ME 308

MACHINE ELEMENTS II

CHAPTER 3

ROLLING CONTACT
(RCB)
BEARINGS_2
Example
Under the effect of forces shown, if shaft diameter based on bending
deflection of shaft is required to be 35 mm at both bearing points O&E, select a
suitable ball bearing to be used at both points O&E with a life of 12khrs,
R=99% and shaft speed of 1100rpm.

P2  0.15P1
 
y  M  0
Roz F 0
253N REy  89.30 N
300mm B
320N ROy  163.70 N
z
Roy
400mm REz  352.82 N
REy
253N
D ROz  220.18 N
150mm
x RO  274.36 N
REz RE  363.94 N
The shaft forces at B&D are given to be:

FB  253 j  253kN
 Since there is no axial load but only radial load
FD  320kN
AF  1.0 Fe  V .Fr Where V=1 Also AF=1.0
n  1100rpm FeO  Ro  274.36 N
L10  12khrs (required )
FeE  RE  363.94 N
R  99%
For ball bearings
  Lreq 
1.17

R  exp     

 
6.84 L 10  

1.17
 1   L 
ln     
 R   6.84 L10 
Lreq 12000
L10  1
 1
 1 1.17  1 1.17
6.84  ln  6.84  ln 
 R  0.99 
L10  89467 hrs required
a
 C  16667
LhrsO   
E
 Fe  nrpm
1
 Lhrs xnrpm  a
CreqO   xFe
 16667 
1
 89467 x1100  3
CreqO    x 274.36  4959 N
 16667 
1
 89467 x1100  3
CreqE    x364  6579 N
 16667 
Deep Groove (single row) ball bearings
(cheap, most widely used in light applications)
a
Choose SKF 6007 (d= 35 mm)  C  16667
Lhrs   x
F nrpm
 eqv 
C  12200 N
3
 12200  16667
Co  8500 N  L10hrs    1,332,238 hrs  89467 hrs
O  274.36  1100
too much life

Choose SKF 61807

C  2360 N
3
 2360  16667
Co  2000 N  Lhrs    9643hrs  89467
O  274.36  1100
not satisfactory
 a
Choose SKF 16007  C  16667
Lhrs   x
F nrpm
 eqv 
C  9500 N
3
 9500  16667
Co  6950 N  Lhrs     629032 hrs  89467 hrs
O  274.36  1100
satisfactory

Same bearing (SKF 16007) for point E provides a life of

3
 9500  16667
Lhrs     269492 hrs  89467 hrs
E  363.94  1100
satisfactory
If we intend to use angular contact ball bearing (d=35mm) the option with
smallest C value is SKF 7207 B

C  20800 N
3
 20800  16667
Co  15000 N  Lhrs     2985420hrs  89467 too much
E  364  1100 life

If we intend to use straight roller bearings (Fa=0)

The option with smallest C value is SKF NU1007
C  19000 N
3
 19000  16667 too much
Co  11600 N  Lhrs     2275500hrs  89467hrs life
 364  1100

Thus better to use SKF 16007 single row deep groove ball bearing which
satisfies a life of
269492 hrs for bearing E &
629032 hrs for bearing O (both in excess of 89467 hrs)
 Ex for angular contact ball bearing and straight roller bearing

   
F D  0.242 F D i  0.242 F D j  0.940 F D k

An angular-contact ball bearing with shallow angle is to be housed at O to take

both radial and thrust loads.
The bearing at B is to be a straight roller bearing.
a) Determine the required ratings of each bearing based on an L10 life of 36 kh at
a shaft speed of 900 rpm.
b) Select suitable bearings for both points. If the bearing bores are 90mm (or
75mm) at O and 60 mm at B.
 y
FOx FOz
1.372kN
FBZ FDz  0.94FD kN  5.332kN
z
FOy . .
1.372kN
1.47 1.05 x
FBy
4.0   

F D  0.242 F D i  0.242 F D j  0.940 F D k
Use torque balance of the shaft to
determine force FD FDx  0.242 FD  1.372kN
M x  0; FDy  1.372kN

4x
500
 0.94 FD x
375 FDz  5.332kN
2 2
FD  5.673kN F x  0  FOx  1.05  1.372  2.422kN
 In x-y plane
y 1.372

. .
2.422
FOx
O
.
A 1.05 B
D
C
1.372
x
4.0
FOy FBy

M O  0;
372
4 x550  FBy x1000  1.372  1400 x1.372
2
FBy  0.534kN
F y  0;
FOy  4.0  FBy  1.372  0
FOy  1.372  4.0  FBy
FOy  1.372  4.0  (0.534)
FOy  2.093kN
In x-z plane
5.332
o A 1.05 B C
FOx 1.372 x
FOz 1.47
FBz

z
M O  0;
1.47 x550  FBz x1000  1400 x5.332  0
FBz  6.656kN
F z  0;
FOz  1.47  FBz  5.332  0
FOz  1.47  FBz  5.332
FOz  2.794kN
Thus axial and radial loads at bearings O & B are:
FaO  FOx  2.422kN
For angular contact ball bearing at
FrO  FOy  FOz  3.491kN
2 2
point O with both radial and thrust
(axial) load

FaB  0 For roller contact bearing at point B with

only radial load and no thrust (axial) load
FrB  FBy 2  FBz 2  6.677kN

Feqv  af .Feqv
1
 Lhr xnrpm 
a Feqv  V  Fr
 a)Creq  ?, Creq   xFeqv
 16667  Feqv  V  XFr  YF a

For commercial gearing

AF=1.1-1.3
Thus we use AF=1.2
a)
For angular contact ball bearing at O
Fa  2.422kN
Fa x  1.0 from sheet for
F
Fr  3.491kN , a  0.693 & e  1.14 Thus  e; 72B and 73B
Fr Fr y  0.0 series
Fe  1.0 x1.0 x3.491  0.0 x 2.422
Fe  3.491kN
Feq  AFxFe  1.2 x3.491  4.1892kN
1
 36000 x900  3
Creq    x 4.1892  52.282kN  52282 N
 16667 
For straight roller bearings at B
Fa  0 Feq  V .Fr  1x6.677kN  6.677kN
Fe  1.2 xFeq  8.012kN
1
 36000 x900  3
Creq    x8.012  77.686kN  77686 N
 16667 
 b) At point O (angular contact ball bearing )
SKF 7218 B with d=90 mm and C=81500N (>52282N) or
SKF 7215 B with d=75mm and C=55000N (>52282N)
will suit the application
The life of the bearing will then be
3
 81500 
 
a
 C  16667 55000
Lhrs      16667
 Fe  nrpm  4189  900
 
 
Lhrs  136380hrs  36000hrs with SKF 7218 B
Lhrs  41915hrs  36000hrs with SKF 7215 B

At point B, straight roller bearing

SKF NU2212 (or NJ2212) with d=60mm & C=88000N (>77686N)
will suit the application. The life of the bearing will be
10
 88000  16667
3
Lhrs     54544hrs  36000hrs
 8012  900
 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings
Tapered roller bearings can carry both
roller
*radial loads and
cup
*axial (thrust) loads or
cone
*combination of radial & axial loads
in relatively high capacities
compared with other bearings
Fa

Tapered
Fr roller bearing

Even, in cases:
when an external axial (thrust) load is not
present,
the radial load itself will induce (create) a
thrust reaction/force within the bearing
because of taper geometry.
 Ra Ra is created by Fr due to the taper geometry
and this Ra axial force can be thought as a
Rr R Rr force trying to separate the races (rings) from
the rollers.
Ra
To avoid separation of the races and rollers this
thrust force Ra must be resisted/reacted by an
equal and opposite force.
Fr One way of generating this opposing force is to
0.47 Fr always use at least two tapered roller bearings
Ra  on a shaft with opposite mounting.
K
Above equation is given by TIMKEN, one of the largest tapered roller
bearing manufacturer.
K  1.5 for radial bearings.
K  0.75 for steep angle bearings.
Exact values for K’s are given in catalogues.
 L Left

Left L

x  tertibi O  tertibi
.G G . . .
G G

direct in direct
face - to - face  back - to - back 
mounting mounting
f 2f  b2b 

B2b mounting provides stiffer structure than f2f mounting and

it is recommended if there is tilting moment on the bearings.
 roller bearing
Tapered
For a typical tapered roller bearing application under the effect of
external radial load Fr and external thrust load Te ;
the roller radial reactions at GA & GB are calculated by using the
moment equations at effective load center GA & GB by the help of
distances rA & rB .
Thus;
M B  0, FrA (rA  rB )  Fr xrB Fr
rB
rA rB
FrA  Fr
rA  rB
Also from  M A  0or  Fy  0
A .
GA
.T e
GB
. B
rA
FrB  Fr FrA FrB
rA  rB

F
The external thrust load Te , on the
other hand, is carried by the bearing
From
x 0
at A only due to the face-to-face FaA  Te
arrangement.
In ball bearings the equivalent radial load was calculated by the relation:
Fe  V . XFr  YFa

The same relation is used for tapered roller bearings with a few modifications:
V=1.0 (rotation factor) and X becomes 0.4 and Y is the K value of bearing:

Total thrust load

 0.47 * FrB 
FeA  1.0 * 0.4 * FrA  K A   Te 
 KB 
External thrust load

Thrust load
created by the other bearing
 For a f2f configuration as seen:
Fr
rA rB
 0.47 FrB 
FeA  0.4 FrA  K A   Te 
 KB
 0.47 FrA


A . GA
.T e
GB
. B
FeB  0.4 FrB  K B   Te 
 KA  FrA FrB
However, we have to check if new
equivallent radial load is more or less than
the actual radial load on the bearing:

If, FeA  FrA then FeA  FrA

If, FeB  FrB then FeB  FrB
Also try not to forget using application factor as
a load safety factor
FeqA  AFxFeA
FeqB  AFxFeB
If a tandem arrangement (means two bearings together) is used at A, and a
single bearing at B:

 0.47 FrB 
FeA  0.4 FrA1  K A   Te1 
 2 xK B 
Thrust load carried by one
Thrust load bearing at A Te
FrA Created by bearing T 
FrA1 
e1
2
at B
2 & carried by one
bearing at A

For bearing B (if a single bearing is used):

 0.47 FrA 
FeB  0.4 FrB  K B   Te 
 KA 
Along with the equations given;
once external force and bearing reaction values are known, a
trial & error method can be used to select a suitable tapered
roller bearing for the information generally given as shaft speed
and shaft diameter.
Then the life of bearing selected can be compared with the
life required for the application.
a
LR .nR  CR 
LD   
nD  F 
If bearing selected provides a life reasonably larger than the life
required then selection is correct,

LD >? Lreq
If NOT, then try a stronger bearing and check life again
Tapered roller bearings produced by TIMKEN do obey the relation of

1 where

 LD nD 
LD design (required) life of bearing in hrs
a
CR  Feq 
nD design speed (in rpm) of the shaft
 Lr (rating life) 3000hrs
 Lr nr  nr (rating speed) 500rpm
Feq radial equivalent load to be carried
1
CR (rating load) for bearing &
 LD nD  a
CR  Feq  
TIMKEN A, B  LR nR 

These equations help calculate

1 required rating load to be
 LD  a 10 satisfied in choosing roller
CR  Feqv  6  , a  bearings from catalogue.
general 10  3
Selection procedure for TIMKEN Tapered Roller Bearings.
1) Calculate radial loads at related bearing points from statics
2) Calculate thrust load (Te) and set the direction
3) Assume a K value of nearly 1.5 for both bearings K A  1.5 K B  1.5
4) Calculate FeA & FeB values based on above values by using relations.

FrA  0.47 FrB Te  Use correct directions for thrust load

FeA  0.4  KA   
n  nxK B n & also take into consideration tandem
cconditions if it exists n (if tandem
 0.47 FrA  exists at A)
FeB  0.4 FrB  K B   Te 
 KA 
If FeA  FrA then FeA  FrA  Feqv  AFxFe
B B B B

5) Use Feqv values in load-life relation along with LD & nD values to

calculate required rating load of the bearings to be used is selection
from catalogue.
 Here are the relations used to select TIMKEN tapered roller bearings

1 1

 LD xnD  a  LD xnD  1  
CR  F 
a
1
CR  F    R R
L xn

 6.84
 x

1
  1 1.17 a
 LR xnR   ln 
 R
6) Choose a bearing (both cup-cone pair) from the catalogue which satisfies
both diameter & rating load (CR) requirements;
CRcat > CR

7) Use the new & correct K values of selected bearings (KA, KB) in step 4 to re-
calculate the FeA & FeB values and then use AF if required.

8) Use the new FeqA ,Bnew values in life equation to calculate the new life which
the selected bearing can run for (with 90% reliability).This life has to be more
than what is required.
a
nR  CR 
LD  LR  
nD  Feqnew 
 A, B
9) Compare the newly calculated life with the life required;
İf it is more than what is required, then selection is correct,
İf NOT, then selection is wrong, TRY a stronger bearing until
the life requirement is satisfied.

If LDnew  LD selection is OK
If LDnew  LD re-try a stronger bearing
Rating life means the bearing can satisfy the running conditions and the required life
with 90 % reliability

If a life L is required with reliability R different from 90 % for an application, then a new
L10 life has to be calculated from the relation

L
L10 
1 1/1.17
6.84 * (ln )
R
where
L is the required life (in revs,(hours)),
R is the required reliability,
L10 is the rating life of the bearing used in catalogues (in revs, (hours))
Example for tapered roller bearings 11.9 (same figure as in 11.10)

Tapered roller bearings are to be mounted in housings at points O & B with the bearing at O
intended to take out the major thrust component.
a) The bearings are to have a life of 36000 hrs corresponding to a shaft speed of
900rpm. Use 1.5 for K factors, unity for the application factor and find the required radial
rating of each bearing based on TIMKEN load rating formula.
b) Choose suitable bearings for both housings with diameter about 34 mm at O & 34 mm
at B, for a life of L10 =10khrs at a shaft speed of 500 rpm from TIMKEN catalogue.
Te  2.422kN
FrD  3.491kN
The reaction forces were found as shown in the figure. FrB  6.677kN

FrD
O B
. Te
Te
FrB X-tertibi
FrO Face-to-face FrB
So, 1.5 for K factors, unity for the application factor
0.47 FrB 0.47 x6.677
FeO  0.4 FrO  Ko (  Te )  0.4 x3.491  1.5(  2.422)  8.167 kN
KB 1.5
0.47 FrO 0.47 x3.491
FeB  0.4 FrB  K B (  Te )  0.4 x6.677  1.5(  2.422)  0.678kN
KO 1.5
Since
FeB  FrB ; FeB  FrB  6.677kN
The required ratings for the bearings are:
1
 LD nD  a
CR  Feq   
 Lr nr 
3
 36000 x900  10
CRO  8.167    20530kN
 3000 x500 
3
 36000 x900  10
CRB  6.677    16784kN
 3000 x500 
b) For LD  10000hrs & nD  500rpm
3
10000 x500  10
CRO  8.167    11.72kN ( 2631lb)
 3000 x500 
3
10000 x500 
10
CRB  6.677    9.58kN ( 2151lb)
 3000 x500 

From TIMKEN catalogue on page 502 with a diameter of 1.375“ =34.92

mm> 34 mm different C values are possible the required values are
2150 lb & 2630 lb.

1) Try bearings with cone M38549 & cup 38510 with K=1.66 &
C=2520lb= 11223 N for both points O & B.
Now re-calculate FeO & FeB
Since KA and KB values changed from 1.5
 0.47 x6677
FeO  0.4 x3491  1.66(  2422)  8555 N
1.66

0.47 x3491
FeB  0.4 x6677  1.66(  2422)  291N  FeB  6677 N
1.66
10 10
nR  CR 3
500  11223  3
LDnew  LR    3000 x    7414hrs  10000hrs
O
nD  FeO  500  8555 
not satisfactory

2) Try bearings with ; cone 02877 cup 02820 K=1.29

C=2620 lb=11668N for both O & B
Re-calculate FeO & FeB
 0.47 x6677
FeO  0.4 x3491  1.29(  2422)  7659 N
1.29
0.47 x6677
FeB  0.4 x6677  1.29(  2422)  ...N  FrB  FeB  6677 N
1.29
10
500  11668 3
LDo  3000 x    12200hrs  10000hrs;
500  7659  OK for point A
10
500  11668 
3
LDB  3000 x    19280hrs  10000hrs;
500  6677  OK for point B

So TIMKEN tapered roller bearing with d=1.375”=34.92mm.

Cone 02877 Cup 02820 K=1.29
C=2620 lb=11668N will satisfy the life & load requirements both at
points O & B.
Example for ball bearings
The electric motor rotor rests on two bearings at A & B & drives a machine
via a pair of helical gear. The rotor itself weighs 1200 N and is carried by
the two bearings symmetrically.
At the mesh point of the two gears a tangential load of 2350 N and an axial
load of 850 N exist as shown in the figure. The diameters of the rotor at
bearings points are 40 mm and in between where rotor is fixed, it is 45 mm.
The motor power is 24.5 hp and rotor rotates at 1500 rpm.
Based on these informations select bearings at A & B.

120mm 250mm 250mm

machine

36 mm El. motor
A rotor B
 120mm 250mm 250mm

machine

36 mm El. motor
A rotor B

The required life for the bearing is not stated in the question.
In such cases we can make use of suggestions given in Tables.
Determine the required life for the electric motor from Table 11.6
Machines for intermittent service, reliable 8-14khr (L10)
Machine for 8-h service not always fully utilized 14-20khr
A bearing with rating load C will be chosen from catalogue and life will
be checked.
a
 C  16667 Feqv  ?, Feqv  (V . XFr  YFa ) xAF  AF  ?
Lhrs   Fr  ?
F
 nrpm
AF = ? 1.2
 eqv Fa  ?
At A & B
Given
1500rpm
 Due to weight of the rotor (1200N)
1200N

600N 600N

Due to tangential load at gear (2350N) Due to axial load (850N)

2350N 850N 30.6N

2914N 120mm
120 500 18mm 500
564N
30.6N

2350N 30.6N
850N 2914N
600N 564N
30.6N
1200N 600N
 850N 2350N
Due to geometry of the EM
630.6N rotor & bearing configuration
Far  2981N FBr  802 N bearing A should carry the
A 570N
2914N axial load 850 N.
564N
B
1200N

Thus 850N
Bearing A Fa  850 N More critical
due to both axial A B
Fr  2981N and radial loads
Bearing B Fa  0 N
Fr  802 N 6008 C=12900 N CO  9300 N
For A from catalogue 6208 C=23600 N CO  16600 N
With d=40 mm available bearings 6308 C=31500 N CO  22400 N
6408 C=49500 N CO  36500 N
of deep groove (cheap) ball type are :

Fa
Let’s use 6208; C=23600N d=40 mm.
6008 C=12900 N CO  9300 N
Fa 850 6208 C=23600 N CO  16600 N
  0.0512  e  0.25
CO 16600 6308 C=31500 N CO  22400 N
6408 C=49500 N CO  36500 N
Fa 850
  0.285  e  0.25
Fr 2981
So : x  0.56, y  1.7
Feqv  1.0 x0.56  2981  1.7 x850
Feqv  3114 N ( Fr )
Feqv  AFxFeqv  1.2 x3114  3737 N
3
 23500  16667
Lh    x  2763hrs  8  14khrs Not satisfactory
 3737  1500
Re-choose 6308
C  31500 N , CO  22400 N
Fa Fa
 0.038  e  0.24;  0.285  e; x  0.56, y  1.8
CO Fr
Fe  0.56  2981  1.8  850  3200 N  Fr 
Feqv  1.2  3200  3840 N
3
 31500  16667
Lhrs    6133 hrs  8 khrs Not satisfactory
 384  1500
Re-choose 6408
C  49500 N , CO  36500 N
Fa Fa
 0.023  e  0.22;  e; x  0.56, y  2.0
CO Fr
Fe  0.56 x 2981  2 x850  3370 N ( Fr )
Feqv  1.2 x3370  4044 N
3
 49500  16667
Lhrs     20377hrs  14khrs satisfactory
 4044  1500 (use 6408 deep groove for both A & B)
 Time Varying Loads
If the load on the bearing is not constant over the life-time of the bearing but varies with
time or revolution of bearing then we have to find an equivalent or mean load which is
assumed to be constant over the life-time of the bearing and use it in following
calculations.

Fig. 3.2 Time varying loads on bearings

 Fig. 3.3 Time varying loads on bearings

By using the load life relation of the bearing:

Load Revs, hrs n

F1 N1 L .N1  L2 .N2
1
a a
F .N  F2 .N 2   Fi a .Ni
1
a
1
a a

i
F2 N2
F3 N3 Fma .N  F1a .N1  F2a .N2  F3a .N3  ...
F4 N4
. . Fm a .N   Fi a .Ni
. .
 or 1 where
 Fi .N i 
a a
N  N1  N 2  N3  ......
Fm   
 N  a=3 for balls
a=10/3 for rollers
Mean load can be found for
varying axial load as well as for
varying radial load Then use Fm in other equations such as

Feqv  V . XFmr  Y .Fma

F  2 Fmax  C 
a
Fm  min
Lrevs   x106
3 F 
 eqv 

Fig. 3.4 Time varying loads on bearings

 Example for varying load application
A bearing during operation carries loads as shown in figures for its full life.
Both the radial & the axial loads are of varying nature.
Choose suitable bearings for the application if the shaft speed is 1500 rpm
and the shaft diameter is:
a) 40mm b) 35mm c) 25mm
i) Deep groove balls
ii) Angular contact balls
iii) Cylindrical roller (straight)

N
N 1000
3000
2500
2750 750
20 10 500 30
2000 10 10
106 revs 10 106 revs
10

Fradial 50106 revs Faxial 50106 revs

 Since the loads are varying type we have to calculate mean values for
both radial & axial loads F & F
mr ma
1
  Fi  N i 
a a
let’s assume that we will use ball bearings: so a=3.
Fm   
 Nt  ?

1
  20003 x10 x106    25003 x10 x106    30003 x 20 x106  
3

Fmr     2700 N
 10  10  20  10  x10 6

1
  5003 x10 x106   10003 x30 x106    7503 x10 x106   3

Fma     892 N
 10  30  10  x10 6


Now, we use Fmr & Fma to calculate equivalent load Fe & the
life to run for different bearings.
a) Using deep groove ball bearings ( cheap & most widely used)
with d=40 mm we have alternatives of

d, mm Designation C N CO N
40 61808 2450 2200

16008 10200 7800

6008 12900 9300

6208 23600 16600

6308 31500 22400

6408 49000 36500

Try 6008 (C=12900 N)

Fa 892
  0.096  e  0.28
CO 9300
Fa 892
  0.33  e  x  0.56, y  1.55 & AF  1.2
Fr 9300
2700
F 'e  0.56 x 2700  1.55 x892  2895 N ( Fr )
Feqv  AFxFe '  1.2 x 2895  3475 N
a
 C  16667  12900  16667
3

Lhrs       568hrs
 Fe  nrpm  3475  1500
60 min 1500rev
 568hrsx x  51157980revs  51.15 x106 revs   N i
1hrs min
Since
Lrevs  51.15 106  50 106 total life OK
OR

a
C
3
 12900 
Lrevs    10 revs  
6
  10 6

 Fe   3475 
 51.15 106 revs   N i OK

Do other diameters yourself

Try also
ii) angular contact ball bearings?
iii) cylindrical roller (straight) bearings (a=10/3) ? ! !
ii) Choose angular contact ball bearings with d=40 mm

SKF

d, mm designation C N CO N
40 7208B 24500 18600

7308B 34500 25000

Fa Fa
e e
Fr Fr
e= 1.14 __________________
X Y X Y
1 0 0.35 0.5
 Fa 892
  0.33  e  1.14  x  1, y  0 & AF  1.2
Fr 2700
Fe  x.Fr  2700 N  Feqv  1.2 x 2700  3240 N
1
 Lhrs xnrpm  a
CR    xFeqv or
 16667 
1
L  a
CR   rev6  xFeqv
 10 
1
 50 x106  3
CR   6  x3240  11935 N  7208BwithC  24500 N
 10 
a
 CR  3
 24500  6
Lrev   x10 6
   10  432 x10 6
revs  50 x10 6
revs
F  3240 
 eqv 
iii) Cylindrical straight roller bearing!!