TLEd 207 – HOME ECONOMICS LITERACY

CHAPTER 3: Family life and Society

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the chapter, both male and female should have:
1. Put into actions the safety and hygiene in the food lab/kitchen.
2. Valued the importance of personal safety and hygiene in the food lab/kitchen.
3. Avoided the factors that can cause accidents in the food lab/kitchen and do
precautionary measures all the time.
4. Acknowledged the different types of family and identify the roles and responsibilities
of each family members.
5. Identified the basic needs of families and learn how to cope up with the modern world
changes in terms of family management.
6. Performed first aid.
7. Dealt with the children’s needs and prepare each to be a responsible parent someday.

LESSON 1
HEALTH AND HYGIENE

ACTIVITY

 Based on the images given, define HEALTH and HYGIENE.

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ANALYSIS

1. Based from the activity above, point out the relatedness of the two words. Do it have
similarities and differences? What are these?
2. How important are safety and hygiene at home? Why is it necessary to follow protocols?
3. Why do you think accidents happen? Give 2 instances that accidents happen because of
negligence.

ABSTRACTION

The Importance of Home Hygiene to Maintain Family Health

Creating a healthy family must start from maintaining a clean environment in the living
area. With a clean place to stay, you and your family members can avoid various diseases.
Therefore, home cleanliness needs to be maintained, and this is the responsibility of every family
member. Having a clean and healthy home is everyone's dream. But in reality, there are still many
people who live in homes that are dirty and do not meet health standards. In fact, home conditions
like this can be a place for viruses, germs, and disease pests to breed, so that residents can easily
be exposed to various diseases, such as diarrhea, typhus, and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).
Various Places in the House that Need to be Cleaned Even though the house has been
cleaned regularly, sometimes there are still some places that have escaped attention, so it is
missed to be cleaned. In fact, these places can store various types of germs that cause disease that
can endanger family health. Here are places you need to pay more attention to when cleaning
your house:

Bedroom
Who would have thought if the bedroom where you and your family rested could become
a nest of germs? Bedrooms that are not routinely cleaned can accumulate dust and allow germs,
mites, and fungi to grow. Various sources of the disease can live and breed in children's toys,
carpets, pillows or beds. As a result, you and your family will be more susceptible to various
diseases, such as flu, coughing, and allergies. To prevent this from happening, routinely replace
pillowcases and bed sheets at least once every two weeks, to avoid germ growth. Also make sure
to clean children's toys, considering the children's immune system has not been fully developed.
Bathroom
It's no secret that the bathroom is the dirtiest area among the other parts of the house.
Temperatures that tend to be warm and humid allow bacteria and fungi to grow. Toilets, bathtubs,
bathroom floors, toilet handles, and shower curtains are parts of the bathroom that you need to
clean regularly. Because, this area or objects easily becomes a breeding ground for germs. To kill
and prevent germ growth, the bathroom needs to be cleaned with germicidal fluid.
Kitchen
Besides the bathroom, the kitchen is also a perfect place for germs to thrive. One study
even found that the kitchen tools used to process food had more Salmonella and E. coli bacteria,
than the faucet handles in the bathroom.

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Dishwashing sponges, napkins and cutting boards are items that you need to clean every
time you use them. This is intended to avoid bacterial contamination and germs to food or other
cooking utensils. If necessary, use a special cleaning liquid to disinfect in the kitchen.
In addition to cleaning these rooms, you also have to put a ventilation system in each
room. Ventilation allows for air circulation in the house, so the house does not become damp. That
way, germs, bacteria, and fungi are not easy to grow. If the conditions of the house do not allow
for ventilation, you can use mechanical ventilation, such as a fan or exhaust fan.

Effects of Home Hygiene on Personal Hygiene and Food

Not only the cleanliness of the house, the personal hygiene of each family member and the
cleanliness of food consumed also need attention. If not, disease-causing germs can invade and
cause various health problems, such as nausea, vomiting, stomach ache, and even poisoning.
Moreover, if the cleanliness of the house is not maintained. Viruses and bacteria from
dirty places in the house can spread and stick to the surface of the body, especially the hands. In
addition, germs can also move to food, especially if the cleanliness of the kitchen is not properly
maintained.

So that this doesn't happen, there are several ways you can do, namely:
1. Wash hands with soap and water
Vulnerable hands are contaminated by germs. So, it is very important to wash your hands
before eating, also before processing and preparing food. Use soap and running water to clean the
entire surface of the hand.
2. Clean the surface of the kitchen and cutting board
Make sure you always clean the kitchen surface and cutting board, both before and after
cooking. You can use soap and warm water to clean the kitchen surface and cutting board.
3. Wash fruits and vegetables
Always wash fruits and vegetables before consumption or cooking. This aims to remove
dirt that may still be attached to the surface of fruits and vegetables. You can also use special
cleaning fluids for foods that can kill germs and bacteria.
4. Separating raw food from cooked food
Never put food that has been cooked on the same plate to process raw food ingredients.
This aims to avoid germ contamination in food. Also, always use a different clean cutting board
for raw food ingredients and for foods that are ripe or ready to eat. Immediately wash the cutting
board when it's finished, until it's completely clean.
To maintain the cleanliness of homes and household furniture, including kitchen utensils,
there are various types of cleaning fluids that you can use. Some of them even have the ability to
kill germs. But don't forget, always pay attention to how to use it so the results are effective.
From now on, make it a habit to clean the house regularly and thoroughly, so that you and
your family can avoid various diseases. Don't forget the places mentioned above, because these
places are vulnerable to germs.

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PERSONAL HYGIENE AND GROOMING

Hygiene is the study or science of cleanliness. It’s divided into two i.e. personal (hygiene of
the body) and environmental hygiene.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

This means looking after one’s health, appearance, body, hair, teeth, hands, feet, eyes,
nose, clothing and shoes.

Personal health is attained through the following:

1. Through personal cleanliness and good habits

2. Having regular exercises which will help to torn up the muscle s and remove excess fat from
the body and to improve posture, and get rid of body waste through perspiration
3. Having regular baths to prevent body odor and skin problems
4. Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables to get vitamin C essential for healthy skin, teeth
and provide roughage for easy digestion of food
5. A void greasy/ oily and starchy foods which are not good for skin
6. Having enough rest and sleep to rest the whole body
7. Having well balanced meals

GROOMING

To be well groomed in appearance means to be neatly and correctly dressed, with a suitable
hair style and make up. Always dress to suite the occasion and the clothes for work should look
neat and smart always, wear party dresses with accessories e.g. ear-rings, necklaces eTc.

Characteristics of a well-groomed person

 Clean and well-polished shoes

 Clean teeth
 Clean eyes
 A good breath
 Clean ears
 Clean and clean nails
 Clean and well ironed clothes
 Clean and well starched belts
 Clean and well combed hair

CARE OF THE HAIR

Our hair should always be kept clean and tidy in order to keep it healthy. To achieve this, one
should do the following:

1. Brush or comb your hair daily because brushing or combing stimulates the flow of blood
in the head, helps to remove dandruff and loosens dirt particles.
2. Wash hair frequently at least once a week and during the day so that its properly washed
and dries well
3. Dry long hair completely before tying it up
4. Oil your hair regularly to stimulate the scalp and to stop it from getting too dry
5. Never use somebody else’s combs, brushes, scratcher as this causes hair infection.
6. Wash hair, brushes, combs and scratches and always keep them clean.

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STEPS TAKEN IN WASHING HAIR

1. Comb or brush your hair in order to get rid of loose dirt.

2. Wet the hair and apply a good shampoo or soft soap
3. Work shampoo or soap into the scalp and massage all over with fingertips
4. Rinse thoroughly to remove soap suds (foam)
5. Apply shampoo or soap again, working in as before
6. Rinse thoroughly in running water
7. Rub briskly with a clean towel
8. After the hair has dried completely, oil the scalp and the whole hair with oil to keep it
moist.

CARE OF COMBS AND HAIR BRUSHES

Dirty combs should not be used for combing hair after washing it. Much as we care for our
hair, we should also take care of our combs.

1. Remove any loose hair from the comb after combing and wrap it in a paper and put into
the dust-bin
2. Soak the comb and brushes in warm soapy water to dissolve grease and dirt
3. Wash the bristles by shaking it up and down in soapy water. If too soiled, rub across the
bristles with a cloth or old nail brush kept for the purpose
4. Rinse in clean cold water to stiffen the bristles
5. Shake off excess water from the brush and dry with a clean towel. To wash a comb, use a
cloth to clean across the teeth of the comb. Scrub from the base to the tip of the comb, then
from the tip to the base of the comb to remove dirt. Rinse thoroughly in clean water, dry
with a clean towel and air for further drying.

HAIR INFECTION

This occurs as a result of neglecting our hair. Neglected hair is the one which is not washed
regularly and not looked after well. The common hair infections are: - Head lice, dandruff, and
ring-worms.

HEAD-LICE

Head-lice live in dirty hair and clean hair gets infected through contact. Head lice are very
common among school children who are too lazy to take care of their hair. In order to avoid this
infection, one should avoid sharing combs, brushes, hats and scarfs.

Treatment

 Cut the hair very shot

 Rub a local preparation of kerosene and ground moth balls onto the scalp. Tie on a clean
scarf over night to kill the lice. Repeat this treatment to get rid of the head lice completely.
 Ask in chemist shop for treatment.
 If you cannot get rid of the lice or infection contact a doctor.

DANDRUFF

This occurs when the outer skin forms white small scales on the scalp and hair. When this
occurs, the scalp becomes itchy and therefore uncomfortable and leaves the scalp dry. This can
only be prevented by using a good type of shampoo and good hair oil.

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Treatment

Buy and use shampoo and hair oil recommend for the treatment of dandruff or ask your
hair dresser for advice.

RING-WORMS

This appears in the form of round scores on the scalp leaving the affected area without hair.
This infection is commonly found among children who play in dirty places and do not take regular
baths.

Treatment

 See the doctor for treatment

 Shave the hair completely to reach the sore and apply the prescribed medicine

HAIR ABUSE

This is the use of hot combs and relaxers which end up damaging the hair. However, using hot
combs and relaxers makes it easy to comb the hair. The hair becomes glossy and more attractive
though it’s very expensive.

ARTIFICIAL HAIR

Artificial hair it’s the hair made from chemicals such as breads, weaves and wigs.

Advantages

1. Once the wig is set, it’s convenient to use and time is saved as one does not have to set
and dress the hair daily.
2. People with scanty or ugly hair can cover it up by using wigs.

Disadvantages

1. People who use artificial hair pieces tend to neglect their natural hair because they pay
attention to the artificial hair.
2. Wigs are very uncomfortable during hot weather
3. Wigs are expensive
4. Breads make people hair break
5. Some make people look artificial

CARE OF WIGS AND HAIR PIECES

1. Wash them frequently as you wash your natural hair.

2. Brush the wig or hair pieces well and set it.
3. Keep it dry all the time.

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CARE OF THE NOSE, EYES AND EARS

Care of the eyes

The eye is an organ for sight and it’s very delicate. Since the eye is very delicate we must
look after it well and carefully.

How to take care of your eyes?

1. Do not read small prints for a long time.

2. Always make sure that you have plenty of light when reading to avoid straining your eyes.
3. If you cannot read what is written on the black board ask your teacher to sit near.
4. Eat foods rich in vitamin C.
5. If you get a head aches, sores or watering eyes often reading, you should see a doctor
6. If you think there is anything wrong with your eyes, contact a doctor immediately.

How to remove an object from the eyes?

When something like speck of dust, sand, a tiny flying insect, piece of lint or fluff falls into
your eye, you should do the following:

1. A void rubbing your eye because rubbing the eye will push the object further in.
2. Blow your nose to make your eyes water and the speck of dust will be washed out.
3. With a clean hand, take hold of the lower eye lid and pull it down so that you will be able to
see the object in the eye. Remove it by using a corner of a clean handkerchief or piece of
cloth.
4. If the object is stuck under the top- eye –lid and pull it down over the bottom one. This may
remove the object
5. If the object is stuck onto the eye ball, do not try to take it out. Fold a clean piece of soft cloth
several times and put it over the eye. Hold it in place by tying a bandage round the head and
take the person to a doctor.

Some eye defects.

1. Short sightedness, is inability to see objects that are away

2. Long sightedness, is the inability to see objects that are very near
3. Night blindness, inability to see at night but during the day, a person sees clearly and
normally. However, in order to overcome this defect, eat foods that contain vitamin A such as
carrots, pawpaws, mangoes, eggs, milk, and margarine etc.

SOME INFECTIONS OF THE EYE

Conjuctivities

Is one of the common eye diseases caused by a tiny germ making the white part of the eye
to turn pink. The eyes become covered with a sticky fluid and when one wakes up in the morning,
the eye lids get stuck together tightly. Conjuctivities is contagious and easily spreads to other
children and so, avoid sharing things like towels, basins, handkerchiefs with an infected person.
It can however be quickly cured by a doctor.

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Trachoma

Is a very serious disease which can easily cause blindness if not treated properly and
quickly. It makes the eyes to become red and some white pimples can only be seen by the doctor
under the eye-lid. You should see a doctor at once when you have it.

Styes

They are found on the eye-lids. It’s caused by dirt getting into the glands on the edges of
the eye-lids. The glands pour out the oily fluid onto the skin. A small swelling appears and a yellow
colored fluid collects under the skin. After sometime, it bursts, the yellow fluid escapes and the
pain stops. It can however be treated by bathing the eye with warm water.

River blindness

This is caused by certain flies that are found along the banks of rivers. it’s common in the
western part of Uganda.

Care of the Nose

The nose is an organ for smell and is also the channel through which we breathe/ take in
and out air. The nose has tiny hair which helps to filter the air taken in. As the nose is very tender
and soft, avoid picking the nostrils with fingers and do not push things like seeds, beads etc. into
the nostril. If you have something in your nostril, do not attempt to remove it yourself because
you can push it further in.

When you have a cold, blow your nose into a hanky to avoid spreading germs and do not
blow too hard as it affects the ear drums.

Why we should breathe through the nose but not through the mouth?

The nose is made up of thin bones which are folded like a rolled up paper. These bones
are covered by a substance which is soft and warm that’s to say warming the air we breathe in
before it goes to the lungs. Also, the tiny hair found at the entrance of the nose helps to filter the
air thus making it free from germs and dust. Therefore, breathing through the mouth is bad
because the air taken in is not filtered and not warmed. The air that collects in the nose is got rid
of by blowing the nose.

Care of the Ears

Ears are organs of hearing and they are made up of 3 parts i.e. the outer, middle and inner
ear. Since it’s very delicate, one has got to look after it carefully. Wash the ears daily when bathing
and if there is an ear infection, use an ear lotion or see a doctor to identify the problem.

 Never use any local medicine because it can worsen the condition
 Do not push any sharp object into your ear trying to remove dirt because the ear drum
can easily be damaged
 Only use cotton buds to clean the middle ea. If one does not take care of his/ her ear
properly, it may lead to partial or permanent deafness.

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How to remove an insect from the ear?

 Make the person to lie down on the side without the insect while raising the ear with
the insect facing up.
 Pour warm water into the ear and this may make the insect to float on water and can
easily be picked. If this does not help, take the person to the doctor.

Care of the Teeth

Our teeth need care because they play an important role in digestion of food by breaking
food into tiny particles which then can be easily be digested by digestive juices. The long, sharp
canine teeth tear up food (like meat). The wide, flat molars grind and mash up food. While we
chew food, the tongue pushes the food to the teeth and saliva helps digestion and wets the food.
Teeth also help us say certain sounds.

People have two sets of teeth in their lives, the primary teeth (also called the baby, milk
or deciduous teeth) and the permanent teeth (also called the adult or secondary teeth). Children
have 20 primary teeth; they are replaced by the permanent teeth by about age 13. Adults have 32
permanent teeth.

Primary Teeth:

Most babies are born with no visible teeth -- the teeth are forming inside the gums. The
20 primary teeth (also called baby teeth or first teeth) erupt (poke through the gums) over the
time from when a baby is from about 6 months to a year old.

Permanent Teeth:

Primary teeth fall out and are replaced by 32 permanent teeth (also called the adult teeth).
This happens over the time from when a child is from about 6 to 14 years old.

As a permanent tooth forms under the gums and in the jawbone, the roots of the primary
tooth it is replacing dissolve. Then the primary tooth becomes loose and falls out. The permanent
tooth will fill the space.

 The teeth also help in a paper speech and help to improve one’s appearance (beauty). At
birth, we do not have teeth but afterwards, some teeth start appearing in babies and these
are called milk teeth.
 As a child grows up, the milk teeth are replaced by permanent ones after they have fallen.
In adults, one has a total of 32 teeth i.e. from the age of 24-28; a person has got the full set
of teeth. However, these teeth are of 3 type i.e. incisor

Incisor teeth

A type of tooth with a narrow edge (in humans, the front teeth). Incisors are used to cut
food. An incisor has 1 root. Adult humans have 8 incisors (4 in the top jaw and 4 in the bottom
jaw).

 Incisors are the front four teeth in the upper and lower jaw, situated in between the
cuspids. Generally incisors have one root.
 The first two front teeth known as central incisors erupt sometime between the age of
six and seven. Lateral incisors are found next to the centrals and appear around the age
of seven or eight.

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 The incisors primary function is to cut and tear into food, although the esthetic
appearance of these anterior teeth is highly scrutinized as they are visible during smiling,
eating, and talking.

Canine teeth

Are found at both sides of the mouth. Altogether they are 4 in number and have sharp
pointed ends which are used for tearing.

Molars and Premolars

 Molars are found at the back of the mouth, they are wide, flat tooth found in the back of
mammal's mouths. Molars grind food during chewing. Molars in the top jaw have 3 roots;
molars in the lower jaw have 2 roots. Adults have 12 molars (6 in the top jaw and 6 in the
bottom jaw).
 Premolar (also called bicuspid) - the type of tooth located between the canine and the
molars in humans. A bicuspid tooth has 1 root. Bicuspids have two points (cusps) at the top.
Adults have 8 premolars (4 in the top jaw and 4 in the bottom jaw).

Cleaning of the teeth

We should clean our teeth every morning when we wake up, every evening and after
every meal. This is so to remove the food crumbs and particles which remain in one’s teeth so
that bacteria are not given a chance of breeding. One should use a good tooth brush with firm
bristles to brush the teeth using up and down, backward and forward movements. Rinse your
mouth with clean water to remove completely the particles of food after brushing the teeth and
to avoid bad breath.

Frequent bleeding of the gum is caused by lack of vitamin C in our diet. When one lacks
this vitamin, he/she develops wounds on the gums and the teeth develop some holes leading to a
smelly mouth. This can only be overcome by eating fresh fruits e.g. lemon, oranges, and lime
grapes etc.

Care of the teeth

What Is the Right Way to Brush?

Proper brushing takes at least two minutes — that's right, 120 seconds! Most adults do
not come close to brushing that long. To get a feel for the time involved, try using a stopwatch. To
properly brush your teeth, use short, gentle strokes, paying extra attention to the gum line, hard-
to-reach back teeth and areas around fillings, crowns or other restoration. Concentrate on
thoroughly cleaning each section as follows:

 Clean the outer surfaces of your upper teeth, then your lower teeth.
 Clean the inner surfaces of your upper teeth, then your lower teeth.
 Clean the chewing surfaces.
 For fresher breath, be sure to brush your tongue, too.
 Tilt the brush at a 45° angle against the gum line and sweep or roll the brush away from
the gum line.
 Gently brush the outside, inside and chewing surface of each tooth using short back-and-
forth strokes.
 Gently brush your tongue to remove bacteria and freshen breath.

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 Brush the teeth regularly with tooth paste and a clean brush with firm bristles or chewing
stick.
 Avoid biting hard objects as this may cause the teeth to crack or break e.g. opening bottles
with teeth.
 Eat crispy foods to exercise the jaws and to strengthen the teeth
 Eat fresh fruits and vegetables which stops the bleeding of gums
 Eat foods that contain calcium for the growth of strong teeth e.g. drinks plenty of milk, bony
fish, and eggs etc.
 Avoid eating too much of soft sweet foods that contain starch in them and cause tooth
decay e.g. sweets, biscuits, bread and jam etc.
 Visit a dentist once in every six months or twice a year for check –ups.

How teeth decay starts?

Decay starts by a tiny hole being made in the hard enamel by the kind of food we eat or
because we do not clean our teeth often enough or at the proper time. Once the hole is made, it
gets bigger and bigger. If the hole is not too big, a dentist can repair it. By drilling the decayed
tooth and filling the hole with a soft material which quickly becomes hard. If the hole is too big,
the tooth is taken out.

1. Healthy Tooth

Enamel is the hard outer crystal-like layer. Dentin is the softer layer beneath the enamel.
The pulp chamber contains nerves and blood vessels. It is considered the living part of the tooth.

2. White Spots

Bacteria that are exposed to sugars or carbohydrates can make acid. The acid attacks the
crystal-like substance in the tooth's outer surface. This process is known as demineralization. The
first sign of this is a chalky white spot. At this stage, the decay process can be reversed. Using
fluorides at home and in the dental office can help the tooth repair itself.

3. Enamel Decay

Demineralization continues. Enamel starts to break down. Once the enamel surface is
broken, the tooth can no longer repair itself. The cavity has to be cleaned and restored by a dentist.

4. Dentin Decay

The decay reaches into the dentin, where it can spread and undermine the enamel.

5. Pulp Involvement

If decay is left untreated, it will reach the tooth's pulp. This is where the tooth's nerves
and blood vessels are found. The pulp becomes infected. An abscess (swelling) or a fistula
(opening to the surface of the gum) can form in the soft tissues.

Main reasons why teeth decay.

Because of the kind of foods we eat. Soft sweet foods have in them starch which mixes
with saliva in the mouth and forms acids. This acid makes teeth to decay by attacking the enamel
and making tiny holes in it. These holes keep increasing day by day until it reaches the pulp cavity

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which contains blood vessels and nerves making one to feel tooth ache. Examples of these foods
are: bread, potatoes, maize, rice, biscuits and sweets. We can eat these foods but not too much of
them.

CARE OF THE SKIN

The skin is the body's largest organ, covering the entire body. In addition to serving as a
protective shield against heat, light, injury, and infection, the skin also:

 Regulates body temperature.

 Stores water and fat.
 Is a sensory organ.
 Prevents water loss.
 Prevents entry of bacteria.

Throughout the body, the skin's characteristics vary (i.e., thickness, color, texture). For
instance, the head contains more hair follicles than anywhere else, while the soles of the feet
contain none. In addition, the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands are much thicker.

The skin is made up of the following layers, with each layer performing specific functions:

Epidermis

Is the most outer layer and has small holes called sweat pores and some small hairs which
can be seen on the surface of the epidermis. During perspiration, sweat comes out through the
sweat pores and oil from under the skin also pours onto the skin through a tube close to the hairs.
This oil does two things,

 It makes the hair soft and shining

 It makes the skin soft and stops it from getting too dry. The skin of an old person is dry
and wrinkled because as one gets older, the skin makes less oil.

Dermis

This is the inner layer of the skin. It contains, hair roots, oil glands, sweat glands, blood vessels
and nerves.

Functions of the skin

 To control the body temperature which should be 37c (98.4F)

 To get rid of perspiration
 To protect the body against heat and cold
 To protect the inner parts of the body
 To enable the body to get vitamin D from the sun
 Acts as a sense organ for feeling

How the skin becomes dirty?

When it’s very hot or one has done some vigorous activity like running, the body becomes
hot and sweats. After sweating, eventually the skin becomes sticky so making the skin dirty. The
body seats through tiny holes found on the skin called pores. This sweat comes from the blood
which it wants to get rid of as it’s not wanted. Oil from the skin comes from a gland called

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sebaceous gland and passes into the tube which is close to the hair and is passed out onto the
skin. This oil helps to make the skin soft and shiny and stops it from drying.

How to keep the skin clean?

By bathing frequently with soap because water alone cannot remove all dirt, bathing is
necessary especially in our tropical country where it’s often too hot resulting into sweating daily.
This sweat however produces bad smell and if one does not bath and leaves the dirt to accumulate
onto the skin, one may get skin infection. Use soap to soften oily dirt. Make sure that you wash all
the soap from the body with clean water because if you do not, soap will dry and dust will stick
onto it. Also the remaining soap on your body will make your towel dirty when you dry yourself.
After drying your body, hung your towel up to dry

Method of bathing

1. Pour water over the body to get rid of loose dirt

2. With a soapy sponge or face towel, rub all over the body especially in places where
perspiration collects
3. Rinse well with clean water
4. Rub or pat dry with a clean towel
5. Dust on a talcum powder for a fresh feeling
6. Put on clean clothing after smearing the body with a good skin oil or cream so that it does
not get too dry.

Talcum powder and deodorant

After bathing, use a pleasant smelling talcum powder on the skin to absorb moisture in
area that tend to sweat (perspire) a lot.

A deodorant is used to check odor in armpits. An anti- perspirant reduces the rate at
which one perspires. Anti-perspirant deodorant is a combination of deodorant and anti-
perspirant which helps to check the rate of perspiration and removes bad odor are Fa, Us, Right
guard, shield, impulse and fresh etc. These are very important for teenagers who sweat a lot.

CUTS AND WOUNDS

The skin gets broken in cuts and wounds therefore germs enter the body through the
broken skin. If a cut and wound is not properly treated, the germs that enter may cause sores,
abscesses and in severe cases tetanus.

Treatment

1. If there is severe bleeding, use the following methods to stop the bleeding:

 Apply direct pressure on the wound by pressing firmly with your hand on a clean
handkerchief or a piece of cotton placed on the wound. Do this until the bleeding stops.
 Bandage the cut firmly
 If the wound is on a limb, place the cut part above the level of the body so that less blood can
flow out. Tie tightly above the wound to stop the blood flow.

2. Clean the wound by bathing it with clean running water or with a weak antiseptic solution.
Remove dirt or foreign body by wiping with cotton wool soaked in the solution. Then dry the
wound with clean cotton wool.

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3. Spread some antiseptic cream on the wound

4. Cover with a piece of link using a bandage or adhesive tape to keep it in place

5. If the cut is small, just use a small piece of adhesive tape

6. F the dressing gets wet, change it

7. For a bad cut or wound, see a doctor for an anti-tetanus injection

8. For deep and long cuts, see a doctor as stitching may be required

BURNS AND SCALDS

A burn is caused by dry heat e.g. fire, hot metals, direct sunlight or friction.

A scald is caused by contact with moist heat such as boiling water, steam or hot oil

Treatment

1. Reduce the burning effect of the heat and lesson pain by immersing the hurt part in cold
water. Then keep that part dry and bandage firmly
2. Do not apply any lotion or ointment
3. Do not prick blisters
4. Remove dry jewellery, belts or shoes in the affected area as this is more easily done before
it starts to swell.
5. Give the person enough fluid to take and reassure him/her.
6. For serious burns, send the patient to the hospital immediately

BURNT CLOTHES

 If a person’s clothes catch fire, pour on cold water quickly, to prevent the fire from spreading
and to cool the skin.
 If there is no cold water around, wrap the victim quickly in blanket, rug or any thick material
to put out the flames and lay him flat.
 If you are alone and your clothes catch fire, roll on the floor immediately to put the flames.

BITES AND STINGS

Insect bites which are not serious can be treated with calamine lotion or antiseptic cream.
Normally there is some swelling and if it does not go after a day or two see a doctor.

Snack bites are very serious and should be reported as soon as possible.

BRUISES

It’s caused by a heavy blow on the skin e.g. when someone bumps into something hard,
the bump results into broken blood vessels under the skin which show up as a bruise.

Treatment

 Rub the bruised area hard immediately.

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 Bathe the area with cold water and if available, apply ice blocks packed in a piece of cloth.

SKIN BLEACHING

It is the removal of the black pigment by people who want to be light-skinned by using a
chemical called bleach so that they can have a fair complexion.

This is dangerous because:

 People who bleach their skin will have problems getting their wounds healed successfully if
operated
 Bleached skin is ugly and looks anemic
 Patches of dark and fair pigment are left on the skin

COSMETICS

Cosmetics are preparations that are made and are used mainly by the young people to
make themselves look more attractive. Young girls and women do not need much make-up as
yang skin is attractive without cosmetics. The important thing for young people is to keep the kin
clean to avoid acne (spots) and skin rashes. However, if used, it must be applied intelligently and
skillfully to bring out the beauty of your features and not to change your appearance.

Too much make-up gives an artificial look and prevents the skin from breathing as the
holes/pores are closed by cosmetics. Besides, when not chosen carefully the chemicals in them
damage the skin. When going to sleep the face should be washed thoroughly in order to make the
skin breathe freely. When choosing cosmetics, it’s advisable to know your skin color and type
because some are suitable for dark people while others are more suitable for light people.

Different types of cosmetics and their uses.

TYPES OF
USES
COSMETICS
Cleaning cream It’s used to remove all traces of make-ups, because water alone with soap
cannot remove make-ups completely.
Skin tonic Helps to prepare the skin by closing the pores hence getting it ready for
makeup. Its applied after cleaning the skin.
Face Is used to stop the skin from getting too dry.
cream/moisturizer
Foundation cream/ Allows the face powder to stay on nicely.
vanishing cream
Face powder Is used to beautify the face, hid spots on the face and to protect the face
from wind and sun.
Eyebrow Is applied on the eyebrows to emphasis the existing eyebrows
Eye shadow Are put on the eye-lids either with a brush or fingers to beautify the eyes.
Lip sticks Are used on the lips to beautify them.
Perfume Is used on the skin to create a pleasant smell.
Deodorants Are used to prevent bad body odor.

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HANDS AND FEET

Care of the hands and finger nails

Since our hands are used for handling many things like collecting rubbish, balls, food, scratching
ourselves when the body feels itchy etc., they should always be kept clean in the following ways

 Wash hands thoroughly with soap

 Using an old tooth brush or a nail brush, scrub a round and under the finger nails
 Rinse using clean water or running water
 Dry or pat well with a clean towel and push back the cuticles from the nail with a towel
or a special stick kept for the purpose.
 Apply hand lotion if you have sensitive skin and also to keep the skin soft and smooth
 Trim loose dead skin

Note the following:

 Cultivate the habit of washing hands before and after meals and before handling any food
 Keep nails harbor dirt and germs
 Do not use nail vanish when cooking because it can easily peel it can easily peel and fall
into the food
 Never bite your finger nails.

APPLICATION

CATEGORY 1

ESSAY. (minimum of 100 words)

Topics:
1. Safety and Hygiene at Home (15 points)
2. Personal Health and Hygiene (15 points)
3. Two Common Accidents at Home and Prevention (10 points)

CATEGORIES 2 & 3
Take three (3) pictures in each topic and give an explanation about its importance.
Topics:
1. Safety and Hygiene at Home (15 points)
2. Personal Health and Hygiene (15 points)
3. Common Accidents at Home and Prevention (from internet) (10 points)

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