Chapter 4 Statically determinate frame

§4-1 The mechanics characteristic of frame

一、刚架是由直杆组成的具有刚节点的结构。
Statically determinate frame is a structure which is consisted
of straight members and with rigid joints. The angle between the
beam and column is usually 90°.
With the rigid joint, the ends of all members rotate through
identical amounts at the joint. In other words, both the relative
translations and relative rotations are impossible between the
ends of members connected by a rigid joint.
 1 2
ql
8 l
梁 桁架

1 2
ql
8
刚架
The distribution of
bend moment is uniform,
the space is large.
 二、静定平面刚架的常见型式
The common types of plane statically
determinate frame:

悬臂刚架、简支刚架、三铰刚架
Cantilevered frame; simply supported
frame; three-hinged frame.
 三铰刚架
( 三铰结构 )

简支刚架

单体刚架
simple frame
( 联合结构 )

悬臂刚架
复合刚架
compound frame
( 主从结构 )
§4-2 The reaction forces of statically determinate frame
一、 The reaction forces of simple frame
Method: Cutting the restraints between the frame and the base ,
regarding the total frame as free body, supposing the direction o
f restraints, computing the reaction forces through the three equi
librim equations.
Example 1: Computting the reaction forces .
C B
l
2
P l
2
A
l
 C B C B
l
2 YB
P l P
2
A A
XA
l YA

Solution:
 F  0, X  P  0, X   P()
x A A
l P
 M  0, P  2  Y  l  0, Y  2 ()
A B B

P
 F 
y 0 , Y  Y 
A 0, Y B Y  
2
()
A B
Example 2: Computting the reaction forces .
q
ql 2
ql

Solution:
l
A
XA
Fx  0, X A  ql  0, X A  ql ()
MA
YA
F y  0, YA  ql  0, YA  ql ()
l l
2 2

 A
M  0, MA
 ql  l  ql 2
 0,
MA  2ql 2( count er cl ockwi s e)
Example 3: Computting the reaction forces .
C B XB
l
2
MB
l P
2 A
Solution: F x  0, X B  P()
l
YA F y  0, YA  0

M B
 0, MB  pl / 2 ( cl ockwi s e)
二、 The reaction forces of three-hinged frame.
Methods: When finding the reactions of three-hinged frames the
condition of moment at middle hinge, i.e. M = 0, must be used.
例 1: 求图示刚架的支座反力 Solution :1)The total frame is free
body .
C l l P
2  M A  0, P  2  YB  l  0, YB  2 ()
P
P l
2
 Fy  0, YA  YB  0, YA  YB   2 ()
A B
XA l l XB  Fx  0, X A  P  X B  0
2 2
YB 2)The right part is free
YA
body.
C l P
 MC  0, XB  l  YB  2  0, XB  4 ( 
XC P
YC  Fy  0, YC  YB  0, YC  YB   2 ()
P
B
XB
xF  0, X B  X C  0, X C  
4
()
YB
Example 2: Computting the reaction forces .
Solution :1)The total frame is free body .
C l
2
F x  0, X B  P()
P l 2)The right part is free
2 body. l
A
l
B
l XB  M  0, X  l  Y  2  0, Y  2P()
C B B B

MA 2 2
YB  F  0, Y  Y  0, Y  Y  2P()
y C B C B

YA
 F  0, X  X  0, X   P()
x B C C
C Solution :1)The total frame is free body .

XC YC F y  0, YA  YB  0, YA  YB  2 P ( )
l
XB  mA  0, M A  P  2
 2P  l
B
3
YB MA  Pl ()
2
二、 The reaction forces of compound frame.

Methods ： when calculating the reactions of multi-

span and multistory rigid frames the geometric
construction analysis must be made in order to
proceed the analysis in the order which is the
reverse of that of their geometric constructions.
Example 1: Computing the reaction force.
Solution:1) The attached part is
free body.
l/2 D X D  P()
P
l/4 YC  P / 4()
l/4
A B C YD   P / 4()
XA
l Solution:2) The base part is
l
YA YC free body.
YB
YD X A  P()
XD D
P
YA  P / 2()
XD
YB  3P / 4()
A B C
XA YD

YA YB YC
Example 2: Computing the reaction force.

Base part
Attached part 2kN/m

D
E F G
1 ME 0 X A  1kN ()

4m
2 X  0 XA A B C XC
X E  1kN ()
2m 2m 4m
3 Y  0 YB YC
4 X 0 X C  1kN ()
YE  4kN () 4kN
3 5 M B  0, YC  3kN ()
2kN/m Y
E
2 1kN E F G
XE
6 M C  0, YB  7 kN ()
D E

B C XC 4
4m

XA 6 YC
A YB 5
2m
 It is preferable that the order of calculation should
be to the reverse of the order of its geometric
construction.
M F 0

1
YH  (4  2  1  2  2)  2 N
2
§4-3 The internal forces of statically determinate frame
internal forces ： Q 、 N is the same with beam ， but the M is no
sign.

There are two secondary signs in internal

force signs of frame: the first is the section to
which internal force belongs; the second is the
other end of the bar to which the section
belongs. E.g. MAB is the moment of section A of
bar AB and QAC is the shear force of section A
of bar AC.
 Methods: It is the same with beam.
Example 1: Calculating the M1 and M2.
M1
1 2 M
C l
2
M2
连接两个杆端的刚结点 ,若
P l

A B
结点上无外力偶作用
2 , 则两
M
XA l l 个杆端的弯矩值相等
XB , 方向
P/4
YA
2 2
YB 相反 . P / 4
解: M 2   Pl / 4(右侧受拉)
YB  P / 2() YA   P / 2()
M 1   Pl / 4(上侧受拉)
X B  P / 4() X A  3P / 4()
M 1  M 2 (外侧受拉)
§4-4 The internal forces diagram of statically determinate frame
.

Internal forces diagram ： Q 、 N are drawn at any

side of bar with giving signs ； M is drawn at tensile
side 。

The method is the same with beam. The first is M

diagram, the second is Q diagram , the third is N
diagram.
Example 1: Construct the M diagram.

Pl / 2 Pl / 2
Exercise: Construct the
M diagram.
l/2
Pl P P
P l / 2 Pl
Pl
Pl / 2 l l

Pl l l
Exercise: Construct the M diagram.

Pl Pl / 2

P l/2

l/2

l
Exercise: Construct the M diagram.
Pl P l
P Pl

l l

Pl l l
l
P
Pl

l
Example 2: Construct the M diagram.

Pl / 2 P Pl / 4 Pl / 2
Pl / 4
l
3Pl / 4
3Pl / 4

l l
0
Exercise: Construct the M diagram.
Pl Pl
P
l Pl
P/2
Pl l
P
2l 2l
P/2
Example 3: Construct the M diagram.

ql 2 / 2 q
ql 2 ql 2 / 2

q ql l / 2
ql / 2 l

l/2
ql
l
q
l
ql 2 / 2

q
l l
Exercise: Construct the M diagram.
q

5ql / 4
ql q l l/2
ql
ql 2
l/2
l
5ql / 4 ql
l l l

5ql 2 / 4

ql 2 3ql 2 / 2

5ql 2 / 4
Example 4: Construct the M diagram.
P
3M / 4 Pl
P l
M /2 M
l
M /4 P
M / 4l
l l
M /2 2ql
ql 2 / 2
0 ql 2
l l
q l

ql
l
Exercise: Finding the mistakes in the bending moment diagram.
Construct the shear force diagram.
Pa / 2 Pa P/2
P P
Pa / 2

Pa / 2
2a

P/4 M P/4 Q

P/4 P/4
a a a
Exercise: Construct the shear force diagram.
P Pl P/2
P/2
Pl l

M
Pl Q
l
2l 2l P
Exercise: Construct the shear force diagram.
2
3ql / 2 3ql 2 / 2 ql 2
2 q
ql ql 2
A B
A B
QAB QBA
M l
QBA  0, QAB  ql
ql
l
ql 2 / 2
ql QAB  ql QBA  0
ql
ql ql
Q

ql
Construct the axis force
Pa / 2 Pa P/2
diagram. P P
Pa / 2
A B
Pa / 2
2a

P/4 M P/4 Q

P/4 P/4
a a a
P/2
A
P/4 P/2 P
P/4 B
N P/4
P/4
P/2 3P / 2
Exercise: Construct the axis force diagram.

P Pl P/2
A P/2
Pl l
B
M
Pl Q
l
2l 2l P
P/2
P A P/2
P
P P P/2
N P/2 B
P/2
P
 Exercise ： Calculate the reaction force and construct the
internal force diagram.
[Solution:](1)Reaction force H A  80kN, V  20kN, V  60kN
A B

(2)Construct the bending moment diagram 。

M BA  80  4  20  4  2  160kN  m

40 kN
160 kN·m
D
B C B 160
B
20 kN/m

20 kN/m
4m

4m
VB  60 40
H A  80 A
A A
2m 2m
VA  20
(a) (b) (c) M 图
 40kN
MD  0 B D D
M BD  160kN  m B C

20kN/m
160 40 M图 60

4m
160 D
B
160 20 80 A
40 2m 2m
60
20
40

A 80 20
B
M图 Q图 N BD
(kN·m ） （ kN) 0

N BA
20

N 图（ kN)
Ex. Draw diagrams of internal forces.
The frame and its load are shown as following.

1. reactions
3 3m
2. Internal force
4

6KN/m 20KN 48 144

192 30
12
4m

M(KN· m)

Dividing; choosing points and connecting

points with lines.
 3.check
0
34
48 192 22
0 24 -
144 -
22 42 + 22
24
22
48 Q(KN) N(KN)
The rules of rigid joint ：
m1 m2
m2 m1 0

m1 m2
m1=m2
m1=m2 m1=m2
Ex. Draw diagrams of internal forces.
The frame and its load are shown as following.
Solution:
1. Reactions
Isolate entire frame as free body.

M A 0

6 kN m  4m  24kN  6m  20kN  3m  RB  6m

RB  42kN ()

Y 0

YA  RB  20kN  Y A  22kN ()

X 0
24  4m  6 kN m  X A  X A  48kN ()
Solution:
2. Draw M diagram
Member CD. (2 points D, C)
M DC  0

M CD  24  2  48kN  m

bar AC (2 points A, C)
M AC  0
1
M CA  X A  4  6 kN m  4m  (  4m)
2
1
 48  4  6   4 2  144kN  m()
2
bar BC (3 points C, E, B )
M BC  0
M CB  RB  6m  20kN  3m  42  6  20  3 ＝192kN  m()
 Solution:

M EB  M EC  M E  RB  3m  42  3  126kN  m()

The M diagram can be drawn according

to these values. Shown in Fig.

M
Solution:
3. draw Q diagram
Bar CD
QCD  QDC  24kN

Bar AC
Q AC  48kN

QCA  48  6  4  24

Bar BC

QBC  42kN

QCB  42  22  20kN

QEB  42kN
Q
QEC  20kN
Q diagram is drawn in Fig.
Solution:
4. draw N diagram
Bar CD
N CD  N DC  0

Bar AC

N AC  N CA  YA  22kN (tension)

Bar BC

N BC  N CB  0

N diagram is drawn in Fig.

N
Solution:
5. Check results
Joint C can be isolated

M C 0

M C  144  48  192  0
Solution:
5. Check results
Joint C can be isolated

Q N:
Q, N :

X C 0
20

Y C 0
N 图（ kN)
Construct the internal force diagram.
15kN
Solution ： 1 ） Reaction
C 8kN/m
24kN·m force
1m
F
X = 0: H A  15kN (  )
D E
3m M = 0 :
A
VB  4  24  8  4  2  15  4  0

V   k  (  )
A B

HA=15kN
4m 1m
M B = 0 : VA  4  24  8  4  2  15  4  0
VA = 5kN (  )
VA=5kN 原结构 VB=37kN
Check ：  Y = 37 - 5 - 8 × 4 = 0
24

45

15 ，

15 5 5 37
60 16 37

Q (kN) N (kN)
M (kN·m)
Construct Internal Force Diagrams for the 3-hinged
frame ：

5kN/m 8m

XA A XB B

YA 5m 5m YB
Solution:

(1) Reactions

44
 C

5kN/m 8m

XA A XB B

YA 5m 5m YB

 YA 10  40 1 8  0 YA  16()

 MB 0: 2

YB 10  40 2 8 
1 YB  16 ()
 MA 0: 0
X B 8  YB  X B  10 ()
5  0
 MC  0 : X A  X B  40   X A  30()
0
45

 X0:
 C

5 8

30 A 10 B

16 5 5 16

80 10
- -
80 -
16 10
+ 10 + 16 -
40 + 16

30
M(kNm) V(kN) N(kN)

60
 §4-4 静定结构的特性
characteristics of statically determinate structures

1 、解答唯一性 uniqueness of solution

W  3m  (2h  r )  0  3m  2h  r
满足平衡条件的内力、反力有且只有唯一
解
There is only one set of right solution of
internal forces and reactions which is
satisfied with equilibrium
conditions/equations.
 2 、非荷载因素的影响
influences of non-load factors
非荷载因素不会使静定结构产生内力和反力。
Non-load factors will not cause internal forces and
reactions in statically determinate structures.

0 0
+t1
0

0 +t2
0

t1>t2
0
3 、平衡力系的影响
influences of equilibrium forces system
当平衡力系作用于静定结构的某一本身为几
何不变部分时，则只有该部分受力，其余部分不受
力。
If an equilibrium forces system acts on one
part, which is stable itself, of a statically
determinate structure, only this part will sustain the
P P
equilibrium forces system and other parts will not.

P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2

P P
特例：
4 、荷载等效变换的影响
Influences of equivalent change of
loads
等效变换—将一组荷载变换为
P
另一种静力等效的荷载。在静定结构的
某一几何不变部分进行等效变换时，则
只有该部分受力状态改变，其余受力状
P/2 P/2 态保持不变。
Equivalent change means
changing a set of loads to an other set
P of statically equivalent loads. If an
equivalent change is made on one
stable part of a statically determinate
P/2 P/2 structure, only this part will change its
mechanical state while other parts will
not.