblendite, and gabbro of the Dongwanzi Complex are
listed in Supplementary Document 1. In the En-Wo-Fs
classification diagram of Morimoto (1988), they all plot in
the diopside field (Figure 5a). Clinopyroxenes in different
rock types of the mafic-ultramafic complex display simi-
larly high Mg# values (75–92), high CaO (22–24 wt.%),
and low Al2O3 (0.4–7.5 wt.%), FeOT (5–10 wt.%), and
Cr2O3 (<0.4 wt.%), which indicates that they crystallized
from a common parental magma in an early stage,
consistent with their petrographic features.
5.1.2. Amphibole
Amphiboles are present within all rock types, and the
analytical results are listed in Supplementary Document
2. According to the classification of Leake et al. (1997),
they are calcic amphibole with (Ca+Na)B ≥ 1 and
NaB < 0.5 (Figure 5b). The Mg# values of amphiboles
decrease with magma differentiation. Pargasites and minor
Figure 5. Classification diagrams for (a) pyroxene; (b) hornblende (after Leake et al. 1997); (c) plagioclase; and (d) biotite (after Rieder
et al. 1998).
1525
magnesiohastingsites with the highest Mg# values (62–83)
occur in the pyroxenite. Hornblendite contains magnesio-
hastingsites and pargasites with Mg# values in the range
48–71. Amphiboles in gabbro are dominantly magnesio-
hastingsites and subordinate pargasites and edenite,
characterized by lower Mg# values (52–65).
5.1.3. Plagioclase
The chemical compositions of plagioclase from gabbro are
shown in Figure 5(c) and representative analyses are given
in Supplementary Document 3. These plagioclases are
mainly andesine with An = 29 to 42. Plagioclase grains
are generally homogeneous from core to rim, with no
evident compositional zoning.
5.1.4. Biotite
There is minor biotite within the Dongwanzi Complex,
mostly Mg-biotite and a few phlogopites in pyroxenite
(Figure 5d). The biotites from pyroxenite and gabbro
have the highest and lowest Mg# values of 66–83 and
~54, respectively, and those from hornblendite have inter-
mediate values of 60–61 (Supplementary Document 4).
1526 X. Ma et al.
5.1.5. Apatite
Apatites from the pyroxenite, hornblendite, and gabbro of
the Dongwanzi Complex display consistent major ele-
ments and REE pattern characteristics (Supplementary
Document 5). They have CaO contents between 55 and
57 wt.% and P2O5 ranging from 40 to 43 wt.%. These
apatites have much higher REE contents than those from
hornblendes and pyroxenes (Ma et al. 2009), and show
differentiated LaN/YbN (27–51) and weak Eu anomalies
(Eu/Eu* = 0.6–1).
5.2. Whole-rock geochemistry
Major and trace elements are given in Table 1, and illu-
strated in Figures 6 and 7. The pyroxenite has low SiO2
(38–41 wt.%) and the highest MgO (10–12 wt.%), Fe2O3T
(16–23 wt.%), CaO (12–21 wt.%), and Sc (62–99 ppm),
but is extremely depleted in alkalies (0.3–3 wt.%
Na2O + K2O) and Al2O3 (5–10 wt.%) compared with
other ultramafic-mafic rocks, with Mg# values ranging
from 46 to 55. There are no obvious correlations between
SiO2 and other major oxides (Figure 6). The CaO, CaO/
Al2O3 ratios, and P2O5 show large variations, probably
due to the varying modal abundances of clinopyroxene
and apatite. The pyroxenite has relatively high REE con-
tents (∑REE = 50–381 ppm) and LaN/YbN ratios of 3.9–
16.9. They exhibit convex-upward REE patterns with
peaks at Pr or Nd and slightly negative Eu anomalies
(Eu/Eu* = 0.8–0.9). On primitive mantle-normalized spi-
dergrams, these are depleted in Rb, Nb, Zr, and Ti and
enriched in Ba and K (Figure 7).
The hornblendite is characterized by large variations in
chemical composition due to the varying modal abun-
dances of hornblende, plagioclase, pyroxene, and oxide,
with SiO2 = 38–49 wt.%, MgO = 5–11 wt.%,
Fe2O3T = 12–21 wt.%, CaO = 9–11 wt.%, Al2O3 = 12–
16 wt.%, Sc = 32–49 ppm, Co = 33–49 ppm, V = 364–
516 ppm, Sr = 563–1642 ppm, and Ba = 185–987 ppm.
The Mg# values of hornblendite are similar to those of
pyroxenite, ranging from 46 to 52. Decreasing trends of
MgO, Fe2O3T, CaO, P2O5, and CaO/Al2O3 with increasing
SiO2 are observed (Figure 6), suggesting fractional crystal-
lization control by ferromagnesian minerals (e.g. amphi-
bole, pyroxene) and apatite. Similarly, the hornblendite
shows convex-upward REE patterns, peaking mostly at
Pr-Nd, with ∑REE = 102–308 ppm and minor negative
Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = ~0.9). The LaN/YbN ratios vary
from 5.9 to 18.2. In the primitive mantle-normalized spi-
dergrams (Figure 7), the hornblendite is characterized by
peaks at Ba and Sr and troughs at Nb, Zr, and Ti.
The syenite is the most evolved igneous rock of the
complex, with the highest SiO2 (63–65 wt.%), Al2O3
(18–20 wt.%), and alkalis (~15 wt.%), and the lowest
MgO (<1 wt.%), Fe2O3T (<1 wt.%), Mg# values (~10),
Ni (0.5–1.1 ppm), Cr (~0.6 ppm), and highly variable Sr
and Ba (423–874 ppm and 247–2658 ppm, respectively).
It contains much lower ∑REE (44–89 ppm), very fractio-
nated LaN/YbN values (36–38), and positive Eu anomalies
(Eu/Eu* = 0.9–2.0) in the chondrite-normalized patterns,
and shows peaks at K and Sr and troughs at Th, Nb, P, and
Ti in the spidergrams (Figure 7).
5.3. Sr and Nd isotope data
Sr and Nd isotopic data are shown in Table 2 and Figure 8.
Initial isotopic ratios were calculated based on the zircon
U-Pb age (304 Ma) of the gabbro obtained by Zhao et al.
(2007). The pyroxenite and hornblendite have similar Sr-Nd
isotopic compositions, with ISr = 0.7037–0.7046,
εNd(t) = −2.1 to +3.6 and ISr = 0.7039 to 0.7051,
εNd(t) = −2.7 to +4.7, respectively. The gabbro has
ISr = 0.7042 ~ 0.7052 and εNd(t) = −4.0 ~ +4.7. The syenite
is characterized by the most depleted isotopic compositions
of the complex, with ISr = 0.7035 and εNd(t) = +4.3 to +5.2.
5.4. Re-Os isotope data
Re-Os isotopic data for pyroxenite, hornblendite, and gab-
bro are listed in Table 3. Analysed samples have variable
abundances of Re (32–69.3 ppt) and osmium (12.7–
462.8 ppt), with 187Re/188Os ratios ranging from 0.7 to
12.6. The Os abundances are much lower than those of
mantle peridotites (>3000 ppt; Walker et al. 1989;
Reisberg and Lorand 1995; Gao et al. 2002b). The com-
plex shows variably radiogenic initial 187Os/188Os ratios,
from 0.1344 to 0.3090 (0.1344–0.2345 for pyroxenite,
0.1560–0.2283 for hornblendite, and 0.3090 for gabbro).
6. Discussion
6.1. Petrogenesis of the Dongwanzi Complex
6.1.1. Cumulate origin
The Dongwanzi layered pyroxenite, hornblendite, and
gabbro show typical cumulate textures (Figure 3). The
clinopyroxenes and hornblendes from the complex have
AlZ/TiO2 and (Na + K)A/Si ratios in accordance with
typical cumulates (e.g. Rublee 1994; Pettigrew and
Hattori 2006, Figure 9a and b). A cumulate origin is also
supported by the curved-upward REE patterns peaking at
Pr and/or Nd (Figure 7) and variable abundances of com-
patible elements (Frey and Prinz 1978; Halama et al.
2004; Orejana et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2009b), such as
CaO (11–21 wt.%), Sc (62–100 ppm), and Cr (1–74 ppm)
in pyroxenites and V (297–674 ppm) in hornblendite (data
from this study and Ma et al. 2009). As shown in Figure 6,
the alkalis, Al2O3, Sr, and Ba contents increase but V, Sc,
and P decrease with increasing SiO2, suggesting a modal
decrease of hornblende and apatite and an increase of
Table 1. Chemical analyses for rocks from the Dongwanzi Complex.

Rock type Pyroxenite Hornblendite Syenite

Sample D02 D08 D10 D11 D18 D31 D33 D04 D36 D38 DWZ2 DWZ11 D12 D13

wt.%
SiO2 40.47 40.67 37.56 40.54 38.11 40.26 40.42 37.95 49.34 48.14 47.24 46.84 63.11 64.70
TiO2 1.93 1.64 2.20 1.49 1.84 1.56 1.41 2.49 1.30 1.35 1.24 1.40 0.12 0.13
Al2O3 5.89 6.23 10.35 6.64 6.28 4.69 6.40 11.52 14.86 13.72 14.96 15.50 19.57 18.25
Fe2O3T 22.45 21.04 22.33 20.00 21.98 22.14 16.10 20.79 12.31 13.51 12.53 12.87 0.62 0.41
MnO 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.23 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.02 0.01
MgO 11.29 11.06 9.66 11.08 10.68 12.19 10.02 11.19 5.23 6.05 6.00 5.90 0.04 0.02
CaO 16.67 15.93 11.84 18.24 18.58 17.92 21.01 11.39 9.09 9.30 10.52 9.26 0.85 0.55
Na2O 0.06 0.20 1.57 0.07 0.21 0.61 0.17 1.55 2.89 1.68 3.06 2.40 7.77 6.47
K2O 0.24 0.42 1.00 0.31 0.23 0.13 0.31 0.97 2.68 4.00 2.19 2.96 6.45 8.03
P2O5 0.19 0.39 1.35 0.17 1.30 0.02 2.88 0.65 0.71 0.53 0.62 0.68 0.01 0.02
LOI 0.35 2.01 1.68 1.03 0.39 0.16 0.86 1.10 1.14 1.20 1.09 1.64 1.30 1.00
Total 99.81 99.81 99.73 99.81 99.80 99.84 99.81 99.74 99.72 99.68 99.65 99.65 99.85 99.59
Mg# 50 51 46 52 49 52 55 52 46 47 49 48 11 10
ppm
Sc 79.70 72.04 62.36 97.48 90.26 99.32 80.78 48.58 37.94 46.34 37.29 31.74 0.61 0.87
Ti 10,397 8806 11,920 8377 10,328 8937 8516 9191 7547 7567 6928 8011 718 824
V 854.2 761.8 823.2 636.2 761.8 603.0 617.8 516.2 463.8 441.8 363.9 420.4 42.64 33.42
International Geology Review

Cr 23.62 52.94 23.24 0.96 40.52 73.58 7.64 8.86 2.26 5.49 19.67 19.83 0.65 0.63
Co 75.96 69.10 71.58 64.82 71.60 77.32 56.16 48.98 32.70 38.58 42.90 43.36 0.82 0.79
Ni 60.54 62.22 46.70 29.74 40.20 64.84 22.32 39.30 7.83 16.26 17.92 21.39 0.54 1.05
Cu 15.41 40.04 255 7.61 76.46 7.05 24.94 11.24 93.90 68.38 30.16 97.70 9.51 3.54
Zn 131 113 134 115 102.9 87.9 110 91.2 87.2 85.1 112 130.7 18.0 13.0
Ga 20.12 20.22 24.42 18.44 18.67 15.92 18.95 15.53 25.92 21.46 20.97 23.09 21.60 21.52
Rb 2.52 3.22 9.72 2.52 1.89 4.90 2.55 5.57 48.00 98.06 66.84 72.65 83.64 74.88
Sr 236.4 243.0 655.2 430.2 409.6 191.6 627.8 563.2 1014.0 1424.6 1642.0 1331.4 423.00 873.60
Y 20.80 20.20 27.10 15.23 15.94 7.97 37.48 16.78 28.98 24.20 21.88 24.16 5.22 2.18
Zr 70.8 82.7 117 68.7 59.1 32.0 113 48.6 189 153 159 164 123 38.2
Nb 1.43 1.23 4.39 1.57 0.76 0.35 1.89 2.25 6.80 7.67 6.32 5.64 5.62 6.59
Cs 0.08 0.05 0.17 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.09 0.67 1.59 1.96 1.75 0.52 0.30
Ba 69.2 67.9 184 138 63.1 49.1 110 185 811 848 663 987 247 2658
(Continued )
1527
 1528

Table 1. (Continued).

Rock type Pyroxenite Hornblendite Syenite

Sample D02 D08 D10 D11 D18 D31 D33 D04 D36 D38 DWZ2 DWZ11 D12 D13

La 8.52 10.64 26.34 10.37 13.60 3.28 56.66 9.21 56.02 36.34 45.31 45.54 22.92 10.18
Ce 29.70 31.74 69.26 33.50 39.58 11.43 142.10 28.02 118.66 82.00 105.73 102.12 38.58 17.82
Pr 5.50 5.53 10.57 5.82 6.62 2.19 20.16 4.97 15.76 11.36 13.79 13.93 4.02 1.87
Nd 30.02 29.48 51.22 30.66 34.74 12.64 93.36 26.94 67.40 50.54 58.71 60.69 13.13 6.37
Sm 8.74 8.33 12.58 8.16 9.07 3.95 21.00 7.65 14.53 11.32 12.31 13.15 2.06 1.07
Eu 2.23 1.96 3.28 2.18 2.37 1.10 5.16 2.14 3.92 3.08 3.28 3.58 0.56 0.62
Gd 7.72 7.37 10.63 6.52 7.50 3.48 16.79 6.79 11.40 9.19 9.73 10.44 1.50 0.74
Tb 0.97 0.93 1.24 0.76 0.84 0.41 1.86 0.82 1.31 1.07 1.08 1.19 0.18 0.08
Dy 4.88 4.68 6.12 3.63 3.91 1.98 8.63 4.01 6.27 5.20 5.07 5.59 0.88 0.36
Ho 0.83 0.80 1.05 0.61 0.62 0.31 1.42 0.68 1.07 0.88 0.87 0.95 0.17 0.07
Er 2.01 1.97 2.54 1.45 1.44 0.71 3.35 1.61 2.67 2.22 2.17 2.35 0.46 0.19
Tm 0.25 0.25 0.31 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.39 0.19 0.34 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.06 0.03
X. Ma et al.

Yb 1.46 1.44 1.75 1.01 0.91 0.46 2.21 1.04 2.03 1.66 1.68 1.77 0.42 0.18
Lu 0.21 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.31 0.14 0.29 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.06 0.03
Hf 3.42 3.70 4.45 3.34 2.91 1.52 4.87 2.29 6.01 5.02 4.41 4.58 3.15 1.33
Ta 0.21 0.14 0.24 0.18 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.44 1.93 0.35 0.34 0.19 0.16
Pb 1.25 1.20 2.42 0.83 0.91 0.57 0.95 1.93 6.76 4.68 4.55 7.80 28.00 27.14
Th 0.38 0.86 2.14 0.33 0.84 0.23 2.50 0.39 9.35 6.06 9.38 7.43 4.47 6.11
U 0.09 0.41 0.67 0.08 0.13 0.07 0.44 0.10 2.77 1.85 2.56 2.04 0.91 1.15
∑REE 103 105 197 105 121 42 373 94 302 215 260 262 85 40
Eu/Eu* 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.0
LaN/YbN 3.9 4.9 9.9 6.8 9.8 4.7 16.9 5.9 18.2 14.4 17.8 16.9 36.0 37.8

Note: Mg# = molar ratio of Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)*100; A/NK = molar ratio of Al2O3/(Na2O + K2O); A/CNK = molar ratio of Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O); Eu/Eu* = Eu/SQRT(SmN × GdN).
 International Geology Review
Figure 6. Plots of major and trace elements versus SiO2 for the Dongwanzi Complex. Samples with *from Ma et al. (2009).
plagioclase with magma evolution. The negative correla-
tion between CaO/Al2O3 ratios and SiO2 is indicative of a
modal decrease of clinopyroxene.
Syenite formed coevally with the ultramafic-mafic
intrusions at about 305 Ma (our unpublished data). It
contains cumulate mineral assemblage of hornblende and
feldspars, and exhibits Nd isotopic compositions
(εNd(t) = +4.3 to +5.2), similar to the ultramafic-mafic
cumulates, indicating that it may be derived from contin-
ued fractional crystallization of a common parental basal-
tic magma (e.g. Timina and Sharygin 2007; Shellnutt and
Jahn 2010; Dyulgerov and Platevoet 2013). The syenite
has higher LaN/YbN ratios (36–38) and lower Mg# values
(~10), Cr (~0.65 ppm), V (33–43 ppm), and HREE (1.7–
3.7 ppm) concentrations than the ferromagnesian cumu-
lates, which are probably accounted for by substantial
removal of hornblende and clinopyroxene. Massive
separation of hornblende is also supported by the con-
vex-downward patterns of MREEs and HLEEs (Ma
et al. 2013). Remarkably negative P anomalies in the
spidergrams (Figure 7) may result from fractional crystal-
lization of apatite. Increased Al2O3 contents and positive
1529
K, Ba, and Eu anomalies reciprocal to the ferromagnesian
cumulates (Figure 7) could be attributable to feldspar
accumulation (Dyulgerov and Platevoet 2013). Thus, it is
speculated that the syenite may represent the residual
felsic melts of the ferromagnesian cumulates.
6.1.2. Source characteristics
The presence of high modal abundance of euhedral amphi-
bole suggests that amphibole was a near-liquidus phase in
the whole suite. Experimental data indicate that H2O con-
tents of 5 wt.% at 400 MPa, and 7–9 wt.% at 960 MPa are
required for amphibole to be a liquidus phase (Naney 1983;
Prouteau and Scaillet 2003). Therefore, the widespread
occurrence of amphibole in the Dongwanzi Complex sug-
gests that during the early stage of crystallization, the H2O
contents of magma were higher than 5%, or possibly over
9%, depending on pressure. This idea is consistent with the
high CaO contents (22–24 wt.%) of diopside, which usually
forms from H2O-rich magmas (Johannes 1978; Gaetani
et al. 1993). The H2O-rich feature of parental magmas
seems unlikely to be caused by mantle–crust interaction,
1530 X. Ma et al.

Figure 7. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and trace element spider diagrams for the cumulates and residual melt (syenite) of the
Dongwanzi Complex. Chondrite values are from Masuda et al. (1973); primitive mantle values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).
Symbols same as in Figure 6.

since crustal involvement in the complex was minor (less L

than 2.5%, see below). In addition, the Dongwanzi
Complex was contaminated mainly by mafic lower crust
(mostly granulite facies) that is generally poor in H2O (see
discussion in the next section). It is more likely that the
abundance of H2O in magmas resulted from melting fluid-
metasomatized lithospheric mantle.
Owing to the distinctive REE partition coefficients
between garnet and spinel, magmas from garnet-bearing
and spinel-bearing peridotites exhibit very different REE
patterns, particularly for HREE (KdGrt/LYb/KdGrt/
La ≈ 7000, KdSp/LYb/KdSp/LLa ≈ 1; Irving and Frey 1978).
In general, low La/Yb ratios reflect a melting regime domi-
nated by larger melt fraction and/or spinel as the predomi-
nant residual phase, whereas high La/Yb ratios indicate
smaller melt fractions and/or garnet being the main residual
phase (Yang et al. 2007). The Dongwanzi cumulates are
characterized by high (Tb/Yb)N ratios (2.8–4.1) and Dy/Yb
ratios (>2), suggesting that they may be generated by rela-
tively low degrees of partial melting of a mantle source in
the garnet-stable field and thus at depths more than
60–70 km (Figure 10).
Table 2. Nd-Sr isotopic data for the Dongwanzi Complex.
87 87 147 143
Sample Rock type Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm) Rb/86Sr Sr/86Sr 2σ ISr Sm (ppm) Nd (ppm) Sm/144Nd Nd/144Nd 2σ εNd(0) εNd(t) (304 Ma) fSm/Nd

DWZ9 P 4.72 370.52 0.0368 0.704721 4 0.7046 16.46 67.09 0.1485 0.512437 3 −3.9 −2.1 −0.25
DWZ10-2 P 4.38 254.69 0.0498 0.703892 5 0.7037 4.72 16.35 0.1746 0.512780 2 2.8 3.6 −0.11
D02 P 2.38 227.09 0.0303 0.704298 5 0.7042 4.50 31.02 0.0879 0.512559 2 −1.5 2.7 −0.55
D08 P 3.18 231.88 0.0396 0.704318 4 0.7041 8.43 30.32 0.1683 0.512509 2 −2.5 −1.4 −0.14
DWZ10-1 H 8.87 1065.08 0.0241 0.704030 4 0.7039 17.14 64.89 0.1599 0.512688 8 1.0 2.4 −0.19
DWZ6 H 10.12 881.22 0.0332 0.704259 4 0.7041 11.68 43.33 0.1632 0.512450 12 −3.7 −2.4 −0.17
DWZ7 H 48.94 851.43 0.1663 0.705235 4 0.7045 19.73 87.93 0.1358 0.512381 13 −5.0 −2.7 −0.31
DWZ3 H 50.25 1243.36 0.1170 0.705317 5 0.7048 9.19 45.19 0.1231 0.512473 13 −3.2 −0.4 −0.37
DWZ11 H 68.64 1292.47 0.1537 0.705747 3 0.7051 12.83 60.34 0.1287 0.512744 10 2.1 4.7 −0.35
DWZ2 H 63.18 1603.02 0.1141 0.705016 4 0.7045 11.52 55.48 0.1257 0.512698 14 1.2 3.9 −0.36
DWZ8 G 23.50 1804.75 0.0377 0.704745 14 0.7046 11.89 49.48 0.1455 0.512480 5 −3.1 −1.1 −0.26
International Geology Review

DWZ1 G 4.88 942.05 0.0150 0.704268 10 0.7042 21.58 95.53 0.1368 0.512758 12 2.3 4.7 −0.30
DWZ5 G 20.24 1888.62 0.0310 0.705332 10 0.7052 7.50 36.27 0.1253 0.512291 8 −6.8 −4.0 −0.36
D12 S 79.4 377.3 0.6094 0.706146 13 0.7035 1.87 12.33 0.0917 0.512698 11 1.2 5.2 −0.53
D13 S 71.1 798.5 0.2577 0.704618 11 0.7035 0.93 5.98 0.0945 0.512653 13 0.3 4.3 −0.52

Notes: (143Nd/144Nd)CHUR = 0.512638; (147Sm/144Nd)CHUR = 0.1967; λRb = 1.42 × 10−11/year; λSm = 6.54 × 10−12/year; P, pyroxenite; H, hornblendite; G, gabbro; S, syenite.
1531
1532 X. Ma et al.

Figure 8. Initial 87Sr/86Sr versus εNd(304 Ma) diagram for the Dongwanzi Complex. The parameters used in the modelling are as below:
shadow areas represent Archaean mafic granulites and TTG gneisses (Sr = 1000 ppm, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.705, Nd = 15 ppm, εNd = −8 for the
enriched lithospheric mantle derived melts; Sr = 150 ppm, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.703, Nd = 15 ppm, εNd = 8 for asthenosphere-derived magma,
data are from Zindler and Hart 1986; Jahn et al. 1987, 1999; Jahn and Ernst 1990; Geng et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Chen and Zhai 2003).
Trend A represents the mixing line between the depleted asthenosphere and the enriched lithospheric mantle. DM, depleted mantle;
SCLM, subcontinental lithospheric mantle; TTG, tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite.

Table 3. Re-Os isotopic data for the Dongwanzi Complex.

187
Sample Re(ppt) 2σ Os (ppt) 2σ Re/188Os 2σ 187
Os/188Os 2σ (187Os/188Os)i

DWZ9 42.28 0.04 88.60 0.20 2.333 0.006 0.24637 0.00054 0.2347
DWZ10-2 69.29 0.07 462.75 1.96 0.722 0.003 0.13803 0.00018 0.1344
DWZ4 43.04 0.04 60.24 0.31 3.494 0.018 0.24608 0.00127 0.2286
DWZ6 46.81 0.05 168.73 0.68 1.342 0.006 0.16286 0.00027 0.1561
DWZ8 32.01 0.03 12.66 0.06 12.569 0.060 0.37286 0.00251 0.3099

Notes: The parameters used in calculation are λRe = 1.666 × 10−11/year, (187Re/188Os)Chond = 0.40186; (187Os/188Os)Chond, 0 = 0.1270 (Shirey and Walker 1998).

It was proposed that the lithospheric mantle beneath
the northern margin of the NCC has an EMI affinity (e.g.
Xu 2001; Zheng et al. 2001; Zhang et al. 2002; Chen et al.
2003, 2004; Chen and Zhai 2003; Yang et al. 2006), with
εNd(304 Ma) = −7.4 to −8.0 (Chen et al. 2003; Chen and
Zhai 2003). However, the εNd(t) values of cumulate com-
plex and residual melt (syenite) show a wide range from
+5.2 to −4 (Table 2, Figure 8). This suggests that there are
two components with distinct isotopic compositions
involved in the source of the Dongwanzi Complex. One
is the depleted mantle-derived magma (with high εNd
values), probably represented by asthenospheric mantle-
derived magma, and the other is the enriched mantle-
derived magma or continental crustal materials. The crus-
tal contamination may be minor if any, because the ISr
values (0.7035–0.7052) of the cumulates such as pyrox-
enite and hornblendite are in a narrow range and much
lower than expected for the NCC lower continental crust
(Jahn et al. 1987; Jahn and Ernst 1990; Geng et al. 1999;
Li et al. 1999; Figure 8), which is consistent with the high
εNd values (+5.2) of the most differentiate syenitic melt. In
the Sr-Nd isotopic modelling based on a simple mixing
model (Langmuir et al. 1978; curve A in Figure 8), all
samples plot along the mixing line between the astheno-
spheric mantle and the EMI-type lithospheric mantle. This
suggests that the EMI-type lithospheric mantle could be an
important end-member in the source of the complex.
Therefore, the isotopic variations of the Dongwanzi
Complex may result from a process of interaction between
the asthenosphere (OIB) and EMI-type lithospheric man-
tle, with slight crustal contamination during magma
ascent.
6.1.3. Crustal contamination
The Dongwanzi cumulate complex shows radiogenic and
variable Os isotopic compositions, with initial 187Os/188Os
ratios ranging from having the range of 0.134–0.235 in
pyroxenite, 0.156–0.228 in hornblendite, and 0.309 in
gabbro. The radiogenic Os isotopic compositions of the
complex demonstrate that the parental magma was vari-
ably contaminated by crustal components during magma
evolution, because the 187Os/188Os ratios are significantly
higher than those of any mantle reservoirs (0.10–0.128 for
SCLM and 0.123–0.1268 for DM; Walker et al. 1989;
Ellam et al. 1992; Widom and Shirey 1996; Hart et al.
 International Geology Review 1533

Figure 9. (a) Plot of TiO2 versus Alz of clinopyroxenes (after Le Bas 1962), where AlZ = (100 × ivAl)/2. The term non-alkaline includes
tholeiitic, high-alumina, and calc-alkaline rocks. The trend of cumulate of arc affinity is after Loucks (1990). (b) Plot of alkalis versus Si
of amphiboles. The field of arc hornblende was defined by Beard and Barker (1989). Data for the Quetico and Tulameen plutons are from
Pettigrew and Hattori (2006) and Rublee (1994), respectively. (c) Plot of F1 versus F2 of clinopyroxene;
F1 = −0.012 × SiO2 − 0.0807 × TiO2 + 0.0026 × Al2O3 − 0.0012 × FeO − 0.0026 × MnO + 0.0087 × MgO − 0.0128 × CaO − 0.0419 × Na2O,
F2 = −0.0469 × SiO2 − 0.0818 × TiO2 − 0.0212 × Al2O3 − 0.0041 × FeO − 0.01435 × MnO − 0.0029 × MgO + 0.0085 × CaO + 0.0160 × Na2O,
after Nisbet and Pearce (1977). OFB – ocean-floor basalts; VAB – volcanic arc basalts; WPT – within-plate tholeiitic basalts; WPA
– within-plate alkalic basalts. Data for mid-Atlantic Ridge are from Loucks (1990). (d) Plot of MgO versus Al2O3 of biotites (after Abdel-
Rahman 1994).

Figure 10. (a) (La/Sm)N versus (Tb/Yb)N and (b) La/Yb versus Dy/Yb diagrams for the cumulates of the Dongwanzi Complex. The
horizontal dashed line in (a) separates the fields for melting of garnet-bearing peridotite and of spinel-bearing peridotite (Wang et al.
2002). The partial melting curves in (b) are from Jung et al. (2006). Samples with * from Ma et al. (2009).

1997; Shirey and Walker 1998). In addition, few metaso- 2003, 2006; Xu et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2008, 2009).
matized SCLM xenoliths hosted in Palaeozoic kimberlites Nonetheless, crustal rocks, particularly Precambrian crust,
and Cenozoic basalts from the NCC have 187Os/188Os could possess Os isotopic ratios higher by up to more than
ratios higher than 0.13 (Gao et al. 2002b; Wu et al. two orders of magnitude than those of the mantle rocks
1534
and primitive mantle melts (e.g. Saal et al. 1998; Hanski
et al. 2001). Therefore, the radiogenic initial Os isotopic
compositions of Dongwanzi cumulate rocks must be
related to crustal contamination during magma emplace-
ment. Pyroxenite sample DWZ10-2 was the least contami-
nated by crustal components as suggested by its lowest
radiogenic Os isotopic ratio (0.134), which is close to that
of SCLM and DM (0.10–0.128 for SCLM and
0.123–0.1268 for DM; Walker et al. 1989; Ellam et al.
1992; Widom and Shirey 1996; Hart et al. 1997; Shirey
and Walker 1998).
Potential crustal contaminants could be the
Precambrian TTG gneisses and mafic crust (granulites
and amphibolites) that are the main basement rocks of
the NCC (Jahn et al. 1988; Liu et al. 1992; Sun et al.
1992). To elevate the initial Os isotopic ratios of the
Dongwanzi ultramafic–mafic rocks from originally chon-
dritic values (<0.13; Walker et al. 1989; Reisberg and
Lorand 1995; Gao et al. 2002b) to 0.134–0.310, the crus-
tal contaminants should be highly radiogenic in Os iso-
topic composition. Compared with the TTG gneisses, the
mafic granulites/amphibolites have much higher Os isoto-
pic ratios and Os abundance (e.g. Chesley and Ruiz 1998;
Burton et al. 2000; McBride et al. 2001). Thus, the con-
tamination of Precambrian mafic granulites/amphibolites
might have caused the Os isotopic variation of these mafic
cumulate rocks.
To further verify this interpretation, we carried out Os
isotopic modelling based on a simple mixing model
(Langmuir et al. 1978). In this modelling, the mantle-
derived parental magma is assumed to have
Os = 500 ppt (Ellam et al. 1992; Chesley et al. 2002)
and 187Os/188Os = 0.1245 based on the Os isotopic com-
positions of peridotite xenoliths from the NCC (Gao et al.
2002b; Wu et al. 2003, 2006). The Re-Os isotopic data for
local basement rocks are not available. We assume the
mafic granulites/amphibolites to have Os = 50 ppt and
187
Os/188Os = 75, and the TTG gneisses to have
Os = 8 ppt and 187Os/188Os = 6, based on the Os isotopic
data of the mafic rocks and TTG gneisses from the
Archaean Lewisian terrain, Finland, and African
Kaapavaal Craton (Saal et al. 1998; Burton et al. 2000;
Hanski et al. 2001; Hart et al. 2004), which are similar to
those of the NCC in age and lithology. As shown in
Figure 11, incorporation of ≤2.5% mafic granulites/amphi-
bolites to the parental magma can explain the radiogenic
initial Os isotopic compositions of the Dongwanzi
Complex. However, the figure would be 10–54% for pyr-
oxenite and hornblendite, and 67% for gabbros, if the
contaminants are TTG gneisses. Such high proportions
of added TTG gneisses would significantly raise the
SiO2 and lower the Mg# of the parental magma. Thus,
we believe that the Os isotopic variation of the complex
was less likely caused by the contamination of the TTG
gneisses due to their too low Os abundance (e.g. Burton
X. Ma et al.
Figure 11. Binary mixing between mantle-derived magma and
possible crustal contaminants. End members used in the model-
ling are described in the text, including the SCLM-derived par-
ental magma, Archaean TTG gneisses, and mafic granulites. Also
shown are the Os isotopic data of Dongwanzi ultramafic-mafic
rocks.
et al. 2000), but by the Precambrian mafic granulites/
amphibolites in the lower crust.
6.2. Tectonic implications
It is well established that the late Palaeozoic Andean-type
continental arc magmatism (390–270 Ma; Zhang et al.
2004, 2007a, 2007b, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c) that occurred
on the northern margin of the NCC was related to the
southward subduction of the Palaeo-Asian oceanic slab
(Figure 1b). The subduction probably ceased in late
Permian time, as suggested by voluminous Triassic
(230–250 Ma) granitoids (Chen et al. 2000, 2008) that
intruded into the Solonker suture, responding to the colli-
sion between the NCC and the Mongolian microcontinent
(Chen et al. 2000, 2009a; Xiao et al. 2003; Eizenhöfer
et al. 2014).
The Dongwanzi Complex formed ~300 Ma (Zhao
et al. 2007) and displays subduction-related geochemical
characteristics. Clinopyroxene and hornblende within the
complex plot in the arc cumulate field (Figure 9a and b).
The F1-F2 diagram (Figure 9c) of Nisbet and Pearce
(1977) also shows that clinopyroxene of the Dongwanzi
Complex plots in the field of volcanic arc basalt. The
biotite from the Dongwanzi Complex plots entirely in
the calc-alkaline orogenic suite fields (Figure 9d; Abdel-
Rahman 1994). In addition, the arc magma affinity of the
complex is supported by the pronounced depletion of
HFSEs (Nb, Zr, and Ti) in the trace element spidergrams
of the calculated parental magma of the ferromagnesian
cumulates (Ma et al. 2009). Importantly, the H2O-rich
feature of the magma source was probably caused by
subduction-related fluid metasomatism. Thus, it is deduced
that the Dongwanzi Complex formed in an Andean-type
 International Geology Review
Figure 12. Schematic diagram shows the tectonic reconstruction and petrogenetic model of the Dongwanzi Complex in the northern
margin of the NCC during the late Palaeozoic.
continental arc. Its location more than 100 km to the south
of the Carboniferous–Permian magmatic belt implies that
it probably developed in a back-arc setting on the northern
margin of the NCC due to the back-stepping of subduction
zone (Figure 12).
7. Conclusions
(1) Pyroxenite, hornblendite, and gabbro of the
Dongwanzi Complex are of cumulate origin, and
the syenite represents the residual melt after mas-
sive fractionation.
(2) The parental magma of the Dongwanzi Complex
was enriched in water, and probably generated
within the lithospheric mantle in the garnet-stability
field beneath the NCC. Melting of such an enriched
lithospheric mantle resulted from interaction with
the depleted asthenospheric mantle. Mafic parental
magmas of Dongwanzi layered cumulate rocks
formed by mixing between melts from the depleted
asthenospheric mantle and enriched lithospheric
mantle, with minor mafic crustal contamination
(≤2.5%) during magma evolution.
(3) Whole-rock and mineral geochemical features
such as enrichment in Ba, K, and depletion in
Nb, Zr, and Ti suggest an arc affinity for the
Dongwanzi rocks. The complex probably formed
in a back-arc extensional environment during the
subduction of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean beneath the
northern margin of the NCC in the late Palaeozoic.
Supplemental data
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at http://dx.doi.
org/10.1080/00206814.2014.948082.
Acknowledgements
Li Chao feng and Kyoko Abe are thanked for their assistance in
Nd-Sr isotope and Re-Os isotope analyses, respectively. We are
1535
grateful to Zhao Guochun and Zhang Shuanhong for their con-
structive comments that led to significant improvement of the
manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural
Science Foundation of China [grant number 41302042];
Fundamental Research Funds of CAGS [grant number
2012CSJ04]; and Funds of China Geological Survey [grant
number 12120113015500].
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