Chapter 5, Problem 18

A cantilever carries a concentrated load P as shown in Figure P5.18. Using Castigliano’s

theorem, determine the vertical deflection vA at the free end A.

Chapter 5, Solution 18

Vertical deflection at A is to be calculated but there is no force at A in the direction of

deflection. Therefore, a fictitious force Q is added in the direction of the expected deflection
which is downward. X-coordinate is defined from the free end in order not to deal with the
reaction force at the support. Internal forces and moments are different at the cross-sections
to the right and left of force F, so the beam is investigated in two sections, AC and CB.

The effect of transverse shear is neglected in the following solution. Then, at a cross-section,
only bending moment is present.
Considering the sign convention for shear force and bending moment in beams:

a P
A B M AC  Qx M CB  Qx  P ( x  a )
x C M AC M CB
Q L  x  x
Q Q

1  Mi
Thus vA 
EI  Mi
Q
dx

1  a
(Qx)( x)dx    Qx  P( x  a) ( x)dx 
L
 
EI  0 a 

Set Q  0, and integrate:

 1 L P
vA 
EI 
a
P( x  a) xdx 
6 EI
(2 L3  3aL2  a 3 ) 

If transverse shear were also taken into account:

VAC  Q VCB  Q  P
VAC VCB
 1  1
Q Q
U C  Vi  C V
 tr    Vi  dx   Vi i dx
Q AG  Q  AG Q
C 
(Q)(1)dx    Q  P  (1)dx 
a L

AG  0

a 
Set Q  0, and integrate:
C L CP
 tr 
AG a
Pdx 
AG
( L  a) 
Therefore, total deflection would be
P CP
vA  (2 L3  3aL2  a 3 )  ( L  a) 
6 EI AG
Chapter 5, Problem 19

A cantilevered spring of constant flexural rigidity E I is loaded as depicted in Figure P5.19.

Applying Castigliano’s theorem, determine the vertical deflection at point B.
Assumption: The strain energy is attributable to bending alone.

Chapter 5, Solution 19

Vertical deflection at B is to be calculated and force F is in the direction of deflection.

Therefore, there is no need to add a fictitious force Q. X-coordinate is defined from the free
end in order not to deal with the reaction force at the support. Internal forces and moments
are different at the linear and curved sections, so the beam is investigated in two sections, AC
and CB.

Coordinate axes can be defined as x and s where s  R .

Section BC:

Section CA:
 M BC   Px M CA    PL  PR sin  
M BC M CA
 x    L  R sin  
P P
1  L M BC  M CA 
B     Rd 
2
Thus  M dx M CA
P P
BC
EI  0 0


 B      Px   x  dx   2   PL  PR sin    L  R sin   Rd 
1  L
EI  0 0

P  L 2 

B  
EI  0 0
 
x dx   2 L2  2 LR sin   R 2 sin 2  Rd 


 L 
B 
P  x3  2
  L R  2 LR cos   R  
  sin  2    2

  
2 3
 
EI 3 0 
 2 4  0 
 
P L  2 
3
3  
B   L R  R  2 LR 2 
EI  3  2 4 
B 
P
12 EI

4 L3  6 RL2  3 R3  24 R 2 L 
A general solution where the effect of transverse shear and tension are not neglected:

VBC  P VCA  P cos  FCA   P sin 

VBC VCA FCA
1  cos    sin 
P P P
C V  C V  1 F
 B  
L
Thus VBC BC dx   2 VCA CA Rd   2 FCA CA Rd
0 AG P 0 AG P 0 AE P
C  C  1
 B  
L
Pdx   2 P cos 2  Rd   2 P sin 2  Rd
0 AG 0 AG 0 AE
 

CP L CPR   sin  2 x   2 PR   sin  2 x   2

 B  x        
AG 0 AG  2 4  AE  2 4 
0 0

CPL CPR  PR 
 B   
AG AG 4 AE 4
Together with the previous solution for bending, total deflection is
 CPL CPR  PR 
B 
P
12 EI
 
4 L3  6 RL2  3 R3  24 R 2 L 
AG
 
AG 4 AE 4
 1 C  R  R 
B  P   4 L3  6 RL2  3 R3  24 R 2 L   L
AG 

4  4 AE 
12 EI
In this example, vertical deflection at the free end was calculated. Now let’s find the
horizontal deflection.
Internal forces shown in the figure do not follow the sign convention (for moment) but we’ll
stick to the directions shown.

In order to find the horizontal deflection, add the fictitious force Q and find the internal
forces.

F  P cos   Q sin  V  P sin   Q cos  M  PR 1  cos    QR sin 

MF   PR 1  cos    QR sin    P cos   Q sin  
 P 2 R 1  cos   cos   PQR 1  cos   sin   PQR cos  sin   Q 2 R sin 2 
 P 2 R 1  cos   cos   PQR sin   2 PQR cos  sin   Q 2 R sin 2 
F V M
 sin    cos    R sin 
Q Q Q
  MF 
 PR sin   2 PR cos  sin   2QR sin 2 
Q

Deflection due to bending moment (effect of eccentricity is neglected):

1  M 1 
 PR 1  cos    QR sin     R sin   Rd
EI 0 EI 0 
b  M Rd 
Q
after setting Q=0:
 PR3 
b 
EI  1  cos   sin   d
0

PR3   sin 2  PR3  cos 2 
b 
EI 0 
 2
 sin  

d 
EI   4  cos  
 0
PR3  1 1  2 PR3
b    1   1  
EI  4 4  EI
Deflection due to tension:
1  F 1 
  P cos  Q sin   sin   Rd
AE 0
t  F Rd 
AE 0 Q
after setting Q=0:

PR  PR  sin 2 PR  cos 2 
t 
AE 0 cos  sin  d  
AE 0 2
d  
AE  4 0


PR  1 1 
t      0
AE  4 4 
Deflection due to bending effect of tensile force:
1    MF 
 t ,b   
AE 0 Q
d  
1 
AE 0
 
PR sin   2 PR cos  sin   2QR sin 2  d

after setting Q=0:


PR  PR  cos 2 
 t ,b     sin   sin 2  d     cos   
AE 0 AE  2 0
PR  1 1 2 PR
 t ,b   1   1    
AE  2 2 AE
Deflection due to transverse shear:
C  V C 
 P sin   Q cos   cos  Rd
AG 0 Q AG 0
 tr  V Rd  

after setting Q=0:


CPR  CPR   sin 2  CPR  cos 2 
   sin  cos   d 
AG 0 
 tr    d   
AG 0 2  AG  4  0
CPR  1 1 
 tr    0
AG  4 4 

Total horizontal deflection:

2 PR3 2 PR  R2 1 
   b   t   t ,b   tr  
0  0  2 PR   
EI AE  EI AE 
Substituting values for the given geometry:
h3b
A  hb , I 
12
 12 R 2
1  2 PR  12 R 2 
  2 PR  3       1
 h bE hbE  hbE  h2 
Deflection is found to be negative, meaning that it is opposite to the direction of force Q. This
could be foreseen in the beginning and we could have taken the force Q in the opposite
direction. Then deflection would be found as positive.

Similar examples 1:
Find the vertical deflection at the free end.

In this problem, internal forces will be different for 0<θ<45⁰ and for 45⁰<θ<180⁰ therefore the
beam should be investigated in two sections, CB and BA.

Section CB:
For section BC, internal forces can be written the same way as in Example 5.7, replacing Q
for P. P which is given in this problem is not acting to this section.

F  Q cos  V  Q sin  M  QR 1  cos  

MF  QR 1  cos     Q cos    Q 2 R cos   Q 2 R cos 2 

F V M
 cos   sin   R 1  cos  
Q Q Q
  MF 
 2QR cos  1  cos  
Q

 BC   b   t   t ,b   tr
1 
M 1 4 F 1 4   MF  C 4 V

EI 
0
4
M
Q
Rd 
AE 0 Q
F Rd 
AE 0 Q
d 
AG 0 Q
V Rd
 
1
  4 QR 1  cos     R 1  cos    Rd
EI 0

1 4 1 4
   2QR cos  1  cos    d
AE 0 AE 0 
 Q cos  cos  Rd  

C 4
 Q sin   sin  Rd
AG 0


When Q=0, all the terms become zero. Therefore,  BC  0

Section BA:

P 2 F
F  cos   sin    Q cos   cos 
2 Q
P 2 V
V  cos   sin    Q sin   sin 
2 Q
PR 2 M
M  sin   cos    QR 1  cos    R 1  cos  
2 Q
P2 R PQR 2
 cos   sin     cos   sin  1  2 cos    Q2 R cos  1  cos  
2
MF  
2 2

  MF  PR 2
  cos   sin  1  2cos    2QR cos  1  cos  
Q 2

Deflection due to bending moment (effect of eccentricity is neglected):

1  M
EI  4
b   M Rd
Q
1   PR 2 
b     sin   cos    QR 1  cos   R 1  cos   Rd
EI 4  2 
after setting Q=0:
PR3 2 
b 
2 EI   sin   cos 1  cos  d

4
3

  sin   sin  cos  cos  cos   d

PR 2 
b  
2

2 EI 4

PR 2  3
cos 2  sin  2  
b    cos    sin    
2 EI  4 2 4 
4

PR 2 3
1  2 2  1 PR3
b   1   0   0  0     2.1866
2 EI  4 2 2 2 8 4 EI

Deflection due to tension:

1  F 1 P 2 
t   F Rd   
  cos  sin    Q cos   cos  Rd
AE 4 Q AE 4  2 
after setting Q=0:

PR 2  PR 2   sin  2  cos 2 
t 
2 AE 4  cos   sin   cos   d  2 AE  2  4  4  
4

PR 2   1  1  PR
t     0     0   0.4795
2 AE  2 4 8 4  AE

Deflection due to bending effect of tensile force:

1    MF 
AE  4 Q
 t ,b    d

1   PR 2 
    
AE  4  2
 t ,b     cos   sin  1  2cos   2QR cos  1  cos   d

after setting Q=0:
PR 2 
 t ,b  
2 AE   cos  sin  1  2 cos  d

4

  cos  2 cos   sin   2sin  cos   d

PR 2 
 t ,b   
2

2 AE 4

PR 2  sin  2  cos  2  
 t ,b   sin      cos   
2 AE  2 4 
4

PR 2  1 2  1 2  PR
 t ,b    0    0  1       0   3.1964
2 AE  4 2 4 2 2  AE

Deflection due to transverse shear:

C  V C  P 2 
 tr  V Rd     cos   sin    Q sin   sin  Rd
AG 4 Q AG 4  2 

after setting Q=0:


CPR 2  CPR 2  cos  2   sin  2  
 tr  4
  cos   sin   sin  d     
2 AG 2 AG  4 2 4 
4

(1.2) PR 2  1   1 PR
 tr     0  0     1.4239
2 AG  4 2 8 4 AG

Total vertical deflection:

PR3 PR PR PR
   b   t   t ,b   tr  2.1866  0.4795  3.1964  1.4239
EI AE AE AG
Similar examples 2:
Find the vertical deflection at B.

In this problem, internal forces will be different for 0<θ<45⁰ and for 45⁰<θ<180⁰ therefore the
beam should be investigated in two sections, CB and BA.
In section CB, there is no force, even when the fictitious force Q is added. Therefore, internal
forces and deflections for this section will be found as zero.
If a force Q is added, formulation can be constructed similar to the previous example.

An alternative solution can be conducted using y-component of P which is already acting at

the point of deflection and in the direction of deflection, instead of adding a new force Q.
Derivatives will be taken w.r.t. Py.

Section BA:

F
F  Py cos   Px sin   cos 
Py
V
V  Px cos   Py sin   sin 
Py
  2   2 M  2 
M  Py R   cos    Px R  sin     R   cos  
 2   2  Py  2 
 2   2
MF  Py 2 R cos    cos    Px Py R cos   sin   
 2   2 
 2   2
 Py Px R sin    cos    Px 2 R sin   sin   
 2   2 

  MF   2  2
 2 Py R cos    cos    Px R  cos   sin  
Q  2  2

Deflection due to bending moment (effect of eccentricity is neglected):

1  M
EI  4
b   M Rd
Py

1    2   2   2 
b 
EI   Py R 

 cos    Px R  sin     R 
2    2
 cos   Rd
4  2   
2 2
after setting Py  P and Px  P:
2 2
PR 3 2   2   2   2 
b   
2 EI 4  2

  cos  
  
 sin     
2    2
 cos   d
  
PR3 2   2 3 2 2 
b     cos   sin  cos  
2 EI 4  2
cos  
2
sin   1  d


PR 3 2   sin  2  cos 2 3 2 2 
b      sin   cos    
2 EI  2 4 4 2 2 
4

PR3 2   1 2  1 3  PR3
b    0   0       0   1    1.9991
2 EI  2 4 2 8 4 2 4 EI
…
Deflection due to tension:
1  F
  Py cos   Px sin    cos   Rd
1 
AE  4 Py AE  4
t   F Rd 

2 2
after setting Py  P and Px  P:
2 2

PR 2  PR 2   sin  2  cos 2 
t  4
  cos   sin   cos   d     
2 AE 2 AE  2 4 4 
4

PR 2   1  1  PR
t    0     0   0.4795
2 AE  2 4 8 4  AE
Deflection due to bending effect of tensile force:
1    MF 
AE  4 Py
 t ,b    d

1   2  2 
 t ,b     2 Py R cos  
 2  cos   
 2 Px R  cos   sin    d
AE 4    
2 2
after setting Py  P and Px  P:
2 2
PR    2  
 t ,b    2 cos  
 2  cos  
   cos   sin    d
AE 4    

 t ,b 
PR 

AE 4

 2 cos   2 cos   sin  d
2


PR  2 2 
 t ,b   2sin    sin  2   cos  
AE  2 4 
4

PR  2 2 1 2 PR
 t ,b    0    0 1 2      2.2090
AE  2 8 4 2  AE
…
Deflection due to transverse shear:
C  V C 
 tr   V
AG 0 Py
Rd 
AG  4 
  Px cos   Py sin  
 sin  Rd

2 2
after setting Py  P and Px  P:
2 2

CPR 2  CPR 2  cos  2   sin  2  
 tr 
2 AG 4 cos   sin   sin  d  2 AG  4  2  4  
4

(1.2) PR 2  1   2 PR
 tr     0  0     1.3618
2 AG  4 2 8 8  AG

Total vertical deflection:

PR3 PR PR PR
   b   t   t ,b   tr  1.9991  0.4795  2.2090  1.3618
EI AE AE AG
Chapter 5, Problem 20

Figure P5.20 shows a compound beam with a hinge at C. It is composed of two portions: a
beam BC, simply supported at B, and a cantilever AC, fixed at A. Employing Castigliano’s
theorem, determine the deflection vD at the point of application of the load P.

Chapter 5, Solution 20
The whole beam can be investigated in two sections, separated at D where internal forces and
moment changes. Two coordinate systems can be used to make the integration simpler.

P P
M AD  ( x1  a), M BD  x2
2 2
1  M
vD 
EI  Mi
P
i
dx

P 2 a ( x1  a)2 a x
2

2 EI 0
vD  [ dx1   2
dx2
2 0 2

Pa 3
vD  
4 EI

If a single coordinate system is used (x1x), solution would be

P P
M AD  ( x  a), M BD   3a  x 
2 2
M AD 1 M BD 1
 ( x  a),   3a  x 
P 2 P 2
 1  Mi
vD 
EI  Mi
P
dx

3 a  3a  x 
2
P 2 a ( x  a)2
vD  [ dx   dx
2 EI 0 2 2a 2
 3 3a 
  3a  x  
2a
P  ( x  a )3 P  a3 a 3  Pa 3
vD        
 2 EI  4
0 0
2 EI  4 0 4 4  4 EI
 2a 

If deflection due to transverse shear would also be taken into account:

P P VAD 1 VBD 1
VAD  , VBD   ,  , 
2 2 P 2 P 2
C  Vi
AG   P
vD  Vi dx

P  C  Px Px  CPa
2a 3a
C  2a P 3a

AG  0 4 2a 4  AG  4 0 4 2a   4 AG
vD  dx   dx  
 
3
Pa CPa
Total vertical deflection : vD  
4 EI 4 AG
Chapter 5, Problem21

A continuous beam is subjected to a bending moment Mo at support C (Figure P5.21).

Applying Castigliano’s theorem, find the reaction at each support.

Chapter 5, Solution 21
The beam is statically-undetermined. Two static equilibrium equations are not enough, so one
deflection equation should also be used. Consider RA as redundant. RA is treated like an
external force causing zero deflection because of the support at A.
Use two coordinate systems and the sign convention for moment. Only moment term is
considered for deflection.

B C M0
A
RA L/2 RB
L
RC  
M0 RA
x x’ L 2

M R  1  Mi
M AB  RA x M CB   0  A  x ' M 0 ,
 L 2 
vA  0 
2  Mi
 RA
dx

Thus
L L  M R   x'
vA   ( RA x) xdx    0  A  x ' M 0  dx '  0
2

0 0
 L 2  2
After integrating
2 M0
RA  
3 L

2 M0
Then RC  
3 L
M0
For the entire beam, F y  0 : RB  2
L

Chapter 5, Problem 22

A steel I-beam is fixed at B and supported at C by an aluminum alloy tie rod CD of cross-
sectional area A (Figure P5.22). Using Castigliano’s theorem, determine the tension P in the
rod caused by the distributed load depicted, in terms of w, L, A, Ea , Es , and I, as needed.

Chapter 5, Solution 22
Only moment term is considered for the I beam.
At D, force on the member(s) is tension, P which is upward. Vertical deflection at D is zero.
Total strain energy for two members can be written and deflection can be set to
U
D  0
P

P 2 (2 L) Ls M2 wx 2
Ua  Us   dx M  Px  U  Ua  Us
2 AEa 0 2 Es 2

 U 2 PL 1 L  wx 2  2 PL PL3 wL4
D   
 P AEa Es I 
0
 Px 
 2 
 xdx  0   
AEa 3Es I 8Es I
0

wL3 3 AEa
P
8 AEa L2  6 Es I
Chapter 5, Problem 23

A bent frame is supported and loaded as shown in Figure P5.23. Employing Castigliano’s
theorem, determine the horizontal deflection A for point A.
Assumption: The effect of bending moment is considered only.

Chapter 5, Solution 23

Let the coordinates be x1 in AB and x2 in BC.

w
Q
x B x A
4
3
C

M AB
M AB   12 wx12 LAB  2a 0
Q
M AB
M BC   35x2 (2 wa )  2 wa 2  45x2 Q LBC  5a   45x2
Q

M
 Mi
A  1
EI i Q dxi
2a 5a
 1
EI { ( 12 wx12 )(0)dx1   ( 65x2 wa  2wa 2  45x2 Q)( 45x2 )dx2 }
0 0

Set Q  0 and integrate:

 A  60 waEI 
4
Chapter 5, Problem 26

A frame is fixed at one end and loaded at the other end as

depicted in Figure P5.26. Apply Castigliano’s theorem to
determine
(a) The horizontal deflection A at point A.
(b) The slope A at point A.
Assumption: The effects of axial force as well as shear are
omitted.

Chapter 5, Solution 26

(a) C is selected in the expected direction of the deflection.

x Let fictitious couple C=0 for horizontal deflection.
C B
a
a M AB
x M AB  Px x
2a A P P
M BC
C M BC  Pa a
x D P
M DC
P M DC  Px  Pa  ( x  a)
P
Pa-C

Thus  A   Mi  Mi
P dxi
 P  x 2 dx  Pa 2  dx  P  ( x 2  2ax  a 2 )dx
a a 2a

0 0 0

 Pa  Pa (  4  2)
4
3
3 3 8
3

 2 Pa 3
EI 

(b) We now have

M AB  Px  C M BC  Pa  C M DC  Pa  C  Px
M AB M BC M DC
1 1  1
C C C
[ M i
 Mi
A  1
EI C dxi ]
Hence, after setting C=0:
[ xdx  a  dx   ( x  a )dx ] 
a a 2a
A  P
EI
3 Pa 2
2 EI
0 0 0
Chapter 5, Problem 27

A frame is fixed at one end and loaded as shown in Figure P5.27. Employing Castigliano’s
theorem, determine
(a) The vertical deflection A at point A.
(b) The angle of twist at point B.
Assumption: The effect of bending moment is considered only.

Chapter 5, Solution 27
In the question, it is said that ‘The effect of bending moment is considered only.’ but this is
not true since effect of torsion is also considered. Effect of transverse shear is neglected and
there is no axial force on the members (i.e. tension/compression do not exist).

Note: There might be a confusion about how coordinates (x, z) and lengths (a, L) are used in
this kind of problems where you need to write many moments (both bending and torsional
moments) on the members. Table shows the moments due to P (torque T is not included and
right hand rule applies):

Moment acts on about character expression

bending AB x vary with z M AB   Pz
torsional BC x constant TBC   Pa
bending BC z vary with x M BC  Px
Note: Integrals can be written w.r.t. x and z. Integration w.r.t. a or L is not possible. a and L
can be integral limits.
Please check the moments in Figure 4.11 in Example 4.11 (Shigley) for a better
understanding.

 x
Including the given torque: TBC  T0 1    Pa
 L

M AB M BC TBC
(a) Derivatives:  z , x ,  a
P P P
 1  a M AB L M BC  1 L T
A  
EI  0
M AB
P
dz  0
M BC
P
dx  
 GJ
0
TBC BC dx
P
1  a 1 L  x 
  Pz   z  dz    Px  x  dx   T0 1    Pa   a  dx
L
 
EI  0 0 
 GJ 0  
 L 
P  a 2 1 L 
z dz   x 2 dx  
L ax
 
EI  0 0  GJ 0   T0 a  T0
L
 Pa 2  dx

 z 3 a x3 L  1  L
P ax 2 2 
     T0 ax  T0  Pa x 
EI  3 0 3 0  GJ  2L 0
P  a3 L3  1  aL 
     T0  Pa 2 L 
EI  3 3  GJ  2 

( b ) Introduce a fictitious couple C about x axis at point B, in the same direction as the
given torque since expected twist is in that direction.
 x
TBC  C  T0 1    Pa
 L
M AB M BC TBC
Derivatives: 0 , 0 ,  1
C C C
1  a M AB L M BC  1 L T
B 
EI  0
M AB
C
dz  0
M BC
C
dx  
 GJ
0
TBC BC dx
C
1  a
  
L
     1 L  C  T 1  x   Pa   1 dx
EI  0 0  GJ 0 
  Pz 0 dz  Px 0 dx 0  
 L 
L
1  x2 
  Cx  T0 x  T0  Pax 
GJ  2L 0
setting C=0
1  L 
B   T0  PaL 
GJ  2 
Chapter 5, Problem 59

A steel pipe of outer diameter D and inner diameter d

is employed as a 2-m column (Figure P5.59). Use
Figure 5.23 to determine the largest allowable load
Py when the eccentricity e is
(a) 12 mm.
(b) 9 mm.

Given: D = 100 mm, d = 88 mm, Sy = 275 MPa, E =

200 GPa

Chapter 5, Solution 59
 
A (D2  d 2 )  (1002  882 )  1772 mm2
4 4

I  (D4  d 4 )
64

(D4  d 4 )
I 1 1
k  64  (D2  d 2 )  (1002  882 )  33.3 mm
A  2
(D  d 2 ) 4 4
4
l 2000
Slenderness ratio:   60.1
k 33.3

ec 12(50)
(a)   0.541
k 2  33.32
P
Fig.4.21: cr  0.6S y  Pcr  0.6(275)(1772)  292380 N  292.4 kN
A

ec 9(50)
(b)   0.406
 33.3
2 2
k
P
Fig.4.21: cr  0.67 S y  Pcr  0.67(275)(1772)  326491 N  326.5 kN
A
Chapter 5, Problem 75

AW 360  216 rolled-steel column (see Table A.6) with built-in ends is braced at midpoint C,
as depicted in Figure P5.75. Calculate the allowable axial load P.

Given: E = 200 GPa, Sy = 280 MPa.

Assumption: Bracing acts as a simple support in the xy plane.

Chapter 5, Solution 75

There is no data in Shigley for I-beams. Use Ugural - Table A.6:

A  27.5  103 mm2 k z  101.1 mm k y  161 mm
Buckling in xy plane (about z):
In xy-plane, half of the column can be analyzed with fixed-rounded end conditions (Figure 4-
18d) and L=6 m. Recommended value of C=1.2 can be used.

l 6000
Slenderness ratio:   59.3
k z 101.1
Check if the column is long or intermediate-length:
1 1

 l   2 CE  2  2 (1.2)(200000)  2
2 2

          130.1 (Eq. 4-45)

 k 1  S y   280 
l l
    intermediate-length column
k z  k 1
Use Eq. 4-46 given for intermediate-length columns:
 2
 Sy l  1
2
Pcr  280  1
 Sy     280   59.3   250.9 MPa
 2 k z  CE  2  (1.2)(200 10 )
3
A
P
Pall  cr A  (250.9)(27.5 103 )  6899750 N  6900 kN
A

Buckling in xz plane:
In xz-plane, the column is of type ‘fixed-fixed’ (Figure 4-18b) and L=12 m. Recommended
value of C=1.2 can be used.

l 12000
Slenderness ratio:   74.5
ky 161
Check if the column is long or intermediate-length:
1 1

 l   2 CE  2  2 (1.2)(200000)  2
2 2

          130.1 (Eq. 4-45)

 k 1  S y   280 
l l
    intermediate-length column
k z  k 1
Use Eq. 4-46 given for intermediate-length columns:
2
Pcr  Sy l  1  280 
2
1
 Sy     280   74.5   234.1 MPa
A  2 k y  CE  2  (1.2)(200  10 3
)
 
Pcr
Pall  A  (234.1)(27.5 103 )  6437038 N  6437 kN
A
Buckling in xz-plane is critical. Therefore, Pall  6437 kN
Solutions:
When the geometry is to be found, type of column is not known at the beginning. It requires a
trail-and-error approach.
For the given material and end conditions, let’s first find the transition slenderness ratio:

For fixed-rounded ends, recommended value is C=1.2

1 1

 l   2 CE   2 2 (1.2)(29 106 )  2
2 2

          97.7
 k 1  S y   36 103 
 D2  D4 I D2 D
A , I , k  
4 64 A 16 4
l l
   Euler column (long )
k  k 1
l l
    Peter  Johnson column (intermediate)
k  k 1
For 5.50:
40
 97.7  D  1.64 in  Euler column (long )
D
4
D  1.64 in  Peter  Johnson column (intermediate)

Let’s assume it is a long column. Using Eq. 4-43:

64(5000)  40 
2
C 2 EI P l2 64 Pall l 2
Pall   I  all2  D 4 4  0.83 in
l2 C E C E
3

(1.2) 3 29 106 
0.83  1.64 in  Euler column (long )  Assumption is valid
For 5.51:
25
 97.7  D  1.02 in  Euler column (long )
D
4
D  1.02 in  Peter  Johnson column (intermediate)

Let’s assume it is a long column. Using Eq. 4-43:

64(25000)  25 
2
C 2 EI Pall l 2 64 Pall l 2
Pall   I  D 4   0.98 in
 
4
l2 C 2 E C 3 E (1.2) 3 29 106
0.98  1.02 in  Euler column (long )  Assumption is valid

If the assumption were found to be not valid, we would check the intermediate-length column
equation. Let’s try that. Suppose the load was given as 40 kips.
64(40000)  25 
2
C 2 EI Pall l 2 64 Pall l 2
Pall   I  D 4 4  1.10 in
l2 C 2 E C E
3

(1.2) 3 29 106 
1.10  1.02 in  not Euler column (long )  Assumption is not valid
Try Peter-Johnson column approach using Eq. 4-46:

2 2
 Sy  1  l   S y  1  4l 
2 2
Pall 4 Pall
 Sy        Sy     
A  2  CE  k   D2  2  CE  D 
1  4 Pall  S y  16l 2 
2 2
4 Pall  S y  16l 2
 Sy D  
2
  D 
2
   
  2  CE Sy    2  CE 
 
4 P  S y  4l 2 
2

D  all
  
Sy    2  CE 

 40000  36 103  2 4  25  
2
4
D      1.29 in
36 103    2  (1.2)(29 10 ) 
6

1.29  1.02 in  Peter  Johnson column (intermediate)  Assumption is valid