Self-Help To I.C.S.E. Chemistry 10

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CONTENTS 6. Electrolysis 280—307

7. Metallurgy 308—340
1. Periodic Table, Periodic Properties 1—50
A. Metals and Non-metals 314—318
and Variations of Properties
B. Extraction of Metals 318—325
2. Chemical Bonding 51—93
C. Aluminium 325—331
3. Acids, Bases and Salts 94—147
D. Alloys 331—333
A. Acids and Bases 109—116
Miscellaneous Exercise 334—340
B. Salts and their Preparations 116—127
8. Study of Compounds 341—362
C. Properties of Salts 128—133
A. Hydrogen Chloride
Additional Questions 143—147
B. Ammonia
4. Analytical Chemistry : 148—157
Uses of Ammonium Hydroxide and
C. Nitric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
11. Study of Compounds D. Sulphuric Acid 405—424
5. Mole concept and Stoichiometry 158—279
12. Organic Chemistry 425—499
A. Gay Lussac’s Law and Avogadro’s Law 160—170
A. Organic Compounds 434—455
B. Relative Atomic Mass, Relative 170—184
B. Hydrocarbons : Alkanes 456—464
Molecular Mass and Mole Concept
C. Hydrocarbons : Alkenes 464—472
C. Percentage Composition, Empirical 185—197
D. Hydrocarbons : Alkynes 472—479
and Molecular Formulae
E. Alcohols 479—486
D. Calculations Based on Chemical Equations 197—206
F. Carboxylic Acids 486—489
Miscellaneous Exercises 206—249
Some Extra Questions 250—253
13. Practical Work 502—517
Practice Problems 254—279
Model Test Paper – 1 (Solved) 518—530
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* PERIOD is determined by the NUMBER OF SHELLS.

CHAPTER 1 * GROUP is determined by the NUMBER OF ELECTRONS in the
PERIODIC TABLE, AND VALENCE shell.
* In the Mendeleev’s periodic table there were eight groups. There
VARIATIONS OF PROPERTIES was no group of noble gases. Later on when 18th group or group
of noble gases was added in the long form periodic table, it did not
* NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION : There are 118 elements known disturb the arrangement of elements.
from 1H to ...... 115Mc, 116Lv, 117Ts and Un – Un octium 118Og * In the classification of then known elements, Mendeleev was guided
oganesson and their compounds very large in number, to study by two factors (i) increasing atomic masses (ii) grouping
their properties separately is difficult and to make their study easier, together of elements having similar properties.
118 elements have been divided into a few groups such that elements * The real significance of MODERN PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
in the same group have similar properties. i.e. study of a large based on ATOMIC NUMBERS is that it related periodicity in the
number of elements is reduced to the study of a few groups of properties of elements to the periodicity in their electronic
elements. configuration. And this is an IDEAL arrangement.
* At the time of Mendeleev only 63 elements were known and he was Or
able to place all the 63 elements in VERTICAL columns (groups) * The significance of ATOMIC NUMBER in the classification of
and HORIZONTAL rows (periods). elements is THAT BEING EQUAL TO NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
* Mendeleev left some GAPS in his periodic table for elements not in ATOM, it helps in arranging the elements according to their
known at that time. electronic configuration, which is the present bases for the
Later on these gaps were filled by elements discovered. These classification of elements is their electronic configuration.
elements were scandium Sc, gallium Ga and germanium Ge. * The elements having same number of valence electrons SHOW
* PERIODIC TABLE ‘is a chart of elements prepared in such a way SIMILAR PROPERTIES, therefore, all the elements in a particular
that the elements having similar properties occur in the same vertical group of periodic table have similar properties.
column or group.’ * In 1913, Moseley showed that ATOMIC NUMBER of an element is
* TABULAR ARRANGEMENT of elements in groups and PERIODS MORE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY than ATOMIC MASS ‘as
high lighting the regular trends in properties of elements is called atomic number increases regularly by 1 from element to element
PERIODIC TABLE. but atomic mass does not.
* Mendeleev – had arranged the elements in the periodic table on the * Elements of group I [Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr] are known as ALKALI
bases of INCREASING ATOMIC WEIGHT and MODERN periodic metals as they form strong alkalis with water.
table is based on INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER. * Elements of group 2 [Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra] are ALKALINE EARTH
* MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW : “The physical and chemical METALS as the form weak alkalis and all are metals.
properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses.” * Metal oxides are BASIC. Element (like Li, Na, K) form basic oxides.
* MODERN PERIODIC LAW “Properties of elements are PERIODIC Elements are strong REDUCING AGENTS.
FUNCTION of their ATOMIC NUMBER.” i.e. If elements are * Elements of group 17 [F, Cl, Br, I, At] called HALLOGENS form
arranged in increasing order of their atomic number, their properties ACIDIC OXIDES. They are coloured non-metals, form negative
repeat after regular interval.” ions carrying a single charge (Cl–), very reactive found in combined
* Henry Moseley put forward the MODERN PERIODIC TABLE. state.
* Niels Bohar gave EXTENDED FORM OF THE TABLE which is * Elements are strong – OXIDISING AGENTS.
also called long form of the modern periodic table.
1 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 2
* In a group there is no change in the nature of oxides of elements. NaCl and HCl
* GROUPS 3 to 12 are called TRANSITION elements and have metals. Na2O and H2O
They have their two outermost shells incomplete. Na2S and H2S
* The elements of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 are known as Hydrogen also resembles.
MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS or REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS Halogens in some of the properties i.e. they exist in diatomic
or NORMAL ELEMENTS. molecules H2, Cl2, F2, Br2. Both H2 and halogens combine with
* Group 13 – BORON family metals and also with non-metals to form covalent compounds. But
Group 14 – CARBON family (being first element of group) in long form of periodic table Hydrogen is placed at the head of
Group 15 – NITROGEN family alkali metals in 1st period as first element as its atom is very small
Group 16 – OXYGEN family in size.
also called CHALCOGENS meaning ore forming. * There are 7 periods. Except first period where first element is
* GROUP 18 or Zero group or Inert gases or noble gases [He, Ne, hydrogen and last element is noble gas (He), each period starts
Ar, Kr, Ze, Rn] all are inert and gases and have stable electronic with alkali metal and ends with noble gas.
configuration. He has 2 electrons in outermost K-shell called increase decrease
DUPLET and all others 8 electrons in outermost orbit and called * The TRENDS which  across a period  in
octet. GROUPS and vice-versa.
* METALLOIDS [B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po] in the periodic table * I.P, E.A, Electronegativity, Non-metallic character, M.P and B.P,
separate METALS on left side from NON-METALS on right side increase
and are placed diagonally. number of valence electrons reactivity  across a period
* Bromine (Br) is LIQUID and Iodine (I) is SOLID at room from left to right.
temperature.  Nuclear charge INCREASES and ATOMIC RADII increases.
* PERIODICITY : “The properties that reappear at regular intervals, * Atomic size, Metallic character and basic nature increases down a
of which there is gradual variation (i.e. increase or decrease) at group.
regular intervals, are called periodic properties and the phenomenon  Atomic Radii increases and Nuclear charge though increases is
is called PERIODICITY of elements” and it causes same number DOMINATED by increase in number of shells or increase in Atomic
of electrons in valence shell. Radii.
* PERIODIC PROPERTIES are : * A CATION (formed by loss of electron/s e.g. Na + e–  Na+) is
(i) Atomic size smaller than the parent neutral atom since the remaining electrons
(ii) Metallic character in the cation are strongly attracted by the nucleus, thus decreasing
the size of cation.
(iii) Non-metallic character
* In period-2 [Li] has the largest atomic radius and (F) the smallest.
(iv) Ionisation potential
* As Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period,
(v) Electron affinity
Halogens have high electronegativity and it decreases from top to
(vi) Electronegativity. bottom in a group. Hence fluorine (F) has the highest
* POSITION OF HYDROGEN : is controversial. In Mendeleev’s electronegativity.
periodic table (H) has been placed in group I along with alkali metals * Greater the tendency to lose electron/s, the greater is the
as Hydrogen and alkali-metals have 1 valence electron each. Both REACTIVITY OF THE METAL. In case of non-metals, the greater
alkali metals and Hydrogen combine with Cl2, O2, sulphur to form the tendency to gain electrons the greater is the reactivity of the
compounds having similar formula same.
* Neon (Ne) has electron affinity zero as noble gases with stable 5. The elements occupying the left and right wing of vertical column
electronic configuration find it difficult to accept electrons. in the long form of the periodic table are called .............. elements.
* Inert gases have max. number of electrons in their outermost orbit [normal representative/transition]
and electronic repulsions are max. Hence bigger size. 6. The vertical columns in the long form of the periodic table are
* ANION [formed by the gain of electron/s e.g. Cl + 1e–  called .............. . [periods/groups]
(2,8,7) 7. The .............. rows in the long form of the periodic table are called
periods. [vertical/horizontal]
Cl is larger than the parent atom since electrons are more than
(2,8,8) 8. In the long form of the periodic table there are .............. periods.
[seven/eight]
protons in nucleus and less inward pull is experienced. Hence size
expands. 9. In the long form of the periodic table the number of elements in a
period corresponds to the .............. number of electrons which
* Elements of group 1 are Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr called alkali metal
can be accommodated in its shell. [maximum/minimum]
group having 1 valence electron.
10. In the long form of the periodic table, the number of period to
* Elements of group 2 called ALKALINE EARTH METALS (two
which an element belongs is given by its .............. .
electrons in valence shell) are Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
[atomic number/quantum number]
* Elements of HALOGEN group 17 are non-metals having valence
electrons 7 are F, Cl, Br, I, At. 11. The elements in the group 1 of the long form the periodic table are
called ............ . [alkali metals/alkaline earth metals]
* Elements of INERT GASES or Zero-group or 18th group or Noble
gases have completely filled outer most orbit are He, Ne, Ar, Kr, 12. The elements in the group 17 of the long form of the periodic table
Xe, Rn. are called .............. . [halogens/metalloids]
* Elements of shortest period or first period are H, He. 13. An element E has atomic number 35. It belongs to .............. period.
[fourth/third]
* Elements of second period are Li, Be, B, Carbon, N, O, F, Ne.
14. An element E has atomic number 5. It belongs to .............. group.
Na, Mg, Al, [13/5]
* Elements of third period are 
metals 15. The very short period of elements is .............. . [first period/3rd
period]
Si, P, S, Cl, Ar 16. The elements in the same period have .............. number of electron
  
Metalloid non-metals Noble gas shells. [different/same]
17. As one moves from the left to right in the long form of the periodic
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
table, the valency of elements with respect to oxygen increases
Fill in the blanks spaces from the choices given below : from .............. . [1 to 4/1 to 7]
1. .............. is more fundamental property of an element. 18. As one moves from left to right in the long form of the periodic
[Atomic weight/Atomic number] table, the atomic volume of elements .............. .
2. The transition element are accommodated in the .............. of long [increases/decreases]
form of the periodic table. [extreme left/middle/extreme right] 19. The atomic volume of lithium is .............. than fluorine.
3. The non-metallic elements are placed on the .............. hand side of [less/more]
the transition elements in the long form of periodic table. [left/right] 20. As one moves from left to right in the long form of the periodic
4. The rare gases are placed in the zero group at the .............. of long table, the metallic character of elements in period .............. .
form of the periodic table. [beginning/end] [increases/decreases]
21. As one moves from the left to right in the long form of periodic INTEXT QUESTIONS
table, the basic character of its oxides .............. and acidic character 1. (i) State modern periodic law.
of its oxides .............. . [increases/decreases] (ii) Name the scientist who stated the law.
22. The atomic volume of the elements .............. progressively as one (iii) How many groups and periods does modern periodic table
moves down from the top to bottom in groups. have ?
[decreases/increases] Ans. (i) Modern Periodic Law— “Physical and chemical properties
23. The metallic character of group 1 elements .............. progressively of elements are periodic function of their atomic number.” i.e., if elements
as one move down from top to bottom in group. are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers, the properties of
[decreases/increases] the elements are repeated after definite regular intervals or periods.
(ii) Henry Moseley stated the law.
24. The non-metallic character of group 17 elements ..............
(iii) Periodic Table— “A tabular arrangement of elements in groups
progressively as one move down from top to bottom in a group.
(vertical columns) and periods (horizontal rows) highlighting the regular
[decreases/increases]
trends in properties of elements is called a Periodic Table.”
25. As one moves from left to right in the long form of the periodic There are seven periods (horizontal rows and eighteen groups
table, the ionisation potential of the elements in the period gradually (vertical columns) in the modern periodic table.
.............. . [increases/decreases] 2. What are horizontal rows and vertical columns, in a periodic
26. As one moves from top to bottom down a group in the long form table known as ?
of periodic table, the ionisation potential of the elements in the group Ans. Horizontal Rows are known as periods.
.............. . [increases/decreases] Vertical columns are known as groups.
27. Electronegativity of sodium is .............. in the 3rd period elements. 3. Periodicity is observed due to the similar .......... (number of
[least/maximum] valence electrons/atomic number/electronic configuration).
28. Electron affinity of group 17 elements .............. as one moves Ans. Electronic configuration.
down the group. [decreases/increases] 4. How does the electronic configuration in atoms change (i) in
Answers a period from left to right ?(ii) in a group top to bottom ?
1. Atomic number 2. Middle 3. Right 4. End 5. Normal 6. Groups Ans. (i) Electronic configuration in atoms change in a period from left
7. Horizontal 8. Seven 9. Maximum 10. Quantum number 11. Alkali to right. The number of shells remains the same in a given period
metals 12. Halogens 13. Fourth 14. 13 15. First period 16. Same i.e., in 3rd period the number of shells remains three i.e., equal
17. 1 to 7 18. Decreases 19. Less 20. Decreass 21. Decreases, to number of period but as we move forward atomic number
increases 22. Increases 23. Increases 24. Decreases 25. Increases increases and one electron in shell increases at every step.
26. Decreases 27. Least 28. Increases. (ii) In a group from top to bottom at every step a new shell starts but
number of electrons in the outer most shell remains same in a
group.
5. Name two elements in each case. (i) Alkali metals
(ii) Alkaline earth metals (iii) Halogens (iv) Inert gas
(v) Transition element (vi) Lanthanides (vii) Actinides
Ans. Two elements of : (i) Alkali metals (a) Sodium, (b) Potassium
(ii) Alkaline earth metals (a) Magnesium (b) Calcium
(iii) Halogens are (a) Chlorine, (b) Bromine
(iv) Inert gases are (a) Helium, (b) Neon
(v) Transition elements are (a) Copper, (b) Silver
(vi) Lanthanides are (a) Lanthanum, (b) Cerium Ans. Two elements are Mg (Magnesium) and Ba (Barium) which would
(vii) Actinides are (a) Actinium, (b) Thorium show chemical reactions similar to Calcium as all the three elements
6. Elements of group 1 and element of group 17 both have have same number of electrons i.e. 2 electrons in their outermost
valency 1 ? Explain? shell and belong to the same group II-A.
Ans. The elements of group 1 have 1 electron in their valence shell 10. Name the (i) metals (ii) metalloids and (iii) non-metals in
and they lose 1 electron to acheive stable configuration. Hence the first twenty elements.
have valency 1+. Whereas elements of group 17 have 7 electrons Ans. (i) Metals : Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K and Ca.
in valence shell and are short of 1 electron to form octet. They (ii) Metalloids : (a) B (Boron), (b) Si (Silicon).
gain 1 electron and have valency 1–. (iii) Non-metal : C, N, O, F, Ne, P, S, Cl, Ar, H3 and He.
Na – e–  Na+ 11. Fluorine, chlorine and Bromine are put in one group on the
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8) basis of their similar properties.
Cl + e–  Cl– (a) What are those similar properties ?
(2, 8, 7) (2, 8, 8) (b) What is the common name of this group or family ?
Hence elements of group 1 and elements of group 17 both have valency 1. Ans. In a particular group, electrons in the outermost orbit remain the
7. Correct the statements. same.
(a) Fluorine, Chlorine and Bromine all have 7 electrons in their
(i) Elements in the same period have the same valency.
outermost orbit and hence show similar properties. These
(ii) Valency depends upon the number of shells in an atom.
properties are :
(iii) Copper and zinc are representative elements.
(i) They form negative ions.
(iv) Transition elements are placed at extreme right of the (ii) They are coloured and non-metals.
periodic table. (iii) They are good oxidising agents.
Ans. (i) Elements in the same group have same valency. (iv) They form hydrides with hydrogen.
(ii) Valency depends upon the number of electrons in the valence (v) They form acidic oxides.
shell. (vi) They are very reactive and are therefore found in combined
(iii) Copper and zinc are Transition elements. state.
(iv) Inert gases or elements are placed at extreme right of the (vii) Their M.P. and B.P. increase while moving down in group.
periodic table. (viii)They are only slightly soluble in water but are well soluble
8. What do you understand by in CS2, alcohol and chloroform.
(i) Periodicity (ii) Typical elements (iii) Orbits (b) Common name of this group is halogen group.
Ans. (i) Periodicity— “The properties that reappear at regular intervals 12. What is the main characteristic of the last element in each
are called periodic properties and the phenomenon is called period of the Periodic Table ? What is the general name of
periodicity of elements. such elements ?
(ii) Typical Elements— “Elements of third period (Na, Mg, Al, Ans. Last element of each period have 2 electrons or 8 electrons in the
Si, P, S and Cl) summarise the properties of their respective valence shell.
groups and are called typical elements.” General name of these elements is Elements of Zero Group.
(iii) Orbits : The circular paths around the nucleus in which 13. According to atomic structure, what determines which
electrons revolve are called Orbits or Shells. element will be the first and which will be the last in a period?
9. Name two elements that you would expect to show chemical Ans. The number of electrons in valence shell determines that which
reactions similar to calcium. What is the basis of your element will be the first and which will be last in a period.
choice ? 14. How does the number of : (i) valence electrons and
(ii) valency vary on moving from left to right in the second 17. Answer the following in respect of element 32
16 S.
period of the periodic table ?
Ans. (i) The valence electrons in the same shell (outermost shell) (i) Give its electronic configuration.
increases progressively by one across the period. (ii) To which group and period does it belong ?
First element Hydrogen has one valence electron and Helium has (iii) What is its valency ?
(iv) Is it metal or non-metal ?
2 valence electrons.
(v) Is it a reducing agent or an oxidising agent ?
(ii) Valency on moving from left to right in a period increases
(vi) Give its formula with hydrogen.
from 1 to 4 and then falls to one. Ultimately to Zero in last group.
32
Valence electrons of elements of second period increase from 1 Ans. (i) Electronic configuration of 16 S
is
to 8 in the same outermost shell (second shell) i.e., Li has 1, Be 16 = 2, 8, 6 in K, L, M orbits
has 2.......F has 7 and Ne has 8 electrons.
(ii) 16 Satomic number 16 belongs to Group 16 (VI A) and has 2 shells
Valency—Li and Be have + 1 and + 2 respectively while O and F
belongs to Period – 3
have valency – 2 and – 1 whereas Ne has valency zero.
15. Name the type of elements, which have their (iii) Valency of 16 S is (8 – 6) = 2–
(i) outermost shell complete (ii) outermost shell incomplete (iv) It is Non-metal
(iii) two outermost shell incomplete (iv) one electron short of octet (v) It is Oxidising Agents as it accepts electrons to complete octet.
(v) two electrons in the outermost orbit. (vi) Formula with H2 is H2S (Hydrogen sulfide).
Ans. The type of elements, which have Q.18. Name
(i) Outermost shell complete are noble gases. (a) An alkali metal in period 3 and halogen in period 2.
(ii) Outermost shell incomplete are main group or (b) The noble gas with 3 shells.
representative elements or normal elements. (c) The non-metals present in period 2 and metals in period 3.
(iii) Two outermost shell incomplete are transition elements. (d) The element of period 3 with valency 4.
(iv) One electron short of octet are halogen family. (e) The element in period 3 which does not form oxide.
(v) Two electrons in the outermost orbit are alkaline earth metals. (f) The element of lower nuclear charge out of Be and Mg.
16. An element has 2 electrons in its N shell Ans. (a) An alkali metal in period III is sodium. A halogen in period II
(i) What is atomic number ? (ii) State its position in periodic is Fluorine (F).
table. (iii) Is it metal or non-metal ? (iv) State the name assigned (b) A noble gas with 3 shells Argon (Ar).
to this group. (v) What is the valency of this element ? (c) The non-metals in period 2 are C, N, O, F, Ne.
Ans. Electronic configuration of the element is Metals in period 3 are Na, Mg, Al.
K L M N (d) The element of period 3 with valency 4 is Silicon (Si).
2 8 8 2 (e) The element in period 3 which does not form oxide is Argon (Ar).
(f) Be (Beryllium) has lower nuclear charge.
(i) Atomic number of element is (2+8+8+2) = 20
Q.19. The electronic configuration of an element T is 2, 8, 8, 1.
(ii) Position in periodic table is
(a) What is the group number of T?
4th period (Four shells)
(b) What is the period number of T?
2nd group (electrons in the outermost shell) (c) How many valence electrons are there in an atom of T?
(iii) It is metal. (iv) Alkaline earth metals-group. (d) What is the valency of T?
(v) Valency of the element is 2 (e) Is it metal or a non-metal?
Ans. (i) 1 (ii) 4 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) Metal Ans. (i) Neon belongs to zero group, has 8 electrons in outermost
Q.20. Match the atomic number 19, 15, 8, 4 and 2 with each of the shell. Structurally stable. Nucleus of neon can no longer pull
following : the extra nuclear electrons with same force as that of fluorine.
(i) A metal of valency one. Hence size of neon is greater than fluorine.
(ii) A solid non-metal of period 3. (ii) Magnesium is to the right of sodium in period III and size
(iii) A rare gas. of atom decreases on moving from left to right in a period.
(iv) A gaseous element with valency 2. Hence size of sodium is greater than size of magnesium.
(v) An element of group 2. (2017) 5. (i) Which is greater in size ?
Ans. (i) Atomic number 19 (metal of valency 1)
(a) an atom or a cation. (b) an atom or an anion.
(ii) Atomic number 15 (solid non-metal belonging to the third 2+ 3+
period) (c) Fe or Fe .
(iii) Atomic number 2 (a rare gas) (ii) Which has higher E.A. Fluorine or Neon.
(iv) Atomic number 8 (gaseous element with valency 2) (iii) Which has maximum metallic character Na, Li or K.
(v) Atomic number 4 (element belonging to group 2) Ans. (i) (a) An atom is greater than a cation. Cation is formed when
atom loses its electrons in the outermost shell. i.e., its shell
INTEXT QUESTIONS is lost and size of cation decrease.
1. What do you understand by atomic size ? State its unit. (b) Size of atom is less than size of anion. Anion is formed by
Ans. Atomic Size— Size of atom is indicated in terms of radius of gain of electron(s). Thus number of electrons are more than
atom i.e., ‘distance between the centre of nucleus to the outermost proton(s). The effective charge in nucleus is less, so less
o
shell of atom’. It is measured in Angstrom units A . inward pull is experienced. Hence size expands
o Cl + e– Cl–
Unit : Angstrom : 1 A = 10–10 m
[2, 8, 7] [2, 8, 8]
Picometre : 1 pm = 10–12 m
2. Give the trends in atomic size on moving : (c) Fe is greater than Fe3+
2+
(i) down the group, (ii) across the period left to right. Fe3+ is formed when Fe2+ loses one electron from outermost
Ans. (i) Atomic size on moving down a group increases as with shell and number of protons in nucleus remains same, so
change in period a new shell is added which results in increase inward pull (towards nucleus) is more and size of Fe3+
in size of atom. decrease.
(ii) Atomic Size decreases as we move from left to right in a Fe2+ – e Fe3+
period as at every step Atomic Number increases by one and (ii) F (Fluorine) has higher electron affinity.
1 proton is added in the nucleus and 1 electron is added in (iii) Potassium (K) has maximum metallic character.
the valence shell. There is more attraction i.e. Nuclear Pull 6. Arrange :
increases and thus atomic size Decreases.
(i) Be, Li, C, B, N, O, F (in increasing metallic character)
3. Arrange the elements of second and third period in increasing
order of their atomic size. (excluding noble gases). (ii) Si, Na, Al, Mg, Cl, P, S (in decreasing non-metallic character).
Ans. Elements of IInd period. Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne Ans. (i) Metallic Character in increasing order
Elements of IIIrd period. Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar F < O < N < C < B < Be < Li
4. Why is the size of : (ii) Increasing Non-Metallic Character Across a period on moving from
(i) neon greater than fluorine ? left to right.
(ii) sodium is greater than magnesium ? Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl
On moving from right to left in a period non-metallic character 10. The given table shows elements with same number of electrons
decreases. in its valence shell.
Cl > S > P > Si > Al > Mg > Na
Elements A B C
7. State the trend in chemical reactivity.
(i) across the period left to right, m.p. 63.0 180.0 97.0
(ii) down the group
State (i) whether these elements belong to same group or period.
Ans. Chemical Reactivity :
(ii) Arrange them in order of increasing metallic character.
(i) In a period from left to right first Decreases and then increases
Sol. Same group
Third period :
As these elements have same number of electrons in their valence
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
shell.
Most reactive  least   
 most reactive (ii) B<C<A
Re activity decreases Re activity decreases
metallic character increases as m.p. 180.0 > 97.0 > 63.0 decreases.
metal reactive non-metal 11. Which one of the following has the largest atomic radius ?
(ii) Reactivity of metals Increases on going down in a group and reactivity (i) Sodium (ii) Potassium (iii) Magnesium (iv) Aluminium
of non-metals decreases in going down a group.
Ans. (ii) Potassium (K).
8. A metal M forms an oxide having the formula M2O3. It belongs
to third period. Write the atomic number and valency of the  In a period on moving from left to right size of atom decreases
metal.  In IIIrd period Na has the maximum size (than Mg and Al)
Ans. M2 O3 M3+O2– But potassium being below sodium (Na) in group I. K is bigger
than Na as a new shell is added and size becomes bigger.
Metal M belongs to third period has 3 shells (2, 8, 3) has 3
electrons in valence shell since its looses 3 electrons. Hence its 12. Which one has the largest size ? (i) Br (ii) I (iii) I– (iv) Cl
atomic number is 13 (2 + 8 + 3) Ans. I has 7 valence electrons where as I– has 8 valence electrons but
Valency = 3+ since it is metal. both have equal number of protons in nucleus
9. An element X belong to 3rd period and 17th group, state  I– (Anion) is larger than I (atom)
(i) no. of valence electrons in it.  (iii) I– is the largest in size
(ii) name of the element.
(iii) name the family to which it belong.  On moving down a group Cl
(iv) write the formula of the compound formed when X reacts Br
27
with 13 Y I
Sol. (i) Since it belongs to 17th group, it has 7 valence electrons [2, 8, 7] Size increases
(ii) Element is Clorine (Cl)
(iii) Family is Halogen family Size of atom increases
Y
3+ Br–  I > Br > Cl
(iv) 27
(2,8,3) formula is YBr3 I– > I
13 Y
1 3 Hence I– is the largest in size.

13. The metals of group 2 from top to bottom are Be, Mg, Ca, 16. An element Barium has atomic number 56. Look up its
Sr and Ba
position in the Periodic Table and answer the following
(i) Which one of these elements will form ions most readily and why ?
(ii) State the common feature in their electronic configuration. questions.
Ans. (i) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?
(i) To form ions most readily means to lose electrons most readily. In
a group 2 as we move from top to bottom the size of element (ii) Is it more or less reactive than calcium ?
increases and its tendency to lose electron increases. (iii) What is its valency ?
 Ba can lose electron easily being at the bottom Be (iv) What will be the formula of its phosphate ?
Mg (v) Is it larger or smaller than caesium (Cs) in size ?
Ca Ans. 2nd group, 6th period
Sr (i) Barium is a METAL.
Ba (ii) More reactive than calcium (Ca).
(iii) Valency is + 2
 Ba can form ion easily
(ii) Common feature : They all have 2 valence electrons (are metals) (iv) Ba3 [PO4]2.
14. Write the number of protons, neutrons and electronic
(v) Smaller than Caesium (Cs) in size.
39 31
configuration of 19 K
, 15 P
. Also state their position in periodic
_ Ba is to the right of Cs.
table.
39
17. In group I of the Periodic Table, three elements X, Y and Z
Ans. 19 K
—— number of protons = 19 o o o
—— number of neutrons = 39 – 19 = 20 have ionic radii 1·33 A , 0·95 A and 0·60 A respectively..
Electrons = P = 19 Giving a reason, arrange them in the order of increasing
Electronic configuration 19 = 2, 8, 8, 1 atomic numbers in the group.
31
15 P
—— number of protons P = 15 o o o
Ans. X – 1·33 A ; Y – 0·95 A ; Z – 0·60 A .
—— number of neutrons N = 31 – 15 = 16
Electronic configuration 15 = 2, 8, 5 The order of increasing atomic numbers is : Z < Y < X.
15. Name the element which has : This order is due to the fact, that greater is the ionic radii,
(i) two shells, both of which are completely filled with electrons?
greater is the atomic number of the element. As new shell is
(ii) the electronic configuration 2, 8, 3 ?
(iii) a total of three shells with five electrons in its valence shell? added the ionic raddi increases, the number of electrons increases,
(iv) A total of four shells with two electrons in its valence shell? i.e., the atomic number increases.
(v) twice as many electrons in its second shell as in its first shell? 18. Explain why are the following statements not correct :
Ans. (i) Neon (Ne) (ii) Aluminium (Al) (iii) Phosphorus (P) (i) All groups contain metals and non-metals.
(iv) Calcium (Ca) (v) Carbon (C) (ii) Atoms of elements in the same group have the same
number of electron(s). (iii) If an element is in Group 17, it is likely to be non-metallic in

(iii) Non-metallic character decreases across a period with character, while with one electron in its outermost energy level
increase in atomic number. [shell], then it is likely to be metallic.
(iv) Reactivity increases with atomic number in a group as (iv) In Period 3, the metallic element is sodium.
well as in a period. 20. Complete the following sentences choosing the correct word or
Ans. (i) All groups contain metals, non-metals and metalloids also. words from those given in brackets at the end of each sentence:
(ii) Atoms of element in the same group have the same number (i) The properties of the elements are a Periodic function of their
of valence electrons.
...... (atomic number, mass number, relative atomic mass).
(iii) Non-metallic character increases across a period with increase
in atomic number. (ii) Moving across a ...... of the Periodic Table the elements show
(iv) Reactivity increases (non-metals) in a period and reactivity of
increasing ...... character. (group, period, metallic, non-metallic).
metals increases in a group with increase in atomic number. (iii) The elements at the bottom of a group would be expected
19. (i) State the number of elements in Period 1, Period 2, and to show ...... metallic character than the element at the top.
Period 3 of the periodic table. Name them. (less, more)
(ii) What is the common feature of the electronic configuration (iv) The similarities in the properties of a group of elements
of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3 ? are because they have the same ...... (electronic
(iii) If an element is in Group 17, it is likely to be configuration, number of outer electrons, atomic numbers).
[metallic/non-metallic] in character, while with one electron Ans. (i) Atomic number (ii) Period, non-metallic (iii) more (iv) number
in its outermost energy level [shell], then it is likely to be of outer electrons.
[metallic/non-metallic]. 21. Give reasons for the following :
(iv) In Period 3, the metallic element is ______ (sodium/ (i) The size of a Cl – ion is greater than the size of a Cl atom.
magnesium/aluminium). (ii) Argon atom is bigger than chlorine atom.
Ans. (i) Name of elements : (iii) Ionisation potential of the element increases across a period.
(a) There are two elements in the period 1 (iv) Inert gases do not form ions.
i.e. Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) Ans.
(b) There are 8 elements in period 2 (i) An anion is formed by the gain of electron(s). Thus, the number
Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), of electron(s) are more than proton(s). The effective positive
Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), charge in the nucleus is less, so less inward pull is experienced.
Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne) Hence the size expands.
(c) There are 8 elements in Period 3 Cl + e–  Cl–
Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al) Silicon (Si), (2, 8, 7) (2, 8, 8)
Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Argon (Ar). (ii) Argon atom has 8 electrons in its outermost shell and has
(ii) Elements at the end of second and third period are Ne and Ar STRUCTURAL STABILITY. Argon, due to FORCE OF
respectively. Both elements have 8 electrons in their outermost ELECTRONIC REPULSIONS in completely filled shells is
shell and have stable electronic configuration. bigger than Chlorine atom.

(iii) Atomic size decreases and nuclear charge increases this makes energies in first three periods.
removal of electron difficult hence more energy is required to Ans. Helium (He) has highest and Caesium (Cs) has the lowest ionisation
remove electron thereby increasing electron potential. energy in first three periods.
(iv) Inert gases do not form ions because they have completely filled octet. 5. Arrange the elements of second and third period in increasing
order of ionisation energy.
They are extremely stable. Hence, they neither loose, nor gain electrons.
Ans. Ionisation energy increases as we move from left towards right.
INTEXT QUESTIONS Elements of IInd period
Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne
1. (a) Define the term ‘ionisation potential’. (2010)
Lowest Highest
(b) Represent it in the form of an equation. In which unit
it is measured ? ionisation ionisation
Ans. (a) Ionisation Potential or Ionisation Energy : energy energy
The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl < Ar IIIrd period
isolated gaseous atom and convert it into a positively charged [exception]
gaseous ion is called ionisation energy (I.E.) or first ionisation 6. (a) Define the term ‘electron affinity’. State its unit.
energy (IE1). (2010)
(b) M(g) + I.E. M+(g) + e– (b) Arrange the elements of second period in increasing
order of their electron affinity. Name the elements which
M can be any element.
do not follow the trend in this period.
Unit : I.E. is measured in electron volts per atom (eV/atom) Ans. (a) Electron affinity : “The amount of energy released by an
and its S.I. unit is kilojoule per mole (KJ mole–1). isolated gaseous atom of an element in its lowest state of
2. Ionisation potential values depends on (a) atomic size energy by accepting an electron to form an anion.”
(b) nuclear pull. Explain X + e– X– = energy liberated
Ans. Ionisation potential : is the energy required to remove an electron (anion)
from a neutral isolated gaseous atom Unit : KJ mol–1
 Ionisation potential depends on. (b) Elements of second period in increasing order of their electron
(a) Atomic Size : Greater the size, ionisation energy required is less as affinity are :
the valence electrons are away from nucleus and less is electrostatic Li Be B C N O F Ne
force of attraction.
(b) Nuclear Charge : The greater the nuclear charge greater is the
attraction between valence electrons and nucleus and greater is the zero electron affinity
energy required to remove the electron (s). Be and N do not show negative values and hence do not
3. State the trends in ionisation energy follow the trend in this period.
(i) across the period, (ii) down the group. 7. Electron affinity values generally .............. across the period
Ans. (i) Ionisation energy in across the period as we move from left left to right and .............. down the group top to bottom.
to right increases. This is because size of atom decreases in Ans. Electron affinity values generally increases across the period left
period and nuclear charge increases. to right and decreases down the group top to bottom.
(ii) Down a group : Ionisation energy decreases since size of 8. (a) Define the term ‘Electronegativity’. State its unit.
atom increases and nuclear charge exerts lesser force as we (b) Among the elements given below, the element with
move down a group. least Electronegativity is (i) Lithium (ii) Boron
4 . Name the elements with highest and lowest ionisation (iii) Carbon (iv) Fluorine.

(c) The most electronegative element from the following (c) Halogens have high electron affinity, because halogens have
element is : decreased atomic size and increased nuclear charge from
(i) Magnesium (ii) Chlorine left to right in every period.
(iii) Aluminium (iv) Sulphur. (d) The atom or an ion which loses electron/electrons is called
Ans. (a) Electronegativity— “The tendency of an atom in a molecule reducing agent.
to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called Since atoms of elements moving down a group lose electrons
its electronegativity.” more easily and become more electropositive. Hence
Unit— No unit. reducing power of elements increase on moving down a
(b) (i) Lithium group.
 All element are in the same period second and electronegativity While moving across a period from left to right metallic
Increases from left to right in a period. character decreases and hence loss of valence electrons
(c) (ii) Chlorine decreases, therefore reducing power elements decreases.
9. Explain the following : (e)
Size of atoms becomes smaller and smaller when we move
(a) Group 17 elements are strong non-metals, while group from Sodium (Na) to Chlorine (Cl) in the third period, because
1 elements are strong metals. atomic radii decreases along the period from left to right. This
(b) Metallic character of elements decreases from left to right is because consecutive addition of one proton in the nucleus
in a period while it increases in moving down a group. and one electron in the valence shell of the element. This addition
(c) Halogens have high electron affinity. of proton in the nucleus increases positive charge and electrons
(d) The reducing power of element increases down in the in the outer shell are pulled inward and hence atomic radius is
group while decreases in a period. decreased. Chlorine (Cl) being on right becomes smaller.
(e) Size of atoms progressively become smaller when we 10. Name the periodic property which relates to the :
move from sodium (Na) to chlorine (Cl) in the third (a) amount of energy required to remove an electron from
period of the Periodic Table. an isolated gaseous atom,
Ans. (a) Elements of group 17 are strong non-metals because they lie (b) character of element which loses one or more electrons
on extreme right of periods, where non-metallic character when supplied with energy,
increases. Moreover their nuclear charge increases and atomic (c) tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electron.
size decreases. They all have 7 electrons in their valence shell, Ans. Periodic property is : (a) Ionisation potential
greater tendency to gain electrons are strong non-metals. (b) Ionisation energy or ionisation potential (c) Electronegativity.
Elements of group I are strong metals because of their bigger 11. This question refers to the elements of the periodic table
atomic size. All of them have one electron in their valence with atomic numbers from 3 to 18. Some of the elements
shell which can be easily removed. Elements are strong metals.
are shown by letters, but the letters are not the usual
(b) Metallic character of elements decreases from left to right in a
symbols of the elements.
period, because of increase in atomic number, nuclear pull increases,
thereby size decreases. Hence metallic nature decreases. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
It increases in moving down a group, because extra electron A B C D E F G H
shell is added in every period. In other words, more loosely 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
the valence electrons are held by the nucleus and element
I J K L M N O P
can easily lose them to form electropositive ions. Hence
metallic character increases in moving down a group.
Which of these : EXERCISE

(a) are most electronegative element.
(b) is a halogen ? 1. What is the significance of atomic number in the modern
(c) is an alkali metal ? periodic table ?
(d) is an element with valency 4 ? Ans. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of
(e) have least lonisation Energy. protons in the nucleus. Atomic number is the unique property of
an element, because no two elements have the same atomic
(f) have least atomic size in period 3.
number.
Ans. (a) G (9) (Fluorine)
* Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons.
(b) G (9) and O (17)
(c) A (3) and I (11) K = Number of electrons.
(d) D (6) and L (14) * It distinguishes an element from other elements, because no two
elements have the same atomic number.
(e) A (3)
(f) I (11) (NA) * It gives the electronic configuration of an element, e.g., an
element with atomic number 13 will have electronic configuration
12. A group of elements in the Periodic Table are given below
(boron is the first member of the group and Thallium is the
2, 8, 3.
last). * It helps us in finding the position of an element in the periodic
Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium table.
Answer the following questions in relation to the above group 2. Arrange the following as per instructions given in the
of elements : brackets.
(a) Which element has the most metallic character ?
(a) Mg, Cl, Na, S, Si (increasing order of atomic size)
(b) Which element would be expected to have the highest
electronegativity ? (b) Cs, Na, Li, K, Rb (decreasing electronegativity)
(c) If the electronic configuration of Aluminium is 2, 8, 3, (c) Na, K, Cl, S, Si (increasing ionisation potential)
how many electrons are there in the outer shell of
Thallium ? (d) Cl, F, Br, I (increasing electron affinity)
(d) The atomic number of Boron is 5. Write the chemical (e) Cs, Na, Li, K, Rb (decreasing electronegativity)
formula of the compound formed when Boron reacts with (f) K, Pb, Ca, Zn (increasing reactivity)
Chlorine.
(e) Will the elements in the group to the right of this Boron (g) Li, K, Na, H (decreasing order of their potential
group be more metallic or less metallic in character ? ionisation)
Justify your answer. Ans. All the elements belong to period 3.
Ans. (a) Thallium (b) Boron
(a) Na, Mg, Si, S and Cl
(c) 3 (d) BCl3
_ On moving from left to right in a period (IIIrd period) size of
(e) Less metallic due to increase in ionisation energy.
atom decreases.
(b) Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs (b) Fluorine

(c) K and Na being in the same group I 4. First ionisation enthalpy of two elements X and Y are 500
kJ mol–1 and 375 kJ mol–1 respectively. Comment about their
 K has less Ionisation potential than Na relative position in a group as well as in a period.
Ionisation potential increases in a period on moving from left to Ans. Ionisation Enthalpy or potential is high on right side of periodic
right. table and minimum on left of periodic table. Elements X and Y
seem to be metals are on the left of table. They loose 1 electron
 K < Na < Si < S < Cl
each are metals of group I. Ionisation Enthalpy decreases in a
(d) In a group Electron Affinity increases from top to bottom group from top to bottom. X is above and Y at bottom of IA i.e.
 F < Cl < Br < I
X is Sodium (Na) and Y is Caesium (Cs) in IA group. Also X in
3rd period Y in 6th period.
or I > Br > Cl > F 5. Arrange the following in order of increasing radii :
F
(a) Cl–, Cl (b) Mg2+, Mg, Mg+ (c) N, O, P
Cl Sol. (a) Cl– > Cl [Radius of anion is more than parent atom]
Br  Cl, Cl–
I (b) Mg2+, Mg+, Mg Or Mg2+ < Mg+ < Mg
Electron (c) N 7 = 2, 5, O 8 = 2, 6, P 15 = 2, 8, 5
affinity increases Radius of oxygen < Radius of Nitrogen where as phosphorus
has three shells.
(e) Electron Negativity in a group Decreases from top to bottom. All  O, N, P
these elements belong to group I 6. Which element from the following has the highest ionisation
 Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs are in decreasing order energy ?
(a) P, Na, Cl (b) F, O, Ne (c) Ne, He, Ar
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
Explain your choice
(f) Pb, Zn, Ca, K Ans. (a) From the table :
(g) K, Na, Li, H Ionisation energy of Na = 496 kj mol–1
3. Chlorine in the Periodic Table is surrounded by the P = 1011 kj mol–1
elements with atomic number 9, 16, 18 and 35. Cl = 1256 kj mol–1
 Cl has the highest I.E. from the table :
(a) Which of these have Physical and Chemical properties
(b) Ionisation Energy of O = 1314 kj mol–1
resembling chlorine.
F = 1681 kj mol–1
(b) Which is more electronegative than chlorine. Ne = 2080 kj mol–1
Ans. (a) Atomic number 9 i.e., Fluorine. As both are halogens. They O, F, Ne are in IInd period and I.E. increases in a period from
belong to same group 17 and have seven electrons in the left to right.
valence shell. There valency is 1. Both the elements are  Ne has the highest I.E.
non-metals. (c) From the table :
Ionisation energy in a group from top to bottom decreases expected to have a lower electro-negativity than sodium and the
I.E. of He = 2372 kj mol–1 element above chlorine would be expected to have a higher
Ne = 2080 kj mol–1 ionization potential than chlorine.
Ar = 1520 kj mol–1 (b) On moving from left to right in a given period, the number of
 He has the highest I.E. shells remains the same.
7. The electronegativities (according to Pauling) of the (c) On moving down a group, the number of valence electrons
elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are as follows remains the same.
with the elements arranged in alphabetical order : (d) Metals are good reducing agent because they are electron
Al Cl Mg Na P S Si donors.
9. Parts (a) to (e) refer to changes in the properties of elements
1.5 3.0 1.2 0.9 2.1 2.5 1.8
moving from left to right across a period of the Periodic
Arrange the elements in the order in which they occur in Table. For each property, choose the correct answer.
the Periodic Table from left to right.
(a) The non-metallic character of the elements :
(The group 1 element first, followed by the group 2 (i) decreases (ii) increases
element and so on, up to group 7).
(iii) remains the same (iv) depends on the period
Ans. Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl
Ans. (ii) increases
8. Choose the word or phrase from the brackets which (b) The electronegativity :
correctly completes each of the following statements :
(i) depends on the number of valence electrons
(a) The element below sodium in the same group would
(ii) remains the same
be expected to have a ......... (lower/higher) electro-
(iii) decreases (iv) increases
negativity than sodium and the element above
chlorine would be expected to have a ......... (lower/ Ans. (iv) increases
higher) ionization potential than chlorine. (c) The ionization potential :
(b) On moving from left to right in a given period, the (i) goes up and down (ii) decreases
number of shells ......... (remains the same/increases/ (iii) increases (iv) remains the same
decreases). Ans. (iii) increases
(c) On moving down a group, the number of valence (d) The atomic size :
electrons ................ (remains the same/increases/ (i) decreases (ii) increases
decreases). (iii) remains the same
(d) Metals are good ......... (oxidising agent/reducing (iv) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases.
agent) because they are electron ......... (acceptors/ Ans. (i) decreases
donors). (2016)
(e) The electron affinity of the elements in groups 1 to 7 :
Ans. (a) The element below sodium in the same group would be
(i) goes up and then down

(ii) decreases and then increases 13.

(iii) increases (iv) decreases (a) Formula of ion of A is A2+. Element A probably belong to .......... group.
Ans. (iii) increases (b) In a period increase in Electron affinity ........... (oxidation/
10. The elements of one short period of the Periodic Table are reduction) increases ............ (oxidation/reduction) decreases
given below in order from left to right : left to right.
Li Be B C O F Ne (c) On descending a group .......... (increase/decrease) in ionisation
(a) To which period do these elements belong ? potential as well as electron affinity ........... (increase/
(b) One element of this period is missing. Which is the missing decrease) oxidising capacity.
element and where should it be placed ? Ans.
(c) Place the three elements fluorine, beryllium and nitrogen (a) Formula of ion of A is A2+. Element A probably belong to 2nd group.
in the order of increasing electronegativity.
(b) In a period increase in Electron affinity oxidation increases
(d) Which one of elements belongs to the halogen series?
reduction decreases left to right.
Ans. (a) The elements belong to Second Period
(c) On descending a group decrease in ionisation potential as well as
(b) Nitrogen and it should be placed after carbon before oxygen. electron affinity increase oxidising capacity.
(c) The increasing order of electro-negativity is Be < N < F
2009
(d) Fluorine
11. With reference to the variation of properties in the Periodic (a) Among period 2 elements A, B, C and D, the one which
Table, which of the following is generally true ? has high electron affinity is
(a) Atomic size increases from left to right across a period. A. Lithium B. Carbon
(b) Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.
C. Fluorine D. Neon
(c) Electron affinity increases going down a group.
(d) Electro-negativity increases going down a group. Ans. C. Fluorine
Ans. (b) Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period. (b) Group No.’s
12. Atomic numbers of elements A, B, C, D, E, F are 8, 7, 11, 12,
13 and 9 respectively. State the type of ions they form. IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
Ans. 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Element Atomic no. Electronic Difference Ion
Li D O J Ne
configuration from Octet formed
A 8 2 2
1s 2s 2p 4 8–6=2 –2 A Mg E Si H K
B 7 1s2 2s2 2p3 8–5=3 –3 B C F G L
C 11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 One electron +1
more than octet Select from the table.
D 12 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Two electrons +2
(i) Which is most electronegative ?
more than octet
E 13 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s3 Three electrons +3 (ii) How many valence electrons are present is G ?
more than octet
(iii) Write the formula of the compound between B and
F 9 1s2 2s2 2p5 8–7 –1
H. (i) to which period it belongs

(iv) In the compound between F and J what type of bond (ii) the number of valence electron in the element
will be formed. (iii) is the element metal or non-metal.
(v) Draw the electron dot structure for the compound Ans. (a) D – 7
formed between C and K.
(b) Electronegativity across the period increases.
Ans. (i) J is the most electronegative.
(c) Non-metallic character down the group decreases.
(ii) G has group no 15 or VA that means it will have 5 electrons
in its outermost shell. (d) Atomic no. (16)  2, 8, 6
(iii) B has 1 valence electron its valency will be + 1. It will be K L M
represented as B1+ (i) 3 period (Because it has three shells).
H has 6 valence electrons so its valency will be – 2. It will (ii) 6 valence electrons (Valence electrons are present in outermost
be represented as H2- orbit).
Chemical formula = B1+ H2- (iii) Non metal (elements having 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons are
non metals). It accepts 2 electrons to complete its octet.
B2 H 2011
(a) Give reasons - The oxidising power of elements increases
(iv) Since F belongs to 14th group or IVA group. It has four from left to right along a period in the Periodic Table.
valence electrons which means it will share electrons and Ans. Oxidising power means to accept electrons.
the bond will be covalent. As we move from left to right along a periodic table, the size of
(v) C has two valence electrons and K has seven valence element decrease, hold of nucleus increases, incoming electron is
electrons K needs 1 electron to complete its octet and C accepted easily thus oxidising power of element increases.
needs to lose 2 electrons. (b) Select the correct answer –
K × C × K (i) Across a period, the ionization potential .......................
(increases, decreases, remains same.)
– – 2-
Ans. increases
2+ 2+
K× C ×K Or C 2 ×K (ii) Down the group, electron affinity ................. (increases,
decreases, remains same).
2010 Ans. decreases
(a) The number of electrons in the valence shell of a halogen (c) Choose the correct answer from the choices given :
is .......... A – 1, B – 3, C – 5, D – 7.
(i) In the periodic table alkali metals are placed in the group
(b) Electronegativity across the period .......... [increases/ ..............
decreases]. A: 1 B : 11 C : 17 D : 18
(c) Non-metallic character down the group .......... [increase/ Ans. A : 1
decreases].
(ii) Which of the following properties do not match with elements
(d) Atomic number of an element is 16. State of the halogen family?
A. They have seven electrons in their valence shell. 2013

B. They are highly reactive chemically. (a) Among the period 2 elements, the element which has high
C. They are metallic in nature. electron affinity is
D. They are diatomic in their molecular form. A. Lithium B. Carbon
Ans. C. They are metallic in nature. C. Chlorine D. Fluorine
(d) State the group and the period, of the element having three Ans. D. Fluorine has highest electron affinity
shells with three electrons in valence shell. (b)
Ans. If three shells  element belongs to third period.
Group No. 1-IA 2-IIA 13-IIIA 14-IVA 15-VA 16-VIA 17-VIIA 1 8 - O
If three valence electrons  element belongs to 13 group.
2nd period Li D O J Ne
2012
3rd period A Mg E Si H M
(a) Choose the correct answer from the option : An element
in period 3 whose electrons affinity is zero. 4th period R T I Q U Y
A. Neon B. Sulphur
In this table H does not represent hydrogen. Some ele-
C. Sodium D. Argon ments are given in their own symbol and position in the
Ans. D. Argon periodic table while others are shown with a letter. Answer
(b) Give reason : the following questions.
(i) Ionisation potential of the element increases across (i) Identify the most electronegative element.
a period. (ii) Identify the most reactive element of group 1.
(ii) Alkali metals are good reducing agent. (iii) Identify the element from period 3 with least atomic size.
Ans. (i) Atomic size decreases and nuclear charge increases this (iv) How many valence electrons are present in Q ?
makes removal of electron difficult hence more energy is (v) Which element from group 2 would have the least ioniza-
required to remove electron thereby increasing electron tion energy ?
potential.
(vi) Identify the noble gas of the fourth period.
(ii) They have greater tendency to loose electron which makes
(vii) In the compound between A and H what type of bond is
them good reducing agent.
formed and give its molecular formula.
(c) There are three elements E, F, G with atomic numbers 19,
Ans. (i) J (ii) R (iii) M (iv) 5 (v) T (vi) y
8 and 17 respectively –
(vii) Ionic bond. Formula is A2H.
Classify the above elements as metals and non-metals.
(c) Identify:The element which has the highest ionization potential.
Ans. E 19 - 2, 8, 8, 1, F 8 - 2, 6, G 17 - 2, 8, 7
Ans. Fluorine.
E = Metal, F and G = Non-Metal
2014
(d) Name : A metal present in period 3, group I of the periodic
table. (a) Choose the correct answer from the choices given :
Ans. Sodium (Na) (i) Ionisation Potential increases over a period from left to right
because the:
A. Atomic radius increases and nuclear charge increases
B. Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge decreases (iii) Group I

C. Atomic radius increases and nuclear charge decreases (e) Give one words or phrase for : The amount of energy released
D. Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases. when an atom in the gaseous state accepts an electron to form
Ans. D. Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases. an anion.
Ans. The amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state
(ii) If an element A belongs to Period 3 and Group IInd will have,
accepts an electron to form an anion Electron Affinity..
A. 3 shells and 2 valence electrons (f) Match the options A to B with the statements (i) to (ii):
B. 2 shells and 3 valence electrons A. metal (i) The metal that forms two types of ions
C. 3 shells and 3 valence electrons B. iron (ii) An element with electronic configuration 2, 8, 8, 3
D. 2 shells and 2 valence electrons Ans. A metal (ii) An element with electronic configuration 2, 8, 8, 3
Ans. A. 3 shells and 2 valence electrons B iron (i) The metal that forms two types of ions
2015
(b) Atomic number of an element Z is 16. Answer the following:
(a) Among the elements given below, the element with the least
(i) State the period and group to which Z belongs.
electronegativity is :
(ii) Is Z a metal or a non-metal? (i) Lithium (ii) Carbon
(iii) State the formula of the compound between Z and Hydrogen. (iii) Boron (iv) Fluorine
(iv) What kind of a compound is this? Ans. (i) Lithium
Ans. An element Z has atomic number 16 (b) The metals of Group 2 from top to bottom are Be, Mg, Ca, Sr
and Ba.
(i) Period – 3 group – 16 or VIA (as E.C. 2, 8, 6)
(i) Which of these elements will form ions most readily and why?
(ii) Z is a non-metal. (ii) State the common feature in the electronic configuration
(iii) Formula between Z and hydrogen is H2Z. of all these elements.
(iv) The kind of compound is covalent. Ans. (i) Barium will ionise most readily because the 2 electrons in its
(c) State the formula of the compound between Z and hydrogen. valence shell are far away from the nucleus. Thus, barium can
easily donate these electrons and ionises readily.
Ans. Formula between Z and hydrogen is H2Z.
(ii) All the elements in the list have two valence electrons.
(d) M is a metal above hydrogen in the activity series and its 2016
oxide has the formula M2O. This oxide when dissolved in (a) Metals are good ............ (oxidizing/reducing agents) because
water forms the corresponding hydroxide which is a good they are electron ............ (acceptors / donors).
conductor of electricity, in the above context answer the Ans. Metals are good reducing agents because they are electron donors.
following: (b) An element with atomic number 19 will most likely combine
(i) What kind of combination exists between M and O? chemically with element whose atomic number is :
(ii) State the number of electrons in the outermost shell of (A) 17 (B) 11 (C) 18 (D) 20
M? Ans. (A) 17
(c) Rewrite the following sentences by using the correct symbol
(iii) Name the group to which M belongs.
> (greater than) or < (less than) in the blanks given :
Ans. (i) M and O combine with electrovalent bond. 1. The ionization potential of Potassium is ......... that of
(ii) One Sodium.
2. The electronegativity of Iodine is ............ that of Chlorine. EXERCISE 1 (GOYAL)

Ans. (i) 1. prop - 1 - ene 2. but - 2 - yne
3. ethanal Q. 1.(a)Who prepared modern periodic table ?
(ii) 1. < (less than) 2. < (less than) Ans. Modern periodic table was prepared by H.G.J. Moseley in 1913 in
(d) Fill in the blanks by selecting the correct word from the brackets: England.
(i) If an element has a low ionization energy then it is
likely to be ............ (metallic / non-metallic). Q. 1.(b)Define (i) Modern periodic law (ii) Modern periodic table.
(ii) If an element has seven electrons in its outermost shell Ans. (i) MODERN PERIODIC LAW. It states that “physical and
then it is likely to have the ............ (largest / smallest) chemical properties of all ELEMENTS are periodic function of
atomic size among all the elements in the same period. their ATOMIC NUMBER.”
Ans. (i) If an element has a low ionization energy then it is likely to be (ii) MODERN PERIODIC TABLE or LONG FORM OF
metallic. PERIODIC TABLE
(ii) If an element has seven electrons in its outermost shell then it
is likely to have the smallest atomic size among all the “The arrangement of Elements on the basis of increasing ATOMIC
elements in the same period. NUMBER in tabular form is called modern periodic table.”
2018 Q. 2. With reference to long form of periodic table, fill in the blank
In Period 3 of the Periodic Table, element B is placed to the left of spaces with appropriate words :
element A. On the basis of this information, choose the correct
(a) The chemical properties of elements are periodic function of
word from the brackets to complete the following statements:
their ...... .
(i) The element B would have (lower/higher) metallic character
than A. (b) The serial number of an element in a periodic table is also
(ii) The element A would probably have (lesser/higher) electron its ...... .
affinity than B. (c) The number of electrons in valence shell of an atom represents
(iii) The element A would have (greater/smaller) atomic size its ...... in the periodic table.
than B.
(d) The number of electron shells around the nucleus of an atom
Ans. (i) Higher (ii) Higher (iii) Smaller
represents its ..... in the periodic table.
2019
(a) Study the extract of the Periodic Table given below and answer (e) ...... metals and alkaline ...... metals are placed in the group
the questions that follow. Give the alphabet corresponding to the IA and ...... respectively on the left hand side of the periodic
element in question. DO NOT repeat an element. table.
A (f) ...... elements are placed on the right hand side of the periodic
C D E table.
B G F (g) The elements occupying left and right wing vertical columns
are called ...... elements.
(i) Which element forms electrovalent compound with G ? (h) Noble ...... are placed in ...... group in the last ...... of the
(ii) The ion of which element will migrate towards the cathode
periodic table.
during electrolysis ?
(iii) Which non-metallic element has the valency 2 ? (i) The ...... elements are accommodated in the middle of periodic
(iv) Which is an inert gas ? table in ...... series.
Ans. (i) B (ii) B and A (iii) E (iv) F
(j) The first period has ...... elements and is called ...... period. Q. 5. Name four alkali metals. To which group do they belong ?
(k) The second and third periods have ...... elements and are Ans. Four alkali metals are Li, Na, K, Rb.
called ...... periods. They belong to group IA.
(l) The fourth and fifth periods have ...... elements and are called Q. 6. Name four alkaline earth metals. To which group do they
...... periods. belong ?
(m) The sixth period has ...... elements and is called ...... period. Ans. Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba.
(n) The seventh period is also ...... period but is ...... . They belong to group IIA.
(o) ...... are the elements from atomic number 57 to ...... and Q. 7. Name four elements of VIIA group. State the common name
are placed ...... the periodic table. of this group of elements.
(p) Actinides are elements from atomic number ...... to ...... and Ans. Four elements of VIIA group are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl),
are radioactive. Bromine (Br) and Iodine (I).
Ans. (a) Atomic number (b) Atomic number Common name of elements of this group is HALOGENS.
(c) Group (d) Period Q. 8. Silicon (at. no. 14) and phosphorus (at. no. 15) belong to the
same period of periodic table. Write down electronic
(e) Alkali, earth, IIA (f) non-metallic
configuration of silicon and phosphorus and name the period
(g) normal representative (h) gases, zero, column in which these elements occur.
(i) Transition, four (j) Two, Shortest
Ans. Electronic configuration
(k) Eight, Short (l) 18, long
Silicon At. no. 14 K, L, M
(m) 32, longest (n) long, incomplete
(o) lanthenides, 71, at the bottom of (p) 90, 103. 2, 8, 4
Q. 3(a).What are transition elements ? Phosphorus At. no. 15 K, L, M
Ans. Elements of the groups 3 to 12 or elements in the group IB to 2, 8, 5
VII B and VIII group are called TRANSITION elements. These elements belong to Third period, as there are three shells in
Q. 3(b).Which amongst the following are transition elements : each.
K, Mn, Ca, Cr, Cu, Cs, Fe, Pt. Q. 9. Which period is (i) Shortest (ii) Longest (iii) Incomplete, in
Ans. Mn, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pt are transition elements long form of periodic table ? How many elements are in (i)
Q. 4. Give the name and symbol of the following elements which and (ii) ?
occupy the following positions in the periodic table. Ans. (i) First period is the shortest period.
(a) period 2, group III A (b) period 3, group VII A. (ii) Sixth period is the longest period.
Ans. (iii) Seventh period.
(a) While moving across period 2 from left to right under column First period has 2 elements.
IIIA we locate B. Sixth period has 32 elements.
The element is Boron and symbol ‘(B)’. EXERCISE 2 (GOYAL)
(b) While moving across period 3 from left to right under column
VIIA we locate Cl. Q. 1. Answer the following questions regarding long form of
The element is Chlorine and symbol ‘Cl’. periodic table.
41 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 42 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

(i) What do you understand by the term period ? Ans. Atomic volume is atomic size. Atomic size depends upon atomic
Ans. “A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table is called a radius. Atomic radius is “The distance from the centre of the nucleus to
period.” the outermost shell of electrons in an isolated atom.”
(ii) How many are total number of periods in the table ? As one moves down a group, an extra electron shell is added after
Ans. There are seven periods in the periodic table. every change of the period. Thus the hold of the nucleus on the valence
electrons gradually decreases. In other words, more the electron shells
(iii) Which period is shortest ? Name the elements in this period.
around the nucleus, more loosely the electrons are held by the nucleus and
Ans. The first period is the shortest period. hence, the element can easily donate them to form electropositive ions.
Elements are Hydrogen and Helium. Hence bigger the atomic volume, more metallic is an element.
(iv) How many periods are called short periods ? Give their period (b) Name : (i) most metallic element (ii) most non-metallic
numbers and name at least one element of each period. element.
Ans. Two periods : Second period and third period. Ans. (i) Calcium (Cs) is the most metallic element. FRANCIUM is a
Element of second period is C. radioactive element, so its properties are not known.
Element of third period is Na. (ii) FLUORINE is the most non-metallic element.
(v) How many periods are called long periods ? How many Q. 5. Write the names of all the elements in the ascending
elements are in a long period ? order of atomic volume of (a) group IA elements (b) group VII A
Ans. There are two long periods. elements.
There are 18 elements in a long period. Ans. (a) Elements of group IA are (H) Hydrogen, (Li) Lithium, (Na)
Sodium, (K) Potassium, (Rb) Rubidium, (Cs) Cesium and (Fr) Francium.
(vi) How many periods are called very long periods ? Give their
period numbers and state which one amongst them is incomplete. (b) Elements of group VII A are (F) Fluorine, (Cl) Chlorine, (Br)
How many elements are in the complete ‘very long period ?’ Bromine, (I) Iodine, (At) Astatine.
Ans. Two periods : sixth period and seventh period are called very Q. 6. (a) What do you understand by the term electronegativity ?
long periods. Ans. “The property of an atom to attract electrons towards itself
Seventh period is incomplete period. when combined in a compound is called ELECTRONEGATIVITY.”
There are 32 elements in sixth period. ELECTRONEGATIVITY may also be defined as “The relative
tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract a shared pair of electrons.”
Q. 2. (a) What do you understand by the term group as applied
to long form of the periodic table ? (b) Write the names of all the elements in the third period of
Ans. “A vertical column in the periodic table” is called a group. long form.
(b) How many groups are in the long form of periodic table ? Ans. The names of elements of third period are
Ans. There are 18 groups in the periodic table. Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si),
Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl) and Argon (Ar).
Q. 3. Metallic properties change to non-metallic properties as
one moves from left to right in a period. Explain. Q. 7. Amongst the elements given in the list below, pick out the
elements which are :
Ans. Refer to Q.16 and tendency to gain electron(s) increases due to
increase in nuclear pull and a decrease in atomic size, non-metallic character (i) most electropositive (ii) most electronegative (iii) noble gases.
increases across a period. Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca.
Q. 4. (a) Bigger the atomic volume, more metallic is an element. Ans. (i) Most electropositive element is K.
Explain. (ii) Most electronegative element is F.
(iii) Noble gases are Ne and Ar.  Ar > Cl

Q. 8. How is the atomic volume of sodium related to Hence size of Cl is the smallest.
(i) magnesium (ii) potassium ? Q. 11. Explain, why halogens have a very strong electron
Ans. The atomic radii and hence atomic volume decreases as one affinity ? (V.Imp.)
moves from left to right in a given period and magnesium is towards the Ans. Electron affinity “is the amount of energy released by an isolated
right of sodium. gaseous atom of an element in its lowest state of energy by accepting an
Hence (i) At. vol. of sodium is greater than magnesium. electron to form an anion.
(ii) The atomic radii and hence atomic volume increases in going F + e  F + (3·60 eV)
from top to bottom in a group. Thus, electron affinity of fluorine – 3·6 eV. The –ve sign means that
Sodium is above potassium. energy is released by addition of an electron.
Hence (ii) Atomic volume of sodium is less than potassium. As electron affinity increases from left to right in a period except
Q. 9. Arrange the following sets of elements in increasing order noble gases. Halogens which are on the extreme right except noble gases
have strong electron affinity.
of their atomic volume.
Electron affinity may also be defined as “The energy change when
(a) K, Li, Na (b) O, C, N
an electron is gained by a isolated, gaseous atom forming an anion is called
Ans. (a) Increasing order of volume K > Na > Li. electron affinity.
Reason. As one moves down a group, Atomic volume of elements As atomic size decreases from left to right in a period and hence
increases. At each new element a new shell of electrons is added to the electron affinity increases.
atom.
Reason. It is because, with increase in atomic size the nuclear
(b) Order of elements, in increasing order of atomic volume pull on the valence electrons decreases. Thus electrons are loosely
C > N > O. held and hence require lesser energy for their removal. Since halogens lie
Reason. While moving in a period from left to right atomic volume to the right of periodic table, halogens have strong electron affinity.
of elements decreases. The number of protons and electrons in an atom Q. 12. Explain, why reducing power of elements increase, on
increases in going from left to right in a period. The added electrons enter moving down a group ?
the same shell. Due to the increase in nuclear charge, the electrons are Ans. The atom or an ion which loses electron/electrons is called
pulled towards the nucleus with greater attractive force. As a result, the reducing agent.
electronic shell shrinks and the atomic size decreases. Since atoms of elements moving down a group lose electrons more
Q. 10. Pick out the element having smallest size from the list and more and become more electropositive. Hence reducing power of
given below. Give a reason for your answer : Na, Cl, Si, Ar. (V.Imp.) elements increase on moving down a group.
Ans. Cl is of smallest size. Q. 13. Explain, why reducing power of elements decrease, on
Reason. As one moves from left to right in a period, size of an moving from left to right in a period ?
element decreases Ans. The atom or an ion which loses electron/electrons is called
 Na > Si > Cl > Ar reducing agent.
But Ar is a noble gas. While moving across a period from left to right metallic character
decreases and hence loss of valence electrons decreases, therefore reducing
The atomic radii of noble gases (Ne, Ar) suddenly increase due to
power element decreases.
force of REPULSION in completely filled shell as compared to its
predecessor. Q. 14. Explain, why elements lying on the extreme right of
periodic table are strong non-metals, but lying on extreme left are Ans. Electron affinity may be positive or negative. When the energy
strong metals ? is released, the electron affinity is taken as positive, and if energy is absorbed
Ans. In a period, electron shell remains the same, but electrons and during the reaction, electron affinity is taken as negative.
protons are increasing. The nuclear attraction on the electrons in Q. (c) Name the element having highest electron affinity. (V.Imp.)
valence shell increases. The size of atom decreases. Thus more energy Ans. Element F has the highest electron affinity.
is required to pull out electrons from the valence shell and tendency
Q. (d) Arrange Cl, F, I, Br in the increasing order of electron
to lose an electron decreases in going from left to right in a period.
affinity. (V.Imp.)
Since metals have higher tendency to lose electrons and this tendency
Ans. These elements belong to group VIIA of the periodic table.
of an atom to lose electrons decreases in a period from left to right. Therefore
Also VIIA group is to extreme right, before noble gases. (a) With increase
the metallic character decreases from left to right in a period thus elements
in atomic size the electron affinity decreases. Hence size of elements of
on right of periodic table are strong non-metals, but lying on extreme left
group VIIA as one moves down this group increases and electron affinity
are strong metals.
in this group decreases from top to bottom. Hence order of elements in
Q. 15. Explain, why metallic character of an element increases, the increasing order of electron affinity F > Cl > Br > I.
while moving down a group ?
Q. 18. List given below shows elements of 3rd period. The atomic
Ans. As one moves down a group, an extra electron shell is added size of elements are shown in brackets ( ). Arrange the elements in
after every change of period. Thus the hold of the nucleus on the valence the increasing order of metallic activity i.e. most metallic element
electrons gradually decreases. In other words, more the electron shell should come last. Si (1·17 Å) ; P (1·10 Å) ; Na (1·86 Å) ; Cl (0·99 Å) ;
around the nucleus, more loosely the electrons are held by the nucleus and Mg (1·36 Å). (V.Imp.)
hence the element can easily donate or lose them to form electropositive
Ans. More the atomic size of element more is the metallic character
ions and hence more metallic. Therefore metallic character of elements
i.e. more electropositive character, because the hold of the nucleus on the
increases, while moving down a group.
valence electrons decreases. Elements in the increasing order of metallic
Q. 16. Explain, why non-metallic character of elements increase, activity is Cl < P < Si < Mg < Na.
while going from left to right in a periodic table ?
Q. 19. What happens to melting points and boiling points of
Ans. As one moves from left to right in a period, there is consecutive elements as one moves down a group ? (V.Imp.)
addition of one proton in the nucleus and one electron in the valence shell
Ans. (a) While going down in a group of METALS, melting points
of the element. However, the electron is always added in the same valence
and boiling points decrease gradually.
shell in a given period.
(b) While going down in a group of non-metals, melting points and
Atoms of metals always lose electrons and are called electropositive.
boiling points increase gradually.
Non-metals either gain or share electrons and hence are called
Electronegative. Hence on moving from left to right in a period Q. 20. State two problems which are unresolved in the long form
electropositive character or metallic character of elements gradually of the periodic table.
decreases and electronegative character or non-metallic character of Ans. (i) Position of hydrogen is unresolved.
elements increases ? (ii) It fails to accommodate lanthanides and actinides in the main
Q. 17. (a) What do you understand by the term electron affinity ? body of the table.
Ans. “The energy change when an electron is gained by an isolated, Q. 21. State three merits of long form of the periodic table.
gaseous atom forming an anion is called electron affinity.” Ans. Three merits are :
Q. (b) Does electron affinity represent energy absorbed or energy (i) The classification of elements is based on the fundamental property
released ? (V.Imp.) of the elements i.e., atomic number.
(ii) It explains variations and similarities in the properties of elements P + N = 12

in terms of electronic configuration. P + 6 = 12
(iii) The elements of a subgroup in a given group have been placed P = 12 – 6 = 6
separately. Thus dissimilar elements do not fall together.
K L
Q. 22. The table given below shows mass number and number
Electronic configuration of A is 2, 4
neutrons in four elements A, B, C and D
A has 4 electrons in valence shell and D has 7 electrons in outermost,
Element A B C D shell which is one less than the nearest noble gas configuration. A cannot
Mass number 12 20 23 35 lose 4 electrons and D cannot gain 4 electrons. Thus nature of compound
No. of neutrons 6 10 12 18 formed by A and D is covalent.
(a) Write down atomic number of D and its electronic
configuration.
(b) To which period D belongs ?
(c) To which group D belongs ?
(d) What will be the nature (ionic or covalent) of the compounds
formed by :
(i) C and D (ii) A and D.
Ans. (a) Mass number of D = P + N = 35
P + 18 = 35
P = 35 – 18 = 17
 Atomic number of D = 17 = 2, 8, 7
K L M
(b) 17 = 2, 8, 7 there are three shells. D belongs to third period.
(c) There are 7 electrons in the valence shell. D belongs to VIIA
group or 17 group.
(d) (i) Mass number of element C is 23
 P + N = 23
P + 12 = 23 and P = 23 – 12 = 11
Atomic number = 11 = 2, 8, 1
K L M
Element C has 1 electron in the valence shell, which it can lose to D,
as D can gain one electron and both C and D can attain stable configuration.
Thus nature of compound formed by C and D will be ionic.
(ii) The element A has mass number = 12

CHAPTER 2 bond.
* ELECTROVALENT or IONIC COMPOUNDS : “Compounds
CHEMICAL BONDING formed by TRANSFER of electrons from an atom of element to
atom of another element.”
* ELECTROVALENCY : “The number of electrons that an atom of
* Cause of chemical combination is “The tendency of elements to an element loses or gains to form electrovalent bond is called
acquire the nearest noble gas configuration in their outermost orbit ELECTROVALENCY.”
and become stable.” * SODIUM ATOM (Na) : is silvery white, poisonous, very active,
* Noble gases have their outermost orbits complete i.e. He has 2 incomplete valence shell, neutral and exists in combined state.
electron (DUPLET) while all other INERT GASES like Neon, Ar, * SODIUM ION (Na+) : is colourless, non-poisonous, inactive, has
Kr, Xe and Rn have electrons (OCTET). completely filled outer shell, positively charged and exists
* Inert gases have STABLE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION or independently.
they are in MINIMUM STATE OF ENERGY. * CHLORINE ATOM (Cl) : is poisonous, suffocating, yellowish green
* All other elements try to attain nearest noble gas configuration by (as Cl2 gas), has 7 electrons in outermost shell, neutral, very active
chemical combination. and does not exist independently.
* IONIC BOND or ELECTROVALENT BOND : “Transfer of one or * CHLORIDE ANION (Cl–) : is non-poisonous, odourless, colourless,
more electron from one atom to other.” has 8 electrons in valence shell, (Cl–) negatively charged and has
* COVALENT BOND or MOLECULAR BOND : “Sharing of one, independent existence.
two or three pairs of electrons between two atoms.” * OXIDATION : “Loss of electron(s) is called oxidation.”
* CO-ORDINATE or DATIVE BOND : “When the shared electron OR
pairs are contributed by only one of the combining atoms.” “Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen to a substance is called
* “The force of attraction between any two atoms, in a molecule, to oxidation”
maintain stability” is called CHEMICAL BOND. Na – e–  Na+ sodium atom on losing 1 electron gets oxidised to
* ION : “A charged particle which is formed by loss or gain of one or Na+ (sodium ion).
more electrons by an atom is called ION.” * REDUCTION : Gain of electron(s) is called reduction.
* CATION : “Ions which migrate to CATHOD i.e. having +ve charge OR
by loss of one or more electrons.” Metallic element or
Removal of oxygen or addition of Hydrogen is called reduction.
ELECTROPOSITIVE ELEMENT lose electron/s.
Cl + e–  Cl– chlorine atom is reduced to chloride ion.
Na – e–  Na+ (cation)
* OXIDISING AGENT : “The atom or an ion which gains electron(s)
* ANION : “ions which migrate to ANODE during electrolysis i.e.
is oxidising agent.
having –ve charge by GAIN of one or more electrons.”
Cl + e–  Cl– here chlorine atom gains an electron to form
Non-metallic element or electronegative element gains electron/s
chloride ion and is oxidising agent.
Cl + e–  Cl– (ANION)
OR
* Bond formed between METALS and NON-METALS are ionic or
“The substance which gets REDUCED is OXYDISING AGENT.”
electrovalent.
Here Cl gets reduced to Cl–.
* Metallic elements that have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons can lose
* REDUCING AGENT : “The substance which gets OXIDISED is
electrons to atoms of NON-METALLIC elements which have 7, 6
REDUCING AGENT.
or 5 electrons respectively in their outermost shell and form ionic
OR
“The atom or an ion which loses electron(s) is REDUCING AGENT.” ions.

K – e–  K+ * COVALENT COMPOUNDS : are molecules, gases, liquids or soft
Potassium atom loses an electron and is REDUCING AGENT. Here solids, volatile, non-conductors of electricity, soluble inorganic
K is oxidised to K+. solvents.
OR * NON-POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS:
“The substance which gets OXIDISED is REDUCING AGENT. Bond formed between two atoms with same electronegativity [O2,
Here potassium atom gets oxidised is Reducing agent. H2, Cl2] due to no charge separation, molecules are symmetrical
* REDOX PROCESS or REDOX REACTION : and electrically neutral, donot ionise in water.
In the formation of an electrovalent bond, the electropositive atom * POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS : Bond formed between two
undergoes oxidation by loss of electron and electronegative atom
atoms with slightly different electronegativity [CH4] do not ionise
undergoes REDUCTION by GAIN of electron is called Redox
in water due to lack of charge separation.
process or Redox reaction.
Oxidation and reduction always occur simultaneously. * POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS : The bond formed between
two atoms with much electronegativity difference is IONIC [HCl]

Oxidised H+  Cl– ionise in water.
CuO H2  Cu + H2O
Oxidising agent Reducing agent * DIPOLE MOLECULE : “A molecule that has both, slight positive
Reduced and slight negative charge.”
Cu2+ + 2e–  2H+ oxidised or oxidation OR
Thus, reaction is Redox reaction. “A polar covalent molecule is called DIPOLE MOLECULE.”
* CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF IONIC BOND or * CO-ORDINATE BOND : “A bond formed between an ION and an
ELECTROVALENT BOND : atom of a polar covalent molecule with one or more pairs of
(i) LOW IONISATION POTENTIAL : Lose electron(s) easily and a electrons.”
cation is formed easily. * CO-IONIC BOND : Since a co-ordinate bond has properties of
(ii) HIGH ELECTRON AFFINITY : Anion will be formed easily and both COVALENT and IONIC bonds, it is called CO-IONIC bond.
favours ionic bond.
* LONE PAIR : “A pair of electrons which is not shared with any
(iii) LARGE ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE : With higher
other atom is known as the LONE PAIR of electrons.
difference transfer of electrons becomes easier and favours ionic
nature. PRACTICE QUESTIONS
* LEWIS or ELECTRON. DOT SYMBOL : Fill in the blanks spaces from the choices given below :
“Symbol of element surrounded by dots in the outermost shell 1. With the exception of ............ all rare gases have eight electrons in
electrons is called electron dot symbol.” their valence shell. [Helium/argon]
.. .. 2. Atoms having an electronic configuration of 8 in their valence shell
.
Electron dot Symbol of : O : H ×. N ×. H H are in the ............ state of energy. [Maximum/Minimum]
Oxygen .× Hydrogen
H 3. An ............ compound is formed, if the difference in
Ammonia electronegativity between the reacting atoms is very large.
* ELECTROVALENT COMPOUNDS : are hard solids, High M.P. [Ionic/covalent]
and high B.P., good conductor of electricity, water soluble and are 4. A ............ compound is formed, if the difference in the ionisation
potential between the two reacting atoms is very small. Answers

[Covalent/electrovalent] 1. Helium 2. Minimum 3. Ionic 4. Electrovalent 5. Neon 6. Neon
5. The electronic configuration of sodium ions resembles to the ........ 7. Covalent 8. Hard 9. Ionic 10. Sharing 11. One 12. Three
[Neon/argon] 13. Polar 14. Non-polar 15. Electronegativity 16. Polar 17. Conduct
6. The electronic configuration of oxide ion resembles to the ........... 18. Water 19. Coordinate valent 20. Hydroxide ion.
[Helium/neon] Choose from the following list, as what matches the
7. When both the atoms entering in a chemical reaction are non-metallic, descriptions given below :
the chemical bond formed between them is ............ .
[O2–, O2, NH 4 , OH–, H2O, NH4C, HCl, Ca2+, magnesium oxide,
[Covalent/ionic]
helium]
8. The ionic compounds are generally ............ solids. [hard/soft]
1. A noble gas having only two electrons in its valence shell. [Helium]
9. The ............ compounds generally have high melting and boiling
points. [Covalent/ionic] 2. A cation whose electron configuration resembles (argon) [Ca2+]
10. A covalent bond is formed between two non-metallic elements, by 3. An anion whose electron configuration resembles neon. [O2–]
............ electrons so as to have stable electronic configuration of 4. A metallic oxide formed by the actual transfer of two electrons
nearest noble gas. [Transferring/sharing] from the metallic atom. [Magnisum]
11. A chlorine molecule is formed by sharing ............ electron pairs 5. A molecule of a non-metal formed by sharing two pairs of electrons.
between the two atoms of chlorine. [Two/one] [O 2]
12. A nitrogen molecule is formed by sharing ............ electron pairs 6. A molecule of polar covalent compound. [HCl]
between the two atoms of nitrogen. [two/three] 7. A radical having a covalent and coordinate valent bond. [NH4]
13. Hydrogen chloride molecule is an example of ............ covalent 8. A salt having an ionic, a covalent and not a coordinate valent bond.
compound. [Non-polar/polar] [NH4Cl]
14. Ethane molecule is an example of ............ covalent compound. 9. A molecule of two non-metals having two lone electron pairs. [H2O]
[Non-polar/polar] 10. An anion formed by the loss of one hydrogen atom from the molecule
15. A polar covalent bond is generally formed between dissimilar atoms of water. [OH–]
have different ............ . [electronegativity/electropositivity]
16. A molecule of ammonia is an example of ............ covalent INTEXT QUESTIONS
compound. [Polar/non-polar]
Q. 1. How do atoms attain noble gas configuration ?
17. Polar covalent in aqueous solution ............ electricity.
Ans. Atoms attain noble gas configuration by losing or gaining or
[Conduct/do not conduct]
by contributing (sharing) the valence electrons and hence acquiring duplet
18. A molecule of ............ has two lone pair electrons. or octet.
[Water/ammonia] Q. 2. Define :
19. The bond formed between the molecule of ammonia and hydrogen (a) a chemical bond, (b) an electrovalent bond.
is ............ . [Covalent/coordinate valent]
(c) a covalent bond.
20. When water molecule loses one of its hydrogen atoms, it forms
Ans. (a) A chemical bond may be defined “as a force of attraction
............ . [Hydronium ion/hydroxyl ion]
between the two atoms in a molecule.”
(b) Electrovalent Bond : “The transfer of one of more electrons from Q. 7. In the formation of the compound XY2, an atom X gives
one atom to other to form an Electrovalent or an ionic bond.” one electron to each Y atom. What is the nature of bonds in XY2?
(c) Covalent Bond : “Sharing of one, two or three pairs of electrons Give two properties of XY2.
between two atoms to form a Covalent (or a molecular) Bond”. Ans. It is ionic bond.
Or “A chemical bond that is formed between two combining atoms by mutual Two properties are :
sharing of one or more pairs of electrons is called a Covalent bond.”
(i) It is soluble in water. (ii) It is crystalline solid.
Q. 3. What are the conditions for the formation of an electrovalent
bond ? Q. 8. An atom X has 2, 8, 7 electrons in its shells. It combines
Ans. Conditions for formation of Electrovalent bond. with Y having 1 electron in its outermost shell.
(1) Both atoms should have high electronegativity. (a) What type of bond will be formed between X and Y ?
(2) Both atoms should have more difference in ionisation potential. (b) Write the formula of the compound formed.
(3) Both atoms should have low ionisation potential. (c) Would it be soluble in water ?
Q. 4. An atom X has three electrons more than the noble gas Ans. (a) Ionic bond will be formed.
configuration. What type of ion will it form ? Write the formula of its (b) YX is the compound.
(i) Sulphate, (ii) Nitrate (iii) Phosphate, (iv) Carbonate,
(c) Yes, it will be soluble in water.
(v) Hydroxide.
9. Explain with the help of ionic equation and electron dot
Ans. Atom X has 3 electrons more than the noble gas configuration
structural diagram the formation of the following electrovalent
means there are three electrons in valence shell i.e. has valency
compounds. (i) NaCl (ii) MgCl2 (iii) CaO.
(3+). It can lose three electrons to form cation (X3+)
Ans.
(i) Formula of sulphate X3+ [SO4]2– X2 [SO4]3
3+ 1–
(ii) Nitrate X [NO3] X [NO3]3
3+ 3–
(iii) Phosphate X [PO4] X PO4
(iv) Carbonate X3+ [CO3]2– X2 [CO3]3
(v) Hydroxide X3+ [OH]1– X [OH]3
Q. 5. Mention the basic tendency of an atom which makes it
to combines with other atoms.
Ans. Basic tendency of an atom is to be in the Minimum State
of Energy i.e., to attain Duplet or Octet Configuration.
Q. 6. The element X has the electronic configuration 2, 8,
18, 8, 1. Without identifying X,
(a) predict the sign and charge on a simple ion of X.
(b) write if X will be an oxidising agent or reducing agent and why.
Ans. (a) Ion of X has one unit positive charge X1+.
(b) It will be a reducing agent, since it can lose one electron in its Orbit Structure of electrovalent bonding
valence shell. X– e– 
 X+ in sodium chloride
(b) Comparison of chlorine atom and chloride ion.

Chlorine atom (Cl) Chloride ion (Cl–)
1. Atomic structure 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
2. Electrical state Neutral Charged negatively
3. Chemical action Very active Inactive
4. Toxicity Poisonous Non-poisonous
11. The eledctronic configuration of Fluoride ion is the same as
that of neon atom. What is the difference between the two?
Ans. Atomic number of Fluorine is 9 (2,7) and Neon 10 (2,8)
Orbit Structure of formation of magnesium Since electronic configuration of F and Ne is same i.e. same
number of electrons (8) in their outer most shell, F has gained
chloride MgCl2 molecules
1 electron and become Anion (F–) whereas Ne is atom. Fluoride
ion is negatively charged and Neon atom is neutral (inactive gas).
12. State which of the following are reduction reaction and which
are oxidation : (i) Pb  Pb2+ + 1e– (ii) Fe2+ – e–  Fe3+
(iii) A3+ + e–1  A2+ (iv) Cu  Cu2+
Ans. (i) Oxidation (ii) Oxidation (iii) Reduction (iv) Redox Reaction
13. What do you understand by redox reactions ? Explain oxidation
and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons.
Ans. Redox Reaction : “The oxidation and reduction reactions are called
Redox Reactions”. Or “A chemical reaction in which the loss and gain
of electrons takes place simultaneously is called a redox reaction.”
Orbit Structure of formation of
Na — e–   Na+
calcium oxide (CaO) Here sodium atom loses 1 electron and is oxidised to sodium ion Na+.
Cl + e–   Cl–
Q. 10. Compare : (a) sodium atom and sodium ion and Here Cl atom gains 1 electron and is reduced to Cl– ion.
(b) chlorine atom and chloride ion, with respect to 14. Divide the following redox reactions into oxidation and
(i) atomic structure, (ii) electrical state, reduction half reactions. (i)Zn + Pb2+  2+
 Zn + Pb
(iii) chemical action, (iv) toxicity.
(ii) Zn + Cu2+  2+ –
 Zn + Cu (iii) Cl2 + 2Br  Br2 + 2Cl
–
Ans. (a) Comparison of sodium atom and sodium ion.

(iv) Sn2+ + 2Hg2+  4+ 2+ +
 Sn + Hg2 (v) 2Cu  Cu + Cu
2+
Sodium Atom (Na) Sodium Ion [Na+]
1. Atomic structure 2, 8, 1 2, 8 Reduction Pb gains 2 electrons
2. Electrical state Neutral Charged positively Ans. (i) 2+ 2+
Zn + Pb Zn + Pb
3. Chemical action Very active Inactive
Zn atom loses two
4. Toxicity Poisonous Non-poisonous electrons Oxidation

Oxidation — Loses 2 electrons

covalent molecules ?
Ans. Conditions for the formation of covalent molecules :
2+ 2+
(ii) Zn + Cu Zn + Cu (1) Both atoms should have high electron affinity.
(2) Both atoms should have high ionization energy.
Reduction — gains 2 electrons (3) Both atoms should have four or more electrons in the valence shell.
(4) Both atoms should have high electronegativity.
Oxidation
Four properties of covalent molecules :
(i) They are slow in chemical reactions.
–
(iii) Cl 2 + 2Br Br2 + 2Cl – (ii) They do not conduct electricity.
(iii) They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Reduction
(iv) They have low melting point and boiling point.
Reduction Q.2. Elements A, B and C have atomic numbers 17, 19 and 10
(iv) Sn 2+ 2+ 4+ respectively.
+ Hg Sn + Hg
(a) State which one is : (i) a non-metal (ii) a metal,
Oxidation (iii) chemically inert.
(b) Write down the formula of the compound formed by two
Reduction
of the above elements.
+
(v) 2Cu Cu + Cu2+ Ans.(a) Element A 2, 8, 7 at. no 17
Element B 2, 8, 8, 1 at. no. 19
Oxidation Element C 2, 8 at. no. 10
15. Potassium (at No. 19) and chlorine (at No. 17) react to form
(i) A non-metal is Element A has 7 electrons in its outermost shell
a compound. Explain on the bases of electronic concept :
(ii) Element B having 1 electron in outermost orbit is a Metal
(i) oxidation (ii) reduction
(iii) Element C having 8 electrons in outer most orbit is chemically inert.
(iii) oxidising agent (iv) reducing agent
Ans. (b) A combines with B to form compound BA
K Cl + –
19 = 2, 8, 8, 1 17 = 2, 8, 7
B A [B] + [A ] BA
Q. 3. Draw electron dot diagram and structure of :
K
K+ Cl (a) nitrogen molecule, (b) magnesium chloride, (c) methane
[ Cl ] Ans. (a) Nitrogen molecule
(i) Electron dot
(i) Cl gains 1 electron and this is Reduction.
(ii) Potassium K loses one electron and this is Oxidation. : N    N:  : N   N: or
(iii) Chlorine is reduced i.e. gains e– is oxidising agent. :N  N:
(iv) Substance which loses electron(s) is Reducing Agent i.e. K is
Reducing Agent. 
Triple bond
INTEXT QUESTIONS
(ii) Molecular formula : N2 or N  N
Q. 1. What are the conditions necessary for the formation of
(b) Magnesium chloride Ionic compound

(i) Electron dot 1. They have usually high melting point and boiling point.
  2. They are soluble in water. [NaCl]
Cl + Mg + Cl Cl [Mg]2+ Cl 3. They usually conduct electricity in molten state.
4. They are usually crystalline solids.
Chloride (2, 8) Chloride
ion Magnesium ion ion Polar covalent compound
or MgCl2 Magnesium chloride They have usually low melting point and boiling point.
They are soluble in water and also in non-polar covalent liquids. [HCl]
(ii) Molecular formula
They have free ions and dissociate in water and conduct electricity.
Mg2+ + 2 Cl– 
 MgCl2 They are usually gases, soft, solids or liquids.
(c) Methane [CH4] (b) Difference between ionic and covalent compounds.
(i) Dot formula Ionic compound
H H 1. They have high melting and boiling point. [NaCl]
. . : | 2. They are usually soluble in water.
. C . + 4 H  H.. C .. H or H C H
. |
3. They are good conductors of electricity in fused state or aqueous
: solution.
H H
4. They are not true molecules, but are aggregate of positive and
(ii) Molecular structure negative ions ?
Covalent compounds
H
They have low melting and boiling point. [C Cl4]
|
H C H They are usually soluble in organic solvents.
| They are bad conductors in fused state or in aqueous solution.
H
They are true molecules.
Q. 4. What is the difference between : (c) Difference between polar covalent and non-polar covalent
(a) ionic compounds and polar covalent compounds, compounds.
(b) ionic compounds and covalent compounds, Non-polar convalent compound
(c) a polar covalent compound and a non-polar covalent 1. Shared pairs of electrons are equally distributed between the atoms.
compound ? 2. As the sharing of electrons is equal, therefore, atoms mutually
Ans. Three differences between attract electrons with equal force.
(a) Difference between ionic compounds and polar covalent 3. A non-polar covalent molecule is symmetrical and electrically
compounds. neutral. No separation of charge takes place in its molecule.

Polar Covalent Compound Methane is CH4

Shared pair of electrons is unequally distributed between the To attain the stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas,
atoms. Carbon needs 4 electrons and Hydrogen needs one electron.
To form CH4 molecule, one atom of carbon shares 4 electron
As the sharing of electrons is unequal, therefore, more one with each of the four atoms of hydrogen. Four single covalent
electronegative atom attracts the electron pair towards itself. bonds are formed.
A polar covalent molecule is asymmetrical and is not electrically H
× H H
neutral. Separation of charges take place. The atom which
attracts electrons more strongly towards itself gets slightly ×
H× C × H H× C ×H H — C — H
negatively charged and the other atom slightly positively charged. ×
Q.5. A solid is crystalline, has a high melting point and is water × H
H H
soluble. Describe the nature of the solid. After combination
Methane molecule
Ans. Nature : Before combination
(i) Their constituent particles are ions. (b) Methane molecule is non-polar molecule. Explain
(ii) They are hard solids consisting of ions. Ans. Electronegativity of [Carbon = 2.5]
[Hydrogen = 2.1]
Q.6. What do you understand by dipole (polar) molecule ?
In case of methane molecule, each of Hydrogen atom shares one
Explain it by taking hydrogen chloride as an example. electrons with the one electron of Carbon atom. The shared pairs of
Ans. A molecule that has both, slight positive and slight negative charge electrons are at equal distance from Carbon and Hydrogen atoms, as
is called a Dipole molecule. the difference between their electro negativity is very small and it can
not be attracted appreciably by either.
In hydrogen chloride, the strong nuclear charge of the chlorine
H H
atom (the electro-negativity of chlorine is 3) attracts the shared ×
electron pair towards itself, i.e., negative charge shifts towards H C H ×
H
H C ×
the chlorine atom thereby developing a slight negative charge × Methane
(–) on it. The hydrogen atom (electronegativity 2.1) develops H H
a slight positive charge (+). Therefore, a polar covalent bond is
Q.8. Give the characteristic properties of
formed. This is shown below.
(a) electrovalent compounds. (b) covalent compounds.
× +  Ans. (a) Electrovalent compounds :
H + Cl H × Cl H Cl
(i) They are generally crystalline solids.
H-atom Cl-atom
(ii) Are usually soluble in water, but insoluble in organic solvents.
Q. 7. (a) Explain the bonding in methane molecule using electron (iii) Have high M.P. and B.P.
dot structure. (iv) In aqueous solution or in molten state conduct electricity.
Ans. At. no. of carbon is 6 C (v) They are hard solids consisting of ions.
(vi) Show rapid speed of chemical reactions in aqueous solution.
6 = 2, 4
(b) Covalent compounds :
At. no. of Hydrogen is 1 1
H (i) They are usually gases or liquids or soft solids.
(ii) Are usually soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. the electrovalent bond between oppositely charged ions snaps. Thus
(iii) Have low melting point and boiling point. the ions are free to move about in all possible directions.
(iv) Are bad conductors of electricity in aqueous solution or in When electric potential is applied to such a solution, the cations
fused state.
migrate towards the cathode and anions migrate towards the anode, due
(v) They are true molecules.
to migration of ions, the solution conducts electric current.
Q. 9. (a) State the type of bond is formed when the combining
atoms have : (i) zero E.N. difference
(ii) small E.N. difference (iii) large E.N. difference
(b) State the type of bond formed, and draw Lewis structure of
(i) water (ii) calcium oxide
(c) Draw Lewis structure of nitrogen molecule.
Ans.(a) (i) Non-polar (ii) Polar (iii) Ionic
(b) Type of bond formed is single covalent bond :
(i) In the case of water molecule, each of the two hydrogen atoms
share an electron pair with the oxygen atom such that hydrogen
(b) All electrovalent compounds, have high melting and boiling
acquires a duplet configuration and oxygen an octet, resulting in points.
the formation of two single covalent bonds. Reason : The cations and anions in an electrovalent compound
Lewis structure of H2O (water) are held very strongly due to strong electrostatic forces. Thus, a large
amount of heat energy is required to snap the electrostatic bonds, before
H• + O + • H H O H the ions could actually start interchanging their positions. On account of
(ii) Electrovalent or Ionic bond is formed. this large requirement of heat energy, the electrovalent compounds have
Lewis structure of CaO (calcium oxide) high melting and boiling points.
Ca + O Ca2+ [ O ]2– or CaO (c) Electrovalent compounds are generally soluble in water, but
2, 8, 8, 2 2, 6 2, 8 insoluble in organic solvents.
(c) Lewis Structure of Nitrogen Molecule :
N + N N N
Electrovalent Bond
N-atom N-atom Nitrogen molecule

Q. 10. Explain the following :
(a) Electrovalent compounds conduct electricity.
(b) Electrovalent compounds have a high melting point and boiling
point while covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
(c) Electrovalent compounds dissolve in water whereas covalent
compound do not.
(d) Electrovalent compounds are usually hard crystals yet brittle.
(e) Polar covalent compounds conduct electricity.
(f) Water is a polar covalent molecule ?
Ans. (a) Electrovalent compounds in aqueous state or in fused
state conduct electricity because in aqueous solution or in molten state,
Reason : In electrovalent compounds, water a polar compound, 3. Is formed by transfer of 3. Is formed by sharing of
exhibits charge separation and can easily break ionic bonds of ionic electrons electrons.
compounds. It also decreases the eletrostatic force of attraction, resulting 4. Is soluble in water 4. Is soluble in non-polar
in free ions in aqueous solution. compounds (organic solvents)
COVALENT COMPOUNDS : Organic Solvents are non-polar,
Q.13. Potassium chloride is an electrovalent compound, while
dissolve covalent compounds.
hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound. But, both
(d) Electrovalent compounds are mostly crystalline because ions in
conducts electricity in their aqueous solutions. Explain.
them are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between opposite
ions but are brittle as at the same time repulsive forces between similar Ans. KCl in aqueous solution dissociates into ions. Being a polar
ions make them brittle. covalent compound decreases the force (electrostatic) of
attraction.
(e) Polar covalent compounds conduct electricity because they have
–
free ions and hence dissociate in water. Thus they conduct electricity. KCl K+ + Cl
+ +
H H (aq.) (aq.)
H2O
 Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is Polar in nature and ionize in solution
+
HCl and both conduct electricity
+ –
H+ + 
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl
H3O + Cl
Q. 14. (a) Draw the electron dot structure of covalent
Hydronium ion
Cl compound methane (non polar) and HCl (polar) and give two
(f) Water is a polar covalent molecule in which the atom of oxygen difference between them.
attracts electrons more strongly towards itself. The water molecule shows (b)Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure
the presence of two single covalent bonds and two lone pair of electrons but produce ions when dissolved in water.
present in the oxygen atom.
(c) For each compound, give the formulae of ions formed in
Q. 11. Elements X, Y and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9 and 12
aqueous solution.
respectively. Which one :
(a) forms an anion (b) forms a cation (c) state type of bond Ans. (a) H Electron dot structures
between Y and Z and give its molecular formula. (Imp.) H C H H Cl
Ans. (a) An anion is element Y with atomic number 9 i.e. (2, 7) H
(b) A cation is element Z with atomic number 12 i.e. (2, 8, 2) Methane HCl
(c) Ionic bond, Molecular Formula : ZY2
1. It is a non-polar compound It is a polar compound.
Q.12. Taking MgCl2 as an Electrovalent compound, CCl4 as
a covalent compound, give four differences between 2. Electrons shared pairs one Electrons shared pair is
Electrovalent and covalent compounds. centrally located, hence equally not centrally located, it is
Ans. Four differences between Electrovalent (MgCl2) Compound distributed. partially more towards
and covalent (CCl4) compound are. chlorine atom than hydrogen.
MgCl2 CCl4
(b) Two compounds are HCl and HF or water (H2O).
1. Is good conductor of electricity 1.Does not conduct electricity
2. Has high M.P. and B.P. 2. Has low M.P. and B.P. (c) Formula of ions formed in aqueous solution
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+ EXERCISE-2
H2O H2O
Q. 1. Define a coordinate bond and give the conditions for its
+ + formation.
   
O O Ans. Coordinate Bond— The bond formed between two atoms by a
HCl F pair of electrons provided entirely by one of the combining atoms,
+ +
+
is called coordinate bond or dative bond.
H+

H
Conditions for formation of coordinate bond are :
+  + 
 H3O + Cl  H3O + F (i) One of the two atoms must have atleast one lone pair of
Cl F
Hydronium Hydronium electrons.
ion . ion (ii) Another atom should be short of atleast a lone pair of
Q.15. An element M burns in oxygen to form an ionic bond MO.
electrons.
Write the formula of the compounds formed if this element is
made to combine with chlorine and sulphur separately? Example are : Formation of
Ans. An ionic bond formed MO shows that vallency of M is (+2) as (i) Ammonium ion [NH4+]
oxygen is O2– (ii) Hydronium ion [H3O+]
 M2+ with Cl1– forms MCl2 and with sulphur S2– forms MS
Q.16. Element A has 2 electrons in its M shell. Element B has Formation of ammonium ion [NH4+]
atomic number 7. Lone pair
(a) Write equations to show how A and B form ions. Nitrogen atom in Ammonia
(b) If B is a diatomic gas, write the equation for the direct is left with a lone pair of H×N× H
electrons. × Shared pair
combination of A and B to form a compound. H
(c) If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an
Ammonia molecule combines with a hydrogen ion H+, which has
electric current is passed through the molten compound, the
no electrons in its outermost orbit in such a way that the lone pair
element A will be obtained at the ........ and B at the ........ of the
electrolytic cell. of electrons on nitrogen atom is shared by the hydrogen ion.
Ans. Element A has 2 electrons in M shell Hydrogen thus acquires the Helium configuration.
A This bond which is formed between the nitrogen atom in
B Ammonia and the Hydrogen ion is a coordinate bond and is
2, 8, 2
7 = 2, 5 represented by “ ” where as a covalent bond is represented
K L M
by “——”
(a) A – 2e–  2+
 A ion (cation)
Be + 3e – 3–
 B ion (Anion) NH  ion

4
(b) B is diatomic gas
 B2 gas +
When A combines with B the compound formed is H H
× × ×
H N + H ×
H N H
3A2+ + B32 
× ×
 A3B2 Hydrogen ion (proton)
H H or
(c) If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an electric Ammonia lone pair
current is passed through the molten compound, the element A will be molecule
obtained at the Cathode and B at the Anode of the electrolytic cell.
H
+
H ×
Lone Pair
H N H H× O
H
The hydrogen ion (H+) accepts one LONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS
Covalent Coordinate
bond bond
from oxygen atom of the molecule of water to form stable electron
configuration NOBLE GAS HELIUM
Q.2. What do you understand by lone pair and shared pair ? H + +
× H H
Ans. LONE PAIR: “A pair of electrons which is not shared with ×
H ×O Or
any other atom is known as the LONE PAIR of electrons but it can be H× O + H+ H H O H
Hydrogen ion
provided to other atom for the formation of co-ordinate bond.”
Hydronium ion Hydronium ion
SHARED PAIR: “A pair of electrons which is shared by both atoms H2 + H+ H3 O +
[contributed equally by each atom] is called shared pair.” Water molecule Hydronium ion
Q. 3. State the type of bonding in the following molecules. Formation of hydronium [H3 O]+ from water molecule.
(a) water, (b) calcium oxide, (ii) AMMONIUM ION : Formations of ammonium ion  NH +4 
(c) hydroxyl ion, (d) methane, from ammonia molecule.

(e) ammonium ion, (f) ammonium chloride
||R  U|| R H U
H H

Ans. (a) Covalent Bond (b) Electrovalent or Ionic Bond 
(c) Covalent Bond (d) Covalent Bond
.
. B
H  N : + H+ 
|SH  . N. ..H |V or ||SH  N|  H ||V N  H
(e) Covalent Bond . || . || || | ||

(f) All three bonds i.e. Ionic, Covalent and Coordinate bond.
Q. 4. (a) Draw an electron dot diagram to show the structure of H |T H W| T H W
each of the following : (i) Hydronium ion, (ii) Ammonium ion, Ammonia Hydrogen Ammonium Ammonium shows
(iii) Hydroxyl ion. molecule (proton) ion ion co-ordinate
State the type of bonding in them. covalent bonds
(b) Give two examples in each case :
(iii) Hydroxyl ion: The hydroxyl ion is formed when one hydrogen
ion (H+) is removed from the water molecule, giving the following structure.
(i) Co-ordinate bonds compounds,
(ii) Solid covalent compounds, H
–
(iii) Gaseous polar compounds, × H
× + H+
(iv) Gaseous non-polar compounds, H× O H× O
(v) Liquid non polar compounds. Hydronium ion
Ans. (a) (i) FORMATION OF HYDRONIUM ION: From water H2O OH + H+
–
molecule and hydrogen ion. In the molecule of polar covalent compound Water Hydroxyl Hydrogen
molecule ion ion
water, oxygen atom contains.
(b) Two examples are :
Two LONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS (i) NH4Cl and NH4NO3 (ii) Iodine and PCl5 are solids
(iii) H2S, H-Cl (iv) F2 (Fluorine gas), Cl2 (chlorine gas) (b) In case of non-polar covalent bond, the covalent bond is
(v) Br2 (Bromine), I2 (Iodine) are liquids formed in the.............of atoms and shared electrons
Q. 5. Element M forms a chloride with the formula MCl2 are.............distributed (corner, middle, equally, unequally).
which is a solid with high melting point. M would most likely to
be in group in which ....... is placed. (a) Na, (b) Mg, (c) Al, (d) Si. (c) Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct
Ans. Element M forms a chloride with the formula MCl2 which is electricity in their ......... state (fused/solid).
a solid with high melting point. M would most likely to be in group in (d) The ions in.............compounds are held very strongly due
which Mg is placed. to strong.............forces (electrovalent, covalent, electromagnetic,
Q.6. Complete the following : electrostatics).
Sodium Phosphorus Carbon
Formula of chloride Ans. (a) UNEQUAL , POLAR (b) MIDDLE , EQUALLY
Nature of bonding
Physical state of chloride (c) SOLID (d) ELECTROVALENT , ELECTROSTATICS
Ans. Sodium Phosphorus Carbon Q. 9. (a) Compound X consists of molecules.
Formula of chloride NaCl PCl5 CCl4
Nature of bonding Ionic Covalent Covalent Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer
Physical state of chloride Solid Solid Liquid from the options A, B, C and D given below :
Q.7. (a) How many atoms of each kind present in the following (i) The type of bonding in X will be :
molecules ; calcium oxide, chlorine, water, carbon tetrachloride. A. ionic B. electrovalent
(b) How many electrons are required by each atom mentioned
C. covalent D. molecular
in (a) to attain the nearest noble gas configuration?
Ans. (a) Molecule of calcium oxide [CaO] has one atom of calcium (ii) X is likely to have a :
and one atom of oxygen. A. low melting point and high boiling point
Calcium atom has 2 electrons in valence shell. So, it donates 2 electrons
to achieve octet and oxygen needs 2 electrons to complete outer most shell. B . high melting point and low boiling point
Chlorine molecule [Cl2] has two atoms of chlorine atom has 7 C. low melting point and low boiling point
electrons in valence shell. So, it needs one electron to achieve octet. D. high melting point and high boiling point.
Water molecule (H2O) has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen. (iii) In the liquid state, X will :
Oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. So, it needs 2 electrons to A. become ionic
have octet configuration. B . be an electrolyte
Carbon tetrachloride molecule [CCl4] has one atom of carbon and
four atoms of chlorine. Atom of carbon has 4 valence electrons. C. conduct electricity
(b) In Calcium oxide, oxygen needs 2 electrons. D. not conduct electricity
Chlorine needs 1 electron to achieve octet.
Ans. (i) C (Covalent)
In water molecule oxygen needs 2 electrons.
In carbon tetrachloride carbon needs 4 electrons to achieve octet. (ii) C (Low M.P. and Low B.P.)
Chlorine has 7 electrons. So, it needs one more electron (iii) D. (Not conduct electricity)
Q. 8. Complete the following :
(a) When the nuclei of two different reacting atoms are
Q.10. (a) Electrons are getting added to an element Y.
of.............mass, then a bond so formed is called.............covalent bond (i) Is Y getting oxidized or reduced ?
(equal, unequal, polar, non-polar). (ii) What charge will Y migrate to during the process of
electrolysis. (d) A. it loses electrons and is oxidized

(b) Acids dissolve in water and produce positively Q. 12. (a) In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct
charged ions. Draw the structure of these positive combination between magnesium and chlorine), name the substance
ions. that is oxidised and the substance that is reduced.
(c) Explain why Carbon tetrachloride does not dissolve (b) What are the terms defined below ?
in water. (i) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding
Ans. (a) (i) reduced (ii) negative. atom contributing one electron to the pair.
H (ii) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons

| coming from the same atom.
(b) H  O + (H3O+) (ALSO SEE PAGE 74 Q. (4 a)) Ans. (a) Magnesium is oxidised and chlorine is reduced
| (b) (i) Single covalent bond.
H
(ii) Coordinate or dative bond.
(c) CCl4 is a non polar covalent compound and is not soluble in
2008
polar compounds such as H2O.
Q.11. (a) Elements Q and S react together to form an ionic (a) Which of the following is not a common characteristic of
compound. Under normal conditions, which physical an electrovalent compound ?
state will the compound QS exist in ? A High melting point.
(b) Can Q and S, both be metals ? Justify your answer. B Conducts electricity when molten.
(c) The property which is characteristic of an C Consists of oppositely charged ions.
electrovalent compound is that : D Ionizes when dissolved in water.
A. it is easily vaporized Ans. D Ionizes when dissolved in water.
B. it has a high melting point (b) What are the terms defined below ?
C. it is a weak electrolyte
(i) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons, each bonding
D. it often exists as a liquid. atom contributing one electron to the pair.
(d) When a metal atoms becomes an ion
(ii) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both
A. it loses electrons and is oxidized
electrons coming from the same atom.
B. it gains electrons and is reduced
Ans. (i) Single covalent bond.
C. it gains electrons and is oxidized
(ii) Coordinate or dative bond.
D. it loses electrons and is reduced
Ans. (a) Solid state. 2009
(b) No, formation of ionic compound needs two different types (a) The one which is composed of all the three kinds of
of elements – one non-metal and the other metal. bond (ionic; covalent and coordinate bond) is :
(c) B. it has a high melting point (A) Sodium chloride (B) Ammonia

(C) Carbon tetrachloride (D) Ammonium chloride (ii) Electrovalent compounds have a .....................(low/
Ans. (D) Ammonium chloride high) boiling point.
(b) Draw the appropriate structural formula of carbon (iii) A molecule of ................... contains a triple bond.
tetrachloride and state the type of bond present in it (hydrogen, ammonia,nitrogen)
Ans. Ans. (i) sharing (ii) high (iii) nitrogen
(b) By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair
.. effect leading to the formation of ammonium ion from
..C.
..
Cl ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.

.. × .. It has four Ans. H• H+ + 1e–
. . ..
..
Cl
..
C C (C – Cl) covalent C 1 Proton 1 Proton

.. × ×
.
× bonds 1 Electron 0 Electron
Cl Cl
C
..
..
.. Cl4 Cl +
H
H LONE PAIR
× ×
2010 × + ×N
H N + H H H
(a) Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D - Metals × ×
lose electrons during ionization - this change can be H
H
called: Ammonia Hydrogen ion
(proton) Ammonium ion
(A) Oxidation (B) Reduction molecule
(C) Redox (D) Displacement +
H
Ans. (A) Oxidation
—
(b) Select the right answer — H — N — H Ammonium ion
Or
—
(i) Sodium chloride - covalent bond /ionic bond/covalent
and coordinate bond. H
Ans. Ionic bond.
Ammonia has one lone pair of electrons which is donated to
(ii) Ammonium ion - covalent bond/ionic bond/covalent and
hydrogen atom forming a co-ordinate bond. The arrow represents
coordinate bond. a co-ordinate bond. The arrow points from the donor to the
Ans. Covalent and coordinate bond receptor atom.
(iii) Carbon tetrachloride - covalent bond/ionic bond/ (c) Give reasons – Hydrogen chloride can be termed as a
covalent and coordinate bond. polar covalent compound.
Ans. Covalent bond ×× ×× ××
Ans. H × Cl ×
× H × Cl ×
× H × Cl ×
×
2011 ×× ×× ××
(a) (i) In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to the 

×× 
×
H × Cl ×
.................. (sharing/transfer) of electrons. ××

Pure covalent bond exists between two elements which have Ans. (C) Ionic compounds are generally insoluble in water
similar electronegativities. In hydrogen chloride, chlorine being (d) Compare carbon tetrachloride and sodium chloride with
more electronegative attracts the shared pair of electrons towards regard to solubility in water and electrical conductivity.
itself as a result hydrogen acquires partial positive charge and Ans. Carbon tetrachloride is insoluble in water and is not conduct-
chlorine gets partial negative charge. Thus, hydrogen chloride ing in nature.
can be termed as a polar covalent compound. Sodium chloride is soluble in water and is conducting in nature
2012 in aqueous state or molten state.
(a) Draw an electron dot diagram to show the structure of 2014
hydronium ion. State the type of bonding present in it. (a) Compound ‘X’ consists of only molecules. ‘X’ will have -
(A) Crystalline hard structure
H
(B) A low m.p. and low b.p. (C) An ionic bond
+
Ans. H O It has coordinate (dative covalent) bonding (D) A strong force of attraction between its molecules.
Ans. (B) A low m.p. and low b.p.
H
(b) The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is:
(b) There are three elements E, F, G with atomic numbers (A) ammonia (B) methane (C) water (D) nitrogen
19, 8 and 17 respectively. Give the molecular formula of Ans. (D) nitrogen
the compound formed between E and G and state the type (c) Give one word or phrase for the following : Formation of
of chemical bond in this compound. ions from molecules.
Ans. Chemical formula EG, Chemical bond is ionic bond. Ans. Formation of ions from molecules Ionisation.
2013 (d) Give a reason why covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids
or soft solids?
(a) A chemical term for . A bond formed by a shared pair of
Ans. As they have weak force of attraction between their molecules.
electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.
2016
Ans. (i) Coordinate bond
(a) The following table shows the electronic configuration of
(b) Among the compounds identify the compound that has all the elements W, X, Y, Z :
three bonds (ionic, covalent and coordinate bond). Element W X Y Z
(A) Ammonia (B) Ammonium chloride Electronic 2,8,1 2,8,7 2,5 1
(C) Sodium hydroxide (D) Calcium chloride Configurations
Ans. (B) Ammonium chloride has all the three electronic bonds Answer the following questions based on the table above :
(c) State which is not a typical property of an ionic compound? (i) What type of Bond is formed between :
1. W and X 2. Y and Z
(A) High m.p. (ii) What is the formula of the compound formed between:
(B) Conducts electricity in molten and in the aqueous 1. X and Z 2. W and X
solution state Ans. (i) 1. electrovalent 2. covalent
(C) Are insoluble in water (ii) 1. Z+1 X1 2. W
+1 1
X
(D) Exist as oppositely charged ions even in the solid
state.
Z X W X
EXERCISES (GOYAL) Q. 2. Explain the formation of molecule of oxygen by sharing

pair/pairs of electrons.
Q. 1(a). Why do most of the elements form ions ?
Ans. Elements form ions to attain a minimum state of energy i.e., Ans. Atomic number of oxygen is 8 and electronic configuration
to have stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas. 2, 6. Thus oxygen atom has 6 electrons in outermost orbit. It requires 2
(b) What kind of elements form cation ? Support your answer more electrons to achieve the stable 8 electron inert gas configuration. To
by two examples. form oxygen molecule 2 oxygen atoms combine. Two oxygen atoms share
Ans. Atoms of elements having 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their valence two electrons each and form stable oxygen molecule.
shell lose electrons and form cations.
Example :
1. Sodium atom has 1 electron in its outermost shell on losing this
electron becomes sodium ion.
.. .. .. ..
.. : + : O
O .. O ..  [O = O]  O2
.. :: O
Two electron pairs are shared between two oxygen atoms. The bond
2. calcium atom has 2 electrons in outer most orbit. On losing these
so formed is double covalent bond.
two electrons it becomes calcium ion.
(c) What kind of elements form anions ? Support your answer Q. 3. Fill in the blank spaces with appropriate word/words.
by two examples. (a) An ionic compound is formed when the ................. between
Ans. Atoms of elements having 4 to 7 electrons in their outermost the values of electronegativity of two combining atoms is very large.
orbit, gain electrons and form anions.
(b) A ........... compound is formed when the difference between
Examples : Chlorine and oxygen
the values of the electronegativity of two combining atoms is very
Cl O small.
Atomic number of chlorine is 17, so its electronic configuration is
K L M (c) ............ electron affinity leads to the formation of ionic
2 , 8 , 7 . Chlorine has 7 electrons in its outermost orbit (M shell). It compounds.
needs one more electron to achieve the stable 8 electron configuration of
(d) More difference in the ionisation potential of two atoms leads
an inert gas.
to the formation of ................. compound.
Ans. (a) Difference (b) Covalent
(c) High value of (d) Ionic

Q. 4. What do you understand by the term ionic bond ? State at
least three conditions for its formation.
Ans. IONIC BOND. “The chemical bond formed by transfer of
electrons from one atom (usually a metal) to another (usually a non-metal) Chlorine molecule Oxygen molecule Nitrogen molecule
is known as ionic bond.” Single covalent bond Double covalent bond Triple covalent bond
Three conditions for its formaton are : [Cl – Cl] [O = O] [N  N]
Q. 7. Define (a) Non-polar covalent compound. (b) Polar covalent
(i) Electronegativity. More the difference between the values of
compound. Support your answer by giving atleast one example each.
electronegativity of the combining atoms, more easily the electron transfer
Ans. (a) Non-polar covalent compound. A covalent compound in
takes place, with the result ionic bond is formed with ease.
which shared pairs of electrons are equally distributed between two atoms
(ii) Ionisation potential. Lower the ionisation potential of the metallic is called non-polar covalent compound.
element, more easily it will be able to form cation which results in the (b) Polar covalent compound. A covalent compound in which shared
formation of ionic bond. pair of electrons are unequally distributed between two atoms is called
(iii) Electron affinity. Higher the value of electron affinity of a non- polar covalent compound.
metallic element, greater is the ease with which it can accept electrons in
its valence shell to form anions.
Q. 5. What is the essential difference in the nature of bonds
when two combining atoms :
(a) differ in their electronegativities and
(b) do not differ in their electronegativity ?
Ans. (a) Polar covalent bond is formed. (+) and (–) are developed
on two different atoms.
Methane  Non-polar covalent compound
(b) Non-polar covalent bond is formed. Shared pair of electrons
are at equal distance from two atoms.
Q. 6. What do you understand by the term covalent bond ? Show
the formation of covalent bonds in molecules of
(i) chlorine (ii) oxygen (iii) nitrogen by dot diagrams.
Ans. COVALENT BOND. A bond formed between two non-metallic
elements by sharing electron pair/pairs between reacting atoms such that
.. 
both of them acquire the electronic configuration of nearest noble gas is 
 + 
.. :  H  Cl  H  Cl

called covalent bond. H : C
Hydrogen chloride  Polar covalent compound

Q. 8. Give three differences between polar covalent compound
HCl and non-polar covalent compound methane.
Ans. See Page No. 34, 35 Q. 16(c).
Q. 9. Explain the following :
One electron pair is shared Two electron pair is shared. Three electron pair is shared.
(a) Why are covalent compounds generally gases or liquids or
soft solids ? they are insoluble in polar covalent water. However, they dissolve in non-
Ans. Covalent compounds are generally gases or liquids or soft solids. polar covalent liquids such as benzene carbon tetra-chloride, etc.
Molecules F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 (d) Explain, why are polar covalent compounds soluble in water.
State Gas Gas Liquid Solid Ans. Polar covalent compounds have free ions. Thus, they are soluble
Reason. Very weak vander Waals’ force between the molecules in polar covalent water and in doing so form ions. They are also soluble in
cannot hold them at one place. In case of small molecules the bond energy non-polar covalent liquids.
is very small, such that it cannot hold molecules. Thus, they stay as (e) Explain, why are non-polar covalent compounds bad
gases. In case of somewhat bigger molecules the bond energy increases conductor of electricity.
and they stay as liquids.
Ans. Non-polar covalent compounds do not conduct current as non-
In case of very big molecules, the bond energy increases appreciable polar covalent compounds do not have free ions. Thus, they do not dissolve
and hence, they form soft-solids. in water which is a polar covalent solvent and hence, do not produce any
In case of compounds like H — Cl, H2S, HF, H2O free ions. Thus, no current can pass through them because of the absence
They are generally gases or liquids or soft solids. of free ions.
Molecules H – Cl H2S HF H2O (f) Why are polar covalent compounds good conductors of
State Gas Gas Liquid Liquid electricity ?
Reason. The molecules are acted upon by weak intermolecular forces Ans. Polar covalent compounds conduct electric current as polar
which is comparatively more than van der Waals’ force, yet fairly small covalent compounds have free ions and hence, dissociate in water. Thus,
that the molecules cannot be held firmly. they are good conductors of electricity.
They also exist in the gaseous, liquid or soft-solid state for the same
reasons, as described in non-polar covalent compounds. H
+
H
+
(b) Explain why covalent compounds have low melting point and H2 O
boiling point ?
  +
Ans. Covalent compounds like H2O, HCl and NH3
O
M.P. 0°C – 113°C –77·7°C HCl
+
B.P. 100°C – 85°C – 35·5°C
H+

are held by weak intermolecular forces and compounds like Cl2, N2,
O2 have generally low melting and boiling points. 
+
H3O + Cl

Cl
Molecules Cl2 N2 O2 Hydronium
Melting point – 101°C –210°C –219°C ion
Boiling point – 35°C – 196°C –183°C
Reason. The molecules are held by very weak van der Waals forces. Q. 10. What is ‘LONE PAIR EFFECT’ ? In what kind of
Thus, a very small amount of energy is required to break the bonds between compounds this effect occurs ? By drawing dot diagrams, show lone
the molecules. Thus, these compounds have low melting and boiling points. pairs in (a) ammonia(b) water.
(c) Explain, why are non-polar covalent compounds insoluble in Ans. In the polar covalent molecules the unshared pair of electrons
water. around an atom in the middle of a molecule of a polar covalent compound
Ans. Non-polar covalent compounds do not have free ions. Thus, is called LONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS.

Lone pair effect occurs in polar covalent molecules like ammonia H


and water.  R| H |U R| H U|
Formation of ammonia (NH3) Molecule . |S . |V |SH  O|  H |V
H.O: + H+  or
H H ..
 
||H  . O.. .. H || || ||
: . T W T W
water Hydrogen Hydronium Hydronium
H   . N . H  H  . N . H
.. .. molecule ion ion ion
(proton)
B Q.12. Taking sodium chloride as an example of an ionic compound
LONE PAIR of electrons
and carbon tetrachloride as an example of molecular compound, give
Formation of water molecule two differences between ionic compounds and molecular compounds.
H Ans. Ionic compound Molecular compound
 H
+ 1. Sodium chloride can conduct 1. Carbon tetrachloride does not

. . electric current. conduct electric current.
H  + . O:  H  . O: 2. Sodium chloride is soluble in 2. Carbon tetrachloride can
.. .. polar covalent water. dissolve non-polar covalent
B compounds.
Two pairs of LONE PAIR Electrons
Q. 11. By drawing dot diagrams, show ‘LONE PAIR EFFECT’ Q. 13. The hydrogen atom has only one valency electron. The
carbon atom has four valency electrons. Write down the electronic
leading to the formation of (i) ammonium ions. configuration of (i) CH4 (ii) C2H4.
(ii) hydronium ions from the molecules of ammonia and water Ans. Electronic Configuration of CH4. Atomic number of carbon
respectively. K L
is 6, so its electronic configuration is 2 , 4 . Carbon has 4 valence electrons
Ans. Formation of ammonium ion [NH 4 ] from ammonia molecule.
so it needs 4 more electrons to complete the 8-electron structure and
become stable. The atomic number of Hydrogen is 1, so its electronic
||R  ||U R H U
H H
 configuration is K. Hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its K shell and it needs
 1 more electron to complete the 2-electron, helium structure. The carbon
.
. B
H  N : + H+ 
|SH  . N. ..H |V or ||SH  N|  H ||V N  H
atom shares its 4 valence electrons with four hydrogen atoms and forms
a methane molecule :
. || . || || | ||
 H H
H |T H |W T H W .
.C . +
. ..
 H : C : H or H  C  H
|
. 4 H
Ammonia Hydrogen Ammonium Ammonium shows .. |
molecule (proton) ion ion co-ordinate H H
covalent bonds one carbon atom Four hydrogen Methane
Formation of hydronium ion [ H 3O ] from water molecule. atoms molecule CH4

Electronic Configuration of C2H4 (a) Write down the formula of molecule of B and its electron
Ethylene [C2H4] is a covalent compound made up of two carbon dot diagram. Mention the type of bonding.
atoms and four hydrogen atoms. Two carbon atoms share two electrons (b) Write down the formula of compound formed between A
each to form double bond among themselves. The remaining four electrons and C and type of bonding.
of the carbon atoms are shared with four hydrogen atoms to form four (c) Classify the elements A, B and C as metals/non-metals.
carbon-hydrogen single bonds. The formation of C2H4 molecule can be
(d) Which element is likely to be a good conductor of electricity
represented as :
and why ?
H. H H H Ans. (a) The electron arrangement of element B is 2, 8, 6. It has two
. . .. C=C
2:C: + 4 H  C :: C.. or electrons less than its nearest noble gas argon. It requires 2 more electrons
.. H H to achieve inert gas configuration. B gets these electrons by sharing 2
H H
electrons with 2 electrons of another atom of B. So two atoms of B share
Two Carbon Four hydrogen Ethylene C2H4
2 electrons each and form stable molecule.
atoms atoms molecule
Two carbon atoms are joined together by double bond but hydrogen .. .. .. ..
: B : + : B :  : B : : B : or B=B
atoms are joined by single bond. Thus C2H4 molecule has one carbon-
Two B atoms  
carbon double bond and four carbon-hydrogen single bonds. Two pairs of electrons double bond
Q. 14. Explain the following : are shared B2 molecule
(i) Why is sodium ion not reactive, but sodium atom is highly (b) Atom of element A has electron arrangement 2, 8, 1 and C has
reactive ? electron arrangement 2, 8, 18, 7. A loses 1 valence electron and becomes
(ii) Why hydrogen ion is called proton ? cation, while C gains 1 electron in valence shell and becomes anion and
thus both attain the stable nearest gas configuration.
Ans. (i) Sodium ion is formed by sodium atom by the loss of one
electron from its outermost shell and has attained the minimum state of
. .. ..
Formula : .. :  A + : C
A + :C .. : or AC
energy. Thus sodium ion has attained nearest noble gas configuration and
Type of bonding is electrovalent
is not so reactive. On the other hand, sodium atom has one electron in its
(c) A metal
valence shall and is unstable and is not in minimum state of energy. Thus
to attain minimum state of energy, this atom combines with other elements B non-metal
by losing one electron. Thus sodium atom is highly reactive. C non-metal
(ii) Proton is a sub particle of atom having unit positive charge and (d) Element A is likely to be a good conductor since A loses one
unit mass. electron from its outermost orbit and is metal.
Hydrogen ion also has unit mass due to one proton in its nucleus and Q. 16. Fe + S   heat
 Fe2+ S2–
unit positive charge.
Identify (i) oxidising agent (ii) reducing agent in the above
Thus hydrogen ion is called proton. reaction.
Q. 15. The electron arrangement of atoms of three elements A, Ans. (i) S is oxidising agent. (ii) Fe is reducing agent.
B and C is : A (2, 8, 1) ; B (2, 8, 6) ; C (2, 8, 18, 7). heat
Q. 17. 2Fe + 3Cl2    2Fe3+ Cl–3

In the above reaction, which substance is

(i) oxidised (ii) reduced, and why ?
Ans. (i) Fe is oxidised to Fe3+
Since Fe has lost 3 valence electrons
Fe – 3e–  Fe3+
(ii) Cl is reduced to Cl–
Since Cl has gained 1 electron in valence shell.
Cl + e–  Cl–
Q. 18. (i) K+ + e–  K (ii) Fe2+ – e–  Fe3+
(iii) Na – e–  Na+ (iv) S + 2e–  S2–
(v) Br– – e–  Br (vi) Al3+ + 3e–  Al
In the above reactions where does
(i) oxidation takes place (ii) reduction takes place ?
Ans. (i) Reduction takes place
K+ + e–  K
Since potassium ion gains one electron.
(ii) Fe2+ – e–  Fe 3+
oxidation takes place.
Since ferrous ion loses an electron and is oxidised to ferric ion.
(iii) Na – e–  Na+
oxidation takes place.
Since sodium atom loses an electron and is oxidised to sodium ion.
(iv) S + 2e–  S2–
Reduction takes place.
Since 2 electrons are added to sulphur atom to form sulphur anion.
(v) Br– – e–  Br
Oxidation takes place, as bromide ion loses one electron to become
bromine atom.
(vi) Al3+ + 3e–  Al
Reduction takes place, as Aluminium ion gains 3 electrons to become
Al atom.
93 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

contain carbon atom also along with Hydrogen atom.” e.g. oxalic
CHAPTER 3 acid [COOH]2, Acetic acid CH3COOH, formic acid HCOOH.
ACIDS BASES, * STRONG ACID or ALKALI : “Acid or alkali which ionise completely
in solution producing high concentration of [H3O+] ions or [OH–]
AND SALTS ions and form only ions. [HCl, H2SO4, HNO3].
* Acid : “An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water [NaOH, KOH – alkalis]
yields HYDRONIUM ions [H3O+] as the only positively charged * WEAK ACID or Alkali : “Acid or alkali which ionises partially and
ions.” contains ions as well as molecules.” [H2CO3, CH3COOH], [Ca(OH)2,
NH4OH–alkalis] acids.
HCl + H2O   H3O+ + Cl1–
* Carbonic acid (H2CO3) a weak mineral acid is used in soft drinks is
* An acid furnishes hydrogen ion H+ (or proton) in aqueous solution non-corrosive.
but H+ ion can not exist independently and binds with water molecule * HCl in gastric juice is present in stomach helps in killing the germs
to form (H3O+). that enter the body along with food and provides acidic medium.
* OXY ACIDS : “acids which contain oxygen along with hydrogen
* H3O+ or OH3 is called HYDRATED ION.
and other elements [HNO3, H2SO4].
* HYDROGEN is common in all acids. * HYDRACIDS : “Acids which contain Hydrogen and a non-metallic
element but not oxygen.” [HCl, HBr]
HCl
* BASICITY : “If an acid is the number of H3O+ ions produced by
H2SO4 ionisation of one molecule of that acid in aqueous solution.”
HNO3 * Acids are chemicals that have sour taste, change the colour of blue
litmus to red, conduct electricity.
CH3COOH
* Acids are mono-basic, Dibasic or Tribasic according as they
* Acidic properties of an acid are actually the properties of Hydronium produce one two or three Hydronium ions per molecule respectively
ion present in it. on ionisation in water.
* ACID in SOUR in taste. Bases are BITTER and soapy touch. But Monobasic acids are HBr, HCl, HNO3, HI, CH3COOH
some Acids and Bases can not be tested by touch or taste as they Dibasic acids are H2SO4, H2C2O4, H2SO3, H2CO3
harm the body. Tribasic acids are H3PO4, C6H8O7 (citric acid)
They are tested by indicators. * Basicity of an acid depends on NUMBER of IONISABLE
HYDROGEN ATOMS that it has per molecule and not on the number
* INDICATORS : “are the chemicals which can test the Acids and
of Hydrogen atoms in a molecule of that acid e.g. CH3COOH has 4
bases by means of a SHARP CHANGE in colour.”
Hydrogen atoms but only one IONISABLE hydrogen atom and is
* Acids — Change BLUE litmus to RED monobasic acid.
– Methyl orange to Pink CH3COOH  H 2 O  H3O+ + CH3COO 
— Phenolphthalein remains colourless. acetic acid acetate ion
* ORGANIC ACIDS : “Acids usually obtained from plants. They * H3PO3 is a dibasic acid (though it has Hydrogen atoms) because in
oxiacids of phosphorus, hydrogen atoms which are attached to
oxygen atoms are replacable. Hydrogen atom directly bonded to OH– ions as the only negative ions.”
phosphorous atoms are not replacable. * Base : is bitter in taste, soapy to touch, turns red litmus blue, Methyl
orange to yellow, phenolphthalein colourless to dark pink, soluble
O
|| base i.e. alkali is strong electrolyte and has mild corrosive action on
P skin.
HO | H  not replacable * ACIDITY OF A BASE/ALKALI : The number of [OH–] ions furnished
OH by one molecule of an alkali on complete dissociation in water.”
* HNO3 nitric acid is a strong OXIDISING agent and oxidises * As most of the bases are insoluble in water, their acidity can not be
Hydrogen produced to water. Only Mg and Mn can produce H2 determined by dissolving in water. Hence ACIDITY OF BASE
with very dilute (1%) concentration “Is the number of ions [H+ (aq.)] of an acid which will react
Mn + dil. (1%) 2HNO3  Mn[NO3] + H2  completely with one molecule of a base to form salt and water as
* Acid reacts with a base to form salt and H2O only products is called acidity of a base.”
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O * Mono Acidic alkali/Base furnishes one (OH–) ion, Diacidic – 2(OH–)
* Acid produces CO2 and H2O when reacts with carbonate and ions, Triacidic furnishes 3 (OH–) ions per molecule.
bicarbonate. * LiOH, NaOH, KOH – are mono acidic
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 – are diacidic.
* Acids react with sulphites (SO3) and bisulphites (HSO3) to form Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3 – are triacidic.
SO2 along with H2O. * Alkali reacts with acid to form salt and water. This is called
CaSO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + SO2 , neutralisation.
NaHSO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + SO2  i.e. H+ (aq.) + OH– combine to form H2O and neutralise acidic
Acids with metal sulphides form H2S, action with alkaline action.
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl + H2S HNO3  KOH  KNO3 + H2O
* Pb[NO3]2, KNO3 react with dil. HCl or dil. H2SO4 to produce HNO3. acid alkali Salt
KNO3 + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HNO3 * Ammonium salts react with alkali to form metal salt, water and
Pb[NO3] + 2HCl  PbCl2 + 2HNO3 Ammonia.
* NO3 of other metals do not react with dil. acids. 
* Chlorides do not react with any of dil. acids. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3
* BASE “is a metallic oxide or metallic hydroxide or Ammonium * Soluble metallic salts (FeCl3, CuSO4) except salts of Na, K, Ca
Hydroxide which reacts with Hydronium ion of an acid to form react with alkali solution to form soluble salt and insoluble Hydroxide
SALT and WATER only.” salt of Fe and Cu.
OR FeCl3 + 3NaOH  3NaCl + Fe(OH)3 
* “A base is a compound which accepts [H+ (aq)] to form salt and CuSO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 
water as only product.” * Fe(OH)3 and Cu(OH)2 are BASES and NOT ALKALIS as though
* All metallic oxides metallic Hydroxides and NH4OH are bases. OH is present yet they are insoluble in water and only those bases
* Water soluble base is called alkali. are alkali which are soluble in water.
* ALKALI : “A compound which on dissolving in water furnishes In other words ALL ALKALIS are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
* PbO2 is metal oxide yet it is not a base as PRACTICE QUESTIONS

PbO2 (s) + 4HCl (aq)  PbCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O Choose from the following list, as what matches the
chlorine gas is also produced along with salt (PbCl2) and H2O descriptions given below :
(water). [Alkali, acetic acid, dilute sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric
But according to definition of basic oxide “A basic oxide is a metallic acid, salt, acid, hydroxides, water, 13, pH scale, sodium chloride,
oxide which contains the ion O2– and reacts with an acid to form Pb(OH)NO 3 , sodium bisulphate, FeSO 4 ·(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·6H 2 O,
SALT and WATER only.” K4[Fe(CN)6], Na2KPO4, lead chloride, copper (II) hydroxide,
* HYDROLYSIS : “The phenomenon due to which salt formed by a Fe(OH)3, FeS]
weak acid and a strong base, or by a strong acid and a weak base, 1. A compound which on dissolving in water gives hydronium ions as
reacts with water to give an acidic or an alkaline solution, is known only positively charged ions.
as HYDROLYSIS.” 2. A compound which on dissolving in water gives OH– ions as only
negatively charged ions.
* PURE WATER is neither acidic nor Alkaline. It is NEUTRAL as no.
3. A substance formed alongwith water when an acid reacts with a
of (H+) ions and (OH–) ion are equal in pure water.
base.
* ACIDIC solution in water has both (H+) ions and (OH–) ions but
4. An organic acid which is monobasic.
(H+) ions are much more than (OH–) ions.
5. An inorganic acid which forms three series of salts with bases.
* When a base is added to water concentration of (OH–) ions increases 6. An example of a strong acid.
and (OH–) ions are much more than (H+) ions. 7. An example of a weak acid.
* In 1909 Sorenson devised pH scale on which the strength of acid 8. A volatile acid prepared by the action of conc. H2SO4 with nitre.
solutions as well as basic solutions could be represented by making 9. A gas produced by the action of FeS and dilute H2SO4 whose
use of the HYDROGEN ions concentration from 0 to 14. aqueous solution is acidic.
* The pH scale of a solution is INVERSELY proportional to the 10. A gas produced by the action of NH4Cl and Ca(OH)2 whose aqueous
concentration of Hydrogen ions in it.” solution is alkaline.
* A solution having a high concentration of Hydrogen ions has a low 11. A triacidic base.
pH value. 12. A base used in neutralising stomach acidity.
* PURE WATER and other neutral [sugar solution and sodium chloride 13. A scale commonly used to measure the concentration of H+ (aq.)
solution] have pH of 7. ions of a solution.
* Acidic solutions or acids have a pH of less than 7 more acidic a 14. A colourless liquid whose pH is 7.
solution is, the lower will be its pH. 15. The pH value of a highly alkaline solution.
* Bases or basic solutions have a pH of more than 7. The more basic 16. An example of normal salt.
a solution is, the higher will be its pH. 17. An example of an acid salt.
* The common indicators like litmus, methyl orange or phenol 18. An example of a basic salt.
phenophthalein can tell whether the given substance is an ACID or 19. An example of a double salt.
a BASE. To OBTAIN AN IDEA OF HOW ACIDIC OR BASIC A 20. An example of a mixed salt
SUBSTANCE IS, UNIVERSAL INDICATOR IS USED. 21. An example of a complex salt.
* UNIVERSAL INDICATOR : “Is a mixture of many different 22. A salt prepared by direct combination of elements.
indicators (or dyes) which gives different colours at different pH 23. A precipitate of reddish brown colour.
values of the entire pH scales.” 24. A chloride of a metal which is insoluble in cold water, but dissolves

in boiling water. 5. Eye wash  Boric acid

25. A colourled precipitate which dissolves in ammonia solution to form 6. INK-STAIN remover  oxalic acid
deep blue coloration. 7. Pickling of metals  Hydrochloric acid
Answers
* USES OF BASES
1. Acid 2. Alkali 3. Salt 4. Acetic acid 5. Phosphoric acid 6. dil.
sulphuric acid 7. Carbonic acid 8. Nitric acid 9. H2S 10. NH3 1. As an antacid  Magnesium Hydroxide
11. Fe(OH)3 12. Mg[OH]2 13. pH scale 14. water 15. 13 16. Sodium 2. In softening water  Calcium Hydroxide
chloride 17. Sodium bisulphate 18. Pb(OH)NO3 3. In fire extinguishers  Aluminium Hydroxide
19. FeSO4·(NH4)SO4·6H2O 20. Na2KPO4 21. K4[Fe(CN)6]
4. Manufacture of soaps  Sodium Hydroxide
22. FeS 23. Fe[OH]3 24. PbCl2 Lead chloride 25. Copper (II)
Hydroxide. 5. Manufacture of Bleaching powder  Ca(OH)2
TOPIC 6. In removing greese stains from clothes  NH4OH
* AMPHOTERIC METALS : “Metal which react with both acid and PRACTICE QUESTIONS
alkalis to produce Hydrogen.” Zn, Al and Lead are amphoteric.
II. Fill in the blank spaces from the choices given below :
Zn + dil. H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
Al + dil. H2SO4  AlSO4 + H2 1. A compound which on dissolving in water gives ............. ion as
the only positively charged ion is called an acid.

Pb + HCl (conc.)  PbCl2 + H2 [hydroxyl/hydronium]
2. The acids derived from ............. are called inorganic acid.

Zn + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2 [minerals/plants]
3. The number of hydronium ions which can be furnished by one

2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O  2NaAlO2 + 3H2 molecule of an acid on complete ionisation is called its ............. .
[Acidity/Basicity]
 4. The basicity of ethanoic acid is ............. . [one/four]
Pb + 2 KOH  K2PbO2 + H2
OXIDES of Zn, Al and Pb react with acids as well as alkalis [NaOH, 5. Dibasic acids form ............. series of salts. [two/three]
KOH] to form salt and water. 6. ............. is tribasic acid. [H3PO4/HCOOH]
7. The degree of ionisation of an acid in an aqueous solution is called
 its ............. . [strength/concentration]
PbO + 2 KOH  K2PbO2 + H2O
8. Concentrated ethanoic acid is a ............. acid. [strong/weak]
 9. Aqueous solution of hydrogen sulphide is a ............. acid.
PbO2 + 4 HCl  PbCl4 + 2 H2O
273 K [strong/weak]
HYDROXIDES of Zn, Al and Pb react with acids as well as Alkalis 10. Concentrated hydrochloric acid stains skin ............. .
to form salt and water and are Amphoteric in nature. [yellow/amber]
* USES OF ACIDS : 11. All metallic carbonate and hydrogen carbonates react with aqueous
1. Cooking  Acetic acid (Vinegar) solution of acids to form metallic ............. [salt/oxide] and .............
gas. [CO2/CO]
2. Flavouring drinks  carbonic acid
12. Oxalic acid is used as ............. remover. [ink stain/tea stain]
3. Food preservation  citric acid 13. A compound which on dissolving in water funishes OH– ions as
4. Baking powder  Tartaric acid only negative ions is called ............. . [base/alkali]
14. Ammonium hydroxide is an example of ............. alkali. 32. Conc. sulphuric acid is ............. in nature.
[strong/weak] [Deliquescent/efflorescent]
15. Calcium hydroxide is used in softening ............. water.
33. Crystal washing soda show the phenomenon of ............. when
[temporary hard/permanent hard] exposed to the air.[efflorescent/deliquescence]
16. A chemical reaction in which hydronium ions of an acid and hydroxyl
ions of a base combine to form un-ionised water molecules is called 34. ............. ppt. is soluble in NaOH sol. and NH4OH sol.
............. . [substitution/neutralisation] [Zn(OH)2/Pb(OH)2]
17. A solution with pH 3 is strongly ............. . [Acidic/Basic] 35. ............. ppt. is soluble in NaOH sol. but insoluble in NH4OH sol.
18. A neutral solution has pH ............. . [Zero/7] [Fe(OH)2/Pb(OH)2]
19. The colour of pH paper in an aqueous solution of pH 13 is ........ . 36. The precipitate of Cu(OH)2 is ............. [Pale/deep blue] in colour
[orange/violet] and is insoluble in excess of ............. . [NaOH sol./NH4OH sol.]
20. The colour of pH paper in a colourless solution of pH 7 is .......... . 37. Magnesium nitrate solution ............. with ammonium hydroxide
[Green/yellow/blue] solution. [reacts/does not react]
21. Sodium sulphate is an example of ............. salt. [acidic/normal] 38. The pale blue ppt. of Cu(OH)2 ............. . [dissolves/does not
22. Sodium hydrogen sulphide solution in water is an example of dissolve] in excess of ammonium hydroxide to form .............
............. . [acidic salt/basic salt] coloration. [deep blue/deep green]
23. Potash alum [K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O] is an example of .......... . 39. Iron (II) chloride solution reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to
[mixed salt/double salt] form a ppt. which is ............. in colour.
24. Ca(OCl)Cl is an example of ............. . [complex salt/mixed salt]
[dirty green/reddish brown]
25. Sodium argentocyanide [NaAg(CN)2] is an example of ............. .
Answers
[double salt/complex salt]
26. The salt formed when dilute sulphuric acid reacts with excess of 1. Hydronium 2. Minerals 3. Basicity 4. One 5. Two 6. H3PO4
potassium hydroxide is ............. . 7. Strength 8. Weak 9. Weak 10. amber 11. Salt, CO2 12. Ink-stain
13. Alkali 14. Weak 15. Temporary hard 16. Neutralisation 17. Basic
[Potassium sulphate/potassium hydrogen sulphate]
18. 7 19. Violet 20. Green 21. Normal 22. Acidic 23. Double salt
27. A base obtained by the thermal decomposition of copper nitrate is 24. Mixed salt 25. Complex salt 26. Potassium sulphate 27. Copper
.......... . [copper (II) oxide/copper (II) hydroxide] (II) oxide 28. Fe(OH)3 29. CuS 30. Anhydrous salt 31. Hydrated
28. The insoluble base obtained when iron (III) sulphate solution reacts 32. Deliquescent 33. Efflorescence 34. Zn(OH)2 35. Pb(OH)2
with sodium hydroxide solution is ............. . 36. Pale blue, NH4OH 37. Does not react 38. Dissolves, Deep blue
[Fe(OH)3/Fe(OH)2/Fe2O3] 39. Dirty green.
29. An insoluble salt prepared by the direct combination is ............. .
[CuCl2/CuS/Cu(NO3)2]
30. A salt which does not contain any water of crystallisation is called
............. . [Anhydrous salt/dry salt]
31. Copper sulphate crystals are the example of a ............. salt.
[hydrated/hygroscopic]
INTEXT QUESTIONS Ans. Water is not added to acid as it is an exothermic process and so
Q.1. (a) What do you understand by the terms, acid? much heat is produced that acidic solution may splash, also the
container may break and can be fatal to the person.
Ans. Acid— “Is a chemical compound which on dissolving in water
gives Hydronium ion [H3O+] as the only positive charged ion.” All Q.4. Define the term ‘basicity’ of an acid. Give the basicity of
acids must have Hydrogen as their constituent element in the (a) nitric acid, (b) sulphuric acid, (c) phosphoric acid.
form of proton (H+). Ans. Basicity of an acid is defined as “the number of hydronium ions
[H3O+] or [H+ (aq)] which can be produced by the ionisation of one
(b) Name the positive ion formed when an acid is dissolved in
molecule of the acid in an aqueous solution.’’ Basicity of
water.
Ans. Hydronium ion [H3O]+ (a) Nitric acid is one or monobasic.
(c) Draw the structure of this ion : (b) Sulphuric acid is two or dibasic.
(c) Phosphoric acid is three or tribasic.
+ H +
H Q.5. Give two examples of each of the following :
Ans. H ×O× H or H– O –H (a) oxy-acid (b) hydracid
(c) tribasic acid (d) dibasic acid
Hydronium ion
Ans. Two examples each of
(a) Oxy-acid
Q.2. Write the ionisation of sulphuric acid showing the formation
(i) Nitric acid (HNO3) (ii) Sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
of hydronium ion.
(b) Hydracid
Ans. Water is a polar molecule which is represented as
(i) [HBr] Hydrobromic acid (ii) [HCl] Hydrochloric acid
O–
(c) Tribasic acid
(i) [H3PO3] Phosphorus acid (ii) [H3PO4] Phosphoric acid
H+ H+ (d) Dibasic acid
When acid dissolves in water, strong dipole interaction occurs (i) [H2CO3] Carbonic acid (ii) [H2SO4] Sulphuric acid
between polar molecules and polar acid molecules [H+] a proton is formed Q.6. Name the :
[H+] cannot exist independently in aqueous solution, it binds itself with a (a) acidic anhydride of the following acids :
water molecule to form hydronium ion. (i) sulphurous acid(ii) nitric acid
H2O (iii) phosphoric acid (iv) carbonic acid
HCl H+ + Cl1–
LM .. PO  (b) acids present in vinegar, grapes and lemon.
H1+ + H2O [H3O1+] or

MM HOB H PP Ans. (a) (i) Sulphur dioxide [SO2] (ii) [NO2] Nitrogen dioxide
(iii) [P2O5] Phosphorus pentaoxide (iv) [CO2] Carbon dioxide
(Hydronium ion)
MN H PQ (b) In Vinegar — ACETIC ACID
and H2SO4 + 2H2O 2[H3O]+ + [SO4]2– Grapes — TARTARIC ACID
Lemon — CITRIC ACID
Structure of hydronium ion
Q.7. What do you understand by the statement ‘acetic acid is a
Q.3. Water is never added to acid in order to dilute it. Why ?
monobasic acid’ ?
Ans. This means one molecule of acetic acid produces one hydronium (b) A strong acid produces High Concentration of H+ (aq) ions. dil.
ion [H+ aq] on complete ionisation. HCl acid contains more amount of water but is HCl is strong acid
Q.8. Give a balanced equation for (i) reaction of nitrogen dioxide and produces more concentration of H+ (aq) ions. On the other
with water (ii) preparation of a non volatile acid from a volatile acid. hand acetic acid is a weak acid and does not produce high
Ans. (i) Reaction of nitrogen dioxide [NO2] with water. concentration of H+ (aq) ions.
2NO2 + 
H2O  HNO2 + HNO3 (c)H3PO 3 is not a TRIBASIC acid as it does not form one
normal salt and two acid salts whereas H3PO3 is DIBASIC acid as it
nitrous acid nitric acid forms one normal salt and one acid salt.
4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 
 4HNO3 Hydrogen atoms which are attached to oxygen O
nitric acid atoms are replacable. Hydrogen atoms directly P
(ii) Sulphur is oxidised by concentrated nitric acid to form sulphuric bonded to phosphorous atoms are not HO H not
acid. OH
replacable. replacable
S + 6HNO3 
 H2SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2 (d) Lead carbonate is insoluble and hence does not react with dilute HCl.
Q.9. What do you understand by the strength of an acid ? On (e) Nitrogen dioxide is a double acid anhydride because two acids,
which factor does the strength of an acid depend. nitrous acid and nitric acid are formed when it react with water.
Ans. Strength of an acid. “The degree of ionisation of an acid in an 2NO2 + H2O 
 HNO2 + HNO3
aqueous solution is called strength of an acid.”
Q.11. How is an acid prepared from a
Strength of acid is determined by the measure of concentration of H+
(aq) ions in the aqueous solution. (a) Non-metal (b) salt ? Give an equation for each.
 Factors are : (i) Degree of ionisation. (ii) Reactivity of the acid. Ans. Preparation of acid from
Q.10. Explain the following : (a) Carbonic acid gives an acid salt (a) Non-Metal : (i) Binary acids (acids containing two elements)
but hydrochloric acid does not. (b) Dil, HCl acid is stronger than Hydrogen + Chlorine   Hydrochloric acid
highly concentrated acetic acid. (c) H3PO3 is not a tribasic acid. (d) (non-metal)
Lead carbonate does not react with dilute HCl. H2 + Cl2 
 2HCl
(e) Nitrogen dioxide is a double acid anhydride. H2 + S 
 H2S
Ans. (a) Carbonic acid when dissolved in water forms an anion (non-metal)
HCO 3 which combines with H2O to form CO 2 3 (Anion) (ii) By the action of water on non-metallic oxides.
H2CO3  H 3 O +
+ H2O   HCO 3 SO3 + H2O 
 H2 SO4
Carbonic acid Monohydrogen carbonate anion (Sulphuric acid)
CO2 + H2O 
 H2 CO3
HCO 3 + H 2 O  H 3 O + + CO 2
 3
(Carbonic acid)
Carbonate anion
(iii) By Oxidation of non-metals.
HCl (Hydrochloric acid) does not form anion rather forms normal
salt and water S + 6HNO3   H2 SO4 + 2H2O + 6NO2
(Sulphuric acid)
NaOH + HCl   NaCl + H2O

(b) Salts : By displacement : volatile nitric acid.

NaCl + H2SO4   NaHSO4 + HCl KNO3 + H2SO4 below C
 200  KHSO4 + HNO3
NaNO3 + H2SO4   NaHSO4 + HNO3
2KNO3 + H2SO4 above c
Q. 12. Give equations to show how the following are made from their  200
  K2SO4 + 2HNO3
corresponding anhydrides ? EXERCISE 3-A
(a) sulphurous acid, (b) phosphoric acid,
(c) carbonic acid, (d) sulphuric acid Q. 1. What do you understand by an alkali? Give two
H2O  examples of :
Ans. (a) SO2 +  H2SO3 (sulphurous acid)
(i) strong alkalis, (ii) weak alkalis.
Non-metallic oxide + Water 
 Acid
Ans. Alkali. “A compound which on dissolving in water furnishes
 2H3PO4
(b) P2O5 + 2 H2O  [OH]1– ions as the only negative ions is called akali. Examples of
Phosphoric acid Potassium hydroxide [KOH]
(c) CO2 + H2O   H2CO3 Strong alkalis
Carbonic acid Sodium hydroxide [Na OH]
(d) Sulphuric acid : Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
SO3 + H2 O   2H2SO4 Weak alkalis
(anhydride of sulphuric acid) (sulphuric acid) Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)]
Q. 13. Name an acid, used : (a) to flavour and preserve food, Q. 2. What is the difference between :
(b) in a drink, (c) to remove ink spots, (d) as an eyewash. (a) an alkali and a base ? (b) the chemical nature of an aqueous
Ans. (a) Citric acid or Benzoic acid (b) Carbonic acid solution of HCl and an aqueous solution of NH3.
(c) Oxalic acid (d) Boric acid. Ans. (a) A base is a substance which reacts with an acid to form
Q. 14. Give reaction of acids with (a) chlorides (b) nitrates. salt and water.
State the condition under which they react. Example. CuO, Mg(OH)2
Ans. (a) Chlorides do not react with any of the dilute acids. In general, An alkali is a soluble base which in aqueous solution gives hydroxyl
chlorides react with concentrated sulphuric acid on warming to liberate ions (OH–) as the only negative ions.
hydrogen chloride. Example. NaOH, KOH
The reaction takes place in two steps since H2SO4 contains two (b) In pure liquid state, HCl is unionized and does not conduct electric
replaceable hydrogen ions. current. In aqueous solution HCl is a good conductor of electric current
NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) below C as H+ ion combines with water forming [H3O+]
 200  NaHSO4 + HCl 
H 2O 
2NaCl + H2SO4 above c H+
 200
  Na2SO5 + 2HCl H Cl ionisation
+ Cl
(b) Nitrates do not react with dilute acids. However, lead nitrate solution proton chloride anion
reacts with both dilute HCl and dil. H2SO4 to form insoluble lead salts. H+ + H2O [H3O+]
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl   PbCl2 + 2HNO3 Similarly NH3 in aqueous solution is a weak alkali which undergoes
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4   PbSO4 + 2HNO3 partial dissociation
Nitrates when heated with conc. sulphuric acid, produce more NH4OH [NH4+] + [OH–]
Q. 3. Name the ions furnished by test the acidic solution.

(a) bases in solution. (b) an acid. (ii) Put the blue litmus paper (obtained above) in the remaining
Ans. Ions furnished by two test-tubes, one by one. The solution which turns Blue
litmus paper to red will be acidic solution.
(a) Bases in solution are — metallic or ammonium oxide or
hydroxide i.e., [O2–] or [OH–]. (iii) The solution which has no effect on any litmus paper will
be neutral and hence it will be distilled water.
(b) An acid — Hydronium ions [H3O+] or [H+].
Q.6. HCl, HNO3, C2H5OH, C6H12O6 all contain H atoms but
Q. 4. Give one example in each case : only HCl and HNO3 show acidic character. Why ?
(a) A basic oxide which is soluble in water. Ans. C2H5OH, C6H12O6 contain H atoms but their aqueous solutions do
(b) A hydroxide which is highly soluble in water. not show acidic character because their hydrogen does not separate
(c) A basic oxide which is insoluble in water. out as hydrogen ions [H+ (aq) ions] on dissolving in water.
(d) A hydroxide which is insoluble in water. Only HCl and HNO3 produce hydrogen ions [H+ (aq) ions]3
when dissolved in water and show acidic character.
(e) A weak mineral acid.
HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)
(f) A base which is not an alkali. HNO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + NO3– (aq)
(g) An oxide which is a base. Q.7. (a) Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of dry litmus
(h) A hydrogen containing compound which is not an acid. paper. Why ?
(i) A base which does not contain a metal ion. Ans. In absence of water, substance will not form hydrogen ions and
Ans. (a) Na2O Sodium oxide hence will not show its acidic behaviour. Hence dry HCl gas (in
absence of water) does not change the colour of dry litmus
(b) NH4OH Ammonium hydroxide
paper because it has no hydrogen ions in it.
(c) CuO Copper oxide (b) Is PbO2 a base or not ? Comment.
(d) Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxide Ans. PbO2 though is metal oxide is not a base. The reason being lead
(e) H2CO3 Carbonic acid IV oxide [PbO2] when reacts with HCl produces chlorine (Cl2)
(f) [Cu(OH)2] Cupric hydroxide also and the word (only) excludes it from the class of base
(g) CuO Cupric oxide which states “A metallic oxide which contains the ion O2– and
reacts with an acid to form salt and water only”.
(h) Anhydrous hydrogen chloride (HCl)
PbO2 + 4HCl (aq) PbCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O
(i) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (c) Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ? Explain why are
Q.5. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of they basic by taking an example ?
them contains distilled water and the other two have an Ans. It is the concentration of H+ (aq) ions, which decides whether
acidic solution and a basic solution respectively. If you a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral. Yes basic solution also
are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the have it ions.
contents of each test tube ? A basic solution produce more (OH–) ions in water and less
Ans. (i) Put red litmus paper in all the test tubes, turn by turn. The hydrogen (H+) ions which come from the ionisation of water. Basic
solution which turns red litmus to blue will be a basic sol. will have higher pH and change colourless phenolphthalein
solution. The blue litmus paper formed here can be used to solution to pink.
Q. 8. How would you obtain :

KHSO 3  HCl 
 KCl + H2O + SO2
(a) a base from other base ? (b) an alkali from a base ? ( Pot. bisulphite ) (dil.)
(c) salt from another salt ? (e) K 2S  2 HCl 
 2 KCl + H2S
Ans. (a) By the action of water on metallic oxide [ Pot.Sulphide] (dil.)
Q. 10. The skin has and needs natural oils. Why is it advisable
 Ca(OH) 2
CaO + H 2 O 
Base Base to wear gloves when working with strong alkalis.
(b) By the action of water on soluble metallic oxide Ans. Strong alkalis are soapy liquids and slippery to touch. They
also have corrosive action on the skin. So, it is advisable to wear gloves
Na 2 O + H 2 O 
 2 NaOH when working with strong alkalis.
Base Alkali
Q. 11. Complete the table:
(c) Salt from a salt
Indicator Neutral Acidic Alkaline
CuSO 4 + 2 NH 4 OH 
 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 B Litmus Purple ------ ------
Salt Salt
Phenolphthalein Colourless ------ ------
Q. 9. Write balanced equation to satisfy each statement.
Ans.
(a) Acid + Active metal 
 Salt + Hydrogen Indicator Neutral Acidic Alkaline
(b) Acid + Base 
 Salt + Water
Litmus Purple Red Blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
(c) Acid + Carbonate/bicarbonate 
 Salt + Water Q. 12. What do you understand by pH value ? Two solutions
+ Carbondioxide X and Y have pH values of 4 and 10 respectively. Which one of
these two will give a pink colour with phenolphthalein indicator?
(d) Acid + Sulphite/bisulphite 
 Salt + Water
Ans. pH scale : It is a scale used to measure relative strength of
+ Sulphur dioxide solutions. Or
(e) Acid + Sulphide 
 Salt + Hydrogen Sulphide The acid and basic strengths of solutions are compared on hydrogen
ion scale or the pH scale.
 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2 
Ans. (a) 6 HCl + 2 Al 
(dil.) It is the concentration of H+ (aq) ions, which decides whether a
solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral.
 Ca [NO3]2 + 2H2O
(b) 2 HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Solution X has pH value 4 is Acidic and will not change the colourless
(c) H 2 SO 4 + CuCO3 
 CuSO4 + H2O + CO2 phenolphthalein solution.
(dil.) But solution Y having pH value 10 is Basic and will change
phenolphthalein indicator to Pink Colour.
KHCO 3  HNO 3 
 KNO3 + H2O + CO2
(dil.)
Q. 13. You are supplied with five solutions : A, B, C, D and E
with pH values as follows :
(d) K 2 SO 3  2 HCl 
 2 KCl + H2O + SO2 A = 1·8, B = 7, C = 8·5, D = 13, and E = 5
[ Pot. sulphite] (dil.)
Classify these solutions as neutral, slightly or strongly acidic
and slightly or strongly alkaline. Which solution would be most (b)decrease the pH value of a neutral solution
likely to liberate hydrogen with : Ans. (a) an alkali (b) acid should be added
(a) magnesium powder, Q. 16. How does tooth enamal get damaged ? What should
(b) powdered zinc metal. Give a word equation for each be done to prevent it ?
reaction. Ans. Substances like chocolates and sweets are degraded by
bacteria present in our mouth. When the pH falls to 5.5 tooth decay
Ans. Solution A having pH (1·8) is strongly acidic.
starts. Tooth enamel which is calcium phosphate is the hardest substance
Solution B having pH (7) is neutral. in our body. It gets corroded. The saliva produced by salivary glands is
Solution C having pH (8·5) is slightly basic. slightly alkaline, it helps to increase the pH, to some extent, but tooth
Solution D having pH (13) strongly basic. paste is used to neutralise excess acid in the mouth.
Solution E having pH (5) is slightly acidic. Q. 17. When you use universal indicator, you see that the
(a) Solution (A) with magnesium powder would liberate hydrogen. solutions of different acids produce different colours. Indeed
solutions of the same acid with different concentrations will also
Magnesium + Acid   Magnesium salt + Hydrogen give different colours. Why?
(b) Solution (A) would liberate hydrogen with powdered zinc metal. Ans. Universal indicators is a mixture of indicator dyes that
Zinc + Acid   Salt of zinc + Hydrogen gives a spectrum of colours depending on how acidic or alkaline a
solution is. It gives different colours at different concentrations of
Q. 14. Distinguish between :
hydrogen ions in a solution (same acid).
(a) A common acid base indicator and a universal indicator. Q. 18. (a) A solution has a pH of 7. Explain how you would :
(b) Acidity of bases and basicity of acids. (i) Increase its pH ; (ii) Decrease its pH ;
(c) Acid and alkali (other than indicators). (b) If a solution changes the colour of litmus from red to
Ans. A common acid base indicator (Litmus paper) is not very blue, what can you say about its pH.
accurate. (c) What can you say about the pH of solution that liberates
carbon dioxide from sodium carbonate.
A universal Indicator i.e. pH paper gives very accurate results. It
is mixture of organic dyes. A universal Indicator has Green Colour in Ans. (a) (i) Value of pH can be increased by addition of some
neutral solution and its colour changes Green to Violet in basic solutions alkali or alkaline substance or a basic substance.
and from green to red in acidic solutions. (ii) Value of pH can be decreased by adding some acid or acidic substance.
(b) The solution has pH above 7 and it is a basic solution.
(b) Acidity of a base. The number of hydronium ions [H+ (aq)] of
(c) The solution will be an acid, as acid liberates CO2 from
an acid which will react completely with one molecule of a base to form
carbonates. It will have pH less than 7.
salt and water as only products is called acidity of a base.’’
Q. 19. Solution P has a pH of 13, solution Q has pH of 6 and
Basicity of acids. “The number of hydronium ions [H+ (aq)] which solution R has a pH of 2.
can be liberated by one molecule of an acid on complete ionisation is (a) will liberate ammonia from ammonium sulphate on heating ?
called its basicity.” (b) is a strong acid ? (c) contains molecules as well as ions ?
(c) Acids : Have sour taste Ans. (a) Solution P having pH value 13 will liberate ammonia gas
ALKALIS (i) Have Sharp bitter taste (ii) They are soapy to touch from ammonium sulphate, because strong base can liberate ammonia
Q. 15. What should be added to from ammonium sulphate solution.
(a) increase the pH value, (b) Solution R has pH – 2 is a strong acid, as strong acid has pH lower than 7.

(c) Solution Q, as its pH is 6 and hence a weak acid, contains both as sodium sulphate ?
molecules as well as ions. Ans. (a) Salt “is a compound formed by partial or complete
Q. 20. M is an element in the form of a powder. M burns in replacement of H+ (aq) ions of an acid, by a metal or an electropositive
oxygen and the product is soluble in water. The solution is tested
with litmus. Write down only the word which will correctly complete ion i.e., NH 4+ . OR
each of the following sentences. (a) If M is a metal, then the Salt. “A salt is a compound formed by the replacement of ionisable
litmus will turn .................. . (b) If M is a non-metal, then the
hydrogen atoms of an acid partially or wholly by a metal or
litmus will turn ................ (c) If M is a reactive metal, then
ammonium ion. OR
............... will be evolved when M reacts with dilute sulphuric
acid. (d) If M is a metal, it will form ............... oxide, which will Salt. “A salt is an ionic compound containing a positive ion [cation]
form ................ solution with water. (e) If M is a non-metal, it will other than hydrogen and negative ion [Anion] other than hydroxial ion.
not conduct electricity in the form of.................. . (V.Imp.) (b) Insoluble salts are prepared by precipitation.
Ans. (a) Blue (b) Red (c) Hydrogen gas (c) Sodium chloride salt is prepared by direct combination. (Heating
(d) Basic, alkaline (e) solid (or gas) two elements together)
EXERCISE 3(B) SALTS AND THEIR PREPARATIONS 
2 Na ( s )  Cl 2 ( g )  2 NaCl ( s )
Q. 1. Define the following and give two examples in each Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride
case : (a) a normal salt, (b) an acid salt, (c) a mixed salt. (d) Procedure. By
Ans. (a) Normal salts “are the salts formed by complete replacement neutralising alkali with acid.
of ionisable hydrogen atoms of an acid by a metallic or ammonium ion.” Take calculated amount of
Examples of normal salts : (i) Sodium sulphate [Na2SO4] NaOH (25 cm3) in flask. Add
(ii) Sodium chloride [NaCl] few drops of phenolphthalein
(b) Acid salt. “A salt formed by the partial replacement of to it with the help of pipette.
replaceable hydrogen ion of an acid by a metallic or electropositive radical 2 NaOH + H2SO4  
like ammonium radical is called an acid salt.’’
Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
Examples of acid salts : (i) Sodium hydrogen sulphate [NaHSO4]
Fill the burette with dil.
(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulphate [KHSO4]
H2SO4 upto zero mark from
(c) Mixed salts “are those salts which contain more than one
the burette add dil. H2SO4 drop
basic or acidic radicals.”
by drop into the flask with
Examples Sodium potassium carbonate [NaKCO3]
constant stirring until pink
Bleaching powder [CaOCl2]
colour just disappears. Transfer
Q.2. Answer the following questions related to salts and their contents of flask to evaporating
preparations : (a) What is a ‘salt’ ? (b) What kind of salt is prepared
dish to evaporate water. On
by precipitation ? (c) Name a salt prepared by direct combination.
cooling crystals of [Na2SO4.10
Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in preparing
H2O] are obtained.
the salt you have named. (d) Name the procedure used to prepare
a sodium salt such as sodium sulphate ? Na2SO4 + 10 H2O 
 [Na2SO4.10 H2O]
Q. 3. Explain the following methods with examples. Q. 4. Describe giving all practical details, how would you
(a) Direct combination prepare :
(b) Displacement (a) copper sulphate crystals from a mixture of charcoal and
(c) Double decomposition (precipitation) black copper oxide,
(d) Neutralisation of insoluble base (b) zinc sulphate crystals from zinc dust (powdered zinc and
(e) Neutralisation of an alkali (titration) zinc oxide),
Ans. (a) Direct combination i.e. by heating two elements together
(c) sodium hydrogen carbonate crystals.
Metal + Non metal  Salt
2Na(molten) + Cl2  2NaCl (d) Calcium sulphate from calcium carbonate.
2Fe + 3Cl2  2FeCl3 Ans. (a) Take 50 cm3 of dil. sulphuric acid in a beaker and heat it
(b) Displacement i.e. action of dilute acids on active metals on a wire gauge. Add black cupric oxide in small lots at a time with
Active metal + Acid  Salt + Hydrogen stirring until no more of it dissolves and the excess oxide settles at the
bottom. Filter it hot and the filtrate collected in a china dish. It is evaporated
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2 
by heating to the point of crystallisation and then allowed to cool. Collect
Fe + 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2  the bright blue (rhombic) crystals of copper (II) sulphate
(c) Double decomposition (precipitation) pentahydrate CuSO4.5 H2O also called, blue vitriol.
(i) Decomposition of hydrogen by acids.
CuO + H2SO4 
 CuSO4 + H2O
(1) NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2 
sodium salt  CuSO 4 .5 H 2 O
CuSO4 + 5 H2O 
bicarbonate Blue vitriol
(2) Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2CO2  (b) Take dil sulphuric acid (1 vol. of acid : 3 vol. of water) in a
calcium salt beaker and heat it on a wire gauge. Add zinc dust (powdered zinc and
bicarbonate zinc oxide) little by little with constant stirring. Effervescence takes place
(ii) Decomposition of carbonates by acids. because of evolution of hydrogen gas. If the reaction is too slow, a few
(1) CuCO3 + 2HCl  CuCl2 + H2O + CO2  drops of copper sulphate solution (catalyst) are added to make it go
copper salt faster. Add zinc till the metal settles at the base. When the effervescence
carbonate stops it shows that all acid has reacted. Excess of zinc and black particles
of carbon are filtered off and the filterate collected in a china dish.
(2) MgCO3 + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 
magnesium salt Evaporate the solution until crystals start appearing and cool it.
carbonate Filter and wash it with some water and dry it between folds of filter
(d) Neutralisation of insoluble base paper. The white needle shaped crystals are of hydrated zinc sulphate,
2HCl + MgO  MgCl2 + H2O called white vitriol.
2HCO3 + PbO  Pb(NO3)2 + H2O 
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  ZnSO4 + H2 
(e) Neutralisation of an alkali (titration) : Neutralising an acid with
a soluble base is known as titration. ZnO + H2SO4 
 ZnSO4 + H2O
HNO3 + NaOH  NaNO3 + H2O ZnSO4 + 7H2O 
 ZnSO 4 .7 H 2 O
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O White vitriol

(c) PREPRATION OF (NaHCO3 ) SODIUM HYDROGEN Ans. (1) The best method of preparing anhydrous ferric chloride is
CARBONATE : the method A—direct combination of two elements.
By passing (CO2 ) gas into a cold sol. of (Na2CO3 ) Chemical equation :

2 Fe + 3Cl2  2 FeCl 3
Anhydrous ferric chloride
(2) The best method of preparing lead chloride is the method
A—direct combination of two elements.
Chemical equation :
Pb + Cl2 
 PbCl 2
Lead chloride
(3) The best method of preparing sodium sulphate is the method
PREPRATION OF (NaHCO3 ) SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE :
D—Titration of a dilute acid with a solution of soluble base.
Chemical equation :
(i) Dissolve about 5 grams of Na2CO3 in 25 ml. of distilled water in
a flask. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 
 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 
(ii) keep this flask in freezing mixture to cool it.
Na2SO4 + 10 H2O 
 Na2SO4.10 H2O
(iii) Pass CO2 gas.
(4) The best method of preparing copper sulphate is the method
(iv) Crystals of soidium bicarbonate will precipitate and are dried C—reaction of a dil. acid with an insoluble base.
after filtration.
Chemical equation :
(d) Calcium sulphate can be prepared by reacting calcium carbonate
with dilute sulphuric acid. CuO + H2SO4   CuSO4 + H2O
Q. 6. Name :
CaCO 3  H 2 SO 4 
 CaSO 4  H 2 O + CO 2
Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate (a) a chloride which is insoluble in cold water but dissolves
in hot water.
Q. 5. The following is a list of methods for the preparation of
salts. (b) a chloride which is insoulble.
A — direct combination of two elements. (c) two sulphates which are insoulble.
B — reaction of a dilute acid with a metal. (d) a basic salt. (e) an acidic salt.
C — reaction of a dilute acid with an insoluble base. (f) a mixed salt. (g) a complex salt.
D — titration of a dilute acid with a solution of soluble base. (h) a double salt.
E — reaction of two solutions of salts to form a precipitate. (i) two salts whose solubility increases with temperature.
Choose from the list A to E, the best method of preparing
(j) a salt whose solubility decreases with temperture.
the following salts by giving a suitable equation in each case :
Ans. (a) PbCl2 Lead chloride
1. Anhydrous ferric chloride 2. Lead chloride
(b) AgCl Silver chloride
3. Sodium sulphate 4. Copper sulphate.
(c) CaSO4 calcium sulphate and BaSO4 Barium sulphate (c) Anhydrous FeCl3 cannot be prepared by heating hydrated
(d) Basic copper nitrate [Cu(OH)NO3] iron (III) chloride.
(e) Potassium hydrogen sulphate KHSO4 Ans.(a) For complete neutralisation of base (NaOH) with Acid.
(f) NaKCO3 Sodium Potassium Carbonate Since sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid are both soluble, an
(g) Potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6] excess of either of them cannot be removed by filtration.
Therefore, it is necessary to find out on a small scale, the ratio
(h) Mohr’s salt FeSO4.(NH4)2 SO4.6H2O of the two reactants required in the prepration of sodium sulphate.
(i) Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Bromide. (b) Fused calcium chloride is used in the prepration of FeCl3
(j) Calcium sulphate [CaSO4] Since Iron (III) chloride [FeCl3] is highly Delique Scent, so it is
Q. 7. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : kept dry with the help of fused CaCl2 (calcium chloride) (drying
An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water forms agent)
Hydronium ions as the only ....................ions. A base is a (c) An hydrous FeCl3 cannot be prepared by simply heating hydrated
compound which is soluble in water contains ....................ions. A Iron (III) chloride, because on heating FeCl3.6H2O produces
base reacts with an acid to form a ...................and water only. Fe2O3.H2O and HCl
This type of reaction is known as .................... . 
2[FeCl3.6H2O]  Fe2O3 + 9H2O + 6HCl
Ans. An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water forms
Hydronium ions as the only positive ions. A base is a compound which Q. 10. Give the preparation of the salt given in the left column
is soluble in water contains hydroxyl ions. A base reacts with an acid to by matching with the methods given in the right column. Write
form a salt and water only. This type of reaction is known as balanced equations for each preparation.
neutralization. Salt Method of preparation
Q.8. What would you observe when Zinc sulphate Precipitation
(a) blue litmus is introduced into a solution of ferric chloride? Ferrous sulphide Oxidation
(b) red litmus paper is introduced into a solution of sodium Barium sulphate Displacement
sulphate? Ferric sulphate Neutralisation
(c) red litmus paper is introduced in sodium carbonate solution? Sodium sulphate Synthesis.
Ans. (a) Ferric chloride is acidic solution turns blue litmus — red. Ans. Zinc sulphate—Displacement
(b) Sodium Sulphate derived from strong acid and strong base
is neutral solution in water, does not change the colour of Zn + H2SO4   ZnSO4 + H2 
red litmus paper. It will remain red. Ferrous sulphide—Synthesis
(c) Sodium carbonate [Na2CO3] being alkaline solution, change 
Fe + S  FeS
the red litmus into blue.
Barium sulphate—Precipitation
Q.9. Explain why :
(a) It is necessary to find out the ratio of reactants required BaCl2 + H2SO4   BaSO4  + 2HCl
in the preparation of sodium sulphate. Ferric sulphate—Oxidation
(b) Fused calcium chlor ide is used in the pr epr ation of FeCl 3?
4FeO + O2  (c) Sodium zincate can be prepared by treating NaOH with Zn(OH)2.
 2Fe2O3
2 NaOH + Zn(OH)2   Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4   Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
sodium zincate
Sodium sulphate—Neutralisation
(d) Iron (II) sulphate can be prepared by treating Fe with H2SO4.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4   Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 
Fe + H2SO4   FeSO4 + H2 
Q. 11. (a) Give the pH value of pure water ? Does it change
if common salt is added to it ? (e) Sodium chloride can be prepared by neutralising NaOH with HCl.
(b) Classify the solutions of the following as acids, base or NaOH + HCl 
 NaCl + H2O
salts. Ammonium hydroxide, barium chloride, sodium chloride,
Q. 14. For each of the salt : A, B, C and D, suggest a suitable
sodium hydroxide, H2SO4 and HNO3.
method of its preparation.
Ans. (a) pH 7 indicates neutral solution i.e., pure water.
(a) A is a sodium salt. (b) B is an insoluble salt.
No, the pH value does not change on adding common salt.
(c) C is a soluble salt of copper. (d) D is a soluble salt of zinc.
POQ  Bases
Ammonium hydroxide Ans. (a) Sodium sulphate [Na2SO4] is prepared by neutralising
(b) Sodium hydroxide
NaOH and H2SO4.
H 2 SO 4 O (b) Lead carbonate [PbCO3] is prepared by precipitation.
 Acids
HNO 3 PQ (c) Copper sulphate [CuSO4.5 H2O]. By the action of acid on metal
oxide.
Barium chloride O
Sodium chloride PQ  Salts (d) Zinc sulphide [ZnS] by direct combination.
Q. 15. Choosing only substances from the list given in the box
Q. 12. Define the term neutralisation.
below, write equations for the reactions which you would use in
(a) Give a reaction mentioning clearly acid and base used in the laboratory to obtain:
the reaction.
(a) Sodium sulphate (b) Copper sulphate
(b) If one mole of strong acid reacts with one mole of a strong
(c) Iron (II) sulphate (d) Zinc carbonate
base, the heat produced is always the same. Why ?
Dilute sulphuric acid Copper Copper carbonate
Ans. Neutralisation. A chemical reaction in which hydronium ions
[H+ (aq) ions] of an acid and hydroxyl [OH–] ions of a base combine to Iron Sodium carbonate
form unionised water molecules, is called neutralisation. Sodium
Zinc
Acid + Base   Salt + Water
Ans. (i) Sodium sulphate : is obtained by the action of dilute
or Neutralisation. “When an acid and an alkali react to form salt
sulphuric acid and sodium carbonate.
and water only’’ is called neutralisation.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 (dil.)   Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 (g)
(a) NaOH + HCl 
 NaCl + H2O
(ii) Copper sulphate : is obtained by the action of dil. sulphuric
or Na+ + OH– + H+ + Cl– 
 Na+ + Cl– + H2O acid and copper carbonate.

CuCO3 + H2SO4 (dil.) 

 CuSO4 + H2O + CO2(g)
(b) An insoluble solid is called PRECIPITATE.
(iii) Iron (II) Sulphate : is obtained by the action of iron and dil. (c) Acitic Acid.
sulphuric acid. Q.19. Which of the following methods, A, B, C, D or E is
generally used for preparing the chlorides listed below
Fe + H2SO4 (dil.) 
 FeSO4 + H2(g) from (i) to (v). Answer by writing down the chloride and
(iv) Zinc carbonate : is obtained by the action of Zn and CuCO3. the letter pertaining to the corresponding method. Each
letter is to be used only once.
Zn + CuCO3 
 ZnCO3 + Cu.
(A) Action of an acid on a metal
Q. 16. From the formula listed below, choose one, in each
case, corresponding to the salt having the given description:- (B) Action of an acid on an oxide or carbonate
AgCI, CuCO3. CuSO4 5H2O, KNO3,NaCI, NaHSO4, Pb(NO3)2, (C) Direct combination
ZnCO3, ZnSO4.7H2O. (a) An acid salt. (b) An insoluble (D) Neutralization of an alkali by an acid
chloride.
(E) Precipitation (double decomposition)
(c) On treating with concentrated sulphuric acid, this salt
(i) Copper (II) chloride (ii) Iron (II) chloride
changes from blue to white.
(iii) Iron (III) chloride (iv) Lead (II) chloride
(d) On heating, this salt changes from green to black.
(v) Sodium chloride.
(e) This salt gives nitrogen dioxide on heating.
Ans. (i) B (ii) A (iii) C (iv) E (v) D
Ans. (a) NaHSO4, (b) AgCl, (c) CuSO4.5H2O, (d) CuCO3, (e)
Pb(NO3)2 Q.20. Complete the following table and write one equation for
each to justify the statement :
Q. 17. (a) Ca(H2PO4)2 is an example of a compound called
________ (acid salt/basic salt/ normal salt). Reactants Products Method
(b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of :
Soluble base+Acid (dil) Salt + Water Neutralisation Titration
A named acid and a named alkali.
Metal + Non-metal Salt (soluble/ Direct combination
Ans. (a) Ca(H2PO4)2 is an example of a compound called acid
salt. insoluble)
Insoluble base + Acid Salt(soluble)+water Neutralisation
(b) NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Active metal + Acid (dil) Salt+Hydrogen Simple displacement
Alkali Acid
Soluble salt solution (A) + Precipitated
Q. 18. State the terms defined by the following sentences:
Soluble salt solution (B) salt + Soluble By precipitation
(a) A soluble base.
salt Reaction
(b) The insoluble solid formed when two solutions are mixed
Carbonate/bicarbonate+ Salt+water+CO2 Decomposition of
together.
Acid (dil) carbonate
(c) An acidic solution in which there is only partial ionization of
Chloride/nitrate+Acid Salt + Acid Decomposition of
the solute molecules.
Ans. (a) A soluble base is called ALKALI. (conc.) chlorides and nitrates

(b) An insoluble solid is called PRECIPITATE. EXERCISE 3(C)

(c) Acitic Acid. PROPERTIES OF SALTS
Q.20. Which of the following methods, A, B, C, D or E is Q. 1. What do you understand by water of crystallisation ?
generally used for preparing the chlorides listed below Give four substances which contain water of crystallisation and
from (i) to (v). Answer by writing down the chloride and write their common names.
the letter pertaining to the corresponding method. Each Ans. Water of crystallisation. “The number of water molecules which
letter is to be used only once. are loosely attached to one molecule of a salt is called water of crystallisation.”
(A) Action of an acid on a metal Common name
(B) Action of an acid on an oxide or carbonate
1. Blue vitriol Copper sulphate [CuSO4.5H2O]
(C) Direct combination
(D) Neutralization of an alkali by an acid pentahydrate
(E) Precipitation (double decomposition) 2. White vitriol Zinc sulphate [ZnSO4.7H2O]
(i) Copper (II) chloride (ii) Iron (II) chloride heptahydrate
(iii) Iron (III) chloride (iv) Lead (II) chloride 3. Gypsum Hydrated calcium [CaSO4.2H2O]
(v) Sodium chloride. sulphate
Ans. (i) B (ii) A (iii) C (iv) E (v) D 4. Washing soda Sodium carbonate [Na2CO3.10H2O]
Q.21. Choose the most appropriate answer from crystals decahydrate
[SO2, SiO2, Al2O, CO, MgO, Na2O]
Q. 2. (a) Define efflorescence. Give examples.
(a) A covalent oxide of a metalloid.
(b) An oxide which when dissolved in water form acid.
(b) Define deliquescence. Give examples.
(c) A basic oxide. Ans. (a) Efflorescence : “The phenomenon of loosing water of
(d) An amphoteric oxide. crystallisation partly or wholly by hydrated crystalline salts when exposed
Ans. (a) SiO2 (b) SO2 (c) MgO (d) Al2O3 to air is called efflorescence.” These salts are called efflorescent salts.
Q.22. Complete the following table and write one equation for (b) Deliquescence : “The phenomenon when water soluble
each to justify the statement : substances which absorb moisture of air and then dissolve in dissolved
Reactants Products Method moisture to change to liquid state is called deliquescence. These salts
Soluble base+Acid (dil) Salt + Water Neutralisation Titration are called deliquescent salts.
Metal + Non-metal Salt (soluble/ Direct combination Examples of efflorescent salts are :
insoluble) (1) Blue vitriol [CuSO4.5H2O] (2) Green vitriol [FeSO4.7H2O]
Insoluble base + Acid Salt(soluble)+water Neutralisation
(3) Washing soda [Na2CO3.10H2O]
Active metal + Acid (dil) Salt+Hydrogen Simple displacement
Soluble salt solution (A) + Precipitated Examples of deliquescent salts are :
Soluble salt solution (B) salt + Soluble By precipitation (1) Anhydrous calcium chloride [CaCl2]
salt Reaction (2) Potassium hydroxide [KOH] (3) Sodium hydroxide [NaOH]
Carbonate/bicarbonate+ Salt+water+CO2 Decomposition of Q. 3. Answer the questions below, relating your answers only
Acid (dil) carbonate to salts in the following list : Sodium chloride, anhydrous calcium
Chloride/nitrate+Acid Salt + Acid Decomposition of chloride, copper sulphate-5-water.
(conc.) chlorides and nitrates
(a) What name is given to the water in the compound copper Ans. Drying agent
sulphate-5-water ? 1. They remove moisture from other substances.
(b) If copper sulphate-5-water is heated, anhydrous copper 2. They represent physical change.
sulphate is formed. What is its colour ? Examples : Fused calcium chloride CaCl2
(c) By what means, other than heating, could you dehydrate Phosphorus pentoxide P2O5
copper sulphate-5-water and obtain anhydrous copper sulphate? Conc. H2SO4 sulphuric acid
(d) Which one of the salts in the given list is deliquescent ? 3. They are used to dry gases like chlorine. They are also used in
Ans. (a) Water of crystallisation desiccators to keep substances dry.
(b) Colour of anhydrous CuSO4 is white. Dehydrating agent
(c) By treating with concentrated H2SO4. 1. They remove chemically combined elements of water in the ratio
It absorbs water of crystallisation from hydrated salt. of 2 : 1 (hydrogen : oxygen) from a compound.
(d) Thus anhydrous calcium chloride [CaCl2] is deliquescent substance. 2. They represent chemical change.
Q. 4. State your observations when the following are exposed Examples : Conc. sulphuric acid H2SO4.
to atmosphere : (a) Washing soda crystals 3. They prepare substances like carbon monoxide, sugar charcoal etc.
(b) Iron (III) chloride salts are exposed to atmosphere Q. 8. State whether a sample of each of the following would
Ans. (a) A fluffy white deposit is formed on the surface of crystals. increase or decrease in mass if exposed to air.
This fluffy white deposit Na2CO3·H2O. (a) solid NaOH, (b) Solid CaCl2,
(b) It absorbs moisture from air to form reddish brown liquid. (c) Solid Na2CO3·10H2O, (d) Conc. Sulphuric acid,
Q. 5. Give reasons for the following : (e) Iron (III) Chloride
(a) Sodium hydrogen sulphate is not an acid but it dissolves Ans. (a) Solid NaOH — mass increase as it absorbs moisture.
in water to give hydrogen ions, according to the equation (b) Solid CaCl2 — mass increase being deliquescent substance.
NaHSO4 H +  Na +  SO 42  . (c) Solid Na2CO3·10H2O — mass decreases due to efflorescence.
(d) Conc. Sulphuric acid — mass increase being hygroscopic absorbs
(b) Anhydrous calcium chloride is used in a desiccator ? water.
Ans. (a) Does not form Hydronium ion [H3O+]. (e) Iron (III) Chloride — mass increases as it absorbs moisture
(b) Anhydrous calcium chloride is a drying agent as it is deliquescent from the atmospheric air.
in nature, absorbs moisture (but does not react with water) hence is Q. 9.
used as drying agent in a desiccator for drying other substances. (a) Why does common salt gets wet during rainy season?
Q. 6. Explain clearly how conc. H2SO4 is used as dehydrating (b) How can this impurity be removed ?
as well as drying agent.
(c) Name a substance which changes the blue colour of copper
Ans. Sulphuric acid can remove water from CO2, SO2 etc. (dry sulphate crystals white.
them) without reacting chemically with them and acts as drying agent. (d) Name two crystalline substances which do not contain
It can also remove water of crystallisation and has strong affinity for water of crystallisation. (V.Imp.)
water (from sugar, oxalic acid) and acts as dehydrating agent.
Ans. (a) Common salt gets wet during rainy season because it
Q.7. Distnguish between drying and dehydrating agent. contains impurity of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) which is highly
deliquescent. (b) No change

(b) This impurity can be removed by a current of dry (HCl) gas (c) NH4NO3 solution is acidic in nature. Therefore, it turns blue
through saturated solution of the salt. Pure sodium chloride is thrown litmus to red litmus.
down as a precipitate. This can be recovered by filtering and washing (d) MgCl2 solution is slightly acidic in nature. Therefore it turns
with a little water and finally with alcohol. blue litmus to red litmus.
(c) Dry air. P.Q. What would you observe when :
(d) (i) Common salt (NaCl) (ii) Sugar [C12H22O11]. (a) blue litmus is introduced into a solution of hydrogen
Q. 10. Name the salt which on hydrolysis forms chloride gas,
(a) acidic (b) basic and (c) neutral solution. (b) red litmus paper is introduced into a solution of ammonia
Give a balanced equation for each reaction. in water,
Ans. (a) The salts of strong acids and weak bases hydrolyse in (c) red litmus paper is introduced in caustic soda solution?
water to give an acidic solution (pH less than 7). Ans. (a) Solution of hydrogen chloride gas is acidic solution turns
Examples : blue litmus to red.
Iron (III) chloride (FeCl3), (b) Ammonia is basic a nature and it turns the colour of red
Copper sulphate (CUSO4). litmus paper to blue.
FeCl3 + 3H2O 3HCl + Fe(OH)3 (c) Caustic soda [NaOH] being alkaline solution, change the red
litmus into blue.
strong acid weak base
(b) Salts formed from strong bases like NaOH and KOH and weak MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS BASED
acids like H2CO3, CH3CO2H, etc., hydrolyse in water to give alkaline ON ICSE EXAMINATION
solutions. They have pH more than 7.
Examples : Q. 1. Write the balanced equations for the preparation of
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium acetate (CH3COOK), the following compounds (as the major product) starting from
Na2CO3 + 2H2O H2CO3 + 2NaOH iron and using only one other substance :
weak acid strong alkali
(a) Iron (II) chloride (b) Iron (III) chloride
CH3COOK + H2O CH3COOH + KOH (c) Iron (II) sulphate (d) Iron (II) sulphide
Ans. (a) Iron (II) chloride can be prepared as
weak acid strong alkali
(c) Salts derived from strong acids and strong bases, such as NaCl, Fe + Cl2   FeCl2 or Fe + 2HCl   FeCl2 + H2
Na2SO4, K2SO4 and KNO3 gives a neutral solution in water. (b) Iron (III) chloride can be prepared as
Q. 11. State the change noticed when blue litmus and red 2Fe + 3Cl2   2FeCl3
litmus are introduced in the following solution
(c) Iron (II) sulphate can be prepared as
(a) Na2CO3 solution (b) NaCl solution
(c) NH4 NO3 (d) MgCl2 solution Fe + H2SO4   FeSO4 + H2
Ans. (a) Na2CO3 solution is basic in nature. Therefore, it turns red (d) Iron (II) sulphide can be prepared as
litmus to blue litmus. Fe + S 
 FeS
Q.2. Write balanced reactions for the following conversions (A, B, C,D) (ii) A base which is soluble in water.
A B C
Fe  FeCl2  FeCO3  Fe (NO3)2  Fe(OH)2 D Ans. (i) Soluble salts, (ii) Alkali
A
Ans. Fe  FeCl2 (b) Making use only of substances chosen from those given below:
Dilute sulphuric acid sodium carbonate
Fe + 2HCl  FeCl2 + H2
Zinc sodium sulphite
[A]
B
Lead calcium carbonate
FeCl2  FeCO3
give the equations for the reactions by which you could obtain :
FeCl2 + Na2O3  FeCO3 + 2NaCl (i) hydrogen (ii) sulphur dioxide
[B]
(iii) carbon dioxide
C
FeCO3  Fe(NO3)2
(iv) zinc carbonate (two steps required)
FeCO3 + 2HNO3   Fe(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
[C] Ans. (i) Zn + H2SO4 
 ZnSO4 + H2 
D Zinc Dil. sulphuric acid Hydrogen
Fe(NO3)2  Fe(OH)2
Fe (NO3)2 + 2NaOH 
 Fe(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 (ii) Na2SO3 + H2SO4 
 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O
[D] Sodium dilute Sulphur
Sulphite sulphuric acid dioxide
Q. 3. The preparation of Lead sulphate from Lead carbonate is
a two-step process. (Lead sulphate cannot be prepared
by adding dilute Sulphuric acid to Lead carbonate.) (iii) CaCO3 + H2SO4 
 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
(a) What is the first step that is required to prepare lead Calcium Dilute Carbon
sulphate from lead carbonate ? carbonate sulphuric dioxide
acid
(b) Write the equation for the reaction that will take place
when this first step is carried out. (iv) Zn + H2SO4 
 ZnSO4 + H2 
(c) Why is the direct addition of dilute Sulphuric acid to Zinc Dil. sulphuric acid zinc sulphate
Lead carbonate an impractical method of preparing
Lead sulphate ? ZnSO4 + Na2CO3 
 ZnCO3 + Na2SO4
Ans. (a) Treatment with nitric acid to form soluble lead nitrate. Zinc sulphate Sodium Zinc
carbonate carbonate
(b) PbCO3 + 2HNO3   Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 
2009
Insoluble
(c) Direct addition of dil. sulphuric acid to lead carbonate will lead (a) The acid which contains four hydrogen atoms .........
to deposition of lead sulphate on the surface of lead carbonate (i) Formic (ii) Sulphuric
which stops further reaction of sulphuric acid on it. (iii) Nitric (iv) Acetic-acid
Q. 4. (a) What are the terms defined by the following ? Ans. (iv) Acetic-acid
(i) A salt containing a metal ion surrounded by other ions or (b) A black coloured solid which on reaction with dilute
molecules. sulphuric acid forms a blue coloured solution is

(i) Carbon (ii) Manganese [IV] oxide (i) What is substance B ?

(iii) Lead [II] oxide (iv) Copper [II] oxide (ii) What is the purpose of B ?
Ans. (iv) Copper [II] oxide (iii) Why is iron (III) chloride to be stored in a closed
(c) Solution A is strong acid B weak acid C strong alkali container ?
(i) Which solution contains solute molecules in addition to (iv) Write the equation for the reaction between iron and
water molecules chlorine.
(ii) Which solution gives gelatinous white ppt with zinc Ans. (i) Anhydrous calcium chloride.
sulphate, ppt disappears in excess
(ii) To absorb water vapours.
(iii) Give example of weak alkali.
(iii) Ferric chloride is highly deliquescent, i.e. it absorbs
Ans. (i) Solution B — weak acid moisture from the surrounding air and dissolves in it to
(ii) Solution C — strong alkali form a saturated solution. Hence it is stored in air tight
(iii) Ammonium hydroxide — weak alkali bottles.
(d) Write the equation[s] for a reaction[s] to prepare lead
sulphate from lead carbonate. (iv) 2Fe + 3Cl2 
 2FeCl3
2010
 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
Ans. PbCO3 + 2HNO3 
(a) Select the correct answer from A, B, C, D and E -
Lead carbonate Nitric acid Lead nitrate water carbon
dioxide (i) Nitroso Iron (II) sulphate (ii) Iron (III) chloride
(iii) Chromium sulphate (iv) Lead chloride (v) Sodium
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 
 PbSO4 + 2HNO3 chloride.
Lead nitrate sulphuric acid Lead sulphate Nitric acid A. A deliquescent compound.
(e) Define the following term — Neutralization. B. A compound soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold
Ans. Neutralisation : The reaction in which an acid reacts with a water.
base to form salt and water is known as neutralisation. C. A compound which in the aqueous solution state, is
Example : NaOH + HCl 
 NaCl + H2O neutral in nature.
base acid salt water Ans. (i) Iron (II) chloride (ii) Lead chloride
(f) The diagram given below is prepare Iron (III) chloride in (iii) Sodium chloride
the laboratory : (b) Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D -
(i) A weak organic acid is :
A : Formic acid B : Sulphuric acid
C : Nitric acid D : Hydrochloric acid
Ans. A : Formic acid
(ii) A complex salt is :
A : Zinc sulphate
B : Sodium hydrogen sulphate

C : Iron [ammonium sulphate] (ii) 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

D : Tetrammine copper [II] sulphate Iron Chlorine Ferric chloride
Ans. D : Tetrammine copper [II] sulphate
Temp. above
(c) Give equations for the following conversions A to E (iii) 2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2H2O
200ºC
A B Potassium hydroxide Potassium sulphate

ZnSO4 ZnCO3 Zn(NO3)2
(iv)  PbCO3 + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
E C Lead carbonate Lead nitrate
D (Insoluble salt) (Soluble salt)

ZnO Zn(OH)2
 Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
Ans. A : ZNSO4 + Na2CO3  ZnCO3 + Na2SO4
Lead nitrate Lead chloride
zinc sulphate sodium carbonate zinc carbonate sodium sulphate
2011
B: ZnCO3 + 2HNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 
zinc carbonate nitric acid zinc nitrate water carbon dioxide (a) Write the balanced chemical equation : Lead nitrate solution
is added to sodium chloride solution
C : Zn(NO3)2 + 2NaOH  Zn(OH)2  + 2NaNO3 Ans. Pb (NO3)2 + 2NaCl  PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

zinc nitrate sodium hydroxide zinc hydroxide sodium nitrate (b) State what happens to crystals of washing soda when exposed

to air? Name the phenomenon exhibited.
D : Zn(OH)2 
 ZnO + H2O
Ans. It loses its water of crystallisation and becomes amorphous. This
zinc hydroxide zinc oxide water
phenomenon is known as efflorescence.
E : ZnO + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2O

Na2CO3.10H2O  Na2CO3 + 10H2O
zinc oxide sulphuric acid zinc sulphate water
(d) For the preparation of the following salts give a balanced Washing soda Sodium
equation in each case.
carbonate
(i) Copper (II) sulphate from copper (II) oxide.
(ii) Iron (III) chloride from the metal iron. (c) Name the method used for preparation of the following salts
from the list given below:
(iii) Potassium sulphate from KOH solution.
(iv) Lead (II) chloride from lead carbonate (give two equations). (i) Sodium nitrate (ii) Iron (III) chloride
Ans. (i) CuO + H2SO2 CuSO4 + H2O (iii) Lead chloride (iv)Zinc sulphate
Copper (II) oxide Copper sulphate (v) Sodium hydrogen sulphate.

List : 2013
(A) Simple displacement (B) Neutralization (a) Select the word/s given which are required to correctly
complete the blanks —
(C) Decomposition by acid (D)Double decomposition [ammonia, ammonium carbonate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen,
(E) Direct synthesis hydronium, hydroxide, precipitate, salt, water]
Ans. (i) (B) Neutralization (i) A solultion M turns blue litmus red, so it must contain
(ii) (E) Direct synthesis (1) ............ ions ; another solution O turns red litmus blue
and hence, must contain (2) ......ions.
(iii) (D) Double-de-composition
(ii) When solution M and O are mixed together, the products
(iv) (A) Simple displacement will be (3) ............ and (4) ............
(v) (C) Decomposition by acid. (iii) If a piece of magnesium was put into a solution M,
2012 (5) ............ gas would be evolved.
(a) Match the following : Ans. (i) (1) hydronium, (2) hydroxide (ii) (3) salt, (4) water
(iii) (5) hydrogen.
Column A Column B (b) Give a suitable chemical term for :
(i) Acid salt (A) Ferrous ammonium sulphate (i) A salt formed by incomplete neutralisation of an acid by a
(ii) Double salt (B) Contains only ions base.
(iii) Ammonium (C) Sodium hydrogen sulpahte (ii) A definite number of water molecules bound to some salts.
(iii) The process in which a substance absorbs moisture from the
hydroxide solution atmospheric air to become moist, and ultimately dissolves
(iv) Dilute hydrochloric (D) Contains only molecules in the absorbed water.
acid Ans. (i) Acid salt (ii) Water of crystallisation (iii) Deliquescence
(v) Carbon tetrachloride (E) Contains ions and molecules (c) Choosing the substances from the list given :
Dilute Sulphuric acid, Copper, Iron, Sodium Copper (II)
Ans.
carbonate, Sodium carbonate, Sodium chloride, Zinc nitrate
Column A Column B Write balanced equations for the reactions which would be
(i) Acid salt (C) Sodium hydrogen sulpahte used in the laboratory to obtain the following salts :
(ii) Double salt (A) Ferrous ammonium sulphate (i) Sodium sulphate (ii) Zinc carbonate
(iii) Copper (II) sulphate (iv) Iron (II) sulphate.
(iii) Ammonium (E) Contains ions and molecules
Ans. (i) Sodium sulphate
hydroxide solution
Na2CO3 + H2SO4   Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
(iv) Dilute hydrochloric acid (B) Contains only ions
(ii) Zinc carbonate
(v) Carbon tetrachloride (D) Contains only molecules
(b) State our observation : A zinc granule is added to copper Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3   ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3
sulphate solution. (iii) Copper (II) sulphate
Ans. The blue colour of copper sulphate solution discharge.
CuCO3 + H2SO4   CuSO4 + H2O + CO2
(c) Give balanced equation for the reaction. Silver nitrate
solution and Sodium chloride solution. (iv) Iron (II) sulphate.
Ans. AgNO3 (aq.) + NaCl (aq.) 

 AgCl  + Na NO3 (aq.) Fe + H2SO4 
 FeSO4 + H2
(d) Which are of the following will not produce water (ii) an insoluble chloride
(a) CO (b) CO2 (c) NO 2 (d) SO3
(b) From — Na2O, SO2, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CO, select an oxide
Ans. (a) CO
which dissolves in water forming an acid.
2014
(a) Fill in the blank from the choices given : The basicity of Ans. (a)
acetic acid is ............. [3, 1, 4]. (i) MgCl2 is a deliquescent salt.
Ans. The basicity of Acetic Acid is 1. (ii) AgCl is an insoluble chloride.
(b) Draw the structure of the stable positive ion formed when
an acid dissolves in water. (b) An oxide which dissolves in water forming an acid “ SO2.
Ans. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–
2016
H O H
H Match the salts given in Column I with their method of
(c) State the inference drawn from the observation: preparation given in Column II :
Salt S is prepared by reacting dilute sulphuric acid with copper
Column I Column II
oxide. Identify S.
Ans. The compound or salt S is copper sulphate CuSO4 (i) Pb(NO3)2 from PbO (A) Simple displacement
CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
(d) Give balanced chemical equations for the preparation of the (ii) MgCl2 from Mg (B) Titration
following salts : (iii) FeCl3 from Fe (C) Neutralization
(i) Lead sulphate – from lead carbonate.
(ii) Sodium sulphate – using dilute sulphuric acid. (iv) NaNO3 from NaOH (D) Precipitation
(iii) Copper chloride – using copper carbonate. (v) ZnCO3 from ZnSO4 (E) Combination
Ans. (i) Lead sulphate from lead carbonate.
Ans.
PbCO3 + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2HNO3 Column I Column II
(ii) Sodium sulphate using dilute sulphuric acid. (i) Pb(NO3)2 from PbO (C) Neutralization
Na2CO3 + H2SO4(dil) Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 (ii) MgCl2 from Mg (A) Simple displacement
(iii) Copper chloride using copper carbonate.
CuCO3 + HCl(dil) CuCl2 + H2O + CO2 (iii) FeCl3 from Fe (E) Combination
(Insoluble) (iv) NaNO3 from NaOH (B) Titration
2015 (v) ZnCO3 from ZnSO4 (D) Precipitation
(a) From the list of salts —
AgCl, MgCl2, NaHSO4, PbCO3, ZnCO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
choose the salt that most appropriately fits the description
given below : Q. 1. What will be the effect of the following solutions on blue
(i) a deliquescent salt
litmus ? (b) Solution B from sodium hydroxide solution and dilute

sulphuric acid.
(i) Aqueous solution of sodium carbonate.
(c) Solution C from lead carbonate and dilute nitric acid.
(ii) Aqueous solution of magnesium chloride. (ii) (a) The solution A is added to solution C. Write the equation
Ans. for the reaction and name the insoluble product.
(b) Solution B is added to solution C. Write the equation for the
(i) No effect. reaction and name the insoluble product formed.
(ii) Aqueous sol. of MgCl2 will turn blue litmus red. Ans. (i) (a) To prepare sol. A. i.e., sodium chloride solution.
Na2CO3 + dil. HCl  2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Q. 2. Why solid ferric chloride is stored in air tight bottles ?
(b) To prepare sodium sulphate sol. i.e. solution B
Ans. Solid anhydrous [FeCl3] is deliquescent substances which 2NaOH + dil.H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
absorbs moisture of air and then dissolves in absorbed moisture to change (c) To prepare sol. C : i.e. lead nitrate solution
to liquid state. So FeCl3 is stored in air tight bottles. PbCO3 + dil. 2HNO3  Pb(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
Q. 3. From the list of metals given below, select a metal whose (ii) (a) 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2  2NaNO3 + PbCl2 
hydroxide is soluble in sodium hydroxide solution :  Lead chloride
(b) Na2SO4 + Pb (NO3)2  PbSO4  + 2NaNO3
List : Calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc.
Lead sulphate (PbSO4 )  is insoluble.
Ans. Zinc (Zn) Q. 5. Give the name and formula of the acid salt which gives
Zn (OH)2 is soluble in NaOH. sodium ions and sulphate ions in solution.
Ans. SODIUM HYDROGEN SULPHATE  NaHSO4.
heat Q. 6. Define the following terms:
Zn (OH)2 + 2NaOH  Na2 ZnO2 + 2H2O
(a) acid (b) pH scale (c) neutralization.
The zinc hydroxide rapidly dissolves to form clear sol. of sodium Ans. (a) Acid. . An acid is a compound which on dissolving in
zincate. water gives hydronium ion [H3O+] as the only positively charged ion.
Q. 4. List below gives salts solutions to be prepared in laboratory. HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–
(A) Sodium chloride solution. H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3O+ + SO 42 
(B) Sodium sulphate solution. In actual practice the acids dissolve in water to form H1+ ion or a
proton. As H1+ ion or proton cannot exist independently in an aqueous
(C) Lead nitrate solution. solution, therefore, it binds itself with a water molecule to form hydronium
(i) Write balanced chemical equations for their preparation using ion.
the reactants given below : H2 O
HCl H+ + Cl–
(a) Solution A from sodium carbonate solution and dilute
H2O + H+ H3O+
hydrochloric acid.
Hydronium ion
(b) pH scale. It is a scale used to measure relative strenght of (c) BaCl2 added to zinc sulphate Sol.-WHITE ppt is formed
solutions. or (ii) (a) Lead nitrate sol. is added to zinc chloride Sol.WHITE
The acid and basic strenghts of solutions are compared on hydrogen ppt is formed.
ion scale of the pH scale. (b) Lead nitrate sol. added to zinc nitrate sol-NO REACTION
(c) Neutralisation: A chemical reaction between an acid and an TAKES PLACE.
alkali to form salt and water only. (c) Lead nitrate sol-added to ZnSO4 Sol.-WHITE ppt. formed.
NaOH + HCl 
 NaCl + H2O Q. 9. Write the equations for the laboratory preparation of
Q. 7. From the list of substances given, name the substances the following salts using sulphuric acid :
which you would use to prepare each of the following salts, given (a) Iron (II) sulphate from iron.
in [a to d]. The substances are: Copper, lead, sodium, zinc, copper (b) Copper sulphate from copper oxide.
oxide, lead carbonate, sodium carbonate solution, dilute (c) Lead sulphate from lead nitrate.
hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid and dilute sulphuric acid. The
(d) Sodium sulphate from sodium carbonate.
salts are:
Ans. (a) To prepare Iron (II) sulphate from iron
(a) Zinc sulphate (b) Copper sulphate
(c) Sodium sulphate (d) Lead sulphate.  FeSO4 + H2 
Fe + H2SO4 (dil.) 
Ans. (a) Zinc sulphate : Zinc and dil. sulphuric acid. (b) To prepare CuSO4 from CuO.
(b) Copper sulphate : To prepare copper sulphate we take copper CuO + dil. H2SO4   CuSO4 + H2O
oxide and dil. sulphuric acid.
(c) To prepare lead sulphate from lead nitrate
(c) Sodium sulphate : to prepare sodium sulphate we need sodium
carbonate and dil. sulphuric acid. Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 (conc.)   PbSO4 + 2HNO3
(d) Lead sulphate : Can be prepared from lead carbonate, dil. (d) To prepare sodium sulphate from sodium carbonate
nitric acid and dil. sulphuric acid.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 
 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Q. 8. State your observations when:
(a) lead nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution are mixed.
(b) zinc chloride solution, zinc nitrate solution and zinc sulphate
solutions are added individually to
(i) barium chloride solution.
(ii) lead nitrate solution.
Ans. (a) Pb [NO3] + 2NaCl  PbCl2  + 2NaNO3

White ppt. of LEAD CHLORIDE is formed
(b) (i) Bartium chloride when added to
(a) Zinc chloride Sol.-No reaction takes place
(b) BaCl2 added to zinc nitrate Sol.-No reaction takes place.

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CONTENTS 6. Electrolysis 280—307

* PERIOD is determined by the NUMBER OF SHELLS.

15 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 16

number of electron(s). (iii) If an element is in Group 17, it is likely to be non-metallic in

19 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 20

21 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 22

Which of these : EXERCISE

(b) Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs (b) Fluorine

29 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 30

(ii) decreases and then increases 13.

H. (i) to which period it belongs

A. They have seven electrons in their valence shell. 2013

B. Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge decreases (iii) Group I

2. The electronegativity of Iodine is ............ that of Chlorine. EXERCISE 1 (GOYAL)

41 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 42 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

(iii) Noble gases are Ne and Ar.  Ar > Cl

(ii) It explains variations and similarities in the properties of elements P + N = 12

49 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 50 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

“The atom or an ion which loses electron(s) is REDUCING AGENT.” ions.

potential between the two reacting atoms is very small. Answers

(b) Comparison of chlorine atom and chloride ion.

Ans. (a) Comparison of sodium atom and sodium ion.

59 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 60 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

Oxidation — Loses 2 electrons

(b) Magnesium chloride Ionic compound

63 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 64 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

Polar Covalent Compound Methane is CH4

N-atom N-atom Nitrogen molecule

(c) hydroxyl ion, (d) methane, from ammonia molecule.

electrolysis. (d) A. it loses electrons and is oxidized

H (ii) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons

77 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 78 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

Cl ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.

C C (C – Cl) covalent C 1 Proton 1 Proton

(a) (i) In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to the 

79 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 80 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

EXERCISES (GOYAL) Q. 2. Explain the formation of molecule of oxygen by sharing

(c) High value of (d) Ionic

Hydrogen chloride  Polar covalent compound

87 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 88 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

Lone pair effect occurs in polar covalent molecules like ammonia H

89 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 90 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

91 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 92 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

In the above reaction, which substance is

93 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th

* PbO2 is metal oxide yet it is not a base as PRACTICE QUESTIONS

98 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 99

in boiling water. 5. Eye wash  Boric acid

H1+ + H2O [H3O1+] or

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(b) Salts : By displacement : volatile nitric acid.

Q. 3. Name the ions furnished by test the acidic solution.

Q. 8. How would you obtain :

114 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 115

118 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 119

124 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 125

CuCO3 + H2SO4 (dil.) 

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(b) An insoluble solid is called PRECIPITATE. EXERCISE 3(C)

deliquescent. (b) No change

134 Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th Arundeep’s Chemistry 10th 135