Answers

iii 1 mark each for any three of: Exercise 13.2

Black solid / yellow solid / purple vapour / brown solution /
bad egg smell a i
Total = 21
N N

Question 3
ii It has a triple bond with very high bond energy.
a Chlorine reacts faster than bromine with hydrogen. (1)
b i Lone pairs
Hydrogen reacts explosively with chlorine in sunlight. (1)
ii 107° because lone pair–bond pair repulsion is greater than
Bromine reacts on heating. (1)
bond pair–bond pair repulsion. So the bond angle closes up
b i No effect (1)
compared with 4 bonding pairs to minimise repulsive forces of
ii Position of equilibrium shifted to the left / concentration
electron pairs.
of HI lowered / reaction shifted in favour of the reactants (1)
iii 109.5° There are no lone pairs so there are only bond pair–
iii Position of equilibrium shifted to the right / concentration
bond pair repulsions so the bonds move to minimise these
of HI increased / reaction shifted in favour of the product (1)
electron pair repulsions.
c The atoms get larger as the atomic number is increased /
c i Ammonia is less dense than air.
down the group. (1)
ii Damp red litmus placed at the mouth of the tube turns blue.
The attraction between the nuclei of the atoms and the electrons
iii To dry the ammonia (since water vapour will also be formed).
in the covalent bond decrease (as the atoms get bigger). (1)
iv It will react with the ammonia to form ammonium sulfate.
The energy needed to break the bond decreases /
v Displacement of ammonia
bond energy gets smaller (down the group). (1)
vi Neutralisation (of ammonia): the reaction of an acid with an
d i Cl2 + 2KBr → Br2 + 2KCl (1)
alkali.
ii Add nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate (1)
Displacement (of ammonia): The replacement of one group by
Cream precipitate formed (1)
another. In this case hydroxide ions in calcium hydroxide have
iii Precipitate dissolves (1)
been displaced by chloride ions.
because a complex ion is formed (1)
Thermal decomposition: The ammonium chloride would
which is soluble in the solution. (1)
break down when heated to form ammonia and hydrogen
e i Manganese(IV) oxide (1)
chloride.
Increases the oxidation number of iodine from −1 to 0 (1)
1 d i NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4
ii I− + e− → I2 + e− (1) 21
2 ii Heat the solution to evaporate the water. Melt the solid
Oxidation because of loss of electrons from I− / increase in formed and then spray it in a tower through which air
oxidation number of I from −1 to 0 (1) is blown.
MnO2 + 4H + + 2e− → Mn2+ + 2H2O (1)
Reduction because gain of electrons by Mn / Exercise 13.3
decrease in oxidation number of Mn from +4 to +2 (1)
Total = 21 a In the mornings the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increases.
After midday there is a slight decrease but there is a general
increase from mid-afternoon until early evening. There is a
Chapter 13 decrease in concentration from the late evening to early morning
(except for day 3).
Exercise 13.1 b Increasing amount of traffic producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. diesel
a Nitrate fertilisers dissolve in rainwater and are then leached into vehicles.
lakes and rivers. The nitrates promote the excessive growth c i 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
of water plants, especially algae. The algae spread across the ii NO2 + O2 → NO + O3
surface of the water and block out the light so that the water iii The NO formed in the second reaction can react with more
plants cannot grow. The plants are decomposed by aerobic oxygen in the air to form more nitrogen dioxide so the
bacteria, which multiply and use up the dissolved oxygen in reaction continues in the presence of oxygen.
the water. Fish and other water creatures cannot survive without d i Nitrogen dioxide is brown. The concentration of the nitrogen
oxygen and they die. This process taking place in streams dioxide increases during the day.
and rivers leading to the death of plants and animals is called ii The amount of ozone will gradually increase during the day as the
eutrophication. concentration of nitrogen dioxide increases (see reaction (c)(ii)).
b i Removal of crop plants depletes the soil of nitrogen so there is e Day 3. Temperatures are usually lower at night so the amount of
not sufficient nitrogen in the soil after several years for plants nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere during the night falls in the
to grow well. Plants need nitrogen to grow / plants need first two days.
nitrogen to make proteins. f Nitrogen reacts with oxygen in the presence of lightning. The
ii The products are ammonia which is a weak base and HCl lightning produces high enough temperatures for the reaction to
which is a strong acid. So there are more hydrogen ions than occur. Nitrogen(II) oxide / nitric oxide is formed. This reacts with
hydroxide ions (from ammonia) in solution. oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide.
iii 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O g i By combination of nitrogen with oxygen at the high
iv Calcium carbonate temperature within the engine.
ii 4CO + 2NO2 → 4CO2 + N2
 Cambridge International AS and A level Chemistry

Exercise 13.4 Question 2

a Volcanoes / sulfur bacteria / natural oxidation of sulfide ores a
S
b Burning fossil fuels containing sulfur, e.g. coal; extraction of
sulfide ores O O
c i Sulfurous acid, H2SO3. 2 pairs of bonding electrons between each S and O (1),
ii Sulfur trioxide, SO3. the lone pair on the S and two lone pairs on each O (1)
iii Sulfuric acid, H2SO4. b i SO2 + NO2 → SO3 + NO (1)
d 2SO2(g) + O2(g)→ 2SO3(g) ii The NO produced reacts with more oxygen (1) to
e i Sulfur dioxide reacts with nitrogen dioxide to form sulfur reform NO2 (1)
trioxide and nitrogen oxide / SO2(g) + NO2(g) → SO3(g) + NO(g) Idea that NO2 regenerated / not used up because oxygen
ii The NO formed in the reaction can react with oxygen from the present in excess (1)
atmosphere to regenerate the nitrogen dioxide. c SO2 + O3 → SO3 + O2 (1)
f i Reduced growth (because of increased leaching of nutrients d Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. (1) So pH could be lower than
from the soil); increased likelihood of disease (due to about 5. (1)
decomposition of the waxy covering on the surface of leaves); Ka for carbon dioxide is very low. (1) There is a very low
leaf burn (especially in conifers); reduction in ability to absorb concentration of H + ions in solution (1) So pH does not
material through the roots, etc. fall below about pH5.5. (1)
ii Corrosion of metals; erosion of mortar; erosion of carbonate (If no marks scored allow a mark for: acid rain has a pH
building materials (limestone / chalk, etc.). below about pH5 / 5.5)
e Increased likelihood of disease (due to decomposition of the
Exam-style questions waxy covering on the surface of leaves) / leaf burn (especially
in conifers) / reduction in ability to absorb material through
Question 1 the roots (1)
Corrosion of metals / erosion of mortar / erosion of carbonate
a i Line A because towns are more likely to have more building materials. (1)
traffic. (1) f 2H +(aq) + CO32−(s) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Idea of nitrogen dioxide being produced by car engines / Correct species (1), balance (1), state symbols (1)
high temperature furnaces in industry. (1) g i from 0 (in O2) to −2 / −2 (1)
22 ii Winds blow the nitrogen dioxide from other areas where ii from −2 to +6 / +8 (1)
concentration is higher (1) iii 2(Fe)S2 + 2H2O + 7O2 → 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4
400 × 10 −6
iii 400 × 10 −6 g (1) moles NO2 = or 8.7 × 10 −6 mol (1) Correct formulae (1), correct balance (1)
46 Total = 21
In 1 dm3 = 8.7 × 10 mol = 8.7 × 10 −9 mol dm−3
−6
(1)
1000 Question 3
b High temperature caused by (electric discharge) of lightning (1)
causes nitrogen to combine with oxygen to form NO / a i N in NH4 + has OxNo −3; N in NO2− has OxNo +3 /
nitric oxide. (1) oxidation number change is +6. (1)
Nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. (1) O in O2 has OxNo 0; O in H2O has OxNo −2 / oxidation number
N2 + O2 → 2NO / 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 (1) change is −2. (1)
c 4CO + 2NO2 → 4CO2 + N2 Decrease in oxidation number is reduction and increase in
Correct formulae (1), correct balance (1) oxidation number is oxidation. (1)
d i N in NO has oxidation number +2; N in N2 has oxidation ii + (1)
number 0 / oxidation number change is −2. (1)
H
C in CO has oxidation number +2; C in CO2 has oxidation
H N H
number +4 / oxidation number change is +2. (1)
Decrease in oxidation number is reduction and increase in H
oxidation number is oxidation. (1)
ii Heterogeneous catalysis (1) The catalyst is a solid and iii 2NO2− + O2 → 2NO3−
the reactants are gases / the catalyst is in a different Correct species (1), balance (1)
phase to the reactants. (1) iv Idea of run off / ions moving into deeper soil / ions going to
e i It has very strong bonds / its bond energy is very high (1) where plant roots cannot reach them (1)
It needs a high temperature / lot of energy to break these b Nitrogen has very strong bonds / its bond energy is very
bonds in order to react (1) high. (1) It needs a high temperature / lot of energy to break
ii these bonds in order to react. (1)
c Ammonia is a proton acceptor / ammonia is taking H + ions from
N N the acid. (1)
14
d 2× × 100 = 35% (2)
80
3 pairs of bonding electrons (1), the 2 lone pairs (1) (If 2 marks not scored, 1 mark for correct molar mass of NH4NO3
Total = 21 (80))
 Answers

e i Potassium nitrate is less soluble in water so not so Exercise 14.3

much is leached away. (1)
ii Ammonium nitrate is more soluble in water so plants can a compound
type of formula
absorb it more readily / ammonium nitrate has a lower butane but-2-cnc propan-2-ol propanone
H H H H H HH H H H H OH
density so it is more economical to spread it / ammonium
displayed H C C C C H H C C C C H H C C C H H C C C H
nitrate has greater % nitrogen. (1) formula H H H H HH H H H H
f NH4 + + OH− → NH3 + H2O (1) HOH
condensed
Total = 15 structural CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH=CHCH3 CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3COCH3
formula

Chapter 14 molecular
formula
C4H10 C4H8 C3H8O C3H6O

Exercise 14.1 OH O
skeletal formula
a 1 with C; 2 with A; 3 with G; 4 with B; 5 with H; 6 with D; 7 with E; 8
with F
b i Hexane empirical C2H5 CH2 C3H8O C3H6O
ii Propanol formula
iii But-1-ene
iv Pentanal b i L = C2Cl4 M = C 2 H 8 N2 N = C4H6O5 O = C9H11NO2
v 1-bromopentane ii L = CCl2 M = CH4N N = C4H6O5 O = C9H11NO2
vi Propanone c Cl Cl OH
vii Propanoic acid Cl
viii Heptane
ix butan-1-ol Cl Cl
x Pent-1-ene
xi Methanal Y Z
c S 2-methylbutane
T Butan-2-ol
Exercise 14.4
U 1,2-dibromoethene
V Hex-2-ene a Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular 23
W 3-ethyl-3methylhexane formula but different structural formulae.
X 2,2-dibromobutane b i H H H

Exercise 14.2 H C C C H
H O HH
a i Addition
ii Oxidation ii
iii Hydrolysis H H H
iv Substitution H C C C
v Elimination
vi Reduction H H O
vii Substitution H
b i In heterolytic fission a covalent bond breaks so that two iii H C H
free radicals are formed. H H H H H H
ii In homolytic fission a covalent bond breaks so that one of H C C C C H and H C C C H
the atoms in the bond accepts both the bonding electrons.
iii A nucleophile is a species which donates / gives a pair of H H H H H
H C H H C H
electrons to an electron-deficient atom.
H H
iv An electrophile is a species with a positive or partially positive
charge which accepts a pair of electrons from another c i H
H H H
species. C Br
v A carbocation is an organic ion which has a carbon atom H C H C H H
which is positively charged. H C C
C C
vi The inductive effect is the ability of a group of atoms to Br C H
withdraw electrons towards itself or push electrons away Br Br
H H
from itself. Alkyl groups tend to push electrons away from cis-2,3-dibromobut-2-ene trans-2,3-dibromobut-2-ene
themselves (positive inductive effect).
c i Termination ii Cis-trans isomerism / geometrical isomerism
ii Initiation d
Br C3H7
iii Propagation
d i B C C
ii D
H Cl C2H5 H
CH3 CH3