Questions 9 – 15 are based on the following passage. Circle the best answers.

The invention of writing is credited to the Sumerians of Mesopotamia in the 4 th millennium

BCE. Their descendants, the Sumero Babylonians, ___(9) the time system that we use today:
an hour divided into 60 minutes, which are divided into 60 seconds.
Today, there are __________(10) than 2,700 different languages spoken in the world, with
more than 7,000 dialects. In Indonesia alone, 365 different languages are spoken. More than
1,000 different languages are spoken in Africa. The most difficult language to _______ (11) is
Basque, which is spoken in north-western Spain and south-western France. It is not ________(12)
to any other language in the world.
The youngest __________(13) language in the world is Afrikaans, spoken by South Africans.
Dutch and German Protestants (14) persecution from the Roman Catholic Church in the 17th
and 18th century to settle in the Dutch colony of Cape of Good Hope _________(15) the southern
point of Africa. Afrikaans had developed from this influences and grown into a fully fledged
language in a short span of just 100 years.

9 A. development 1 A. mostly 11 A. learned

B. developed 0 B. most B. learn
C. developing C. likely C. learns
D. develops D. more D. learnt
12 A. linkage 1 A. knowing 14 A. fled
B. related 3 B. know B. fleeing
C. positioned C. known C. flee
D. relative D. knowledge D. had fled
15 A. in
B. on
C. under
D. between

Read the following information and answer the questions that follow.
Questions 16 - 20

Using the information given, write the name of the food categories in the boxes below.

No Benefit Food Category

16. Help fight muscular degeneration
Stimulates the production of cancer-
17.
fighting liver enzymes
18. Protects cells from damage
19. Help fight tumours
20. Reduces the risk of heart disease

Questions 21 – 25

Based on the information given, give short answers to the following questions.

21. How does the antioxidant anthocyanin reduce your risk of a stroke?
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
22. What do foods that contain beta carotene help with?
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
23. In white coloured foods, what is known t help fight tumours?
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
24. Name a food that would help improve your skin complexion.
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
25. Name a food you would eat to prevent cataract.
_____________________________________________________________________
_________
Different types of soil

Sandy soil is soil filled with sand. It is rough, dry and doesn’t have many nutrients. Sand has
the largest sized grains of all the soil types, this means water drains through it quickly. Think of a
bathtub which has big holes in the drain, the bigger the holes are the faster the water will run out.
The same happens with soil; the bigger the soil grains are the faster the water will pass through.
Clay soil has the smallest sized grains of all. This means not a lot of water drains through. This
type of soil is smooth when dry but sticky when wet. It is very thick and hard which makes it
difficult for plants to spread their roots. When it rains this soil becomes so wet it can overflow. The
excess water prevents oxygen from passing through the soil to the plants. Silt soil has medium-
sized grains. It feels smooth and holds nutrients and moisture well. It’s a good soil for plants. Loam
soil has the best properties of all. It is a mixture of sandy, clay and silt and drains at a normal
speed. It is a perfect soil for plants.
Peat soil forms in places saturated with water like wetlands. These soils are poor in oxygen
which makes the process of decomposing very slow. Dead plants will keep piling up forming
organic matter called peat. These soils have a lot of nutrients but they’re all stuck in the dead
plants which aren’t being broken down fast enough.
Earthworms are especially important, they make tunnels in the soil which help plants gain
better access to air and water. They also decompose (break down) dead plants and animals into
humus. Humus is filled with all the nutrients plants need to survive.

Questions

1 What type of soil is rough and drains quickly?

2 What type of soil has the largest sized grains?

3 What soil has the smallest sized grains?

4 What soil would be the best for growing plants and crops?

5 Where is peat soil found?

6 Which creature digs tunnels through the soil?

7 What is the dark organic matter that forms in soil when dead plant and animal matter
decays?