2 EEA2010 - CH 02 - Induction Motor

UNIT – II
Induction Motors
Compiled By
M Saad Bin Arif
Course Incharge
Mohd Anas Anees
Department of Electrical Engineering
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

UNIT – I
Induction Motors
Content
1. Introduction
▪ Construction
▪ Working Principle.
2. Equivalent Circuit and torque equation
3. Torque Slip Characteristics
4. Speed control and Starting.

Introduction
• The direct-current (dc) motors we have discussed so far, is doubly-fed motor, have
direct current in their field windings and alternating current (ac)in their armature
windings.
• Since the electrical power is delivered directly to the armature of a dc motor via a
commentator, it can also be referred to as a conduction motor.
• We now consider a motor in which the rotor receives its power not by conduction
but by induction and is therefore called an induction motor.
• A winding that receives its power exclusively by induction constitutes a

transformer. Therefore, an induction motor is a transformer with a rotating
secondary winding.

▪ From the above discussion, the following must be evident:
▪ An induction motor is a singly-fed motor - there are no moving

contacts between the stator and the rotor. This results in a motor
that is rugged, reliable, and almost maintenance free.
▪ An induction motor has a relatively high efficiency.
▪ An induction motor carries alternating current in both the stator

and the rotor windings.
▪ An induction motor is a rotating transformer in which the

secondary winding receives energy by induction while it rotates.

• There are two basic types of induction motors:
• Single-phase induction motors.
• Poly-phase induction motors.
• Single-phase induction motors are favored for domestic applications. A

large number of these motors are built in the fractional horsepower
range.
• Poly-phase induction motors cover the entire spectrum of horsepower

ratings and are preferably installed at locations where a poly-phase
power source is easily accessible.

Construction
The essential components of an induction motor are a stator and a rotor.
Stator
▪ The outer (stationary)member of an induction motor is called the stator and
is formed by stacking thin-slotted, highly permeable steel laminations inside a
steel or cast-iron frame.
▪ The frame provides mechanical support to the motor. Although the frame is
made of a magnetic material, it is not designed to carry magnetic flux.
▪ Identical coils are wound (or placed) into the slot sand then connected to
form complete winding.
Rotor
▪ The rotor is also composed of thin-slotted, highly permeable steel laminations
that are pressed together onto a shaft.
▪ There are two types of rotors: a squirrel-cage rotor and a wound rotor.

Construction (Contd.)





Squirrel-cage rotor
▪ The squirrel-cage rotor is commonly used when the load requires little starting torque.
▪ For small motors, winding in these motors is molded by forcing a molten conducting
material (quite often, aluminum) into the slots in a die-casting process.
▪ Circular rings called the end-rings are also formed on both sides of the stack. These
end-rings short-circuit the bars on both ends of the rotor.
▪ For large motors, the squirrel-cage winding is formed by inserting heavy conducting
bars (usually of copper, aluminum, or their alloys) into the slots and then welding or
bolting them to the end-rings.
▪ Each pair of poles has as many rotor phases as there are bars because each bar behaves
independently of the other.
▪ It is a common practice to skew the rotor laminations to reduce cogging and electrical
noise in the motor.
Wound rotor
▪ It becomes necessary to use a wound rotor when the load requires a high
starting torque.
▪ A wound rotor must have as many poles and phases as the stator. In fact, the
placement of coils in a wound rotor is no different from that in the stator.
▪ The three-phase windings on the rotor are internally connected to form an internal
neutral connection. The other three ends are connected to the slip-rings.
▪ With the brushes riding on the slip-rings, we can add external resistances in the
rotor circuit. In this way the total resistance in the rotor
circuit can be controlled.
▪ However, a wound-rotor induction motor is more expensive and less efficient than a
squirrel-cage induction motor of the same rating.
▪ For these reasons, a wound-rotor induction motor is used only when a squirrelcage
induction motor cannot deliver the high starting torque demanded by the
load.

Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings

Slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings
Brushes
Operating principle
• Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the application of

Faraday’s Law and the Lorentz Force on a conductor.
• Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose extremities are shorted

by bars A and B. A permanent magnet moves at a speed v, so that its
magnetic field sweeps across the conductors.

The following sequence of events takes place:
▪ A voltage E = BLV is induced in each conductor while it is being cut by
the flux (Faraday’s Law)
▪ The induced voltage produces currents which circulate in a loop
around the conductors (through the bars).
▪ Since the current-carrying conductors lie in a magnetic field, they
experience a mechanical force (Lorentz force).
▪ The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor along with
the magnetic field.
Now close the ladder upon itself to form

a squirrel cage, and place it in a rotating
magnetic field – you have an induction
motor

Rotating Field
▪ Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings AN, BN, CN.
▪ The windings are mechanically spaced at 120° from each other.
▪ The windings are connected to a 3- phase source. AC currents Ia, Ib and

Ic will flow in the windings, but will be displaced in time by 120°.
▪ Each winding produces its own MMF, which creates a flux across the
hollow interior of the stator.
▪ The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic field that rotates at the

same frequency as that of supply.

Rotating Field
Direction of rotation
▪ The phase current waveforms follow each other in the sequence A-B-C.
▪ This produces a clockwise rotating magnetic field.
▪ If we interchange any two of the lines connected to the stator, the new
phase sequence will be A-C-B .
▪ This will produce a counterclockwise rotating field, reversing the motor

direction.

Principle of Operation
▪ When the stator winding of a three-phase induction motor is connected to a three

phase power source, it produces a magnetic field that
▪ is constant in magnitude and
▪ revolves around the periphery of the rotor at the synchronous speed.
▪ If f is the frequency of the current in the stator winding and P is the number of poles,
the synchronous speed of the revolving field is
▪ Ns = 120f/p or Ws = 4Pi. f/p
▪ The revolving field induces electromotive force (emf) in the rotor winding. Since the
rotor winding forms a closed loop, the induced emf in each coil gives rise to an induced
current in that coil.
▪ When a current-carrying coil is immersed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force (or

torque) that tends to rotate it. The torque thus developed is called the starting torque.

▪ If the load torque is less than the starting torque, the rotor starts rotating.
▪ The force developed and thereby the rotation of the rotor are in the same
direction as the revolving field. This is in accordance with Faraday’s law of
induction.
▪ Under no load
➢ The rotor soon achieves a speed nearly equal to the synchronous speed.
➢ However, the rotor can never rotate at the synchronous speed because the rotor coils
would appear stationary with respect to the revolving field and there would be no
induced emf in them.
➢ In the absence of an induced emf in the rotor coils, there would be no current in the
rotor conductors and consequently no force would be experienced by them.
➢ In the absence of a force, the rotor would tend to slow down. As soon as the rotor
slows down, the induction process takes over again.

Summary,
✓ the rotor receives its power by induction only when there is a relative
motion between the rotor speed and the revolving field.
✓ Since the rotor rotates at a speed lower than the synchronous speed
of the revolving field, an induction motor is also called an
asynchronous motor.

Production of
Rotating Field
Discussed on board in Class.

Speed and Slip
Let Nm (or wm) be the rotor speed at a certain load. With respect to the
motor, the revolving field is moving ahead at a relative speed of
Nr = Ns – Nm
wr = ws – wm
The relative speed is also called the slip speed.
▪ This is the speed with which the rotor is slipping behind a point on a fictitious
revolving pole in order to produce torque.
▪ However, it is a common practice to express slip speed in terms of the slip(s),which

is a ratio of the slip speed to the synchronous speed. That is,

• In terms of the synchronous speed and the per-unit slip, we can express the rotor
speed as
• When the rotor is stationary, the per-unit slip is 1and the rotor appears exactly like
a short-circuited secondary winding of a transformer. The frequency of the
induced emf in the rotor winding is the same as that of the revolving field.
• However, when the rotor rotates, it is the relative speed of the rotor Nr(or wr) that
is responsible for the induced emf in its windings.
• Thus, the frequency of the induced emf in the rotor is
• The above equation highlights the fact that the rotor frequency depends upon the
slip of the motor. At standstill, the slip is 1 and the rotor frequency is the same as
that of the revolving field.

• However, the rotor frequency decreases with the decrease in the slip. As the slip
approaches zero, so does the rotor frequency.
• An induction motor usually operates at low slip. Hence the frequency of the
induced emf in the rotor is low. For this reason, the core loss in the rotor magnetic
circuit is most often ignored.
Problem
A 208-V, 60-Hz, 4-pole, three-phase induction motor has a full-load speed of 1755
rpm. Calculate (a) its synchronous speed, (b) the slip, and (c) the rotor frequency.

Transformers V/S Induction Motors
Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced voltage
▪ Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings produces an induced

voltage in the secondary windings.
▪ Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings produces an induced
voltage in the rotor windings.
▪ The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the secondary windings
can move.
▪ Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the IM), the induced
voltage in it does not have the same frequency of the stator (the primary)
voltage.
▪ Rotor Frequency : The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is given by,
Pn
=
120
Where , fr = the rotor frequency (Hz), P = number of stator poles, n = slip speed (rpm)

Development of an Equivalent Circuit
▪ When a balanced three-phase induction motor is excited by a balanced three-phase

source, the currents in the phase windings must be equal in magnitude and 120” electrical
apart in phase.
▪ The same must be true for the currents in the rotor windings as the energy is transferred
across the air-gap from the stator to the rotor by induction. However, the frequency of the
induced emf in the rotor is proportional to its slip [Eq. above].
▪ Since the stator and the rotor windings are coupled inductively, an induction motor
resembles a three-phase transformer with a rotating secondary winding.
▪ The similarity becomes even more striking when the rotor is at rest (blocked-rotor
condition, s = 1).
▪ Thus, a three-phase induction motor can be represented on a per-phase basis by an

equivalent circuit at any slip s as depicted in Figure below. In this figure,

Figure - Per-phase equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase induction motor.

• From the per-phase equivalent circuit (Figure),it is evident that the current in the rotor circuit
is
• Based upon the above equation, we can develop another circuit of an induction
motor as given in above Figure. In this circuit, the hypothetical resistance RJs in the
rotor circuit is called the effective resistance.
• The effective resistance is the same as the actual rotor resistance when the rotor is
at rest (standstill or blocked rotor condition).On the other hand, when the slip
approaches zero under no-load condition, the effective resistance is very high (Rr/s
to infinity). By defining the ratio of transformation, the a-ratio, as

Modified equivalent circuit
Figure - Modified equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase motor on a per-phase basis.
▪ we can represent the induction motor by its per-phase equivalent circuit as

referred to the stator. Such an equivalent circuit is shown in Figure below, where

▪ The per-phase stator winding current and the applied voltage are

Figure - Per-phase equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase induction motor as
referred to the stator side.
▪ The equivalent circuit of the rotor in Figure above is in terms of the hypothetical
resistance Rr/s. In this circuit I2R2,/s represents the per-phase power delivered to
the rotor.
▪ However, the per-phase copper loss in the rotor must be I2R2. Thus, the per-phase
power developed by the motor is

▪ The above equation establishes the fact that the hypothetical resistance
R2/s can be divided into two components:
▪ the actual resistance of the rotor R2

▪ an additional resistance R2[(l- s)/s].
▪ The additional resistance is called the load resistance or the dynamic

resistance.
▪ The load resistance depends upon the speed of the motor and is said to
represent the load on the motor because the mechanical power
developed by the motor is proportional to it.
▪ In other words, the load resistance is the electrical equivalent of a

mechanical load on the motor.

Exact equivalent circuit
Figure - The equivalent circuit of above Figure modified to show the rotor and the load resistances.
▪ An equivalent circuit of an induction motor in terms of the load resistance is given

in Figure above.
▪ This circuit is proclaimed as the exact equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase

induction motor on a per-phase basis.

Power and Torque Relations
▪ Since the load resistance varies with the slip and the slip adjusts itself to the
mechanical load on the motor, the power delivered to the load resistance is
equivalent to the power developed by the motor.
▪ Thus, the performance of the motor at any slip can be determined from its
equivalent circuit
For a balanced three-phase induction motor
where theta is the phase difference between the applied voltage V1 and the stator winding current l1
The total stator copper loss is

The total core loss (magnetic loss) as
The net power that is crossing the air-gap and is transported to the rotor by
electromagnetic induction is called the air-gap power.
In this case, the air-gap power is
The air-gap power must also equal the power delivered to the hypothetical
resistance R/s. That is,
The electrical power loss in the rotor circuit is

Hence, the power developed by the motor is
Where, is the per-unit (normalized) speed of the motor.
The electromagnetic torque developed by the motor is
By subtracting the rotational loss from the power developed, we obtain the power
output of the motor as
Since the core loss has already been accounted for, the rotational loss includes the friction
and windage loss Pfw and the stray-load loss Pst

The corresponding power-flow diagram is given in Figure below.

Torque Characteristics
Speed-Torque Characteristic

▪ It is possible to derive the equivalent circuit of an induction motor from a knowledge of
transformers and from what we already know about the variation of rotor frequency with
speed in induction motors.
▪ The induction motor model will be developed by starting with the transformer model and
then deciding how to take the variable rotor frequency and other similar induction motor
effects into account.
▪ A transformer per-phase equivalent circuit, representing the operation of an induction

motor, is shown in Figure.
▪ As in any transformer, there is a certain resistance and self-inductance in the primary

(stator) windings, which must be represented in the equivalent circuit of the machine.
The stator resistance will be called R1 and the stator leakage reactance will be called X1.
These two components appear right at the input to the machine model.

Effective turns ratio aeff
• The primary internal stator voltage E1, is coupled to the secondary ER by an ideal
transformer with an effective turns ratio aeff.
• The effective turns ratio aeff is fairly easy to determine for a wound-rotor motor— it is
basically the ratio of the conductors per phase on the stator to the conductors per phase
on the rotor, modified by any pitch and distribution factor differences.
• It is rather difficult to see aeff clearly in the case of a cage rotor motor because there are
no distinct windings on the cage rotor - In either case, there is an effective turns ratio for
the motor.
• The voltage ER produced in the rotor in turn produces a current flow in the
shorted rotor (or secondary) circuit of the machine.

• The primary impedances and the magnetization current of the induction motor are very
similar to the corresponding components in a transformer equivalent circuit.
• An induction motor equivalent circuit differs from a transformer equivalent circuit primarily
in the effects of varying rotor frequency on the rotor voltage ER and the rotor impedances
RR and jXR.
The Rotor Circuit Model

▪ In an induction motor, when the voltage is applied to the stator windings, a voltage is
induced in the rotor windings of the machine.
▪ In general, the greater the relative motion between the rotor and the stator magnetic fields,
the greater the resulting rotor voltage and rotor frequency.
▪ The largest relative motion occurs when the rotor is stationary, called the locked-rotor or
blocked-rotor condition, so the largest voltage and rotor frequency are induced in the rotor
at that condition.
▪ The smallest voltage (0 V) and frequency (0 Hz) occur when the rotor moves at the same
speed as the stator magnetic field, resulting in no relative motion.

Equivalent Circuit
The induction motor is similar to the transformer with the exception that its
secondary windings are free to rotate

Equivalent Circuit (Contd.)
▪ The magnitude and frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor at any speed
between these extremes is directly proportional to the slip of the rotor.
▪ When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s =1, the largest voltage and rotor
frequency are induced in the rotor, Why?
▪ On the other side, if the rotor rotates at synchronous speed, i.e. s = 0, the induced
voltage and frequency in the rotor will be equal to zero, Why?
ER = sER0
Where, ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage obtained at s = 1
(blocked rotor)

▪ The same is true for the frequency, i.e.
f r = sf e
▪ It is known that
X =  L = 2 fL
▪ So, as the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor changes, the reactance
of the rotor circuit also changes.
X r = r Lr = 2 f r Lr = 2 sf e Lr = sX r 0
Where, Xr0 is the rotor reactance at the supply frequency (at blocked rotor)

▪ Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent circuit as follows:
Where, ER is the induced voltage in the rotor and RR is the rotor resistance

▪ Now, we can calculate the rotor current as
ER
IR =
(RR + jX R )
sER0
=
(RR + jsX R0 )
▪ Dividing both the numerator and denominator by s we get,
ER0
IR =
( R R + jX R 0 )
s
Where, ER0 is the induced voltage and XR0 is the rotor

reactance at blocked rotor condition (s = 1)

▪ Now we can have the rotor equivalent circuit

▪ Now as we managed to solve the induced voltage and different
frequency problems, we can combine the stator and rotor circuits in
one equivalent circuit

▪ We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as follows:
Actual rotor Resistance

resistance equivalent to
mechanical load

Power losses in Induction machines
▪ Copper losses
▪ Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
▪ Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
▪ Core loss (Pcore)

▪ Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
▪ How this power flows in the motor?

Power relations (Contd.)
Pin = 3 VL I L cos  = 3V ph I ph cos 

PSCL = 3 I12R1
PAG = Pin − (PSCL + Pcore ) = Pconv + PRCL = 3I 22 R2 = PRCL

s s
2
PRCL = 3I 2 R2
Pconv = PAG − PRCL = 3I 2 R2 (1− s) = PRCL (1− s)
2
s s
Pconv = (1− s)PAG
Pconv (1− s)PAG
Pout = Pconv − (Pf +w + Pstray )  ind = =
m (1− s)s
Power relations (Contd.)
PAG Pconv
1 1-s
PRCL
s
PAG : PRCL : Pconv

1 : s : 1-s

Problem
Problem
A 480V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is drawing 60A at 0.85 PF
lagging. The stator copper losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are 700
W. The friction and windage losses are 600 W, the core losses are 1800 W, and
the stray losses are negligible. Find the following quantities:
a) The air-gap power PAG.

b) The power converted Pconv.
c) The output power Pout.
d) The efficiency of the motor.

Solution
1. Pin = 3VL I L cos 
= 3  480 60 0.85 = 42.4 kW
PAG = Pin − PSCL − Pcore
= 42.4 − 2 −1.8 = 38.6 kW
2. Pconv = PAG − PRCL

700
= 38.6 − = 37.9 kW
1000
3. Pout = Pconv − PF &W
600
= 37.9 − = 37.3 kW
1000
Solution (Contd.)
37.3
P = = 50 hp
out
0.746
4.  = Pout 100%
Pin
37.3
= 100 = 88%
42.4

Problem
A , 25 hp, 60 Hz, 4 pole, Y-connected induction motor has the following

impedances in ohms per phase referred to the stator circuit:
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332

X1= 1.106  X2= 0.464  XM= 26.3 
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be constant. The core
loss is lumped in with the rotational losses. For a rotor slip of 2.2 percent at the
rated voltage and rated frequency, find the motor’s
1. Speed 4. Pconv and Pout

2. Stator current 5. ind and load
3. Power factor
6. Efficiency

Solution
120 f e 120 60
1. nsync = = = 1800 rpm
P 4
nm = (1− s)nsync = (1− 0.022) 1800 = 1760 rpm
0.332
R2 + jX2 = + j0.464
Z
2. 2 =
s 0.022
= 15.09 + j0.464 = 15.11.76 
1 1
Zf = =
1/ jX M +1/ Z 2 − j0.038 + 0.0662 −1.76
1
= = 12.9431.1 
0.0773 − 31.1

Solution (Contd.)
Ztot = Zstat + Z f
= 0.641+ j1.106 +12.9431.1 
= 11.72 + j7.79 = 14.0733.6 
4600
V
I1 = = 3 = 18.88 − 33.6 A
Z tot 14.0733.6
3. PF = cos 33.6 = 0.833 lagging
4. Pin = 3VL I L cos  = 3  46018.88 0.833 = 12530 W
PSCL = 3I12 R1 = 3(18.88) 2  0.641 = 685 W
PAG = Pin − PSCL = 12530 − 685 = 11845 W

Solution (Contd.)
Pconv = (1− s)PAG = (1− 0.022)(11845) = 11585 W
Pout = Pconv − PF &W = 11585 −1100 = 10485 W

10485
= = 14.1 hp
746
PAG
5.  ind = =
11845
= 62.8 N.m
sync 2 1800
60
Pout
 load = =
10485
= 56.9 N.m
m 2 1760
60
Pout 10485
= 100% = 100 = 83.7%
6. Pin 12530
Torque – Induction motor
The electromagnetic torque developed by the motor is
Therefore,

Torque-Slip characteristics
Figure : Typical torque- Slip characteristics of induction motor

Torque-Speed characteristics
Figure : Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor

Torque-Speed characteristics
▪ The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed (S=0).
▪ The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full load. In this range, the rotor
resistance is much greater than the reactance, so the rotor current, torque
increase linearly with the slip.
▪ There is a maximum possible torque that can’t be exceeded. This torque is called
pullout torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load torque.
▪ The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than its full-load torque, so the
motor will start carrying any load it can supply at full load.
▪ The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the square of the applied
voltage – this fact is use to control speed of motor
▪ If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it will run as a generator,
converting mechanical power to electric power.

Maximum torque
▪ Induce Torque is given by
▪ Maximum torque is possible when air gap power is maximum and air-gap power is
equal to power consumed by R2/s.
▪ Thus, Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to R2/s is maximum.
▪ This condition occurs when R2/s equals the magnitude of the impedance RTH + j
(XTH + X2)

▪ The corresponding maximum torque of an induction motor equals
Note
✓ The maximum torque is independent of R2
✓ The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to the rotor resistance R2.
M Saad Bin Arif,EED, AMU

Effect of rotor resistance on Torque-Speed
Speed Control
▪ Rotor resistance can be increased by inserting external resistance in the rotor of a

wound-rotor induction motor.
▪ The value of the maximum torque remains unaffected but the speed at which it
occurs can be controlled.

Problem
▪ A two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor supplies 15kW to a load at a

speed of 2950 rpm.
a) What is the motor’s slip?

b) What is the induced torque in the motor in N.m under these
conditions?
c) What will be the operating speed of the motor if its torque is
doubled?
d) How much power will be supplied by the motor when the
torque is doubled?

Starter
Requirement of the Starter
Starting of Induction Motor.

▪ For induction motors, the starting torque ST) is approximately proportional to
the square of the starting current (I) drawn from the line. ST ∝ (I^2).
▪ This starting current is proportional to the applied voltage (I ∝ V).
▪ Torque can also be considered to be approximately proportional to the

applied voltage. ST ∝ V^2.
▪ An induction motor will develop far too much torque when connected
directly to the supply.
▪ At the instant of start-up, there are some un-necessary effect on

electrical and the mechanical components.

• A heavy current surge on the electrical supply which can be severe enough to
cause voltage dips and flickering lights.
• Burning of contacts due to high currents - which are many times the motor full-
load current.
• At the time of starting, the rotor speed is zero and the per-unit slip is unity.
Therefore, the starting current, from the approximate equivalent circuit given in
Figure, is
where Re = R1 + R2 and X e = X1 + X2.

The corresponding value of the starting torque is
▪ Since the effective rotor resistance, R2, is very small at the time of starting
compared with its value at rated slip, R2/s, the starting current may be as much as
400% to 800% of the full-load current.
▪ On the other hand, the starting torque may only be 200% to 350%of the full-load
torque.
▪ Such a high starting current is usually unacceptable because it results in an

excessive line voltage drop which, in turn, may affect the operation of other
machines operating on the same power source – Solution Starter

▪ Since the starting current is directly proportional to the applied voltage, above Eq.
suggests that the starting current can be reduced by impressing a low voltage
across motor terminals at the time of starting.
▪ However, it is evident from Eq. that a decrease in the applied voltage results in a
decline in the starting torque. Therefore, we can employ the low-voltage starting
only for those applications that do not require high starting torques.
▪ For instance, a fan load requires almost no starting torque except for the loss due
to friction. The induction motor driving a fan load can be started using low-voltage
starting.
▪ The starting current can also be decreased by increasing the rotor resistance. As
mentioned earlier, an increase in the rotor resistance also results in an increase in
the starting torque which, of course, is desired for those loads requiring high
starting torques.

Function and Features
of Starter
Function
▪ Start and stop the motor.
▪ Limit inrush current where necessary.
▪ Permit automatic control when required
▪ Protect motor and other connected equipments from over
voltage, no voltage, under voltage, single phasing etc.
Features
▪ Rated by current (amperes).
▪ Remote ON/OFF control
▪ Motor overload protection
▪ Starting and stopping (electrical life)

Types of Starter
for 3-Phase Induction motors
For slip-ring induction motors:

▪ Rotor rheostat starter
For squirrel cage induction motors:

▪ Direct on Line (D.O.L) starter
▪ Primary resistance starter
▪ Auto transformer starter
▪ Star delta starter

Rotor resistance starter
Starting of slip ring induction motor
• In case of slip ring induction motors it is possible to add external

resistance in rotor phases as wound rotor has 3- -phase star connected
winding to limit the starting high current.
Figure: Rotor resistance starter

Rotor resistance starter (Contd.)
▪ In rotor resistance starter the three terminals of the rotor winding are connected
to a variable external resistances through slip rings.

▪ Full supply voltage is applied across the stator. Resistances are fully in the circuit at
starting , so that the starting current is reduced.
▪ The external variable resistance connected in each phase of the rotor circuit not
only reduce the current at starting but increases the starting torque also due to
improvement in power factor.
▪ The rotor circuit resistance is gradually cut out , as the motor speeds up and during
normal running condition ,the rotor circuit resistance is completely cut out and the
slip rings are short circuited.

D.O.L.(direct on line) starter
for squirrel cage induction motors
▪ A starter which connects A motor directly across the line is called D.O.L. Starter.
▪ In this method, the motor is connected by means of a starter across the full supply
voltage.
▪ It is very simple, inexpensive, easy to install and maintain.
▪ Switching by this starter is directly from line without any provision to control the
starting current i.e. There is no device to reduce the starting current in this starter.
▪ It consist
▪ Start button
▪ OFF button
▪ Electromagnetic contactor
▪ Overload relay

D.O.L.(direct on line) starter
▪ L1,L2,L3 – Lines, M – Main Contacts, MA – Auxiliary OR Maintaining Contact.

▪ S1 – Start Push Button, S2 – OFF Push Button.
▪ OLC – Overload Relay Coil, OL – Overload Relay Coil, C – Magnetic Coil OR
Operating Coil.

Primary resistance starter
Starting of slip ring induction motor
▪ In this method of starting of 3-Phase induction

motor , primary resistance are connected in all
the three phase of the stator winding.
▪ As a result the applied voltage across the stator

winding at the instant of starting in reduced to a
fraction x of the rated voltage of the motor.
▪ Therefore the initial high starting current will

also reduce by the same fraction.
▪ If x = fraction of voltage (V) reduced by the

stator resistors

▪ The torque developed by the motor is directly proportional to the square of applied voltage,
so if the voltage applied across the motor terminal is reduced by fraction X, starting current is
reduced by fraction X, but the starting torque is reduced by a fraction x² of the obtainable
with direct switching.
▪ The purpose of primary or starting resistors is to drop some voltage and hence reduce the
voltage applied across the motor terminals.
Advantages
▪ High power factor during start with smooth acceleration.
▪ Less expensive than auto-transformer starter in lower output ratings.
▪ Closed transition starting.
Disadvantages
▪ Resistive Heat Loss.
▪ Expensive resistors are required because starting duration usually exceeds 5 Sec.
▪ This method is suitable for starting of small machines only
▪ Low torque efficiency.

Speed Control
of Induction motors
▪ Stator voltage Control

▪ Stator Frequency Control
▪ Stator Current Control
▪ V/F Control
▪ Static rotor resistance control

Stator voltage Control
▪ Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then sX2 is so small that it can
be neglected. Therefore, T ∝ sE2^2 where E2 is rotor induced emf and E2 ∝ V.
▪ Hence T ∝ V^2, thus if supplied voltage is decreased, torque decreases and

hence the speed decreases.
▪ This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used because-
▪ A large change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in speed.
▪ Large change in supply voltage will result in large change in flux density, hence
disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.

Voltage Control
Characteristics

Frequency control
Synchronous speed of induction motor

Ns = 120f/P
where, f = frequency of the supply and P = number of stator poles.
▪ Thus, synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency, and thus
running speed also changes.
▪ This method is not widely used. This method is used where, only the induction
motor is supplied by a generator (so that frequency can be easily change by
changing the speed of prime mover).
▪ By changing the frequency we can control the speed above and below the rated
speed. - It offers high range of speed control.

Frequency Control
Characteristics

Static rotor resistance control
▪ A slip ring motor or a phase wound motor is an induction motor which can be
started with full line voltage, applied across its stator terminals.
▪ The value of starting current is adjusted by adding up external resistance to its

rotor circuit.

Applications
of Induction Motors
▪ Induction motors with squirrel cage rotors are the workhorse of industry.
▪ When Squirrel cage induction machine is operated directly from the line
voltages, the Induction motor is operated at constant speed.
▪ However in the industry we required to vary the speed of an Induction motor.

This can be done by Induction motor drive.
▪ Fans, Compressor, Pumps, blowers, machine tools like drilling machine, lifts,
conveyer belts etc.
-----END-----
# Please see material discussed on board in class.

References
1. D. P. Kothari and I. Nagrath, Electric machines: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2004.
2. S. Chapman, Electric machinery fundamentals: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2005.

2 EEA2010 - CH 02 - Induction Motor

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UNIT – II

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

• A winding that receives its power exclusively by induction constitutes a

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ An induction motor is a singly-fed motor - there are no moving

▪ An induction motor has a relatively high efficiency.

▪ An induction motor carries alternating current in both the stator

▪ An induction motor is a rotating transformer in which the

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

• Single-phase induction motors are favored for domestic applications. A

• Poly-phase induction motors cover the entire spectrum of horsepower

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

Squirrel cage rotor

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

• Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the application of

• Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose extremities are shorted

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

Now close the ladder upon itself to form

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ The windings are mechanically spaced at 120° from each other.

▪ The windings are connected to a 3- phase source. AC currents Ia, Ib and

▪ The 3 fluxes combine to produce a magnetic field that rotates at the

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ This will produce a counterclockwise rotating field, reversing the motor

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ When the stator winding of a three-phase induction motor is connected to a three

▪ Ns = 120f/p or Ws = 4Pi. f/p

▪ When a current-carrying coil is immersed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force (or

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

Discussed on board in Class.

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

The relative speed is also called the slip speed.

▪ However, it is a common practice to express slip speed in terms of the slip(s),which

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

• Thus, the frequency of the induced emf in the rotor is

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings produces an induced

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ When a balanced three-phase induction motor is excited by a balanced three-phase

▪ Thus, a three-phase induction motor can be represented on a per-phase basis by an

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

Figure - Modified equivalent circuit of a balanced three-phase motor on a per-phase basis.

▪ we can represent the induction motor by its per-phase equivalent circuit as

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU

▪ the actual resistance of the rotor R2

▪ The additional resistance is called the load resistance or the dynamic

▪ In other words, the load resistance is the electrical equivalent of a

M Saad Bin Arif and Mohd Anas Anees, EED, AMU