CENG417 Steel Design

Chapter 6

Design of Connections

Introduction

Column to column 
connection
Column to base‐plate connection
 Fin plate

Secondary Beam to primary beam connection

Primary beam

Column

Secondary bam

Primary bam
All‐bolted double‐angle

Bolted‐welded double‐angle
All‐welded double‐angle

Moment Connection: Extended end‐plate
 Column

Double angle

Truss to Column connection

Connections are needed to join:

(a) members together in trusses and lattice girders;
(b) plates together to form built-up members;
(c) beams to beams, beams, trusses, bracing, etc. to
columns in structural frames, and
(d) columns to foundations

Connections may be made by:

• bolting – non-preloaded bolts in standard clearance
or oversize holes (ordinary or black bolt);
– preloaded or high strength friction-grip(HSFG) bolt; and
• welding – fillet and butt welds.
 Types of Connections

Types of Connections

Thin flexible Thick stiff

Double angle cleat Fullend-plate
depth flexible end-plate end-plate Full depth stiff end-plate

Nominally pinned connection Semi–rigid connection Nominally rigid connection

Simple connection:
 Capable of transmitting the calculated forces.
 Capable of accepting the resulting rotation.
 Must not transmit significant moments.

Rigid connection:
 Capable of transmitting the calculated forces
and moments.
 Capable of accepting the resulting rotation.
Examples of Simple Connections
Double angle web cleats

Partial depth end plates

Fin plates

13

Examples of Rigid Connections

14
CENG417

Bolt
Connection

Bolt Connections
Types of Bolts
1) Non–Preloaded Bolts (Ordinary bolts)
Thread
Grade 4.6 , tensile strength pt=240 MPa Tensile Area At
Grade 8.8, tensile strength pt=560 MPa determined at thread
Grade 10.9, tensile strength pt=700 Mpa region
2) High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts
or preloaded bolt
HSFG , ≤ M24, tensile strength pt=590 MPa
HSFG, M27, tensile strength pt=515 MPa

Diameter of Bolt Tensile Stress Area At

(mm) (mm2)
12 84.3
16 157
20 245 Shank
22 303 Nominal Diameter d / Area A
24 353
27 459 determined at shank
30 561
Dimensions of Holes for Non–Preloaded Bolts

In general, standard hole size = (d + 2)mm

except
d = 12mm for which case,
standard hole size = (d + 1)mm, &
d > 27mm, for which case,
standard hole size = (d + 3)mm
In this course, we are going to focus on
bolts in standard clearance holes

Fastener Spacing and Edge Distance

Clause Requirement Distance
6.2.1.1 Minimum spacing 2.5d
6.2.1.2 Maximum spacing in unstiffened plate:
in the direction of stress 14t
maximum spacing in any direction where connection is exposed 16t ≤ 200mm
6.2.2.4 Minimum edge or end distance:
Rolled, machine flame cut, sawn or planed edge or end 1.25Dt
Sheared, hand flame cut edge or end 1.4Dt
6.2.2.5 Maximum edge or end distance:
Normal 11t
Exposed to corrosive influences 4t+40mm
where t is the thickness of the thinner part
d is the nominal diameter of the bolt
Dt is the hole diameter
 = (275/py)0.5 and py is the design strength of the thinner part

If 2.5d < spacing < 14t

1.4Dt < edge and end distances < 4t+40mm,
it will normally satisfy all requirements.
Fastener Spacing and Edge Distance

e1 = end distance > 1.25Dt or 1.4Dt

11t or 4t+40mm > e2 = edge distance > 1.25Dt or 1.4Dt

14t or 200mm > p1 > 2.5d

(16t ≤ 200)mm > p2 > 2.5d
 rolled, machine flame cut, sawn or planed
 sheared or hand flame cut
 normal conditions
 exposed to corrosive influences

Minimum spacing requirement guards against crushing of a bolt that affect the next bolt in line.
Maximum spacing requirement are loosely based on local buckling requirement to ensure that
connected elements remain flat and in contact.
Minimum edge/end distances are given to ensure smooth flow or stress and prevent edge and
end splitting of the connected parts.
Maximum edge distances are specified to prevent curling or lifting of the plate.

Shear and Bearing Capacities

of Bolts and Connected Ply
 Transfer of Load in Bolted Connection
F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2
Clearance Holes

Double Shear 

Washer
Applied load F results
F F in the direct Bearing
F F between the bolt and the
Bolt ply (connected plate).
Nut

Single Shear 

F Before Loading F
Bearing stresses on bolt Bearing stresses on plates

Transfer of Load in Bolted Connection

F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2 F/2
Double
Shear in
bolt
Double Shear 

Bearing between the

F F bolts and the ply are F
F transferred to Shear F
F in the bolts.

Single Shear 

Single
Shear in
F F
bolt
F
Even though the shear plane can be in the shank area, common practice is to take the tensile area of the threaded region for shear area
Washer – to create a better bearing surface between the plate and the bolt/nut
 Bolts in Single Shear
Illustration of Single Shear
To prevent shear failure in bolt in a single bolt connecting
Ps  As ps  F 2 different plies
shear strength of bolt
(Table 30, page 135 ) F
t2
To prevent bearing failure of ply 1
To prevent bearing failure of
Pbs  kbs dt p pbs  F  bolt segment in ply 2
bearing strength of ply 1 Pbb  dt p pbb  F
(Table 32, page 136) Ps

To prevent bearing failure of 

bolt segment in ply 1 t1 To prevent bearing failure of ply 2
Pbb  dt p pbb  F Pbs  kbs dt p pbs  F
bearing strength of bolt F bearing strength of ply 2
(Table 31, page 136) (Table 32)

See Article 6.3 in BS 5950 for the Equations

Bolts in Double Shear

Illustration of Double Shear in a
single bolt connecting 3 plies
(assuming plies 1 and 3 are identical)
To prevent shear failure in bolt
Ps  As ps  F / 2
To prevent bearing failure of
F/2 F/2 ply 2
Pbs  kbs dt p pbs  F
t1 t1
To prevent bearing failure of
bolt segment in plies 1 or 3  
Ps Ps
Pbb  dt p pbb  F / 2

 To prevent bearing failure of

To prevent bearing failure of t2 bolt segment in ply 2
plies 1 or 3 Pbb  dt p pbb  F
Pbs  kbs dt p pbs  F / 2
F
 Shear and Bearing Strength of Bolts
Ps  As ps

Pbb  dt p pbb

Bearing Capacity of Connected Ply

Bearing capacity of ply (connected part): Pbs = kbsdtp pbs , but Pbs ≤ 0.5kbsetpbs
where e end distance,
kbs 1.0 for bolts in standard holes
0.7 for bolts in oversized and short slotted holes
0.5 for bolts in long slotted and kidney shaped holes
The minimum end distance should be 2d to develop full bearing capacity in the connected plate.

Bearing failure of connected

ply is the tendency of a bolt
to enlarge its hole

Bearing failure in standard hole Bearing failure in Bearing failure in

standard hole slotted hole
 Special Cases
for the Reduction of
Shear Capacity of Bolt

Effect of Steel Packing (Cl. 6.3.2.2)

When the thickness of steel packing tpa exceeds d/3, the shear capacity Ps
should be taken as:
 9d 
Ps    p A where d is the nominal diameter of the bolts (Cl. 6.3.2.2)
 8d  3t  s s
 pa 

tpa should not exceed 4d/3.

tpa tpa
P P P P

fillers/packing
Without filler/packing With filler/packing
M1 M2
P P
2P
2P

P
Idealized bending
moment in bolt Idealized bending
P
Even though the plates are subjected to equal loads, the moment in bolt
connection with fillers/packing would be subjected to higher
bending stresses since M2 > M1
 Effect of Large Grip Lengths (Cl. 6.3.2.3)
When the grip length Tg (i.e. the total thickness of Tg
the connected plies) exceeds 5d, the shear F/2 F/2
capacity Ps should be taken as: Bending stresses
 8d 
Ps    ps As (Cl. 6.3.2.3)
 3d  T 
 g 
If the grip length is large, the bolt would undergo significant bending
which results in combined bending and shear stress. F

Effect of Kidney–Shaped Slots (Cl. 6.3.2.4)

When a connection has two bolts, one in a standard

clearance hole and one in a kidney–shaped slot, the
shear capacity of each bolt should be taken as 0.8Ps

Effect of Long Joints (Cl. 6.3.2.5)

Where the lap length Lj (i.e. the distance
between the first and last rows of bolts,
measured in the direction of load transfer)
exceeds 500mm, the shear capacity Ps
should be taken as:
 5500  L j 
Ps    ps As (Cl. 6.3.2.5)
 5000 

Bolt shear load Plastic load distribution in bolts

The shear load distribution is assumed to be uniform distribution in long joints (Actual distribution at ultimate load)
but in reality, the extreme bolts are subjected to
higher loads as compared to the internal bolts. At P/9
ultimate load, the extreme bolts would have
undergone too high deformation and subsequent Idealized shear load distribution in bolts
failure before the internal bolts can even reach their (Assumed distribution in bolts)
shear capacity.
For short lap length, the variation of shear load in
bolts at failure is quite uniform and correction is not
required but correction is essential in long joints (>
500mm).
Example 6.1
A tie in S275 steel carrying 400kN requires a splice within its length. The cross section of
the tie is 160mmx20mm. Design a suitable arrangement using ordinary bolts of Grade 4.6
Detailing Requirement
Try 20 mm Grade 4.6 bolts in 22 mm holes, and use 2 rows of bolts.
t = 20 mm, d = 20 mm  Dt = d+2 = 22 mm
Minimum spacing = 2.5d = 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm
 Try a spacing of 70mm
Maximum spacing = 14t = 14 x 20 = 280 mm
Minimum edge or end distance = 1.4Dt = 30.8 mm 


(if unsure of edge finishes, use 1.4Dt)  Try a edge/end distance of 45mm
Maximum edge or end distance = 4t+40 = 4*20+40 = 120 mm 

Try to use minimum end/edge distance > 2d =40mm such that

bearing capacity of plate is not governed by end/edge distance

160 mm

20 mm

Bolt Capacity
Assume the bolts are threaded in shear plane
Shear capacity for single shear of a M20 bolt:
Ps = psAt = 160 x 245 x 10-3 = 39.2kN
Bearing capacity per bolt in 20mm plate:
Pbb = dtppbb = 20 x 20 x 460 x 10-3 = 184kN
Bearing capacity of plate:
Pbs = kbsdtppbs = 1.0 x 20 x 20 x 460 = 184kN < 0.5kbsetpbs =207kN
Therefore, shear governs, and the number of bolts required = 400/39.2 = 10.2
Use 12 bolts in 2 lines as shown in the arrangement below.
Check for total lap length
Lap length = 5 x 70 = 350mm < 500mm
Hence no reduction in bolt strength is required as the length calculated is less than 500mm.
t

45
400kN 70 400kN
45

45 70 70 70 70 70 45
Tensile Capacity of the Plate with Holes
Tensile capacity of plate Pt = pyAe (Cl. 4.6.1)
Effective area Ae = KeAnet < Ag (Cl 3.4.3)
Net area of plate Av,net = (160 – 2 x 22) x 20 = 2320mm2
Ke = 1.2 for S275 steel  Ae = 1.2 x 2320 = 2784mm2 < Ag = 3200m2
Pt = 265 x 2784 x 10-3 = 737kN > 400kN OK!!

160mm
Most critical section

20mm

Shear Capacity of connected parts

and Block Shear
Effect of Bolt Holes on Shear Capacity of Plate
If Av,net ≥ 0.85Av/Ke, the presence of bolt holes in a plate subject to shear
may be ignored due to the beneficial effects of strain hardening & shear
capacity Pv can be calculated assuming bolts are not present (Cl 4.2.3):
Pv = 0.6pyAv (Cl. 4.2.3)
where Av = 0.9A for solid plates (for other sections, refer to Cl 4.2.3(h) )
Av,net is the net area of the plate
Ke is the effective net area coefficient
=1.2 for S275 steel and 1.1 for S355 steel (Cl 3.4.3)

If Av,net < 0.85Av/Ke, then shear capacity

Pv = 0.7pyKeAv,net

Block Shear
Block shear failure through a group of bolt holes (consisting of failure in
shear at the row of bolt holes along the shear face of the hole group,
accompanied by tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tensile
face of the hole group) should be prevented by checking that the reaction
Fv does not exceed the block shear capacity Pr determined from (Cl. 6.2.4):

Pr = 0.6pyt[Lv + Ke(Lt – kDt)] Cl. 6.2.4

where
Dt is the hole diameter
k = 0.5 for single line of bolts, 2.5 for double line of bolts
Lt is the length of the tension face
Lv is the length of the shear face
t is the thickness
The shear resistance of a plate will be the smaller of the shear
capacity and the block shear capacity.
 Some Examples of Block Shear

Gusset plate

Lv/2 Fv
Fin plate
(illustration shown for
single row of bolts)
Lt
Fv
Lt,fp

Angle
Lv,w
Lv,fp
Lt
Lv
Fv Fv
Lt,w

Demonstration of Block and Plain

Shear in Fin Plate and Beam Web
Block Shear Block Shear Plain Shear Plain Shear
in Fin Plate in Web in Fin Plate in Web

Fv Fv Fv Fv
 Example 6.2
Determine the shear resistance of the beam web at the connection
Beam data 40 40
533x210x101 UB in S355
D = 536.7mm 50
40
t = 10.8mm
70
T = 17.4mm
Bolt data 70
M20 bolts in Grade 4.6 70
70
Solution 70
40
Find out Beam (i) direct web shear
(ii) web block shear
Design Strength
T = 17.4mm  py = 345N/mm2 (Table 9)

Plain Shear of Beam Web (Cl. 6.2.3)

Av = (536.7 – 50)x10.8 = 5256.36mm2

Av,net = Av – n Dt 50 40
= 5256.36 – 6x22x10.8 = 3830.76mm2 40
70
0.85Av/Ke = (0.85 x 5256.36)/1.1 = 4061.73mm2
70
Av,net < 0.85Av/Ke
70
 Pv = 0.7pyKeAv,net
70
= 0.7 x 345 x 1.1 x 3830.76 x 10-3 = 1017.64kN
70 Plain shear
Block Shear
Lv = 5*70 + 40 = 390mm
Lt = 40mm
k = 0.5 (single line of bolts) 40
50
Pr = 0.6pytw [Lv + Ke(Lt – kDt)] 40
= 0.6(345)(10.8)[390 + 1.1(40 – 0.5 x 22)] x 10-3 70
= 943.20kN 70 Block shear
70
You have to check for both 70
Shear Capacity Pv and 70
Block Shear Capacity Pr (whenever applicable) when you
check for shear at connection!!
 Eccentric connections
There are two principal types of eccentrically loaded connections:
(1) Bolt group in direct shear and torsion; and
(2) Bolt group in direct shear and tension

Bolts in direct shear and torsion

Bolts in direct shear and torsion Bolts in direct shear and tension
(Applied Moment in the Plane of the  (Applied Moment Perpendicular to the 
Connection) Plane of the Connection)

Bolts in direct shear and torsion

(Applied Moment in the Plane of the Connection)
x

Each of the bolts has the same vertical shear due to the force F. The bolts with the maximum
rotational shear force due to the moment induced by the eccentric force (i.e. F ×e) are numbers
1, 3, 4 and 6 which are most distant from the centre-of-rotation.
F
F Fe  z1 H
Total maxm vertical component FV   cos 
n  x2   y 2 FV FR
Fe  z1
Total maxm horizontal component FH  sin 
 x2   y 2

Resultant maximum shear force, FS  FV2  FH2  Bolt shear capacity, PS  ps AS

 where
F is the applied vertical force,
e is the eccentricity of the applied force about the centre-of-rotation,
Z is the perpendicular distance from the centre-of-rotation to the line of action of the
rotational shear force in a bolt,
Z1 is the maximum value of Z,
 is the angle between the horizontal axis and Z1,
n is the number of bolts.

Bolts in direct shear and tension

(Applied Moment perpendicular to the Plane of the Connection)

In general terms, considering n the number of bolts and m the number of vertical columns of
bolts, the maximum tensile force on a bolt is found by the consideration of the assumed
rotation of the bracket about the bottom line of bolts, as indicated in the Figure. Bolts which
are furthest from the line of rotation, i.e. distance y3, have the maximum tension force, which
can be determined from:

F In addition the following relationship

Maximum shear force, FS  must be satisfied (for simple method):
n
Fe  ymax imum FS F
Maximum tensile force, Ft   t  1.4
m y 2
PS Pnom
 Where, PS= psAs Clause 6.3.2
Pnom =0.8pt At Clause 6.3.4.2

Where, At=tensile stress area as specified in the appropriate bolt standard;

pt = tension strength of the bolt obtained from Table 34
Derivation of Ft

Maximum tension
F
Ft
Ft(y2/y1)
Ft(y3/y1)
y1 Ft(y4/y1)
y2
y3
y4
For two number of
Bolt loads vertical columns
M R   Ft . y1  Ft . y22 y1  Ft . y32 y1  Ft . y42 y1   2 of bolts,
F
 2 t  y12  y22  y32  y42 
y1
2F
 F .e  t . y 2  Ft 
 Fe  y1  Fe  ymax imum
y1 
2 y2 m y2
45

Example 6.3 : (shear & torsion)

Check the adequacy of the bolted joint shown below under the
factored dead and imposed loads.
525
Dead Load = 120kN
Imposed Load = 160kN

50 A
15
305.16
175

105
35
5@70 2 No.
254x254x89UC

B
50 All bolts 24mm dia.
57.9 250 250 57.9 In Grade 4.6 steel

Factored load = 1.4DL + 1.6LL = 1.4x120 + 1.6x160 = 424kN Factored

Moment = 424 x 525 x 10-3 = 222.6kNm
For M24 bolt, AS= 353 mm2
Shear strength, ps =160 MPa (Table 30)
 3-D Illustration of the Connection

The forces in the bolts and holes are not shown in this diagram for clarity

Design load = 424kN

Bolt group 2

Bolt group 1

Note that the columns are removed to

Design load =424 for 2 bolt groups show the bolt groups
For each bolt group, design load = 212kN
For each bolt group, design moment =222.6/2 =111.3 kN.m

Check shear in bolt 525

Bolt Group: Σx2 = 12 x 2502 = 750 x 103

Σy2 = 4(352 + 1052 + 1752) = 171.5 x 103 A
FH
Σx2 + Σy2 = 921.5 x 103 FV
cosθ = 250/305.6 = 0.819 305.6
175
sinθ = 175/305.6 = 0.573 

Bolt A and B are the bolts with maximum load: B

Maximum vertical component, F Fe  z1
FS   cos 
n  x2   y2 250

= 212/12+(111.3 x 103 x 305.16)(0.819)/(921.5 x 103) = 47.853 kN

Fe  z1
Maximum Horizontal component, FH  sin 
 x2   y 2
= (111.3 x 103 x 305.16)(0.573)/(921.5 x 103) =21.1194 kN
Resultant shear force on bolt, FS = [(47.853)2 + (21.1194)2]0.5 = 52.3 kN
Shear capacity, PS=psAS = 160 x 353 x 10-3 = 56.4kN > 52.3 kN (Cl.6.3.2.1)
The bolts are adequate for shear.
 Check for bearing
Side plate thickness = 15mm
Minimum end distance = 1.25Dt = 1.25 x 26 = 32.5mm

Bearing capacity of 15mm plate

Pbs = d t pbs ≤ 0.5 e t pbs (Cl.6.3.3.3)
d t pbs = 24 x 15 x 460 x 10-3 = 165.6kN
0.5 e t pbs = 0.5 x 50 x 15 x 460 x 10-3 = 173kN
Pbs = 165.6 kN (condition satisfied)
Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb=(d tp) pbb =( 2415)46010-3 = 165.6 kN
(Cl.6.3.3.2)

Bearing capacity per bolt is 165.6kN > shear capacity of 56.4kN

⇒ Strength of the joint is controlled by the single shear of the bolt.
The joint is satisfactory.

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Example 6.4 : (Shear & tension)

Show that the bolts in the bracket-to-column connection below are suitable to resist
the design shear force of 200 kN. Assume the bolts are all M16, grade 8.8.

End plate

Solution
Since the bolts are subject to combined shear and tension, the bolts should be
checked for shear, tension and combined shear and tension separately.
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Direct shear
Design shear force, P 200 kN
Number of bolts, N 8
Shear force/bolt, FS P/N 200/8 25 kN

Shear capacity of bolt, PS, is

PS = psAs 375 × 157 58.9 × 103 58.9 kN FS =25 kN (Cl. 6.3.2.1)
The bolts are adequate for shear

Tensile capacity
Maximum bolt tension, Ft, is
Ft   P e  y1 m  y2 

Ft 
 200
 250   370
[2(702  1702  2702  3702 )]
=38 kN y1 =370 mm

Tension capacity, Pnom, is

Pnom = 0.8pt At = 0.8 × 560 × 157 = 70.3 × 103 N
= 70.3 kN > Ft = 38 kN
The bolt is adequate for tension
51

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION

Combined check:
FS F
 t  1.4
PS Pnom
25 38
   0.96  1.4
58.9 70.3
The bolts are adequate for combined shear and tension

Hence the M16, grade 8.8 bolts are satisfactory.

52
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Beam End Connections

There are three types of beam end connections which are commonly
used in the fabrication of steelwork:

 Double angle web cleats,

 Flexible end plates, and
 Fin-plates.
Double angle web cleats

Beam-to-column flange connection Beam-to-beam web connection

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Flexible end plates

Flexible end plate  beam-to-column or beam-to-beam web connections

Fin-plates

Fin plate connection

54
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Example 6.5 : (Beam end plate connection)

Calculate the design shear resistance of the connection shown below,
assuming that the steel is grade S275 and the bolts are M20, grade 8.8 in 2
mm clearance holes.

55

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

56
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Check fastener spacing and edge/end distances

Diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm
Diameter of bolt hole, Dt = 22 mm
Pitch of bolt, p = 120 mm
Edge distance, e1 = 35 mm
End distance, e2 = 50 mm
Thickness of end plate, tp = 10 mm
The following conditions need to be met:
Min spacing, p1 ≥ 2.5d = 2.5 × 20 = 50 < 120 OK
Max spacing p1 ≤ 14tp = 14 × 10 = 140 > 120 OK
Edge distance e1 ≥ 1.4Dt = 1.4 × 22 = 30.8 < 35 OK
End distance e2 ≥ 1.4Dt = 1.4 × 22 = 30.8 < 50 OK
e1 and e2 ≤ 11tpε = 11 × 10 × 1 = 110 > 35, 50 OK

For grade S275 steel with tp 10 mm, py 275 N/mm2 (Table 9),  1 (Table 9). Hence
all fastener spacing and edge/end distances to fasteners are satisfactory.

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Bolt group strength

Shear (Cl. 6.3.2.1)
8 No., M20 grade 8.8 bolts; As = 245 N/mm2
ps = 375 N/mm2 (Table 30)
Shear capacity of single bolt, Ps = psAs = 375 × 245 = 91.9 × 103 = 91.9 kN
Shear capacity of bolt group is 8Ps = 8 × 91.9 = 735 kN
Bearing (Cl.6.3.3)
Bearing strength of bolt, pbb=1000 kN
Bearing capacity of Single bolt, Pbb = (dtp )pbb (Cl.6.3.3.2)
= 20 × 10 × 1000 = 200 × 10 N = 200 kN
3

End plate is thinner than column flange and will therefore be critical.
Bearing capacity of end plate, Pbs, is given by (Cl.6.3.3.3)
Pbs = kbsdtppbs = 1 × 20 × 10 × 460 = 92 × 103 N = 92 kN
≤ 0.5kbse2tppbs = 0.5 × 1 × 50 × 10 × 460 = 115 × 103 N = 115 kN

Hence bearing capacity of connection = 8 × 92 = 736 kN.

58
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

End plate shear strength

AV = 0.9Atp = 0.946010 =4140 mm2
Av,net = (460-4Dt)*tp= (460-422)10 =3720 mm2
Ke = 1.2 for S275
0.85Av/ke =0.85*4140/1.2 =2932.5 mm2
Av,net > 0.85Av/ke
Therefore, bolt hole need not to be considered (Cl 6.2.3)
The shear capacity of the end plate/single plane =0.6pyAv (Cl. 4.2.3)
=0.62754140 N =683.1 kN
Shear capacity of end plate for two plane = 683.1*2 =1366.2 kN
Local shear strength of beam web at the end plate
Pvb = 0.6py Av = 0.6 × 275(0.9 × 10.6 × 460) × 10−3 = 724 kN

Hence, strength of connection is controlled by shear strength of

beam web and is equal to 724 kN

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Example 6.6 (Truss member connection): Design the connection between

double angle 50505 and gusset plate as shown. Use grade S275 steel
and non-preloaded bolts grade 4.6. By Dr. Esmat Kameshki

50505 8 mm

50 mm
F
D.L. = 60 KN
L.L= 40 kN
T=8 mm

Solution:

Factored load = 1.460+1.640 = 148 kN

Load on one angle (Fu) =148/2 =74 kN
Assume M16 Non-preloaded bolts grade 4.6
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Shear Capacity Ps = psAs (Cl. 6.3.2.1)

Assume no thread in shear plane.  As =d2/4 =162/4 =201 mm2
If thread is in shear plane, then AS=At = 157 mm2
Shear strength of bolt, ps = 160 MPa for grad 4.6 bolt (Table 30)
Single shear capacity per bolt, Ps = psAs =160 ×201 =32.16×103 = 32.16 kN
Double shear capacity per bolt Ps = 2× 32.16 = 64.32 kN
(bolts are in double shear)
Bearing capacity of bolt Pbb = (dtp )pbb (Cl.6.3.3.2)
Bearing strength of bolt, pbb=460 kN for grad 4.6 bolt (Table 31)
Bearing capacity per bolt, Pbb = 16×8×460 = 36.8 ×10 N = 36.8 kN
3

Bearing capacity of connected part, Pbs= kbsdtppbs 0.5kbsetppbs (Cl.6.3.3.3)

Kbs =1 for standard hole; tp = 5 mm
Bearing strength of plate, pbs = 460 MPa for S275 steel (Table 32)
Pbs = 1 × 16 × 5 × 460 = 36.8 × 103 N = 36.8 kN
0.5kbsetppbs = 0.5 × 1 × 32 × 5 × 460 = 36.8 × 103 N = 36.8 kN
(Assume e=2d =2*16 =32 mm)
The above condition is satisfied.  Pbs =36.8 kN.

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

The governing capacity of one bolt is 36.8 kN (bearing)

Number of bots required = 148 /36.8  5
Arrangement of booths
Bolt spacing (S):
Smin = 2.5 d =2.516 =40 mm Cl. 6.2.1.1
Smax =14 t =145 =70 mm Cl. 6.2.1.2

Edge distance (e) : Cl. 6.2.2

emin = 1.25 Dt = 1.2518 = 22.5 mm (for bolt hole by machine flame cut) (Table 29)
where, Dt = d+2 =16+2 = 18 mm (standard hole)
emax =11 t  Cl.6.2.2.5
Where, =(275/py)0.5 =1.0 (Table 9)
emax = 1151.0 = 55 mm
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

50505
Provided
50 mm S =59 mm
Fu =148 kN e = 32 mm

32 mm 4@59 mm
32 mm

Lap length = 300 mm

Check e & S:
Smax (=70mm) > S (=59 mm) > Smin (=40 mm)
provided S is acceptable

emax (=55mm) > e (=32 mm) > emin (=22.5 mm) 5 M16 Grade 4.6 Non preloaded Bolts
provided e is acceptable

But the above number is not practical.

They should be rounded up and adjusted
as follows: 4@60 mm
Take e = 35 mm Still satisfactory 35mm 35 mm
S = (300-35-35)/4 = 57.7 mm, OK
Connection details

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Example 6.7 : Check the adequacy of the connection in the figure. Use
steel grade S275 and non-preloaded M24 bolts grade 4.6.
By Dr. Esmat Kameshki
45 60 65

50
70
t=15.7 mm
50

T =10 mm
30 808010

21.7
mm Dead load = 40 kN
Live load = 25 kN

M24

UB 35617167

Elevation
CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Solution:
Factored load (Fu) = 1.440+1.625 = 96 kN
The connection is eccentric = Direct shear + Torsion
y
4 1

r  FT1
35

x
35

3 2
30 30 DIRECT SHEAR
+
TORSION

The bolts are in single shear as shown in the figure

Shear strength of bolt for grade 4.6 is ps = 160 MPa Table 30

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

Shear capacity of bolt

Assuming shear plane passes through the threaded part of bolt. Therefore shear area of M24
bolt is As=353 mm2
Shear capacity per bolt, Ps = psAs (Cl. 6.3.2.1)
=160 ×353 =56.48×10 N = 56.48 kN
3

Bearing capacity of bolt Pbb = (dtp )pbb (Cl.6.3.3.2)

Bearing strength of bolt, pbb=460 kN for grad 4.6 bolt (Table 31)
Bearing capacity per bolt, Pbb = 24×10×460 = 110.4 ×10 N = 110.4 kN
3

Bearing capacity of connected part, Pbs= kbsdtppbs  0.5kbsetppbs (Cl.6.3.3.3)

Kbs =1 for standard hole; tp = 10 mm
Bearing strength of plate, pbs = 460 MPa for S275 steel (Table 32)
Pbs = 1 × 24 × 10 × 460 = 110.4 × 10 N = 110.4 kN
3

0.5kbsetppbs = 0.5 × 1 × 45 × 10 × 460 = 103.5 × 103 N = 103.5 kN

Pbs =110.4 kN > 0.5kbsetppbs =103.5 kN; Condition is not satisfied
 e should be increased, but within the limit of the code, BS5950.

The capacity of the bolt in direct shear, Pmin = 56.8 kN

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

FT1 : The load due to torsional Moment on the maximum

loaded bolt (1).

Fe  r1
FT 1 
 x2   y2
x1= 30 mm y1= 35 mm
x2= 30 mm y2= 35 mm Symmetric arrangement
x3= 30 mm y3= 35 mm
x4= 30 mm y4= 35 mm

r1 = (x12 + y12 )0.5 =(302 + 352 )0.5 = 46.1 mm

x2 = 3600 mm2 and y2 = 4900 mm2
F=Fu =96 kN; eccentricity, e =30 mm
Fe  r1 96  30  46.1
FT 1    15.62 kN
 
x 2
 y 2
3600  4900

FS = Load on one bolt due to direct shear

Direct shear force on bolt 1, FS1 = P/No. of bots = 96/4 = 24 kN
 =tan-1(35/30)= 49.40

CENG417 Steel Design by Dr. KMA Sohel

FT1 sin49.40
Resolve FT1 vertical and horizontal to give;
r  FT1 =15.62 kN
FV1=FS1+FT1cos49.40 =24+10.165=34.165 kN  FS1 = 24 kN

FH1= FT1 sin49.40 = 11.86 kN

FT1 cos49.40

Resultant Load on bolt (1):

FR1  FV21  FH21  34.1652  11.862  36.2 kN

FR1 (=36.2 kN) < Pmin (=56.48 kN)

The connection is satisfactory, provided that edge distance (e) is adjusted.

 Deformation of Double Angle Web Cleats
The rotational capacity of the connection is governed
mainly by the deformation capacity of the angles and, to a
smaller extent, by the slip between the connected parts.

To minimize rotational resistance, the thickness of the

angle cleats should be kept to a minimum and the gauge
should be relatively large.

We do not want rotational stiffness because we have made the

assumption of pin-joints (simply supported beams) when we use
these simple connections. If the connections become too stiff, it will
transfer moments to the column that is originally unaccounted for,
which can lead to unsafe design.
69

Standard
Double Angle
Web Cleat
Connections
These requirements ensure that in cases where
the beam is laterally unrestrained, it can be
designed with an effective length of 1.0L for LTB

Gauge

70