SOIL RESOURCES - It is the relative proportion of the particle sizes in the

soil.
SOIL AS A RESOURCE
- 4 TEXTURES
(VIDEO: value of soil) • Clay (< .002 mm)
• Silt (.002 - .005 mm)
- value of soil: we live on it, produce food and crops,
• Sand (.005 – 2.00 mm)
purify and store water
• Gravel & rock (> 75 mm)
- used to produce plants and feed animals, plants are
used to make petrol gases
- fertile soil is overused causing it to degrade THE SOIL POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY o Porosity -
volume of water that “fits between” the soil particles
PEDOSPHERE
o Permeability - rate of flow of water through soil o %
retention - how much water is “trapped” by soil
- “pedon”-soil/earth, “Sphaira”- sphere
- outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil Porosity and Permeability are directly related; when one
and subject to soil formation is high, the other is high as well. % water retention is
- it is a result of the dynamic interaction among the inversely related to both.
atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and the
1. Clay - ↓ porosity ↓ permeability, ↑ retention
hydrosphere.
2. Silt - ↓ porosity, ↓permeability, ↑ retention
3. Sand - ↑porosity, ↑ permeability, ↓retention
SOIL COMPONENTS
4. Organic matter - ↑porosity, ↑permeability,
• 45 % - Mineral ↓retention
• 25 % - Air
SOIL PROFILE
• 25 % - Water
• SOIL HORIZON – the layers of the soil that has a
• 5% - Organic Matter
distinct set of physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics
SOIL FORMATION 1. O – Horizon – humus or organic
5 FACTORS THAT AFFECTS SOIL FORMATION - It is composed of loose or partly decayed organic
• Parent Material matter
• Climate 2. A – Horizon
• Topography - It is composed of mineral matter mixed with
• Biological Factors some dark organic humus
• Time - topsoil
1. Soil formation - Parent material is slowly broken 3. E – Horizon
down by biological, chemical and physical - It is characterized by a significant loss of
weathering. minerals
2. Biological - Respiration of plant roots and other (eluviation) and leeching
organisms produce CO2, which reacts with soil
- eluviated horizon
water to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3).
4. B – Horizon
3. Chemical - Acids crack rocks →water seeps in
→breaks down particles. - It is the accumulated clay and other nutrients
from the layers above it
4. Physical - Weathering introduces water that breaks
down various particles. - subsoil
5. Time scale - Formation of 2.5 cm of topsoil takes 5. C – Horizon
200 - 1000 yrs. - It is composed of partially altered parent
material
SOIL TEXTURE 6. R – Horizon
 - It is the layer of loose, heterogeneous, and
superficial material covering the bedrock
• SOIL PROFILE – the sequence of the soil horizons
from the surface down to the underlying bedrock
IMPORTANCE OF SOIL
1) Arable land for agriculture
- Arable lands can be used to grow crops that can
sustain plant and animal life.
2) Regulating water and filtering potential pollutants
- Soil plays an important role absorbing and
filtering water and storing it as groundwater.
- It filters, detoxifies, buffers, immobilizes,
degrades
3) Nutrient Cycling
- Various elements and essential minerals are
stored, transformed, and cycled in the soil.
4) Foundation and support
- Soil structure provides a base for plant roots.
Bedrock also provides foundation and support
for houses and roads.
5) Mineral deposits
- Soils are mined for their mineral content – iron,
nickel, or aluminum.
Laterite - is a soil and rock type rich in iron and
aluminum, a reddish clayey material
SOLID WASTE POLLUTION
THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
1. Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste
3. Toxic and hazardous waste
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS
• Zero Waste Management – Reduce, Reuse and
Recycle (3R) - full cycle system - upstream and
downstream
• Composting - dried leaves, woody materials +
grass, food scrapes = compost
• Sanitary Landfill
• Incinerators
• Ocean Dumping
• Open Dumpsite
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACT OF 2000
(R.A 9003)
- an act providing for an ecological solid waste
management, creating the necessary institutional
mechanisms, declaring certain prohibited acts - Salient
Features:
• National Solid Waste Management
Commission, National Ecological Center, LGU
Solid Waste Management Board
• Creation of multipurpose associations in every
LGU
• Waste segregation, reduction and recycling
• Material Recovery Facilities/Systems
• Conversion of open dumpsites to sanitary
landfills
• Integration of Ecological Waste Management in
academic (formal and nonformal education) •
Administrative and enforcement procedures -
Major Provisions:
• Ensures the protection of public health and
environment
• Emphasize the need to CREATE necessary
institutional mechanism and incentives and
imposes penalties in violation
• Mandates ALL to adopt an ecological solid
waste management program
• Encourages participation to all government
units....include waste management and resource
conservation into academic curricula
PHILIPPINE EFFORTS IN CONTROLLING SOLID
WASTE
• Accelerated Composting Technology
(Bioreactor)
• Anaerobic Composting (Biogas Reactor)
• Vermicomposting – form of composting that
uses worms to add organic material to the soil
DEGRADATION OF SOIL QUALITY
1. Soil Erosion
- It is the displacement of the upper layer of the
soil.
2. Soil Compaction
- It is the application of stress to the soil reducing
the amount of air, water, and space available to
roots and soil organisms.
3. Desertification
- It is irreversible change of the land to such a
state where it can no longer be
recovered for its original use.
4. Intensive Agriculture - water: average human - 55%-60% water baby
-
It can lead to the utilization of more machines at birth - 75% →1st birthday – 60%
for deforestations that can result to the loss of - H2o: used to lubricate/cushion joints, regulates
organic matter, soil compaction, and damage to body temperature, nourish brain and spinal
soil physical properties cord
5. Urbanization - 3/4 water: brain and heart
- It is the practice of converting land to urban - 83%: lungs
centers characterized by concrete structures, - 31%: dried bones
roads, and pavements. - release water through: sweat, urine, bowel
6. Overgrazing Of Animals movement, breathing
- Grazing animals, when overpopulated on a - dehydration – more aquaporins are released by
specific site, can consume the entirety of a kidney, enabling blood to retain more water =
grassland. dark urine (brain shrinks, blood pressure, drop
of energy/mood)
- overhydration/hyponatremia –
overconsumption of water in a short period of
CONSERVATION OF SOIL RESOURCES time) less aquaporins released to blood,
1) Increasing soil organic matter sodium electrolyte diluted = cells sweat,
kidneys cannot keep up causing headache,
2) Keeping the soil covered and vegetated
seizures, or death)
3) Avoiding excessive village
- 8 glasses a day (men: 2.5 – 3.7L, women: 2 –
4) Managing pests and nutrient efficiently
2.7L)
5) Promoting crop rotation
- fruits and vegetables: 90% water
6) Reducing erosion and preventing soil compaction
(VIDEO – basura song) ACTIVITIES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF
WATER
WATER RESOURCES - (VIDEO: water as the basis of life)
(2VIDEOs: documentary + iwitness doc) 1. Developing countries dispose sewage untreated
into lakes leads to organic pollution (bacteria,
- water is continuously collected, purified,
diseases)
recycled and distributed
2. Organic matter – leads to oxygen reduction in
ocean
HYDROSPHERE
3. Non-organic substances – poison fishes that can
- oceans: 97.2 % pass through food chain and affect humans
- groundwater: 0.62% 4. Plastic – often mistaken a food by fishes and
- glaciers: 2.15% seals
- freshwater: 0.009% o Point source = pollution comes from single, fixed,
- surface water: 0.017 often large identifiable sources
- soil moisture: 0.005 - smoke stacks, discharge drains, tanker spills o
- atmosphere: 0.001 Non-point source = pollution comes from dispersed
sources
SCARCITY OF FRESHWATER - agricultural runoff, street runoff
● Increasing population
● Change in consumption WATER POLLUTANTS
● Climate changes 1. Sediment – logging, road building, erosion
- competing water uses: domestic, agricultural, 2. Oxygen-demanding wastes – human waste, storm
industrial sewers, runoff from agriculture, grazing and
- (VIDEO: water) logging, many others
3. Nutrient Enrichment = Eutrophication – from
fertilizers, detergents leads to increased growth in
aquatic systems, ultimately more non-living organic
matter
4. disease-causing organisms – from untreated
sewage, runoff from feed lots
5. toxic chemicals – pesticides, fertilizers, industrial
chemical
6. heavy metals – lead, mercury
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
• Agricultural products
• Underground storage tanks
• Landfills
• Septic tanks
• Surface impoundments
PROBLEMS RELATED TO WATER CRISIS
● inadequate access to safe drinking water by over
1.1 billion people
● groundwater over drafting leading to diminished
agricultural yields
● overuse and pollution of water resources
harming biodiversity
● regional conflicts over scarce water resources
sometimes resulting to disputes [war]
THREATS TO FRESHWATER RESOURCES
● climate change causes change in the
frequencies of droughts and floods
● depletion of aquifers because of the
overconsumption of a growing global population
● pollution and contamination by sewage and
runoff (agricultural and industrial)
● FRESHWATER: Estimated from existing data,
some countries are going to experience
serious shortage of freshwater supply in the
coming 20 years.
● China, India, South Africa, and Middle
East countries may be among the most
adversely affected.
THE PHILIPPINE WATER CODE (P.D. 1067)
- a decree instituting a water code, thereby
revising and consolidating the laws governing
the ownership, appropriation, utilization,
exploitation, development, conservation and
protection of water resources
NATIONAL WATER CRISIS ACT 1995 (RA 8041)
- this act states the need for the government to
adopt urgent and effective measures to address
the nationwide water crisis which adversely
affects the health and well-being of the
population, food
production and industrialization process
POPE FRANCIS’ STATEMENT ON WATER
- Laudatus Si – (encyclical letter) “On Care For
Our
Common Home”
- “Access to safe drinkable water is a BASIC
and UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHT, since it
is essential to human survival and, as such, is a
condition for the exercise of other human
rights…”
ENERGY RESOURCES
o LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY -
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can
only be transformed from one form to another.
o ENERGY - capacity to do work
o RESOURCE - any item used for a specific purpose
(VIDEO: Where is energy?)
Energy – a physical quantity
- follows natural laws
- finite amount
- neither created nor destroyed
- sun: produce energy through: heat, light, sound,
vibration, movement
- internal: geothermal, rotational (spinning of Earth)
- external: sun – major external source of energy
TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF NATURAL RESOURCES
• RENEWABLE RESOURCE
- A resource that can be replenished or regenerated
on a human time scale.
- geothermal, flowing water, wind, solar, and
biomass
- (VIDEO: where energy comes from (same lang
dun sa baba))
1. Geothermal Energy
- A source of energy from the internal
heat of Earth’s system
 - Radioactive decay in Earth’s mantle produces
heat: cool water is injected to the ground then
hot water is pumped and heat is used to produce
steam, and the steam will turn turbines and
generators
- Bacman Geothermal Power Plant – Sorsogon,
Sorsogon
2. Hydroelectric
- Dependent on gravity o Hydropower - The
power generated by the energy from falling
water of fast running water
o 3 Main Parts of Hydroelectric Power Plant
a. Dam - It creates a large waterfall and
stores enough water to supply the plant at
all times.
b. Penstock - It channels water from its
natural environment to supply the dam
reservoir.
c. Powerhouse - It houses the turbines driven
by the waterfall and the generator driven
by the turbines.
- Small-Scale Hydropower System - water is
diverted into the penstock
- Hydroelectric Power Plant - turbine converts the
kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical
energy.
- Tidal Power System - converts the energy
obtained from tides (high/low tide) into useful
forms of power
- Angat Dam – Norzagaray, Bulacan
3. Wind Energy
- The movement of air caused by differences in
atmospheric pressure
o CLASSIFICATION OF WIND:
a. Gust – short-duration; high-speed
b. Breeze, gale, storm and hurricane –
long-duration; various strengths
o Wind Farm - Collection of individual wind
turbines (Caparispisan Wind Farm –
Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte)
- Wind Power System
4. Solar Energy
- The energy coming from the sun
- Plants use this energy for photosynthesis
- Animals use this energy by consuming plants
and by absorbing vitamin D
- Concentrated Solar Power System - using
mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of
sunlight onto a small area.
- Photovoltaic or Solar Cell System - converts the
sun's radiation, in the form of light, into usable
electricity. 5. Biomass
- A biological material derived from living or
recently deceased organisms which may include
both plant life, including fuel, wood, animal
dung, and agricultural wastes
- dendrothermal, alcogas, and biogas
- Maintains a closed carbon cycle
- Biomass Energy Carbon Cycle - the carbon in
the air and in the soil is used by the plants which
can be turned into biomass.
- (VIDE0: smartplanet)
- (VIDEO: oil)
- Energy is harnessed and utilized for the
improvement of human lives
- Whale 0il: (1846) – smokeless lamp, whales:
nonrenewable
- Kerosene: black liquid pumped out from the
ground
• NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE
- A resource that cannot be replenished or
regenerated on a human time scale
1. Fossil Fuels
- (VIDEO: How is fossil fuel formed?)
- fossil fuels: group of resources formed from
dead plants and animals during the
carboniferous period (36M years ago)
- depends on: organic matter, time,
temperature, pressure - dominant energy
source 3 types:
a. Coal: trees, plants + pressure and
heat =
hardened coal
b. Oil: smaller organisms + pressure
c. Natural Gas: (same process sa oil) +
more
heat and pressure = gaseous form
- (VIDEO: How do we harness fossil fuels?)
- fossil fuels: organic remains of prehistoric
animals and plants, harmful to environment
and health
- found deep in the sea bed
- use power plants to harness them
- world’s primary energy source
- derived from the remains of prehistoric plants
and animals
 • Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial

o Provides Energy That Supports:

Transportation and Electricity Production
o 3 Classes: Coal, Oil or Petroleum, Natural Gas
- Malampaya Power Plant – Palawan
2. Nuclear Energy o Nuclear Reactions - Occurs when
atoms of one
species is transformed into atoms of another
species
o 2 WAYS:
a. Fission - splitting of heavy atoms into
lighter atoms
b. Fusion - combination of two light atoms
to form heavier atoms
- Problems With Nuclear Power Plants: Japan 1)
Meltdown or explosion of radioactive materials
2) Generation of radioactive wastes

IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY
• Agricultural
• Transportation