Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus: Model FM 06

Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
OSBORNE REYNOLDS
DEMONSTRATION APPARATUS
Model FM 06
1
WARRANTY CERTIFICATE
Supply of Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06
The above instrument is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and material and if it
proves so defective within 15 (Fifteen months) calendar months from the date of shipment to the
original purchaser, named above it shall be repaired or replaced free of. charge provided
The Purchaser sends promptly to M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West), Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. , notice of defect and satisfactory
proof thereof as abolishing that the instrument has been properly maintained and operated within the
limits of rated capacity and normal usages, and
 Assumes the obligation of all expenses of returning the defective instrument, properly packed
to the Factory at the address given in (a) above, if required.
 On parts of products incorporated in the instrument but not manufactured by M/s. SCI-
TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, this warranty is limited to extending to
the purchaser the same warranty as given by the supplier of such part or products.
This guarantee dose not covers consumable parts such as Bulbs, Fuses, and Rubber Seals etc.
Under the circumstances shall M/s SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, have
any liability whatsoever for loss of use or for any indirect or consequential damages.
We can only undertake to send our men to a distance to investigate and put right alleged defects on
the distinct understanding that we are paid for their time and expenses in every case.
M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED decision about repairing or replacing
the equipment or its parts will be final and binding on all concerned parties.
Unless superseded or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu of all the other
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For SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
Place: Mumbai/INDIA
2
INDEX
Sr. No. Description Page no.
1. INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 5
2. THEORY 8
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 13
4 EXPERIMENT NO-1 16
3
DYE TANK
CONSTANT HEAD
TANK
MS STAND
TEST PIPE
FLOW CONTROL
VALVE
4
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE
5
INSTALLATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open the package.
2. Ensure that there are no damages.
3. Confirm that all the material is in place as shown in the figure below.
4. Keep the equipment on a horizontal plane surface.
5. Close the outlet valve fully.
6. Fill water in the water tank and dye in the dye vessel.
7. Check for leakages, if any.
8. Open the outlet valve fully and check if water tank and the dye vessel is
emptied.
9. Installation is now complete. Clean the dye vessel. Now the equipment is
ready for use.
6
THEORY
7
THEORY:
Fluid flow may be classified as
(i) Laminar,
(ii) Turbulent.
In laminar flow the individual fluid particle flow paths which are parallel such that
they retain the same relative positions at successive cross sections.
Flow of this nature is associated with low velocities, small boundaries (dimensions) and
high viscosity.
In turbulent flow, however, the individual particles have secondary irregular motions
superimposed on the principal or average direction of motion and thorough mixing of
the fluid takes place. Flow of this nature is associated with high velocities, large
boundaries (dimensions) and low viscosity.
The experiments, conducted by Sir Osborne Reynolds (in 1883), were the first to demonstrate
laminar and turbulent flow. He performed a series of tests using a dye injection technique to
observe the nature of flow as the velocity in the pipe was increased.
At low velocities the dye line remained a slender thread extending the full length of the pipe.
The fluid appeared to move in layers, or laminar, and hence the type of flow is termed as
"Laminar".
8
At a certain velocity, Reynolds observed instabilities in the dye line. This velocity he called
as "Critical velocity”. As the velocity was increased, these instabilities increased in intensity,
until finally, the dye line broke down completely and was diffused throughout the flow. Any
further increase in velocity increases the diffusion. This type of flow was termed
"Turbulent".
Reynolds decreased the velocity of flow from the turbulent and at a certain velocity he again
noticed the instabilities in the dye-line but this "Critical" velocity was different from the one
obtained while going from Laminar to Turbulent.
The experiment was repeated several times. The "Critical velocity" while going back from
Turbulent to laminar state, was always lower and also had the same constant value. This
"Critical velocity", while going from Turbulent flow to laminar flow is termed "Lower
Critical Velocity" and the other, the one while going from Laminar state to turbulent state, is
called "Higher Critical Velocity".
REYNOLDS 1883:
To establish some criteria by which the flow condition could be classified, Reynolds,
following on from his dye line experiments, performed a series of tests on lead pipes to
investigate how the energy head loss varied with the velocity of flow.
1. This confirms the Poiseuille equation, as the results show that the energy loss per
unit length of pipe L is directly proportional to the mean velocity of flow v,
ie. (hf / L)  v
9
In the transition zone the flow was unstable and the results were of a non linear nature. It was
therefore not possible to establish any definite relationship between the energy head loss and
the velocity of flow.
A straight line relationship was obtained in the turbulent flow zone. However, the gradient of
this line varied for different pipes for smooth pipes a gradient as low as 1.7 was recorded
which suggests a relationship of the form hf /L  v 1.7

; for rough pipes the gradient
approached a value of 2.0 i.e. hf / L  v 2.0. These results suggest that in turbulent flow the
energy head loss is influenced by the roughness of the pipe wall. Reynolds, in his work,
showed that the magnitude of the critical velocities varied from pipe to pipe. In an attempt to
rationalize the nature of flow and the factors which influence the critical velocity, he
considered that the flow in a pipe was dependent on the mean velocity of flow v, the pipe
diameter d, and the density 'rho', and dynamic viscosity 'µ' of the fluid. It can be shown by
dimensional analysis that these variables may be expressed as a dimensionless group, referred
to as Reynolds number, Re where,
Reynolds number
.v.d
Re = -------
µ
v.d
= --------

10
Where,
µ
 = ------ = kinematic viscosity.

Reynolds observed that the two critical velocities mentioned above corresponded to specific
values of Re for all pipes and flow conditions. The lower critical velocity occurred at a
Reynolds number approximately equal to 2000, and for values of Re less than 2000 the nature
of flow is laminar. The transition zone extends over a range of Re from 2000 to 4000, and for
Re values greater than 4000 the nature of flow is turbulent,
i.e.
Laminar Re < 2000
Transition 2000 < Re < 4000
Turbulent 4000 < Re
Reynolds number is to the ratio of the inertia force to viscous force. This indicates that for
low values of Re, the viscous force predominates and the flow is laminar. At high values of
Re the inertia force predominates and the nature of flow is turbulent. Clearly the value of
Reynolds number is a standard by which the nature of the flow may be classified.
11
Relation between the Darcy Friction Coefficient f and Reynolds
Laminar Flow:-
It is convenient to compare the energy head loss h f given by the Darcy-Weisbach and
Poiseuille equations, i.e.
Darcy Weisbach Poiseuille
f L v² 32 µLv
hf = ---------- = ------------
2gd gd²
Therefore
64µ
f = ---------
vd
64
f = -------
Re
12
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare dye-solution with the help of potassium permanganate/ equivalent.
2. Shut off the outlet valve and pour the water into the water tank.
3. Also pour the dye solution prepared into the dye jar.
13
4. Now gradually open the outlet valve.
5. Observe the flow in the glass tube. Along with the water from the water tank, dye
from the dye vessel also starts flowing.
6. If the dye seen as a thin continuous line, the flow is laminar. If it is not, reduce the
flow using the outlet valve till you obtain a thin continuous line. When the dye is
seen as a thin continuous line, the flow is Laminar.
7. Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and the stop-watch provided.
8. Repeat above steps after increasing the flow rate. A stage will come when you
increase the flow you will observe that the thin straight line of dye starts getting
disturbed and finally the dye starts losing distinct identity.
9. Measure the flow rate using measuring Jar and the stop-watch provided.
10. When it starts getting disturbed, it is transition phase. This stage where the line
starts becoming unstable signifies the "Higher Critical Velocity".
11. Increase the flow more and observe the line gets totally disturbed and dye gets
mixed with the water. This is the state of turbulence.
12. Measure the flow rate using measuring cylinder and the stop-watch provided.
13. Repeat the above steps but now instead of increasing the flow rate gradually, reduce
it gradually, till the dye line just shows instability. Note the readings. This signifies
the Lower Critical Velocity
Note:
If the die does not come out of the capillary then take out the die cylinder and
rinse it with water / detergent.
14
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flows.
2. Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of
3. Reynolds number.
4. Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.
5. Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.
6. Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data
Available in the literature.
APPARATUS:
1. Reynolds Apparatus.
2. Measuring cylinder or jar.
3. Stop watch.
4. Dye tank.
EXPERIMENT NO .1
AIM:
To study dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.
OBSERVATIONS:
15
1] When the velocity of flow was low, the dye remained in the form of a straight and
Stable filament passing through the glass tube so steadily that it scarcely seemed
to be in motion. This was the case of laminar flow.
2] With the increase of velocity a critical state was reached at which the dye filament
Showed irregularities and began to waver. This shows that the flow is no longer a
laminar. This was a transitional state.
3] With further increase in velocity of flow the fluctuations in the filament of dye became
more intense and ultimately the dye diffused over the entire cross section of the tube, Due to
the intermingling of the particles of the flowing fluid. This was the case of Turbulent flow.
Reynolds number
xVxd
Re =
µ
Vxd
=

Where,
µ
 = ------ = kinematic viscosity.

Where,
Re – Reynolds number
V – Velocity of flow (m/s)
d – Diameter of pipe (m)
ρ– Density of water (kg/m3)
µ – dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s)
16
 – Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
When – units are considered – Re is dimensionless.
NOTE – Reynolds number directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to

viscosity.
Re < 2000 – laminar flow
Re > 4000 – Turbulent flow
2000 < Re < 4000 – Transition flow
This is all about dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow
EXPERIMENT NO .2
AIM:
Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of Reynolds
number.
OBSERVATIONS:
Mean Temperature of Water , θ= ˚C
Kinematic Viscosity of water , =
17
Diameter of Glass Tube , D = 8 mm
Length of a pipe , L = 700 mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Diameter of Tube (d): 0.008 m
Area of Tube (m2): 5.0265x10 -5 sq. m
Kinematic Viscosity (): 8 x 10-7 m2/sec
Temperature Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

- t - - µ - - ν -
(oC) (Pa s, N s/m2) x 10-3 (m2/s) x 10-6
0 1.787 1.787
5 1.519 1.519
10 1.307 1.307
20 1.002 1.004
30 0.798 0.801
40 0.653 0.658
50 0.547 0.553
60 0.467 0.475
70 0.404 0.413
80 0.355 0.365
90 0.315 0.326
100 0.282 0.29
Volume of fluid Time required for

collected in the fluid to collect in
Sr. No
Measuring jar measuring jar
V (m3) T (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
CALCULATION:
18
Volume ---------
Discharge = = = m3/ sec
Time Time in sec
Discharge
Velocity = = m/s
Area of tube
xVxd
Re =
µ
vxd
Re =

Where,
µ
 = = kinematic viscosity.

RESULT:
Discharge Velocity Reynolds

Sr. no. Remark
Q (m3/sec) V (m/sec) Number (Re)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
19
EXPERIMENT NO .3
AIM:
Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of pipe , l= 700 mm
Diameter of the pipe , D = 8 mm
Area of Pipe , A= Π/4 *D2 =5.0265 x 10-5 sq. m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Time required for the fluid to collect

Volume of water in the
Sr. No in measuring jar
measuring tank
T (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
20
CALCULATION:
Volume ---------
Discharge = = = m3/ sec
Time sec
Discharge
Velocity = = m/s
Area of tube
xVxd
Re =
µ
Vxd
Re =

Where,
µ
 = = kinematic viscosity.

But we know,
Friction factor (f),
64 64
f = = =
Re
Equation for frictional head loss (hf):
21
f x L x V2
hf = =
2xgxd
After finding the all the values of hf and V

Sr No hf V
Draw a graph of hf vs. V
The point where the graph changes from straight line to curve will give critical velocity Vc.
22
Vc = ------ m/sec
Now critical Reynolds number
Vc x d
Rec =

=
RESULT:
Critical Velocity Critical Reynolds No.

Sr No
Vc Rec
1
23
EXPERIMENT NO .4
AIM: Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of pipe , l= 700 mm
Diameter of the pipe , D = 8 mm
Area of Pipe , A= Π/4 *D2 =5.0265 x 10-5 sq. m
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Time required for the fluid to

Rise of water in the measuring
Sr. No collect in measuring jar
tank
T (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
24
RESULT:
Volume 5 x 10-3
Discharge (Q) = = = m3/ sec
Time Time in sec
Discharge
Velocity (V) = = m/s
Area of tube
 Vd
Re =
µ
Vd
Re =

Reynolds number directly proportional to velocity

& inversely proportional to viscosity!
Re < 2000 – laminar flow
Re > 4000 – Turbulent flow
2000 < Re < 4000 – Transition flow
25
EXPERIMENT NO .5
AIM: Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data
Available in the literature.
In this experiment we have to correlate Reynolds number and nature of flow from our
observation table.
Which is correlated as follows.
Type of flow in Critical Critical

Sr No Reynolds Number
pipe Reynolds No. Velocity
1
2
3
26
SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED

102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West),
Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. Tel: ++9122 2891 2519 / 2891 3124
Fax: ++ 9122 2891 0566 Website: www.sci-tech.biz
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Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06

Sr. No. Description Page no.

2. Ensure that there are no damages.

4. Keep the equipment on a horizontal plane surface.

5. Close the outlet valve fully.

7. Check for leakages, if any.

ready for use.

Fluid flow may be classified as

they retain the same relative positions at successive cross sections.

superimposed on the principal or average direction of motion and thorough mixing of

boundaries (dimensions) and low viscosity.

obtained while going from Laminar to Turbulent.

called "Higher Critical Velocity".

unit length of pipe L is directly proportional to the mean velocity of flow v,

the velocity of flow.

which suggests a relationship of the form hf /L  v 1.7

to as Reynolds number, Re where,

Re values greater than 4000 the nature of flow is turbulent,

Laminar Re < 2000

Transition 2000 < Re < 4000

Turbulent 4000 < Re

Relation between the Darcy Friction Coefficient f and Reynolds

Poiseuille equations, i.e.

Darcy Weisbach Poiseuille

1. Prepare dye-solution with the help of potassium permanganate/ equivalent.

4. Now gradually open the outlet valve.

from the dye vessel also starts flowing.

seen as a thin continuous line, the flow is Laminar.

disturbed and finally the dye starts losing distinct identity.

starts becoming unstable signifies the "Higher Critical Velocity".

mixed with the water. This is the state of turbulence.

the Lower Critical Velocity

rinse it with water / detergent.

1. To study dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flows.

2. Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of

4. Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.

5. Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.

Available in the literature.

2. Measuring cylinder or jar.

To study dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.

to be in motion. This was the case of laminar flow.

laminar. This was a transitional state.

V – Velocity of flow (m/s)

d – Diameter of pipe (m)

ρ– Density of water (kg/m3)

µ – dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s)

 – Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

When – units are considered – Re is dimensionless.

NOTE – Reynolds number directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to

Re < 2000 – laminar flow

Re > 4000 – Turbulent flow

2000 < Re < 4000 – Transition flow

Kinematic Viscosity of water , =

Diameter of Glass Tube , D = 8 mm

Length of a pipe , L = 700 mm

Area of Tube (m2): 5.0265x10 -5 sq. m

Kinematic Viscosity (): 8 x 10-7 m2/sec

Temperature Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

Volume of fluid Time required for

Discharge Velocity Reynolds

Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.

Length of pipe , l= 700 mm