LECTURE II

STEADY STATE CONDUCTION – ONE DIMENSION

2.1. THE PLANE WALL

Cu Fe Al
A
T1

q T2 q
T3
T4
A B C

1 2 3 4

q
note:
RA RB RC i=q
electrical R=
analogy T1 T2 T3 T4 V = ΔT
Δx A Δx B Δx C i=
kAA k BA k CA

q   kA A
 T2  T1    kB A
 T3  T2    kC A
 T4  T3 
Δx A Δx B Δx C

note:
T  T1 T  T2 T  T3 Δx A
q   2  3  4 -q  T1  T2
Δx A Δx B Δx C kA A
k AA k BA k CA
Δx B
-q  T2  T3
T1  T4 k BA
q 
Δx A Δx B Δx C
  Δx C
kA A kB A kC A -q  T3  T4
kC A
 ΔToverall
q
 R th

Composite wall :

B
F
q q
A C E

G
RB = ?
D

Electrical analogy
RB RF
q
RA RC RE

RD RG
T1
T2 T3 T4 T5

Example 2-1 Multilayer conduction

An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a 100 mm layer of common brick (k =
0.7 W/mK) followed by a 40 mm layer of gipsum plaster (k = 0.48 W/mK). What thickness of
loosly packed rock-wool insulation (k = 0.065bW/mK) should be added to reduce the heat
loss (or gain) through the wall by 80 percent?
Solution:
The overall heat loss will be given by:
T
q
q q  Rth
100% 20% loss

100 mm ?
40 mm
Because the heat loss with the rock-wood insulation will be only 20 percent (80 percent
reduction) of that before insulation

ΔT
 q with insulation   R th with insultion  R th without insulatin
 q without insulation ΔT R th with insulation

 R th without insulation

R th without insulatin

q with insulation

20%
 0.2
R th with insulation q without insulation 100%

We have for the brick and plaster,

Δx Rb Δx
Rb  for unit area 
k bAb Ab k bAb
Δx 0.1 m
For common brick : Rb    0.143 m 2 K/W
kb 0.7 W/mK

Δx 0.04 m
For plaster: Rp    0.083 m 2 K/W
kp 0.48 W/mK

So that the thermal resistance without insulation is

R th without insulation  0.143 m 2 K/W  0.083 m 2 K/W  0.226 m 2 K/W

0.2 
 R without insulation
th
R th with insulation 
R th without insulation
 R with insulation
th 0.2

0.226 m 2 K/W
Then R th with insulation   1.13 m 2 K/W
0.2
And this represents the sum of our previous value and the resistence for the rock wool
R th with insulation  R th without insulation  R th rock wool

1.13 m 2 K/W  0.226 m K/W  R th rock wool

Δx rw Δx rw
R th rock wool  1.13  0.226 m 2 K/W  0.904 m 2 K/W   so
q k 0.065 W/mK
that
m2 K W
T  0.904
Δx rw  0.065  0.0588 m
ro o W mK
2.2. RADIAL SYSTEM−CYLINDER
T i

ri r
dr
L
 q

Ti To
r
ln o
ri
R th 
2πkL
The area for heat flow in the cylinder system is
Ar  2 π r L

So that Fourier’s law is written

dT
qr   k Ar
dr
dT dT
qr   k 2 π r L  k2πL
dr dr
r
with the boundary conditions
T = Ti at r = ri
T = To at r = ro
Solution:
To

 dT  To  Ti    Ti  To  T  To
q k2πL Ti
  k 2 L k2πL  i
ro
dr ln ro  ln ri r ln  ro /ri 
ln o

ri
r ri 2πkL
q
And the thermal resistance in this case is
ln  ro /ri 
R th 
2 π k rL r3
2
r4
r1

T1
One-dimension
T2 heat flow through multiple cylindrical sections
A
T3
T4 B
C
 Ti  To
q 
ln  r2 /r1  ln r3 /r2  ln r4 /r3 
 
2 π L kA 2 π L kB 2 π L kC

2L Ti  To 
q 
ln  r2 /r1  ln r3 /r2  ln r4 /r3 
 
kA kB kC

RA Rb Rc
T1 T2 T3 T4

ln  r2 /r1  ln  r2 /r1  ln  r2 /r1 

2 π kA L 2 π kB L 2 π kC L

Example 2-2 Multilayer cylindrical system

A thick-walled tube of stainless steel (18%Cr, 8% Ni, k = 19 W/mK) with 2 cm inner
diameter (ID) and 4 cm outer diameter (OD) is covered with a 3 cm layer of asbestos
insulation (k = 0.2 w/m K). If the inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600 0 C,
calculate the heat loss per meter of length.

note:
Stainless steel
d1 2 cm
r1    1 cm
2 2
r2 r3
d2 4 cm
r2    2 cm
r1 2 2

r3  r2  3 cm  2 cm  3 cm  5 cm
T1 = 600oC
Asbestos

T2 = 100oC

RS RA
T1 T2

ln  r2 /r1  ln  r3 /r2 
2 π kS L 2 π kA L
 2L T1  T2 
q 
ln  r2 /r1  ln r3 /r2 

kS kA
q 2π 600  100 W
  680
L ln  2/1 ln  5/2 m

19 0.2

2.3. OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Consider the plane exposed to a hot fluid on one side and cooler fluid B on the other side.
note:
TA kA
q  h1 A (TA  T1 )  (T1  T2 )  h 2 A (T2  TB )
Hot Δx
T1 Fluid B
TA  TB
q
q h1 1 Δx 1
T2  
h1 A k A h 2 A
Fluid A h2 TB
A ΔToverall
Cool q 
1 Δx 1
q  
h1 k h2
T1 T2
TA 1 Δx 1 T q  U A TOverall
B
h1 A kA h2 A

where: U = Overall coefficient

1
U
1 Δx 1
 
h1 k h2

2.4. CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION

q ro
note:
L = length of pipe/insulation
ri
T∞
Ti  T
Insulation k q 
h ln (ro /ri ) 1

2 π L k 2π ro L h 2

T1 T∞ 2 π L Ti  T 
q 
ln (ro /ri ) 1
ln  ro /ri  1 k

ro h 2
2πkL 2 π r Lh
  ln  ro /ri 
1
1 
q  2 π L  Ti  To    
 k ro h 

For constant value of ri and heat flow rate as function ro that is q = q(ro). Now let us
manipulate this expression to determine the outer radius of insulation ro which will maximize
the heat transfer. Mathematically requirement is :
dq
q'   0
dro
2
dq  ln  ro /ri  1   1 1 
  2 π L  Ti  To       2 
dro  k ro h   ro k ro h 

 1 1 
 2 π L  Ti  To    2 
0  ro k ro h 
2
 ln (ro /r1 ) 1 
  
 k ro h 

 1 1 
0   2 π L  Ti  To    2 
 ro k ro h 

1 1 :  2 π L  Ti  To 
0   2
ro k ro h

1 1
 2
ro k ro h

ro2 h  ro k

ro h  k

k
ro  Critical radius insulation
h
 If the outer radius is less than the value given by this equation, then the heat transfer
will be increased by adding more insulation
 For outer radii greater that the critical value an increase in insulation thickness will
cause a decrease in heat transfer.

Example 2-23 Critical insulation thickness Critical radius of insulation:

q
200oC
Calculate the criticalTi=radius of insulation for asbestos (k = 0.17 W/mK) surrounding a pipe
r T∞ = 20oC W
and exposed to roomriair at 20 o oC with h = 3.0 W/m2K.
k
0.17 the oheat loss form a 200oC,
Calculate m C  0. 0567 m
ro  
5.0 cm diameter pipe when covered with the critical h radius W
of insulation and without
3 2 o
insulation. m C
ro  5.67 cm
Solution:
Pipe The inside radius of the insulation:
d 5 cm
Asbestos ri    2.5 cm  0.025 m
2 2
d = 5 cm
q 2 π  Ti  T  2π 200  20 W
   105.7
L ln  ro /ri   1 ln  5.67/2.5 

1 m
k ro h 0.17  0.0567  3.0

Without insulation the convection from the outer surface of the pipe is

q W
 h  2π  Ti  To    3.0  2  0.025 200  20   84.8
L m

So, the addition of 3.17 cm (= 5.67 cm − 2.5 cm) of insulation actually increase the heat
transfer by 25 percent.
W W W 20.9
Δq  105.7  84.8  20.9 x 100%  25%
m m m 84.8