CHAPTER 3 : THERMOCHEMISTRY SITI

NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR

1. Thermochemistry : a branch of chemistry that studies the changes in heat energy in the chemical reaction.

2. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but energy can be converted from one form to another form.
Example :
Electrolysis : Electrical energy to chemical energy
In chemical cell : Chemical energy to electrical energy

3. Chemical reactions can be divided into two classes based on the energy changes that occur during reaction.
i. Exothermic reactions
ii. Endothermic reactions

EXOTHERMIC REACTION ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

1. Exothermic reaction : A chemical reaction that releases Endothermic reaction : A chemical reaction that absorbs
heat to the surroundings heat from the surroundings

Heat energy is absorbed (taken in) from the

Heat energy is released (given off) to the
surrounding is an endothermic reaction:
2. Surrounding is an exothermic reaction:
• Surrounding /comtainer becomes cold
• Surrounding /container becomes hot
• Thermometer shows a fall in temperature
• Thermometer shows a rise in temperature
2. When an endothermic reaction occurs:
2. When an exothermic reaction occurs:
a) Heat is absorbed and is transferred to the reactants.
a) Heat is released and is transferred from the reactants to the
b) The reaction mixture and the container become cold.
surroundings
c) The temperature of the reaction mixture will fall.
b) The reaction mixture and the container become hot.
d) certain quantity of the chemical energy is converted into
c) The temperature of the reaction mixture will rise.
heat energy.
d) certain quantity of the chemical energy is converted into heat
e) The energy content of the products is more than the
energy.
energy content of the reactants ( refer energy level diagram)
e) The energy content of the products is less than the energy
content of the reactants ( refer energy level diagram)
3.Example of endothermic reaction:
i. H2O (s) à H2O (l) [Melting process ( solid to liquid )]
3.Example of exothermic reaction:
ii.H2O (l) à H2O (g) [Evaporating process (liquid to gas]
i. Neutralisation ( NaOH + HCl à NaCl + H2O)
iii.I2 (s) à I2 (g) [sublimation of Iodine solid]
ii. Reaction between acids and alkali (neutralization)
iv. Photosynthesis
iii. Reaction between acids and metals
v.Dissolving ammonium salts [ NH4NO3 , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4Cl ]
iv. Reaction between acid and metal carbonate
in water
v. Combustion of fuels such as petrol, wood, coal
vi.When hydrated copper (II) sulphate is heated , heat energy
vi. Dissolving concentrated acid/alkali in water
is absorbed to break the bond.
vii. Displacement reactions of metals from salt solutions
CuSO4. xH 2O CuSO4 + xH2O
viii. Repiration
Hydrated CuSO4 Anhydrous CuSO4
ix. Reaction between reactive metals such as group 1 elements
vii.Thermal decomposition of salts.
with water
ZnCO3 à ZnO + CO2
x. Oxidation of metals
2Mg(NO3)2 à 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2
xi. Manufacture of ammonia
viii. Reaction between sodium hydrogen carbonate and dilute
xii. H2O (g) à H2O (l) [when steam condenses to water]
acid
xiii. H2O (l) à H2O (s) [freezing process (liquid to solid)]
NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) à NaCl(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2(g)
xiv. I2 (g) à I2 (s) [sublimation of Iodine gas]
xv. Rusting of iron
xvi. Dissolving anhydrous salt in water
H2O
CuSO4 CuSO4 .x H2O
Anhydrous CuSO4 hydrated
CuSO4

1
 SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
- diagram that shows the total energy content of the reactants
compared to the total energy content of the products
1. When a chemical reaction takes place, a certain quantity of
heat is given off ( released ) or taken in (absorbed)
2. The quantity of heat involves is given the symbol ΔH

ΔH = H products - H reactant

• The reaction between…………………. and

3. The energy change in a chemical reaction can be represented
………………………producing …………………. is
using energy level diagram.
an exothermic reaction
In Exothermic reaction : ΔH = -ve value
• The total energy content of the reactants are
because Hproducts < H reactants
……………than the total energy content of the
product .Therefore , ΔH is ………………………
• The reaction ………………………heat energy to
the surrounding, hence the temperature of mixture
…………………………
• ………………..of heat energy is …………….when
………………………………………………………

Intrepreting energy level diagram ………………………………………………………

In Endothermic reaction : ΔH = +ve value Task 1

1. Draw energy level diagram for each of the reaction below.
because Hproducts > H reactants a) C3H7OH + 5O2 à 3CO2 + 4H2O ΔH = - 1315 kJ mol-1
b) N2 (g) + O2 (g) à 2NO ΔH = + 181 kJ mol-1

Example

2.When zinc powder is poured into a beaker containing

sulphuric acid , the temperature of the mixture increases
a) State the the type or reaction occurred based on
temperature change.
b) Compare the energy content of reactants and products
c) Sketch the energy level diagram
Information from the diagram 1 :
• The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide producing sodium chloride and water is an
exothermic reaction
• The total energy content of the reactants ( Na and HCl)
is higher than the total energy content of the products (
NaCl and H2O). Therefore , ΔH is negative
• The reaction releases heat energy to the surrounding,
hence the temperature of mixture increases
• 57 kJ of heat energy is released when 1 mol of HCl reacts
with 1 mol NaOH to produce 1 mol of NaCl and 1 mol of
H2O

2
3.In the reaction between zinc and copper (II) sulphate solution , 190 kJ mol-1 of heat released.
a) Write the thermochemical equation for the reaction.
b) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.
c) State 3 information that can be obtained from the energy level diagram

ENERGY CHANGE DURING BREAKING AND FORMATION OF BOND

BOND BOND
ENERGY
(kJ mol-1)
H-H 436

Cl-Cl 243

H-Cl 432

ΔH = H products - H reactant
= 432(2) – (436 + 243)
= -185 kJ mol-1

Exercise
Based on the energy level diagrams below ,
a) state the type of reaction
b) determine the energy change , ΔH that occurs
c) determine the activation energy of the reaction.

3
 1. Chemical reactions involve bond breaking and bond forming. The chemical bonds between the atoms in the reactants
need to be broken first before the new bonds can be formed
Bond breaking absorbs heat energy : endothermic
Bond forming releases heat energy) : exothermic
2. The amount of heat energy absorbed or releases during the breaking & forming of bonds depends on the strength of the
bonds
to break a stronger bond à more heat is absorbed
to form a stronger bond à more heat is released
3. For exothermic reaction
the heat absorbed < the heat released = ΔH = -ve
(breaking of bond) ( formation of bond)
4. For endothermic reaction
the heat absorbed > the heat released = ΔH = +ve
(breaking of bond) ( formation of bond)

LABORATORY ACITIVITY : DETERMINING EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

AIM : To study the types of reactions based on heat change and the changes in thermometer readings when substances dissolve in
Water
MATERIALS : Solid sodium hydroxide ,NaOH , solid anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2, solid ammonium nitrate ,NH4NO3, solid
ammonium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 and distilled water.
APPARATUS : Polystyrene cups with lids, spatula, measuring cylinder and thermometer.
PROCEDURE
1. Measure 20 cm3 of distilled water and pour it into a polystyrene cup.
2. Put a thermometer on the polystyrene cup and leave it for two minutes. Record the initial temperature of the distilled water.
3. Add one spatula of solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH into the polystyrene cup.
4. Stir the mixture carefully with the thermometer.
5. Record the highest or the lowest temperature of the mixture.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 by replacing solid sodium hydroxide, NaOH with solid ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 ,solid sodium
thiosulphate , Na2S2O3 and solid anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2.
TABULATION OF DATA
MIXTURE OF REACTANTS INITIAL TEMPERATURE / OC HIGHEST/LOWEST
TEMPERATURE / OC
Solid sodium hydroxide ,NaOH + water
solid anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2 + water
solid ammonium nitrate ,NH4NO3 + water
solid ammonium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 + water

DISCUSSION

1. Based on your result, determine

(a) Which reaction absorbs heat
solid anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2, solid ammonium nitrate ,NH4NO3, solid ammonium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3
(b) Which reaction releases heat
Solid sodium hydroxide ,NaOH
2. With reference to 1(a) and 1(b),classify the reactions as endothermic or exothermic reactions

Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction

Solid sodium hydroxide ,NaOH + water solid anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2 + water
solid ammonium nitrate ,NH4NO3 + water
solid ammonium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 + water

4
Calculation involving heat changes
1. The amount of heat released or absorbed in a reaction can be determined by using this formula :

Heat (energy) change = mcθ (J)

m = the mass of the aqueous solution mixture

c = the specific heat capacity
θ = the change in temperature
The unit for heat energy is Joule (J) or kJ
2. The specific heat capacity of a solution is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of the solution by 10C .
Specific heat capacity is 4.2 J g-1 0C-1
3. Assumption : The density of aqueous solution is 1g cm-3
à
the mass of 1 cm3 of aqueous solution is 1 g IMPORTANT FORMULA
1) n = MV/1000 @
The heat of reaction , ΔH , is the mass/molar
ΔH = H mass
heat change of a chemical reaction.
n 2) H = mcθ
It is the difference between the total
energy of the reactants and the total 3) ΔH = H/n
energy of the products

Task 3
1. Calculate the heat change when excess zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulphate solution.
Given : Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) à ZnSO4(aq) + Cu ΔH = -190 kJ mol-1

2. C(s) + O2 (g) à CO2 ΔH = -393.5 kJ mol-1

Calculate the heat released when 4 g of carbon burns in excess oxygen.

3. Ethanol burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

C2H5OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) à 2 CO2 + 3 H2O ΔH = -1375 kJ mol-1
Calculate the mass of ethanol needed to be burnt so as to release 450 kJ of heat.

4. 2 ZnS (s) + 3 O2 (g) à 2 ZnO (s) + 2 SO2 (g). ΔH = -441 kJ mol-1

If 66.2 kJ of heat energy is released in this reaction, calculate the
i. mass of zinc oxide produced
ii. volume of oxygen gas used
( RAM : Zn = 65 , O = 16 , 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions )

5
5.When 100 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is poured into a beaker containing 80 cm3 of sodium hydroxide , the temperature of the
mixture rises from 290C to 420C. Calculate the energy change in this reaction.[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

6.Find the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 500 cm3 of water by 25 °C.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

7.An experiment is carried out to determine the heat change of an alcohol P. The following are the results of the experiment.
Volume of water in copper can = 200 cm3
Initial temperature of water = 29.5°C
Highest temperature of water = 60.0°C
Calculate the heat change of the alcohol P.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

8. Burning of ethanol releases 31.5 kJ of heat energy. The heat released raises the temperature of 250 cm3 of water . What is the
temperature change, θ of the water?[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

9. When 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid is added to 100 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution, temperature increases by 7°C. Calculate
the energy change in the reaction.[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

6
10.In a neutralisation reaction, 5460 J of energy is released when 100 cm3 of nitric acid completely neutralises 100 cm3 of potassium
hydroxide solution.What is the change in temperature of the reaction mixture?[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

11. Given that the heat of combustion of fuel x is 27.3 kJ mol-1 Calculate the heat released when 14.4 g of fuel x is burnt completely
in air.[Relative molecular mass of fuel x = 180]

12. When an alkane Q is burnt in excess oxygen, 151.2 kJ of heat energy is released. Given that the heat of combustion of alkane Q is
2880 kJ mol-1. Find the mass of alkane Q burnt. [Molar mass of alkane Q = 58 g mol-1]

13.In an experiment, 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(ll) nitrate solution reacts with excess zinc Temperature change is 13.3°C.
Calculate the heat of displacement.[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

14.The following shows a thermochemical equation for the reaction between iron and copper (II) sulphate solution.
Fe(s) +CuS04 (aq) àFeS04(aq) +Cu(s) ΔH = -201.6 kJ mol -1
Calculate the temperature change when excess iron is added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm -3 Copper (ll) sulphate solution.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

7
 SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR
HEAT OF PRECIPITATION

Heat of precipitation is the heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from
their ions in an aqueous solution

1.Precipitation reaction ( double decomposition reaction ) is reaction between two soluble salts to produce and insoluble salt and a
soluble salt. Example : AgNO3 + KCl à AgCl + KNO3

Revision
List down all soluble salts in the beaker and all insoluble salts outside the beaker

EXPERIMENT : HEAT OF PRECIPITATION

AIM : To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride
MATERIALS: 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution AgNO3 ,
0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution NaCl, 0.5 mol dm-3 magnesium nitrate
solution Mg(NO3)2 , 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution Na2CO3
APPARATUS :Two polystyrene cups with lids , measuring cylinder , thermometer

PROCEDURE
1) Measure 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution, AgNO3 solution and pour it into a polystyrene cup.
2) Record the initial temperature of AgNO3 solution after two minutes.
3) Measure out 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride , NaCl solution and pour it into the another polystyrene cup.
4) Record the initial temperature of NaCl solution after two minutes.
5) Pour the sodium chloride, NaCl solution quickly and carefully into the polystyrene cup containing AgNO3 solution.
6) Cover the polystyrene cup and stir the reaction mixture with the thermometer.
7) Record the highest temperature reached from the mixture of both reactants.
8) Repeat step 1 to 7 by replacing silver nitrate solution with magnesium nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution with
sodium carbonate solution.

Observation:
White precipitate is formed
(f)TABULATION OF DATA:
Reactants Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate Highest temperature of the reaction
solution (oC) mixture (oC)
AgNO3 solution + NaCl solution
Mg(NO3)2 solution + NaCl
solution
Results :
Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution = T1 0C Calculation :
Initial temperature of sodium chloride solution = T2 0C Total volume of solution mixture = 25 + 25 = 50 cm3
Average initial temperature = T1 + T2 = T30C
2 Step 1: Calculate heat change
Highest temperature of reaction mixture = T40C H = 50 x 4.2 x θ 0C H = mcθ
Temperature change, θ = (T4 - T3 ) 0C = ( 210 θ ) J
= 0.21 θ kJ
Step 2 : Calculate number of moles of reacant ( limiting reagent)
The assumption made : = 0.5 x 25 = 0.0125 mol
i. The density of solution = 1 gcm-3 1000 n = MV/1000
à the mass of the solution mixture, m= 50g Step 3 : Calculate the heat of reaction , ΔH
ii. No heat energy is lost to the surrounding or ΔH = - 0.21 θ kJ mol-1
absorbed by the container ΔH = H/n
0.0125
iii. Specific heat capacity, c = 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1

8

Exercise
50 cm3 of 1.2 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate solution is added to
50 cm3 of 1.2 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution. A white
precipitate of lead (II) sulphate is formed. The results of the
experiment are as follows:
Initial temperature of lead (Il) nitrate solution = 30.0°C
Initial temperature of sodium sulphate solution = 29.0°C
Highest temperature of the mixture = 36.7°C
Calculate the
(a) heat change in the experiment.
(b) number of moles (limiting reagent)
(c) heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]
POPULAR QUESTION
1) Give observation and explain your answer
Observation Inference
White precipitate is formed lead (II) sulphate is
formed
2) State the type of reaction? Exothermic
3) Why is a plastic cup used in the experiment ?
Act as insulator to reduce the heat lost to the surrounding/
4) Why initial temperature can only be taken after a few
minutes?
to make sure the solution has reached a uniform temperature
Precautionary steps:
-Mix the solution quickly and carefully
-Stir the mixture throughout the experiment using the
thermometer.
-The thermometer reading should be observed throughout
the reaction so that the highest temperature can be recorded.
REVISION

CHEMICAL EQUATION Write the chemical equation and ionic equation for the
following reactions

IONIC EQUATION 1. Silver nitrate and potassium chloride

Chemical equation

CALCULATION
a) heat change in the experiment Ionic equation
H = mcθ

2. Barium nitrate and magnesium sulphate

Chemical equation
b) number of moles
n = MV/1000
Ionic equation

3. Zinc chloride and Sodium carbonate

Chemical equation
c)heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate
ΔH = H
n Ionic equation

4. Lead (II) nitrate and sodium chloride

Chemical equation
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

Ionic equation

9
Task 4
1. In the reaction between silver nitrate solution and sodium
chloride solution and sodium chloride solution, the heat of
precipitate , ΔH = - 65.5 kJ mol-1 . What is the value of ΔH
if the experiment is repeated usingf zinc chloride solution to
replace sodium chloride solution ?
2. In a reaction between 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 Pb(NO3)2 and 25
cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 K2SO4 , the temperature of the reaction
mixture rises by 8.50C. What is the rise in temperature if the
experiment is repeated using the same concentration of
solutions but the volume of solutions are increased to 100 cm3.
3. The heat of precipitate of lead (II) chloride is -58 kJmol-1 In
an experiment, 100 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 Pb(NO3)2 solution is
added to 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 KNO3 solution.
a) Write the chemical and ionic equation
b) Calculate the heat change in the experiment
c) Suggest 2 steps that should be taken to obtain accurate of
heat of precipitation.
4. In an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of
metal hydroxide , X(OH)2 , 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
X(NO3)2 solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium hydroxide solution. The temperature of the
reaction mixture increases by 6 0C. ( c= 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1)
a) Calculate the heat energy released in this experiment
b) Write an ionic equation to represent the reaction above
c) Calculate the heat of precipitate , ΔH of the X(OH)2
d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction
5. Pb2+ + SO42- à PbSO4 ΔH = -50 kJ mol-1
Calculate the highest temperature reached when 60 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate solution reacts with 60 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution. The initial
temperature of both solution is 29 0C. ( c= 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1)
10
 HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR

Heat of neutralization is the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the
reaction between an acid and an alkali
1. Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base (or alkali) to form salt and water only.
2. In the neutralization between an acid and an alkali , only H+ ions and OH- ions combine to form water molecules.
Ionic equation : H+ + OH- à H2O
Example Heat of
3. All neutralization reactions are exothermic.
neutralization,
à ΔH = -ve value
ΔH
4. When a strong acid neutralizes strong alkali , the heat released
-1 (kJ mol-1)
is 57kJ mol .
Example : HCl + KOH à KCl + H2O ΔH = - 57.3 kJmol-1 Strong acid +strong alkali -57
5. When a weak acid or weak alkali involved in neutralisation , Weak acid + strong alkali -55
-1
the heat released is less than 57 kJ mol . Strong acid + weak alkali -52
Example : CH3COOH + NaOH à CH3COONa + H2O Weak acid + weak alkali -50
ΔH = - 55.2 kJmol-1
Reason : Weak acid/weak alkali ionizes partially in water. Some of
heat released during neutralization is used to completely ionise the weak acid /weak alkali in water.

50 cm3 1 mol dm-3 50 cm3 1 mol dm-3

NaOH solution HCl solution

EXPERIMENT : HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION

A.REACTIONS OF A STRONG ACID WITH A STRONG ALKALI AND A WEAK ACID WITH A STRONG ALKALI
AIM : To determine and compare heat of neutralization between acids and alkalis of different strengths.
PROBLEM STATEMENT: How does the type of acid react with sodium hydroxide affect the heat of neutralisation?
HYPOTHESIS : The reaction between strong acid and strong alkali will produce higher heat of neutralization compared to reaction
between weak acid and strong alkali
VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Type of acid
b) responding : Heat of neutralisation
c) Fixed variables : Volume of acid / Volume and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution
MATERIALS: 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid , 1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution , 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
APPARATUS : Polystyrene cup , measuring cylinder , thermometer
PROCEDURE :
1)Measure 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and pour it into a polystyrene cup.
2)Put the thermometer into the sodium hydroxide solution. Record the initial temperature of the solution.
3)Measure 50 cm3 of mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid and record the initial temperature with another thermometer
4)Pour the hydrochloric acid quickly into the sodium hydroxide solution in the polystyrene cup
5)Stir the mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature achieved
6)Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing hydrochloric acid with 2 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid

A.REACTIONS OF A STRONG ACID WITH A WEAK ALKALI AND A WEAK ACID WITH A WEAK ALKALI
PROBLEM STATEMENT: How does the type of acid react with sodium hydroxide affect the heat of neutralisation?
HYPOTHESIS : The reaction between strong acid and weak alkali will produce higher heat of neutralization compared to reaction
between weak acid and weak alkali
VARIABLES : a) manipulated : Type of acid
b) responding : Heat of neutralisation
c) Fixed variables : Volume of acid / Volume and concentration of ammonia solution
MATERIALS: 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid , 1 mol dm-3 ammonia solution , 1 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
APPARATUS : Polystyrene cup , measuring cylinder , thermometer
PROCEDURE :
1)Measure 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 ammonia solution and pour it into a polystyrene cup.
2)Put the thermometer into the ammonia solution. Record the initial temperature of the solution.
3)Measure 50 cm3 of mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid and record the initial temperature with another thermometer
4)Pour the hydrochloric acid quickly into the ammonia solution in the polystyrene cup
5)Stir the mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature achieved
6)Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing hydrochloric acid with 2 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid

11
f)TABULATION OF DATA: SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR
Reactants HCl + NaOH CH3COOH + NaOH HCl + NH3 CH3COOH + NH3

Initial
temperature of
acid (oC)
Initial
temperature of
alkali (oC)
Average
temperature of
acid and alkali
(oC)
Highest
temperature of
mixture (oC)
Temperature
rise (oC)

Exercise ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

The following results are obtained from an experiment to
determine the heat of neutralization between 50 cm3 of
1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3
potassium hydroxide solution.
Initial temperature of ethanoic acid = 29.0°C
Initial temperature of potassium hydroxide
solution = 30.0°C
Highest temperature of the mixture = 36.0°C
Calculate the
(a) heat change in the experiment.
(b) number of moles (limiting reagent)
(c) heat of neutralisation.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]
CHEMICAL EQUATION
IONIC EQUATION
CALCULATION
a) heat change in the experiment
H = mcθ
POPULAR QUESTION
1)The experiment is repeated by replacing the hydrochloric acid
with ethanoic acid with the samconcentration. Predict the
temperature change and explain your answer
2.0 0C. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid that ionises
partially in water to produce H+. Some of heat is used
to ionize the ethanoic acid molecules that are still remains
as molecules
2) The experiment is repeated by replacing the 50 cm3 of 1 mol
dm-3 hydrochloric acid with 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid. Predict the temperature change and explain your answer
13.00C. The concentration of H+ in 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid is two times greater than 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
3) The theoretical value of the heat of neutralization between a
strong acid and a strong alkali is -57kJ mol-1. Compare this
value with the heat of neutralization obtained from experiment
page . Suggest a reason for this difference.
(a)Some of heat has lost to the surrounding
(b).Polystyrene absorbs heat

b) number of moles
n = MV/1000

c)heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate

ΔH = H
n

12

POPULAR QUESTION
Task 5
1. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and 50
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid are poured separately
into two plastic cups. The initial temperature of both
solutions is recorded. The hydrochloric acid acid is then is
poured into the plastic cup containing the sodium hydroxide
solution. The mixture is stirred carefully and the highest
temperature is recorded.
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 28.0 0C
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 28.0 0C
Highest temperature of the mixture = 34.5 0C
a) Why is a plastic cup used in this experiment?
2.
Experiment I was carried out to determine the heat of
neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali. The
experiment result shows that the heat of neutralization is
-57 kJ mol-1
a) Give an example of strong acid and explain why it is
classified as a strong acid.
b) What is meant by heat of neutralization ?

b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction

c) Experiment II was carried out by adding 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 hydrochloric acid to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 ammonia
c) Calculate : solution. The temperature of the reaction mixture increases
i. The number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacts by 30C.
exactly with hydrochloric acid i. Write the ionic equation for this reaction

ii. Calculate the number of moles of water produced in this

experiment.
ii. The heat given out in the experiment.

iii. Calculate the heat released in this experiment

iii. The heat of neutralization for the reaction (specific heat

capacity of the solution = 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1 , density of the
solution = 1 gcm-3) iv. Calculate the heat of neutralization for the reaction in
experiment II

d) State on similarity and one difference between the heat of

d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction neutralization obtained in experiment I and II.

e) e) Explain why the heat of neutralization obtained in

i. If hydrochloric acid in the experiment is replaced with experiment I is different from that in experiment II.
sulphuric acid of the same volume and concentration , what
will be the amount of heat produced?

f) If experiment II is repeated by adding 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol

ii. Explain your answer. dm-3 hydrochloric acid to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 ammonia
solution,

i. What is the rise in temperature ?

ii. Explain your answer

13
 HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR

Heat of diplacement is the heat change when one mole of a metal is displaced from its
salt solution by a more electropositive metal
1. A more electropositive metal can displace a less electropositive metal from its salt solution

Example :
Mg2+ More electropositive Reaction between Iron nail and copper (II) sulphate solution
Al3+ Why Fe can displace Cu from its salt
solution ?
Zn2+ Example : Fe is more electropositive than Cu
Fe2+2 Chemical equation :
Mg + CuSO4 à MgSO4 + Cu
Sn2+
Ionic equation :
Pb2+
Mg + Cu2+ à Mg2+ + Cu
H+ Thermochemical equation
Fe + CuSO4 à FeSO4 + Cu ΔH = - 250 kJmol-1
Cu2+
Observation Inference
Ag+ Iron nail becomes thinner Fe2+ is formed
Less electropositive
Brown solid is formed Cu atom is formed
The blue solution turns The concentration of Cu2+ ion decreases
colourless

EXPERIMENT : HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT

PROBLEM STATETEMENT:What is the heat of displacement of copper by zinc and magnesium respectively?
(a)AIM:To compare the heat of displacement of copper from copper (II) sulphate with zinc and magnesium.
(b)HYPOTHESIS:The higher the position of the more electropositive metal in the electrochemical series, the larger the value of heat
of displacement of copper by the metal
(c)VARIABLE:
MANIPULATED: Metals that are more electropositive than copper
RESPONDING : Heat of displacement
CONSTANT : Volume and concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution
(d)MATERIALS:zinc powder, magnesium powder, 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution
(e)APPARATUS:Polystyrene cup, measuring cylinder,electronic balance and thermometer

(f)PROCEDURE:
1)Measure 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution and pour it into a polystyrene cup.
2)Put the thermometer into the copper(II) sulphate solution for two minutes.
3)Measure and record the initial temperature of the solution.
4)Pour one spatula zinc powder quickly and carefully into the polystyrene cup containing copper(II) sulphate solution.
5) Cover the polystyrene cup and stir the reaction mixture with the thermometer.
6)Record the highest temperature achieved.
7)Repeat steps 1 to 6 using zinc powder to replace excess magnesium powder

Reactants Initial temperature of copper(II) Highest temperature of the Temperature change, (oC)
sulphate solution (oC) reaction mixture (oC)
Zn + CuSO4 solution
Mg + CuSO4 solution

14
 Exercise
b) number of moles
n = MV/1000

c)heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate

ΔH = H
n

Excess Zinc is added to 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 of copper (II)

sulphate solution. ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution = 29.0°C
Highest temperature of the mixture = 33.0°C
Calculate the
(c) heat change in the experiment.
(d) number of moles (limiting reagent)
(c) heat of displacement of Cu
[Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]

CHEMICAL EQUATION
1) Predict the heat of displacement if zinc powder is
replaced by magnesium powder.
IONIC EQUATION The heat neutralization is higher / ( ).
The distance between Magnesium and copper is further
than the distance between zinc and copper. Magnesium is
CALCULATION more electropositive than zinc.
a) heat change in the experiment
H = mcθ

Task 6 :
1. An experiment was carried out to determine the heat of e) Based on the information given in the experiment, calculate
displacement for the reaction between zinc and copper (II) the increase in temperature for the mixture.
nitrate solution. Excess zinc powder was added to 100 cm3 of (specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 Jg-1 0C-1 , density of
0.5 mol dm-3 copper (II) nitrate solution. The mixture become the solution = 1 gcm-3)
hot and the blue solution turned colourless. The heat of
displacement for the reaction was found to be -205.8 kJ mol-1
a) What is meant by heat of displacement?

b) f) Draw an energy level diagram for the displacement of

a) Other than the observations stated in this question, state copper by zinc in the experiment.
another observation in the experiment.

b) State an inference for your observation in b(i)

c) Other than the data given, state what other data is needed to
calculate the heat of displacement.
g) If the experiment is repeated using 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
copper (II) nitrate solution with excess zinc powder, predict
d) State one precaution that must be taken in order to get a more the temperature rise in the mixture. Explain your answer.
accurate result for the experiment.

15
2. An experiment is carried out to determine the heat of
displacement of silver by copper. 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 ii. Calculate the number of moles of silver metal formed
silver nitrate solution is placed in a polystyrene cup. The in this experiment
temperature is measured after two minutes. About 5g (in
excess) copper powder is added to the solution. The mixture
is stirred using thermometer and the highest temperature is
recorded.
Initial temperature = 28 0C f) With reference to your answer to e(i) and e(ii), calculate the
The highest temperature = 37.50C heat of displacement of silver by copper.
a) Explain what is meant by ‘heat of displacement of silver by
copper’ ?

b) What is the colour of the solution in the polystyrene beaker g) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction
i. Before copper powder is added

ii. After copper powder is added

c) Explain why polystyrene beaker is used in this experiment

d) Write the ionic equation for the reaction

h) What is the maximum rise in temperature if the experiment

e) is repeated using
i. Calculate the heat energy change in this experiment i. 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution

ii. 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution

Heat change , mcθ à is affected by the number of moles ( MV ) of reactant used. ( directly proportional)
1000
Excess zinc powder is added to 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulphate solution. The temperature increases by x0
Experiment

Number of moles(mol)

Heat released (J)

Volume of mixture

Temperature change , θ
( 0C)

16
 SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR
HEAT OF COMBUSTION

Heat of combustion is the heat released when one mole of substance is completely burnt
in excess oxygen , O2

1. All combustion reactions are exothermic reactions

2. The heat of combustion can be determined by burning a known mass of fuel ( such as ethanol ) and the heat evolved is used to
heat up a fixed volume of water.

EXPERIMENT : HEAT OF COMBUSTION

AIM : To determine the heat of combustion of various alcohols
PROBLEM STATEMENT: How does number of carbon atoms per molecule in alcohol affect the heat of combustion?
HYPOTHESIS : The higher the number of carbon atoms per molecule of alcohol, the higher the heat of combustion
VARIABLES :
MANIPULATED : Type of alcohols
RESPONDING : Heat of combustion
CONSTANT : Volume of water ,
MATERIALS: methanol , ethanol , propanol , butanol and water
APPARATUS : Copper can, tripod stand, pipeclay triangle , thermometer, 100cm3 measuring cylinder, spirit lamp , weighing
balance, wooden block and wind shield

PROCEDURE :
1 Using a measuring cylinder, measure 200 cm3 of water and pour it into a copper can.
2 Place the copper can on a tripod stand as shown in figure above
3 Measure and record the initial temperature of the water
4 Fill the spirit lamp with methanol CH3OH until about three quarter full.
5 Weigh and record the mass of lamp with its lid and its content
6 Place the spirit lamp under the copper can and light up the wick of the lamp immediately.
7 Adjust the position of the lamp with a block of wood so that the light of the lamp touches the bottom of the copper can
8 Stir the water continuously until the temperature of the water increases by about 30°C.
9 Put off the flame and record the highest temperature reached by the water.
10 Weigh the lamp and its content immediately and record its reading
11 Repeat steps 1 to 10 using other alcohols like ethanol, C2H5OH, propanol, C3H7OH and butanol, C4H9OH
TABULATION OF DATA
Alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
Initial temperature of the
water ( oC)
Highest temperature of water
( oC)
Increase in temperature
( oC)
Heats of combustion of various alcohols Answer :
-The number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms per
Alcohol Heat of combustion , ΔH / kJ mol-1 molecule of ethanol are greater than a molecule of
Methanol -715 methanol.
Ethanol -1371 - When ethanol is burnt completely , more CO2 and
Propanol -2010 H2O are produced.
Butanol -2673 - More bonds are formed in the molecules in the
a) From the graph , the bigger the molecule of alcohol ( the reaction, thus more heat energy is released.
number of C and H atoms per molecule increases or the
molar mass increases) , the higher the heat of combustion.
Explain why ethanol has a higher heat of combustion
compare to the methanol.

17
Task 7
1. A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of
combustion of methanol. The result obtained are shown below :
Volume of water = 200 cm3
Initial temperature of water = 28.0 °C
Highest temperature of water = 78.0°C
Mass of spirit lamp + methanol before burning = 29.00 g
Mass of spirit lamp + methanol after burning = 22.50 g
[Relative atomic mass;C:12 , H:1 , O:16 , Specific heat capacity
of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]
b) What is meant by ‘heat of combustion’ ?
c) Write the chemical equation for the combustion of methanol
d) Explain why copper can is used in this experiment
e) Calculate the heat produced by the combustion of methanol
in this experiment.
f) Calculate the number of moles of methanol that has been
burnt in this experiment.
g) Calculate the heat of combustion for methanol
h) Suggest one way how to reduce the heat lost to the
surroundings
i) Draw the energy level diagram for this reaction.
2.
An experiment is carried out to determine the heat of combustion
of propanol. The results of the experiment are shown below.
Volume of water = 200 cm3
Initial temperature of water = 28.5 °C
Highest temperature of water = 52.5°C
Mass of spirit lamp + alcohol Y before burning = 42.40 g
Mass of spirit lamp + alcohol Y after burning = 39.40 g
Calculate the heat of combustion of propanol.
[Relative atomic mass;C:12 , H:1 , O:16 , Specific heat
capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g-1°C-1]
CHEMICAL EQUATION
CALCULATION
a) temperature change.
b) heat change in the experiment
Find H = mcθ
c) heat of combustion of propanol
Find number of moles , n
Find ΔH = H
n
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
POPULAR QUESTION
1) Give two precaution step during the experiment
• Use copper can ( can transfer heat faster to the water)
• The flame from the spirit lamp must touch the bottom
of the copper can
2) Why must use windshield during the experiment?
To protect the flame of the spirit lamp from the
disturbance of moving air.
3) Predict the heat of combustion of butanol.
( kJmol-1) )The number of carbon per
molecule of butanol is higher than propanol
4) Why the heat of combustion from the experiment is
less than the theoretical value
• Combustion of alcohol is incomplete
• Some of heat has lost to the surrounding
• Alcohol escape to the surrounding because
alcohol is volatile
18
Fuel Value SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR
The fuel value of a fuel is the amount of 4. Two advantages of using hydrogen as fuel
a) hydrogen produces the highest energy per
heat energy released when 1.0 g of fuel is
gram compared to other fuels.
completely burnt in excess oxygen b) Hydorogen burns in air to produce steam
which does not pollute the environment
1. Fuels are substances that can burn easily in air to produce
heat energy.
5. Octane has higher fuel value than propane but its
2. Different fuel have different fuel value.
combustion will produce more soot. The justification
for the selection of suitable fuels for various usage
Fuel value (kJ g-1)
depends on the several factors
= heat of combustion of substance (kJ mol-1)
Compare the sootiness of octane and propane
Molar mass of substance ( g mol-1)

Example
The heat of combustion of octane , C8H18 is -5500 kj mol-1.
Calculate the fuel value of octane.
[RAM : H=1 , C=12] 6. 4 main factors must be considered when selecting a
suitable fuel :
Solution a) Fuel value
Molar mass of octane , C8H18 = 12 (8) + 1 (18) b) Effect on the surroundings
= 114 g mol-1 c) Cost per gram of fuel
d) Availability and source of substance
Fuel value = 5500
114 Good fuel have these characteristics:
= 48.2 kj g-1 a) Produce large amount of heat energy when burnt
b) Do not cause pollution
3. Fuel value c) Can be obtained cheaply
Fuel Fuel value ( kJ g-1) d) Can be obtained easily
Wood 20
Exercise
Methane 27
Based on the table below, calculate the fuel value for the two
Charcoal 30 alcohols. Based on your answer, state which fuel is more
Ethanol 30 efficient
Petrol. 34 Alcohol Relative Heat of
molecular mass combustion / kJ
Kerosene 37 mol-1
Natural gas 50 Ethanol 46 -1376
Hydrogen 143 Butanol 74 -2675

Example
1. Based on table below,
a) choose the most suitable fuel to replace petrol in vehicles.
b) Compare your choice of fuel with petrol in terms of its effect on the environment.

FUEL FUEL VALUE (kJ g-1) Answer :

Ethanol 30 (a)Hydrogen
(b) Combustion of hydrogen is clean because it will
Petrol 34 only produce steam while incomplete combustion
Natural gas 50 of petrol can produce soot, toxic carbon monoxide
gas and carbon dioxide gas. This will increase air
Hydrogen gas 143 pollution.

2.Choose suitable fuels used for daily activities such as frying eggs or making popcorns.
P1: Natural gas
P2 : The fuel value is higher than other fuels. Burning 1g of natural gas will produce 50 kJ of heat energy.
P3: Although the fuel value of hydrogen is the highest, handling hydrogen as a fuel for cooking is not suitable because
Hydrogen gas is difficult to be stored , flammable and can explode when mix with oxygen in hot condition.
P4: Natural gas contains propane and butane that can be compressed under pressure and filled into cylinders of
various sizes. This simplifies the storage and transportation of natural gas.
P5: Complete combustion of natural gas does not produce soot or smoke. So, it is clean and environmentally
friendly.
19
 SITI NORHAYATI MOHD MOKHTAR
Application of exothermic and endothermic reaction
1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are applied in the making of hot packs and cold packs.
2. A hot packs is used to
- reduce the pain of aching muscles,
- increase blood flow
- keep hands and feet warm at cold place

3. A cold packs can be used on the forehead to

- reduce the temperature of a patient with high fever

4. The chemicals that are suitable to use in hot packs are :

- dry copper (II) sulphate
- dry potassium chloride
- magnesium sulphate Release heat when mixed with
- magnesium chloride water causes temperature to
- dry calcium chloride increase

5. The chemicals that are suitable to use in cold packs are :

- Ammonium nitrate
- Potassium nitrate Absorb heat when mixed with
- Sodium thiosulphate water causes temperature to
decrease

20
EXERCISE

SPM 2015
Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of precipitation for magnesium carbonate.

Table 5 shows the results obtained.

Description Temperature (°C)
Initial temperature of magnesium nitrate solution 27.0
Initial temperature of sodium carbonate solution 28.0
Lowest temperature of the mixture 25.0
Table 5
(a) Why polystyrene cup is used in this experiment? [1M]

(b) The chemical equation for the precipitation of magnesium carbonate is as follows:
Na2CO3 + Mg(N03)2 à MgCO3 + 2NaNO3
Calculate,
(i) the heat change in the reaction. [1M]
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2J g-1 °C-1; Density of solution = 1 g cm-3]

(ii)the heat of precipitation of magnesium carbonate. [1M]

(c) Based on the temperature change in Table 5, state the type of the reaction. [1M]

(d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M]

(e) The experiment is repeated by using 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 potassium carbonate solution to replace the sodium
carbonate solution.
(i) Predict the value of heat of precipitation for this experiment. [1M]

(ii)Explain your answer in (e,)(i) [2M]

21
 [SBPtrial04-05]
One experiment to determine heat of precipitate of lead(II) sulphate was done by mix 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate
solution and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-1 potassium sulphate solution. The result of the experiment in the table below:
Initial of temperature of lead(II) nitrate = 28.0 ºC
Initial of temperature of potassium sulphate = 29.0 ºC
The higher temperature of mixture = 33.0 ºC
(a) What is meant by the heat of precipitate of that reaction. [1M]

(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. [1M]

(c) Calculate the number of mol of lead(II) ions and sulphate ions that exist in every solution. [2M]
(i) Lead(II) ions (II) Sulphate ions

(d) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment. [2M]

[specific heat capacity of the solution=4.2 Jg-1°C-1]

(e) Calculate the heat of precipitate of this reaction. [2M]

(f) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M]

[SBPtrial05-05]
In one experiment, the magnesium powder was added until excess into 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate in a cup of
polystyrene. The mixture was stir with thermometer and the highest temperature of mixture was recorded.
The result recorded as below:
Initial temperature of copper (II) sulphate = 28.0 ºC
The highest temperature of mixture = 50.0 ºC
[Density of the solution =1.0 g cm-1, specific heat capacity of the solution=4.2 Jg-1 oC-1]
(a) State the type of the reaction above. [1M]

(b) State two observations from the experiment. [2M]

(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. [1M]

(d) (i) Calculate the number of mole of copper produce from the reaction. [1M]

(ii) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment. [1M]

22
 (iii) Calculate the heat of displacement of copper. [2M]

(e) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M]

[MRSM08-06]
Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of displacement of copper from its salt solution by lead
powder.

Diagram 6
50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulphate is poured into a polystyrene cup. The initial temperature of the solution is
recorded. Excess lead powder is added into the copper (II) sulphate solution, stirred and the maximum temperature is
recorded.
Table 6 shows the result of the experiment.

Initial temperature/°C 28.0

Maximum temperature/°C 33.0
Table 6
Excess lead powder is added into the copper (II) sulphate solution, stirred and the maximum temperature is recorded.
(a) Give one suggestion on how the above apparatus can be improved to get a better result. [1M]

(b) What is meant by the heat of displacement of copper by lead? [1M]

(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. [1M]

(d) (i) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) ions reacted. [1M]

(ii) Calculate the amount of heat released in the experiment. [1M]

[Density of solution=1.0 gcm-3 and specific heat capacity of water=4.2 Jg-1°C-1]

(iii) Calculate the heat of displacement of copper by lead. [1M]

23
 (e) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M]

(f) What happens to the temperature change if lead powder is replaced by magnesium powder? Explain.[3M]

[SPM05-03]
A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of displacement. Figure 3 shows the setup of the apparatus
used in the experiment.

Zinc Powder

Glass cup

Copper (II) sulphate

Solution

Figure 3
The following data was obtained:
Initial temperature of copper (II) sulphate solution,q1 = 28 ºC
Highest temperature of the mixture of product, q2 = 48 ºC
(a) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction that occurred. [1M]

Zn + Cu2+ _________________________________________
(b) In this experiment, excess zinc is added to 100cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper (II) sulphate solution.
[Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 and the density of the solution is
1.0g cm-3.]

(i) Calculate the change of heat capacity of the experiment. [2M]

Use the formula, DH = mcq

(ii) Calculate the heat of displacement in the experiment. [2M]

The number of moles of copper (II) sulphate that reacted = …………………………………

Heat of displacement = …………………………………………………..

(c) Draw the energy level diagram for reaction.[2M]

24
 (d) It was found that the heat of displacement value in (b)(ii) is not the same as the actual value. Suggest one step that must be
taken to get a more accurate value. [1M]

(e) The pupil repeats the experiment, replacing the metal zinc with metal X.
The following equation shows the reaction and the value of heat of displacement of metal iron and metal X.

Equation I : Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s), DH = -150 kJ mol-1

Equation II : X (s) + CuSO4 (aq) XSO4 (aq) + Cu(s), DH = - 100 kJ mol-1

Predict the metal X.

Choose from this list: Aluminium, magnesium and tin. [1 M]

[SPM03-06]A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of displacement for the reaction between copper and
silver nitrate solution. In this experiment, excess copper powder was added to 100 cm3 of silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3.
The heat of displacement in this experiment was -105 kJ mol-1.
[Specific heat capacity of the solution= 4.2 Jg-1 ºC-1, density of the solution=1 g cm-3]

(a) What is meant by heat of displacement? [1M]

(b) Besides the data given above, state one other piece of data that is needed to calculate the heat of displacement. [1M]

(c) State one precaution that must be taken while carrying out the experiment. [1M]

(d) (i) State one observation of the experiment. [1M]

(ii) State the reason for the observation in (d) (i) [1M]

(e) Based on the information from this experiment, calculate

(i) The number of moles of silver ions reacted. [1M]

(ii) The amount of heat released. [1M]

(iii) The change in temperature. [1M]

(f) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in this experiment. [2M]

25
 (g) The experiment is repeated using 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and excess copper powder. Calculate the
temperature change in this experiment. Explain why this change of temperature is different from that in (e) (iii). [3M]

[SBPtrial07-06]A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization.
Diagram 6 shows the setup of the apparatus used in the experiment.

Thermometer

100 cm3of 2.0 mol dm-3

Sodium hydroxide Polystyrene cup
solution
100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid

The following data was DIAGRAM 6 obtained:

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 28 ºC
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 28 ºC
Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 41 ºC

(a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment? [1M]

(b) Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 and the density of the solution is 1.0 gcm-3. [3M]
(i) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment.

(ii) Calculate the heat of neutralization in the experiment.

(c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M]

(d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation? [1M]

(e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain
unchanged.
(i) Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation? [1M]

26
 (ii) Explain why? [2M]

[MRSM07-06]
In an experiment to study the heat of neutralization, 25.0 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution was added
to 25.0 cm-3 of a 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then stirred and the maximum temperature was
recorded.
Diagram 6 shows the setup of the apparatus used in the experiment.

The following data was obtained.

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution = 28.5°C
Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid solution = 28.5°C
Maximum temperature of the mixture = 34.5°C
(a) What is meant by heat of neutralization? [1M]

(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. [1M]

(c) Based on the data obtained from the experiment, calculate

(i) the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used. [1M]

(ii) the amount of heat released [1M]

(iii) the heat of neutralization [1M]

(d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction. [2M]

27
 (e) (i) The heat of neutralization obtained from the experiment is less than the
theoretical value. Give a reason. [1M]

(ii) Suggest one step that should be taken to modify the apparatus in order to get a more accurate result. [1M]

(f)The experiment is repeated by doubling the volume of both hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Assuming the
initial temperature is maintained, what would be the maximum temperature of the mixture?

(g) If water gets into a student’s eye, it is suggested that he washed it with plenty of water and no to neutralize it with alkaline
solutions. Explain. [2M]

[SPM08-06]
The thermochemical equation for neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution is given below.
HNO3 + NaOH -- > NaNO3 + H2O , DH = - 57.3 kJ

(a) State the meaning of heat of neutralisation. [1M]

(b) Based of the given thermochemical equation, state one observation when dilute nitric acid is added to sodium hydroxide
solution. Explain your answer. [2M]

(c) In an experiment, 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid solution was added to 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution.
[Specific heat capacity of solution= 4.2 Jg-1 °C-1, Density of solution=1 g cm-3]
Calculate
(i) The heat energy released in this experiment, [2M]

(ii) The temperature change in this experiment. [2M]

(d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. [2M]

(e) Nitric acid and ethanoic acid both react with sodium hydroxide by a neutralisation reaction.
HNO3 + NaOH -- > NaNO3 + H2O , DH = -57.3 kJ mol-1
CH3COOH + NaOH -- > CH3COONa + H2O , DH = -55.2 kJ mol-1

Explain why the heat of neutralisation for each reaction is slightly different. [2M]

28
 [SBPTrial2010-06]
An experiment is carried out to determine the heat of combustion of propanol. Table 6 shows the results obtained.

Mass of lamp + propanol before combustion /g 30.69

Mass of lamp + propanol after combustion / g 29.85
Volume of water / cm3
Initial temperature / °C 28.0
Highest temperature /°C 59.0
Table 6

(a) Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of propanol. [2M]

(b) Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus set-up used in this experiment. [2M]

(c) Based on the results of the experiment, calculate:

(i) Heat released when propanol is burnt.
[Given that the specific heat capacity for water is 4.2 J g-1 °C-1][1M]

(ii) number of moles of propanol burnt.

[Given that relative molecular mass of propanol is 60] [1M]

(iii) heat of combustion of propanol in this experiment. [2M]

(iv) Draw the energy level diagram for this reaction. [2M]

(d) The heat of combustion obtained in this experiment is less than the actual theoretical value. Suggest one precaution that
should be taken to obtain a more accurate value of the heat of combustion. [1 mark]

29
 30