Jule Ullert HBRS Applied Biology8.

Intermolecular interactionWS 2017/2018

Hydrogen-bonds (Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen)
• strongest dipole-dipole forces
• only come up in relevant forces when a hydrogen atom is bonded with one of the
4 strongest electro negative elements:
→ Fluorine (bond: hydrofluoric acid; HF)
→ Oxygen (bond: water H2O)
→ Chlorine(bond: hydrochloric acid: HCl)
→ Nitrogen (bond: ammonia NH3)

Polarity
→ formation of electric charge focal points (Dipoles)
(Bildung von Ladungsschwerpunkten), defines if
electrons are more attracted to one binding partner
than to another one
• depends on the electro negativity (EN) of the
binding partners
• Dipoles are shown as a greek delta symbol with a
minus and a plus, the more electro negative element gets the delta minus,
because it attracts the electrons more than the other binding partners
• bonding partners are attracting the electrons very close to themselves and
therefore far away from the hydrogen atom
→ Hydrogen becomes the positive dipole in the molecule
→ bonding partners becomes the negative dipole in the molecule
 because of the big difference of electrical charge, the dipoles of various
molecules are attracting each other; means that the dipoles of the molecule 1
are attracted to dipoles of the molecule 2
e.g. water
Hydrogen atoms are positive dipoles; oxygen atoms are negative dipoles
• Hydrogen atoms in molecule 1 attract the oxygen atom in molecule 2, these
attraction is called a hydrogen-bond, because these attractions only appear in
bonds with hydrogen and a far more electronegative binding partner

Electronegativity
→ look at "5. ionic bonds"

Dipole-formation-example: Water (H2O)

• Oxygen is more electro negative, therefore it attracts the electrons more than
hydrogen
→ Oxygen gets delta minus, hydrogen gets delta plus
→ in a structure formula there can also be "arrows" or "wedges" be added to the
molecule between the binding partners (look figure "polarity"), the more electro
negative binding partner is at the thicker end, the less electro negative partner at
the thinner end
Jule Ullert HBRS Applied Biology8. Intermolecular interactionWS 2017/2018
London forces/dispersion forces (Van-der-Waals-Kräfte)
Consequences/characteristics of hydrogen bonds • attractions between molecules
• no real bonds (to weak for real bonding)
•higher boiling points • exist in almost every bonding, but are always
than other liquids outdone by stronger forces like dipole-forces or
→ because the hydrogen ionic bonds
forces are holding the • matter in bonds without dipoles or ionic
molecules in liquids bonds; e.g. alkanes:
stronger together than in alkanes, there is no big difference of electro negativity because both bonding
other liquids without partners are attracting the molecules on almost the same level of electro
these additional forces, negativity, therefore there is no permanent dipole-formation
liquids with hydrogen
forces have a higher The London forces are formed by temporarily formed dipoles, means that dipoles
boiling point than other are formed by a short time by the movement of the electrons in the molecules
the ones without • the bigger a molecule is the stronger are
the London forces because more
electron-interaction is happening in the
molecule
• Anomaly of water (solid water: ice)  therefore bigger/longer alkanes have
→ water molecules in solid state are attracting each other in a specific formation higher boiling points than shorter ones
• around every oxygen-atom are four hydrogen atoms because:
 2 hydrogen atoms are directly/covalent bonded with the oxygen
 2 hydrogen atoms are bonded via hydrogen bonds
• by freezing, the molecules are forming themselves in a hexagon (Sechseck); Capillary effect
therefore there needs to be more space between them to form a hexagon • adhesion force (Adhäsionskraft) is attracting the phases of different
 Ice has a lower density than solid water compounds of molecules (e.g. car wheel & street tar (Teer))
→ Capillary effect: water molecules are attracted by the solid state of the straw,
therefore they are "climbing up" the straw from the inner & outer side, and because
of the surface tension (attraction to each other) of the water to each other and the
adhesion force, the water
inside the straw is higher
than on the outside
→ other-way-around-
effect with mercury