BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MESRA, RANCHI
Department of Chemical Engineering

CL 5002-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

CONDUCTION: (A) HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL(B)HEAT TRANSFER THOUGH

LAGGED PIPE

(A) HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL

AIM:(i)To determine total thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of composite wall.(ii)To calculate thermal
conductivity of one material in composite wall(iii)To plot the temperature profile along the composite wall.
INTRODUCTION:

When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high temperature region to the
low temperature region. Energy is transferred by conduction and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to
the normal temperature gradient:
q dT dT
 q  kA
A dX OR, dX
Where q is the heat transfer rate and , is the temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow. The positive
constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.
kA
q T2  T1 
A direct application of Fourier’s law is the plane wall. Fourier’s equation:: X
Where the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The wall thickness is _X, and T1 and T2 are surface
temperatures. If more than one material is present, as in the multiplayer wall:
Total temperature difference:

For steady state Heat Transfer

DESCRIPTION OF SET UP: The Apparatus consists of a heater sandwiched between two asbestos sheets.
Three slabs ofdifferent material[Cast Iron-inner layer, Bakelite-middle layer, Press wood- top layer], are
provided on both sides of heater, which forms a composite structure. A small press- frame is provided to ensure
the perfect contact between the slabs. A Variac is provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of
input power is carried out by a Digital Voltmeter & Digital Ammeter. Temperatures Sensors are embedded
between inter faces of the slab, to read the temperature at the surface. The experiment can be conducted at various
values of power input and calculations can be made accordingly.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that Mains ON/OFF switch given on the panel is at OFF position & dimmerstat is at zero position.
2. Connect electric supply to the set up.Switch ON the Mains ON / OFF switch.
3. Set the heater input by the dimmer stat, voltmeter in the range 40 to 100 V.
4. After 1.5 hrs. note down the reading of voltmeter, ampere meter and temperature sensors in the
observation table after every 10 minutes interval till observing change in consecutive readings of
temperatures (± 0.2 oC).
5. After experiment is over set the dimmer stat to zero position.
6. Switch OFF the Mains ON/OFF switch.
7. Switch OFF electric supply to the set up.

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:

Diameter of the discs = 0.15 m

Thickness, Themal Resistance=

conductivity,W/mK
Cast Iron X1 = 0.025 m 54.0 RA=
Bakelite X2 = 0.019m 0.2 RB=
Wood = 0.012.7 m To be determined To be determined

Time
V A T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
Minute
Volts Amps C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
s
90
100
110
120

T1 & T2 = Interface temperature of 1ST slab and heater, oC

T3 & T4 = Interface temperature of 1st and 2nd slab, oC
T5 & T6 = Interface temperature of 2nd and 3rd slab, oC
T7 & T8 = Top surface temperature of press wood, oC
Heat supplied by the heater, W  0.86  V  I , watts
W
q
Amount of Heat Transfer, 2 , watts

A  d2 2
4 ,m =
T  T   T2  T8 
T  1 7
Overall Temp. Difference 2 , oC
Overall thermal resistance R, from equation

Distance from Temperatures

heater
0 T1  T2 
Theater  
2
0.025 T  T4 
TCI  Bakelite  3
2
0.044 T  T6 
TBakelite wood  5
2
0.0567 T  T8 
Touter  7
2
AT
Rt 
Total thermal resistance of composite wall q , oC m2/W

Total thickness of wall X  X A  X B  X C , m

Resistance of pressed wood, RC =R-RA-RB

q  X
K eff 
Thermal Conductivity of composite wall AT , W/m oC

X 3
KC 
Thermal Conductivity of pressed wood Rc  , W/m oC
Plot Experimental Temperature vs distance,

PRECAUTION

1. Use the stabilize A.C. Single phase supply only. The voltage should not very more than + volts
2. Keep Dimmerstat to zero before start and increase the voltage slowly.
3. Keep all the assembly undisturbed.
4. Remove air gap between plates by moving hand press gently.
5. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage fluctuating or if the satisfactory steady
state condition is not reached.
 (B)HEAT TRANSFER THOUGH LAGGED PIPE

AIM:To determine heat flow rates though the lagged pipe and determination of effective
thermal conductivity of the composite lagging.

INTRODUCTION:
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the
high temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by
conduction and heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature
gradient:
q T

A X
When the proportionality constant is inserted,
T
q  kA
X
Where q is the heat transfer rate and T / X is the temperature gradient in the direction
of heat flow. The positive constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.

Consider a long cylinder of inside radius ri, and length L. We expose this cylinder to a
temperature differential Ti –To and see what the heat flow will be. For a cylinder with
length very large compared to diameter, it may be assumed that the heat flow in a radial
direction, so that the only space coordinate needed to specify the system is ‘r’. In
cylindrical system the Fourier’s law is written

dT Ar  2rL
q  kAr
dX and
dT
q  2krL
dr with the boundary conditions:
T  T1 at r  r1
T  T2 at r  r2
The solution to equation is

2krLT1  T2  Inr2 r1 
q Rth 
Inr2 r1  and the isothermal resistance in this case is 2kL
 Inprocess industries often heat passes through The thermal-resistance concept may
be used for multiple – layer cylindrical walls just as it was used for plane walls. for the
two layer system the solution is

2kLT1  T3 
q
In r2 r1  k A  In r3 / r2  k B

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus consist of three concentric pipe mounted on suitable

stands. The inside pipe consist of the heater. Between first two cylinders the insulating
material with which lagging is to be done is asbestos and in second and third pipe is
wooden dust.

The Thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders appropriately to

measure the temperatures. The input to the heater is varied through a dimmer stat and
measured on a voltmeter, ammeter. The experiments can be conducted at various values
of input and calculations can be made accordingly.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Start the supply of heater & by varying dimmer stat adjusts the input for desired
values by using voltmeter and ammeter.
2. Take reading of all the 6 thermocouples at the interval of 10 minutes until the said
steady state is reached.
3. Note down steady state readings in observation table.
SPECIFICATION:

Inner pipe= 5 cm Dia (Approx);Middle Pipe= 10 cm Dia (Approx);Outer Pipe=15 cm Dia

(Approx),Length,L =
Temp. Sensor position of T1 & T2 = 25 cm from each end. Similarly for T3, T4, T5, T6
Heater
Nichrome wire heater with control unit capacity of 440 watts Max.
Heater control Unit 2 Amps.; Single phase Dimmerstat 1 No
Voltmeter 0-2.5 V; Ammeter 0-2.5 Amps.
Temperature Indicator for the thermocouples ; Range 0-200o C 1 Nos
 OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

DATA:
Radius of Innermost pipe R1 = 25 mm
Radius of Middle pipe R2 = 50 mm
Radius of Outermost pipe R3 = 75 mm
Material filled in Inner Annulus: = Asbestos
Material filled in Outer Annulus: = Sawdust
Thermal Conductivity of Asbestos = 0.26 W/mo C
Thermal Conductivity of Sawdust = 0.069 W/moC
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Volt Reading q = heat Thermocouple Readings

Minutes meter Ammeter supplied
V I =
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
V  I  0.707
W
90
100
110
120
130

T1  T2
Ti 
Mean Readings: Temperature Inside, 2
T3  T4
Tm 
Temperature in Middle, 2
T T
To  5 6
Temperature Outside, 2

Power supplied = heat supplied = Q  V  l avg x0.707, W

Calculate Qthe and keff:

From know value of heat flow rate value of combined thermal conductivity, keff of lagging
material can be calculated:

2Lk eff Ti  To  QInr3 r1 

Q k rff 
Inr3 r1  and 2LTi  To 