Exercise Physiology Theory and

Application to Fitness and Performance

10th Edition Powers Test Bank
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 Powers and Howley EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Theory and TEST
Application to Fitness and Performance-10th edition BANK

TEST BANK
Chapter 11
Acid-Base Balance During Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions

Level 1 questions-Lowest level of difficulty questions (correct response requires
remembering key information)

1. Acids are defined as

A. molecules that release hydroxyl ions (OH-).
B. molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+).
C. molecules that combine with hydrogen ions.
D. substances that raise the bicarbonate ion concentration of the solution.

2. Which of the following is true of the pH of arterial blood?

A. The normal pH is 7.0.
B. A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis.
C. A pH of 7.0 would be considered alkalosis.
D. None of the above is true.

3. Acidosis can occur due to

A. a decrease in the H+ concentration.
B. a loss of acids from the blood.
C. an accumulation of bases in the blood.
D. none of the above.

4. The most common and strongest acid produced in skeletal muscle during heavy exercise is
________________ acid.
A. phosphoric
B. lactic
C. acetoacetic
D. citric

5. The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is

A. sodium bicarbonate levels in the blood.
B. hemoglobin levels in the blood.
C. intracellular buffers.
D. plasma bicarbonate.

Chapter 11 Acid-base balance Page 1

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Powers and Howley EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Theory and TEST
Application to Fitness and Performance-10th edition BANK

6. The most important of the blood buffers is/are

A. bicarbonate.
B. blood proteins.
C. hemoglobin.
D. platelets.

7. The respiratory system works in the regulation of acid-base balance by lowering

A. arterial PO2.
B. arterial PCO2.
C. blood levels of HCO3.
D. None of the above answers are correct

8. Muscle pH is generally
A. 0.4-0.6 pH units lower than arterial pH.
B. 0.4-0.6 pH units higher than arterial pH.
C. equal to blood pH.
D. None of the above answers are correct

9. Sodium bicarbonate has been ingested by athletes in an attempt to improve performance by

A. increasing blood buffering capacity.
B. decreasing muscle lactate production.
C. stimulating pulmonary ventilation to increase oxygen transport.
D. increasing plasma volume.

10. Which of the following plays an important role in acid-base balance during exercise?
A. respiratory system
B. kidneys
C. increased production of bicarbonate in white blood cells
D. None of the above answers are correct

11. Which of the extracellular buffers contributes the most to the cell's buffering capacity?
A. bicarbonate
B. hemoglobin
C. extracellular proteins
D. all of the above contribute equally

Chapter 11 Acid-base balance Page 2

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Powers and Howley EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Theory and TEST
Application to Fitness and Performance-10th edition BANK

12. An increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH because an
increase in PCO2
A. decreases H+ ion levels in the plasma.
B.promotes an increase in lactic acid production in the muscle.
C. reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates to release H+.
D. none of the above answers are correct.

13. Metabolic acidosis can result from the overproduction of ketoacids, which can occur
A. during exercise.
B. in uncontrolled diabetes.
C. as a result of high levels of glucose metabolism.
D. all of the above answers are correct.

14. Which of the following track running events would have the greatest risk of acid-base
disturbance?
A. marathon
B. 100 meter sprint
C. 800 meter run
D. 10,000 meter run

15. Repeated bouts of high intensity exercise (e.g., interval training) can reduce arterial pH to
levels as low as
A. 7.3
B. 7.2
C. 7.1
D. None of the above answers are correct

Level 2 questions-Moderate level of difficulty (correct response requires understanding

and comprehending information)

16. Which of the following events occurs during exercise at work rates above 60-80% VO2
max?
A. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate concentration
B. an increase in blood lactic acid concentration
C. a decrease in blood pH
D. All of the above answers are correct

Chapter 11 Acid-base balance Page 3

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Powers and Howley EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Theory and TEST
Application to Fitness and Performance-10th edition BANK

17. Which of the following events are not primary sources of hydrogen ions during rigorous
exercise?
A. ATP breakdown and release of hydrogen ions
B. Increased production of lactic acid
C. Aerobic metabolism of glucose resulting in the production of carbonic acid
D. anaerobic production of 3-phosphoglucose during glycolysis

18. Hyperventilation at rest can result in ___________ due to ____________.

A. metabolic acidosis; increased blood levels of lactic acid
B. respiratory acidosis; increasing blood levels of carbon dioxide
C. alkalosis; decreased blood levels of carbon dioxide
D. None of the above answers are correct

19. Which of the following statements about a buffer is correct?

A. a buffer resists pH change
B. a buffer removes hydrogen ions from solution
C. buffers often consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base
D. All of the above answers are correct

Level 3 questions -Highest level of difficulty (correct response requires applying and
analyzing information)

20. The ability of histidine to buffer hydrogen ions is because histidine contains
A. an ionizable group
B. a free carbon atom that accepts hydrogen ions
C. bicarbonate molecules
D. None of the above answers are correct

21. Which of the following transporters in skeletal muscles are responsible for moving
hydrogen ions across the sarcolemma?
A. sodium-hydrogen exchanger
B. monocarboxylate transporter
C. lactate transporter
D. Both A and B are correct

Chapter 11 Acid-base balance Page 4

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Powers and Howley EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Theory and TEST
Application to Fitness and Performance-10th edition BANK

22. According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH of a weak acid solution is

determined by
A. ratio of the concentration of the acid in solution to the concentration of the base
B. ratio of the concentration of the base in solution to the concentration of the acid
C. the dissociation constant of bicarbonate
D. All of the above answers are correct

23. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate the pH of blood given:

pKa = 6.1
blood concentration of carbonic acid = 1.2 mEq/L
blood concentration of bicarbonate = 24 mEq/L

Your calculation reveals that the pH of blood is

A. 7.2
B. 7.3
C. 7.4
D. None of the above answers are correct

24. Studies reveal that exercise training improves muscle buffering capacity. Which of the
following exercise-induced changes is NOT responsible for training-induced improvements in
muscle buffering capacity?
A. increased levels of carnosine in muscle fibers
B. increased muscle levels of citrate synthase
C. increased content of hydrogen ion transporters
D. None of the above answers are correct

All true/false questions are rated as Level 1 questions-Lowest level of difficulty questions
(correct response requires remembering key information)

True / False Questions

25. An example of a strong base is bicarbonate (HCO3-).

TRUE

26. The bicarbonate buffer system is involved in both intracellular buffering and blood
buffering of hydrogen ions.
TRUE

Chapter 11 Acid-base balance Page 5

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Powers and Howley EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Theory and TEST
Application to Fitness and Performance-10th edition BANK

27. One of the principal means by which the kidneys regulate acid-base balance is by
increasing or decreasing the bicarbonate concentration of the blood.
TRUE

28. The principal buffer against acidosis during exercise is intracellular phosphate groups.
FALSE

29. An increase in the hydrogen ion concentration in contracting skeletal muscle can impair
performance by hydrogen ions competing with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin.
TRUE

30. A lack of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase would affect the ability of the body to both
buffer the blood and to transport CO2.
TRUE

Chapter 11 Acid-base balance Page 6

Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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 Putting In Screw Hooks Neatly
To prevent a wire hook, when the last few turns are given, from
marring or scratching the surface, special care must be taken. A
splendid way to do the work neatly is to first lay a piece of stiff paper
on the surface where the hook is to be attached and hold it in place
while starting the screw hook. Turn the hook in the usual way
through the paper. When the hook is in place the paper can be
removed by tearing it off.—Contributed by Emile Parent.
 A Window Ventilator

A Removable Window Board to Raise Lower Sash for Ventilation between

the Sashes

The illustration shows a ventilator I constructed to allow air to pass

through between the upper and lower window sash. It consists of a
board 8 or 10 in. wide, and as long as the window sash is wide. A
short distance from one end it is marked and cut on a slant. The
small piece removed is hinged to the main part so that it can be
raised in taking the board from the window. When the sash rests on
the board it cannot be removed from the window.—Contributed by
David Hannigan, Orange, Connecticut.
 An Inexpensive Gluing Press
By N. E. STUDEBAKER

Thenofloor space in our high-school shop is somewhat limited, leaving

room on the floor for the gluing press, and during a large part
of the year the temperature on the floor is too low for gluing. We met
these conditions with the gluing press illustrated.
Three pairs, or sets, of steps, A, were made of pine, 2 in. thick,
and fastened in a series by strips B, so that they all would move
forward or backward between the guides C, which are nailed to the
floor above the shop. On one of the steps—the corresponding one in
each pair—rests a piece of wood, D, 4 in. wide and 2 in. thick,
through which, near its ends, are bored holes to receive lengths of 1-
in. gas pipe, E. Over these holes and screwed to the wood piece are
1-in. floor flanges, F. The pipes E are threaded at one end so that
they will screw through the floor flanges about 3 in. On the other
ends of the gas pipes are fitted pieces of material, 4 in. wide and 2
in. thick, G, resting on washers, which in turn rest on the locknuts H.
The locknuts H prevent the tees J from unscrewing in operating the
press. A rod is used through the tees as a handle for screwing the
pipes E on or out of the floor flanges F. On top of the pieces G rests
the floor K, on which are placed the pieces to be glued. On the under
side of the ceiling joists, and directly over the floor K, is spiked the 2-
in. piece L, between which piece and the floor K the material is
pressed. For the sake of stiffness and lightness the floor K is built up
of 1-in. material, as shown in the detail. This floor may be raised or
lowered by the windlass M. The windlass is simply a ³⁄₄-in. gas pipe
turning in bearings fastened to the under side of the ceiling joists.

The Gluing Press is Attached to the Ceiling Where It Is Out of the Way and
Where the Temperature Is More Correct for Making a Strong-Holding Joint

Supposing the press to be standing as shown in the drawings, it is

operated as follows: The pipes E are unscrewed so that their upper
ends are flush with the top surface of the floor flanges F. The ropes
N are wound up a trifle on the windlass M, thus raising the pieces D,
the pipes E, and the floor K. Lifting D clear of the steps releases the
latter so that the entire series may be moved to the right by pulling
the rope O. In unwinding the ropes from the windlass, D is let down
on the lowest step, which has just been drawn directly under it. This
operation lowers the floor K to its lowest limit and the pieces to be
glued are placed, one on the other, on this floor. If the total thickness
of the material to be glued is sufficient to nearly fill the space
between the floor and the piece L, a rod is thrust through J, and the
pipes are screwed up, thus pressing the material between the floor K
and the piece L. If, however, the material does not fill the space well,
then the ropes N are wound up on the windlass M, thus raising the
floor and its contents as far as possible, and by pulling the rope P
the steps are drawn as far to the left as possible and D rests on a
higher step, thus lessening the space to be taken up by the screws.
The pipes are then screwed up tightly as in the first operation. Our
press is operated from a mezzanine floor where all the gluing is
done.
 A Luminous-Minnow Fish Bait

Make a plug of light wood, preferably cedar or white pine, 1³⁄₄ in.
long and ³⁄₄ in. in diameter at the large end, tapering to ¹⁄₄ in. at the
small end. Finish it to the shape of a minnow and bore a ⁵⁄₁₆-in. hole,
1 in. deep, in the large end. Make a lead plug, with a hole through
the center, to drive tightly into the hole in the head of the minnow,
and finish the front end smooth and even with the wood. Run a wire
through the minnow and form an eye at the tail for hooks, and
another at the head for the swivel. A three-cornered piece of tin
inserted ¹⁄₂ in. back of the head on each side and bent so that the
water will cause it to turn gives motion to the lure.

Bait Shaped Like a Minnow and Coated with Luminous Paint for Night
Fishing
 Two coats of luminous paint will be sufficient for the illumination.
Expose the minnow to the light for several hours, and it will give a
luminous glow in the dark that makes it easily seen by the fish as it is
drawn through the water. As most game fish are night feeders, it
makes a very effective lure.—Contributed by Charles Carrol, Saint
Cloud, Fla.
 To Prevent Putty Sticking to the Hands
When purchasing putty buy a little whiting. This is one of the
ingredients of the putty. Mix enough of it with the putty to absorb the
excess oil. This will prevent it from sticking to the hands. It also gives
the putty more body and makes it much easier to handle.
 Signal for Lighted Lights in Basement

The Small Lamp near the Switch in Circuit Glows When Lights Are On in the
Basement

To avoid the loss of electric current by forgetting to turn out the

light in the basement, I placed a 3-cp. lamp in the circuit near the
switch at the head of the stairs. The small light is a signal that the
light is still turned on in the basement.—Contributed by A. MacCunn,
Toronto, Can.
 Dies for Cutting Cardboard
An inexpensive, yet very efficient, die for cutting quantities of tin
foil, sheet lead, paper, and cardboard can be made from a steel rule
such as used by printers. Procure a rule, two points or about ¹⁄₃₂ in.
thick, which comes in 2-ft. lengths. The rule can be readily bent
without annealing. Bend it to the desired shape and solder, or weld,
the ends together. To give it rigidity, fill in the space with melted lead
to a depth of half the height of the die.
Place the material to be cut against the die and put both into a
vise, or letter press. Apply pressure steadily until the die has cut
through the last thickness of the material. As many as 5 pieces can
be placed and cut at one time. When cutting designs for static
machines, etc., from tin foil, this appliance does away with the
tedious work of cutting one at a time, and then, too, they will all be
uniform. In making the connection at the ends of the rule, be sure
that they meet evenly and do not lap to make the joint.—Contributed
by M. H. Granholt, Long Beach, Cal.
 How to Make a Vacuum Pail
As a substitute for a vacuum bottle a very efficient pail can be
made in the following manner: Procure a 1-gal. sirup pail for the
outside and a ¹⁄₂-gal. size for the inside. Make a collar of tin, as
shown, with projections; bend these down, inside and outside, then
solder the collar to the inside of the larger pail, and the smaller pail to
the inside of the collar. Be sure to make a perfectly air-tight joint in
the soldering. This gives a double wall with an air-tight space all
around the inner pail, or opening. To make vacuum covers for the
pails, take two covers of each size and solder them together, as
shown.
 A Two-Wall Pail with Covers in Which a Partial Vacuum is Made

To produce a vacuum, make a small hole in the metal forming the

collar, also one in each cover. Put a few drops of water in each
vacuum compartment and set the parts on a heated surface. When
the steam escapes, solder the holes. This will produce a partial
vacuum in the space around the inner pail and in the covers. This
will make a very efficient vacuum pail.—Contributed by John H.
Spicer, Magnolia, Ark.
 Ironing Board for Use on a Table

A Cleat Fastened to the Underside of an Ironing Board to Hold It on the

Table Top

A handy ironing board for use on kitchen or dining-table top is

made with a cleat to keep it from moving across the table top. The
cleat, which is 1¹⁄₂ or 2 in. wide, is fastened to the board with screws.
If desired, the board can be made as immovable as the table top by
putting another cleat at one end, so that the two cleats will hold
against one side and one edge of the table top.—Contributed by H.
S. Craig, Rushford, Minn.
 Combination Bookcase and Writing Desk
In planning a writing desk, much convenience can be added by
providing it with a bookcase, in which may be stored those reference
works most frequently used. The design illustrated furnishes ample
room as a drawing desk, besides providing sufficient space in an
inclosed cabinet for books or letter-filing cases.

Combined Bookcase and Writing Desk Which can be Made Up in Golden

Oak, Mission, or Mahoganized Birch, and will Appear Well with Other
Furniture of Like Construction

The material required, figuring exact sizes, is as follows:

2 sides, ⁷⁄₈ by 16¹⁄₂ by 67 in.
1 bottom shelf, ⁷⁄₈ by 12 by 32¹⁄₄ in.
1 top shelf, ⁷⁄₈ by 9¹⁄₄ by 32¹⁄₄ in.
1 back, ³⁄₈ by 40 by 31 in., made of pieces of convenient widths.
1 desk board, ⁷⁄₈ by 16¹⁄₈ by 30 in.
1
 lower bookcase shelf, ⁷⁄₈ by 9¹⁄₈ by 30 in.
1 middle bookcase shelf, ⁷⁄₈ by 8³⁄₈ by 30 in.
1 desk cover, ⁷⁄₈ by 15¹⁄₂ by 30 in.
1 upper back rail, ⁷⁄₈ by 5 by 30 in.
Bookcase Doors
4 stiles, ³⁄₄ by 1¹⁄₄ by 19 in.
4 rails, ³⁄₄ by 1¹⁄₄ by 13¹⁄₂ in.
2 mullions, ¹⁄₄ by 1 by 17¹⁄₂ in.
2 mullions, ¹⁄₄ by 1 by 13¹⁄₂ in.
1 pigeon-hole stock, ³⁄₈ by 7 by 72 in.
For Main Drawer
1 front, ³⁄₄ by 4 by 30 in.
2 sides, ³⁄₈ by 4 by 15¹⁄₂ in.
1 back, ³⁄₈ by 3¹⁄₄ by 29¹⁄₂ in.
1 bottom, ³⁄₈ by 15¹⁄₄ by 29¹⁄₂ in.
2 drawer slides, ⁷⁄₈ by 1¹⁄₂ by 15 in.
1 lower rail, ⁷⁄₈ by 1¹⁄₂ by 30 in.
1 molding strip, ¹⁄₄ by ³⁄₈ by 120 in.
As the main sides are of considerable width, it would be best to
make them of two pieces glued together and, in order to obtain a
strong and neat joint, to have this done by an experienced joiner, or
in the mill. The back edges should be carefully planed, and rabbeted
³⁄₈ in. deep by ¹⁄₂ in. wide for the ³⁄₈-in. thick back. The bottom or foot
piece of the sides should be squared up with the back edges, or the
completed desk is liable to be winding, or warped. The bottom and
top shelves or main cross braces should be marked and cut out,
and, to be in harmony with the shape of the sides, the lower-shelf
tenons are made wider than those on the upper shelf. The top shelf
should be rabbeted ¹⁄₂ in. deep by ³⁄₈ in. wide, to fit the back boards
which are nailed to it. The required mortises in the sidepieces are
marked from the corresponding tenons of the shelves, and can then
be cut out with a chisel. When finished, the four parts constituting the
frame should be assembled, and may be held together with blind
screws, or dowel pins, passed through the tenons.
 The desk board and two library shelves should then be fitted, and
fastened in place with blind screws through the sides, or with cleats
from the inside. For a neat, finished appearance, the back boards
should be carefully joined, exposing no cracks, and fastened with
nails driven into the various shelves. The upper rail, resting on the
bookcase, and the lower rail, forming part of the drawer support, can
then be fitted and secured to the sides with blind screws, either from
the outside or diagonally through the rails from the inside. Drawer
slides are fitted in place flush with the top edge of the lower rail, and
fastened to the sides with screws.
In making the drawer, the usual construction should be followed.
The front piece should be rabbeted near its lower edge to fit the
drawer bottom, and notched ¹⁄₂ in. at each end to fit the sides. The
bottom and end pieces fit into grooves cut in the sides. Suitable
drawer pulls or knobs should be provided.
For the doors of the bookcase, the best construction would be to
tenon the rails into the stiles about ¹⁄₂ in. The glass panel fits in a
notch, ¹⁄₂ in. deep and ¹⁄₄ in. wide, cut around the inside ledge of the
door, and is held in position with molding strips. In order to give the
door an appearance of being divided into four parts, mullions, or
cross strips, are fitted on the outer side of the glass flush with the
rails and stiles, and fastened to them with brads. The doors are
attached with butt hinges.
In making the desk door, a specially selected board should be
used, as the finished appearance of the desk will greatly depend on
this. The ends and sides should be perfectly squared, and the lower
or hinge end cut beveled corresponding to the edge of the desk
board. Butt hinges are used to secure it in position, and hinged
brackets or chains provided to support it when open. When closed, it
rests against a strip fastened to the lower side of the bottom
bookcase shelf.
In arranging the pigeonholes it is best to have the inside boards
rest on the desk board, so that, when desired, the entire
arrangement of the drawers and shelves may be withdrawn easily.
When thoroughly sandpapered and finished to taste, a serviceable,
handy and attractive piece of furniture is obtained, suitable for either
office or home.—Contributed by James Gaffney, Chicago.
 Automatic Stop for Spring-Roller Curtains

The Rubber Ball Fastened on the String at the Stick Prevents the Curtain
from Winding Up

It frequently occurs, in adjusting spring-roller curtains, that the cord

slips through the hand and the curtain not only winds up to the top
but continues until the spring has spent its force, and the curtain and
cord are rolled up out of reach. It is then necessary to use a chair, or
stepladder, to readjust it. All this trouble and annoyance can be
avoided if a small hollow rubber ball is obtained, and holes punched
through so it may be threaded on the curtain string, and tied close to
the stick. Should the curtain slip away with this attachment, the ball
will jam up against the window frame, preventing further winding up.
—Contributed by T. B. Lambert, Chicago, Ill.
 Spoon Attachment to Prevent Child from Using
Left Hand

The Projection Keeps the Spoon from Entering the Mouth When Taken in
the Left Hand

To discourage a child from using a spoon in the left hand, a

projection was made of a piece of brass, filed into the shape shown
in the illustration. After the projection was attached, the entire spoon
was plated. This makes it impossible to use the spoon in the left
hand, as the projection will prevent the bowl from entering the
mouth.—Contributed by W. H. Hutchinson, Hamilton, Ont.
A High Chair