General Biology 2

Quarter 2 – Module 1.1:

Compare and Contrast Processes in
Plants and Animals: Reproduction
and Development
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 General Biology 2
Quarter 2 – Module 1.1:
Compare and Contrast Processes
in Plants and Animals:
Reproduction and Development
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 2 – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals:
Reproduction and Development.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints
in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in
the body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the
learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and
assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:
Welcome to the General Biology 2 – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on Compare and Contrast Processes in Plants and Animals:
Reproduction and Development.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create, and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that
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competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
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You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being
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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
This will give you an idea of the skills or
What I Need to competencies you are expected to learn in
Know
the module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip
this module.
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one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
What’s New introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.

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 This includes questions or blank
What I Have sentence/paragraph to be filled into
Learned
process what you learned from the
lesson.
This section provides an activity which
What I Can Do will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life situations
or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be
Additional given to you to enrich your knowledge or
Activities
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in
Answer Key the module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in
developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
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5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
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are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you to understand the stages
of life formation, development, and growth of plants and animals. It helps
appreciates the value of care and nurturing of human being the existence of
different organisms with a different role in the environment.

At the end of this module, the learner is expected to:

1. Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals:

reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/ circulation,
regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems,
and sensory and motor mechanisms.
STEM_BIO11/12-IVa-h-1

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 What I Know

Direction: Identify what is being asked and choose your answer inside the box.
Write your answers in your notebook.

GROWTH ASEXUAL HAPLOID

SEXUAL FRAGMENTATION TESTIS
FERTILIZATION SEED PETALS
POLLINATION BUDDING STAMEN
CONTRACEPTION UTERUS DIPLOID
______________1. A mode of reproduction that does not involve the union of sex
cells.
______________2. Stage of development characterized by an increase in size of an
individual.
______________3. A mode of reproduction that involves the union of, sex cells.
______________4. It is the union of egg cell and sperm cell.
______________5. The outermost whorl of a flower collectively known as corolla.
______________6. The placement of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
of a carpel of a flower.
______________7. The male reproductive structure of a flower.
______________8. Also known as the womb where the embryo develops with thick
muscular walls, blood vessels, and endometrial lining.
______________9. A cell that contains only half the chromosome number.
______________10. A cell that contains the full chromosome number or two sets
of chromosomes.
______________11. The process that blocks fertilization, implantation, and actual
completion of development of fetus in humans.
______________12. A reproductive structure where a plant embryo and a food
source are contained within a testa.
______________13. An outgrowth arises forming a bud from the body of a parent.
______________14. A male reproductive organ where sperm is produced.
______________15. The body breaks into two or more parts and each fragment
are capable of becoming a complete individual.

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 Lesson

1 Reproduction and Development

Plants and animals are diverse organism, particularly in terms of how they
are able to reproduce. Each species needs to survive in an adaptive environment
to continue the succession of life here on Earth.

In this module, you will learn the process of reproduction and

development. You will appreciate how reproduction and development occur as
they grow and reproduce to form new species of its own kind.

Are you ready? Let’s proceed!

What’s In

Direction: Identify the method and type of reproduction on how those organisms
able to reproduce.

Types of Reproduction
Organisms Method of Reproduction
(Sexual or Asexual)

1. Hydra
2. Banana
3. Frog
4. Onion
5. Human

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 Notes to the Teacher
This lesson will help the learners understand the
process of reproduction and development in plants and
animals.

What’s New

Instruction: Observe the process used in plant and animal reproduction.

A. Put a Check (/) if the process helps to produce offspring with genetic variation,
then put a cross (x) if it produces offspring with no genetic variation.

Process Genetic Variation in Offspring

1. Self pollination of a flower

2. Plant Cutting

3. Germination of seeds

4. Stolons producing new plants

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B. The illustration shows the stages of development in human embryo.

By looking at the picture above, describe the events that take place during
fertilization up to the formation of an embryo.

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

Quality of The idea and The idea and The idea The idea The idea
Writing opinion given opinion was and and opinion and
was somewhat opinion were vague opinion
excellent. informative were and was not
and vague and somewhat related to
organized. somewhat organized the topic
organized. and
completely
disorganiz
ed.
Grammar Correct Few errors in Minimal Moderate Many
Usage spelling, spelling, errors in errors in spelling or
punctuation, punctuation, spelling, spelling, grammar
and no and punctuatio punctuation, errors.
grammatical grammar n, and and
errors grammar grammar

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 What is It

Reproduction is an essential characteristic of organisms to perpetuate

their kind. Plants and animals can reproduce either sexually or asexually. The
table below shows the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual
reproduction.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

No. of parents
One Two
involved
Present; sperm has to fertilize the
Gametes No need for gamete union
egg
Genetic
Genetically identical to parent
composition of Generally, are hybrids of parents.
(Clone)
offspring

In terms of maximizing reproductive success, what is the advantage of

asexual reproduction? How about its disadvantage? (although, asexual
reproduction is extremely common to plants, it still has a downside).

Now that you already know the difference between sexual and asexual
reproduction, let us continue learning into a deeper understanding of plants and
animal reproduction.

PLANT REPRODUCTION
For plants, every structure in the body and physiological processes exists
for only one reason and it is to maximize its chances to produce offspring.
Reproduction is what’s unconsciously goal of every organisms do.

a. Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Many of the plants on earth are produced through asexual means. This
type of plants is advantageous when they are adapted to a particular
environment and the genetic variation among plant members is not a necessity.
One strategy of plants reproducing asexually is through vegetative reproduction
(a type of reproduction in plants from its vegetative parts or specialized
reproductive structures). The new plant that results from this type of reproduction
is identical to its parent plant. The structure in plants that reproduce vegetatively
came mostly from modified stems, such as runners, tubers, corm and rhizomes.

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 Stolon

Rhizome

Tuber Buds on leaf

Another method used for plants to grow is by means of artificial plant

propagation with a little help from the human. It is very useful because plants
can grow faster than plants grown from the seeds. Some plants such as
sugarcane, apple, pineapple, and other ornamental plants, can be propagated by
stem cuttings using this method.

Woody plants are reproduced through grafting, which attaches a piece of

stem from one plant to the root or root-bearing of another plant. The result of
combining it to a root-bearing stem host is called stock, and the grafted stem
part is called the scion. When the vascular stem of scion merged with that of the
stock, it will form a continuous vascular stem producing xylem and phloem to
transport water and other nutrients through the plant’s body.

b. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Are you amazed by the beautiful flowers around you? Most of us want to
have a flower in our garden because they are decorative in nature and they gives
us a very refreshing and wonderful feeling of happiness.

Angiosperms or flowering plants are widely distributed in the world. Their

life cycle centers on reproducing sexually through their flower. In what part of
the flower do you think sexual reproduction occur? Sexual reproduction occurs in
the sexual organ of the flower.

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 Let us examine a typical flower to see its parts and their role in plant
reproduction. Look parts of a complete flower below.

Male Organs of a Flower:

a. Stamen – male reproductive part of a flower.
b. Anther – makes tiny grains
called “pollen”, which contains
male sex cells
c. Filament – holds up the
anther.
Female Organs of a Flower:
a. Carpel – female
reproductive part
b. Stigma – top part of the
carpel with sticky surface to
trap the pollen
c. Style – joins the stigma and
the ovary
d. Ovary – Contains the female
sex cells called ovules Figure 2: Parts of a Flower

Now that you already know the reproductive parts of a flower, we can now
continue our lesson on how the attractive flower is useful in reproduction.

Flowering plants may develop and reproduce through pollination wherein

the pollen is transfer from the anther to the stigma. This will happen with the
help of insects, animals, and wind.

Another way on how flowering plants may be developed is through the

process of double fertilization. Double fertilization process is seen in plants that
bear fruits which may contain one or many seeds.

What do you think is the main purpose of fruits? Fruits have two purpose:
(1) to protect the seed from damage against animals and infectious agents, (2) to
aid in seed dispersal. A fruit sometimes can be a mature ovary and its seeds or
may include other parts of the flower. Some plants produce fleshy and edible
fruits such as apples and tomatoes, whereas others produce dry and inedible
fruits. Inside the seed, a plant embryo awaits its favorable growth.

Having an ovary allows the plant to produce seeds enclosed within the
fruits. Seeds protect the future embryo from harm and only grow when favorable
conditions exist. Seed can be classified as monocot and dicot. Monocot is a plant

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with one cotyledon inside its seed, while dicot is a plant with two cotyledons
inside its seed.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

Just like this, reproduction is part of a life cycle in which individuals grow,
develop, and reproduce according to instructions encoded in DNA. And such is,
the most vital function of living organisms.

a. Asexual Reproduction in Animals

The type of reproduction in animals that reproduce asexually are commonly

found among lower forms of organisms such as protists, cnidarians, hydra,
amoeba, and some complex animals. The resulting offspring are identical to the
parent in terms of characteristics.
Why asexual reproduction is also called as ‘clonal reproduction’? There
are three mechanism how asexual reproduction mitosis occur to unicellular
organism showing the exact copy of the parent.
1. Fission – involves the division of body into two or more equal parts.
Example: Amoeba and Paramecium.
2. Budding – a new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent.
The new outgrowth can become an independent animal or may remain
to be attached to the parent forming a colony. Example: Hydra
3. Fragmentation – the body breaks into two or more parts, with each
fragment capable of becoming a complete individual. Example: Starfish
and Earthworms.

Did you know that animals which can reproduce asexually also reproduce
sexually? Well, in this case, a reproductive strategy is needed to ensure the
perpetuation and survival of their species. Some parasitic worms reproduce
asexually during certain stages of their life. Some species like flatworms,
roundworms annelids, crustaceans, insects, fishes, and some reptiles can
reproduce through the process known as parthenogenesis (parthenos-virgin;
genesis-birth). This modified process of sexual reproduction results in a complete
offspring from unfertilized eggs. Some species are completely parthenogenic
whereas others can switch between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction,
depending on the condition of their environment.

The adaptive advantage of reproducing asexually is that an organism can

produce many offspring in a short period of time without exerting much energy
to produce a gamete or to find a mate. The population of organism can increase
rapidly when the conditions are favorable. The disadvantages include the lack of

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variation among individuals and the changing environment may wipe out a group
of organisms that cannot easily adapt to sudden changes of environment.

b. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Most animals, particularly the higher forms, reproduce sexually (a process

in which new individuals are formed from sex cells or gametes) produced by the
parents in their sexual organs. The majority of these animals are dioecious
(separate sexes).

Sexual reproduction in animals occurs in three fundamental steps:

1. Gametogenesis : production of gametes
2. Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
3. Fertilization: fusion of gametes (external fertilization or internal
fertilization)

Most numbers of vertebrates, earthworms, and some fishes are

hermaphrodites. Few vertebrates, many fishes and some lizards undergo the
process of sequential hermaphroditism or sex reversal (can change their sex) in
response to social or environmental challenges.

Animals like cnidarians develop temporary reproductive organ known as

gonads during fall (mating season). The rest of the animals in the kingdom has
permanent reproductive organs, such as testis (produce sperm) and ovaries
(produce eggs). The reproductive systems of animals have accessory ducts and
organs that aid the reproductive process of bringing the gametes together.

Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the joining of male and
female gametes during fertilization. The offspring inherit a mixture of genes from
both parents, so are different to each other and their parents. The advantages of
sexual reproduction: (1) produces genetic variation in the offspring; (2) the species
can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a survival
advantage, and (3) a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a
population. The only disadvantages of sexual reproduction are time and energy
are needed to find a mate and it is not possible for an isolated individual to
reproduce.

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HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Human reproduction consists of two components – main reproductive

organs and accessory organs. Similar to other forms of animals, both have a pair
of gonads (testis and ovaries) containing germ cells that will later on, give rise to
mature sex cells or gametes. Male and female hormones control the maturity of
the reproductive systems and the development of secondary sexual
characteristics to prepare the body for reproductive processes.

Male Reproductive System

Examine the diagram showing the parts of the male reproductive system.
Be familiar with the specific functions of the parts.
• Testis – produce sperm cells
• Scrotum– pouch-like sac that holds the testis
• Penis – places sperms into the vagina during mating
• Vas deferens - transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that
carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for
ejaculation.
• Glands - Provide liquid in which sperm can swim
a. seminal vesicle - Secretes one of the components of the semen
b. prostate gland - Secretes a milky fluid that is discharged into the
urethra as part of the semen.
c. Bulbourethral gland - Mucous secreting glands located at the base
of the penis.

Figure 3: Cross
Section of Male
Reproductive
System

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Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system has the following functions:

1. Production of female sex cells
2. Reception of sperm cells from the male.
3. Nurturing the development of, and providing nourishment for, the new
individual

Take a look at the diagram showing the parts of a female reproductive system.
Now, study the function of each part.
• Ovary - produces egg cells
• Oviduct - passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterus (also the same
place where the egg is fertilized).
• Uterus - place where fertilized egg develops.
• Vagina - receives the penis of male during mating.
The female reproductive organ consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes
(fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and mammary glands. The
internal reproductive organs of the female are located within the pelvis, between
the urinary bladder and rectum. The uterus and the vagina are in the middle
line, with an ovary on each side of the uterus.

Let us continue our discussion. Trace what happens to the ovulated egg after
fertilization until birth.

Figure 4: Female
Reproductive
System

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HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Fertilization begins with the fusion of sperm and egg cell to form a fertilized
egg called a zygote. A series of cell division will take place as the zygote travels
down the fallopian tube going to the uterus. The journey will take about 6 to 7
days after fertilization. The zygote is like a ball of cells attached itself to the
uterine lining (endometrium) of the uterus in the process called implantation.
When the zygote is already attached, it is known as embryo. The embryo/fetus
will stay in the uterus for 9 months to develop until it is ready for birth.
The illustration shown in figure 5 will help you understand the early steps
of fertilization.

Figure 5: Steps of Fertilization

https://www.google.com/search?q=early+steps+of+fertilization&sxsrf=ALeKk00QxrkmW2W_keMcT3eJ3P

Embryonic and Fetal Development

Three weeks after fertilization, almost one-fourth of the inner surface of

the uterus will become a spongy tissue composed of endometrium and embryonic
membranes, the chorion. Through this tissue, the placenta and the embryo
receive nutrients and oxygen from the mother and send out wastes in return.

By looking at the figure, you will how the embryo developed from the first
trimester of the nine months of human development that extends from
fertilization to the end of the third month. It is the most critical period of
embryonic development. In the second trimester, the development period is from
the start of the fourth month to the end of the sixth month. All major organs
have formed, and the growing individual is now called a fetus. And in the third
trimester, the development of the fetus extends from the seventh month until
birth. By the middle of the third trimester, the fetus will be able to survive on its
own if born prematurely or removed surgically from the uterus. The advancement

16
in medical science has allowed fetuses, as young as 23-25 weeks to survive early
delivery. Survival chances increase to about 95 percent in the 9th month.

Birth takes place about 9 months or approximately 40 weeks after

fertilization. The birth process begins when the uterus starts to contract. Birth
typically occurs less than an hour after full dilation. Immediately afterward,
uterine contraction forces fluid, blood, and the placenta from the body. The
umbilical cord is now cut, and the newborn embarks on its nurtured existence
in the outside world.

Figure 6: Human Development from Fertilization to Birth

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 What’s More

Concept Mapping: Fill-in the concept map of egg release (start with the ovary).
Use the following statements to guide you in answering the
activity.

Ovary
Ovary

Releases an egg in a process called ____.

The exact location of egg cell to

meet the sperm.

The fertilized egg will be deposited

to the ______.

If the egg is not fertilized, the uterine

Walls lough off and blood comes out
in the process called ____.

If egg is fertilized it is called ____.

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 What I Have Learned

Direction: With the use of Venn Diagram, compare and contrast the plant and
animal reproduction process and development.

PLANTS ANIMALS

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 What Can I Do

Direction: Answer the following questions that pertain to the processes

involved in plant and animal reproduction. Write your answer on a
separate paper.

1. Male and female animals have a pair of gonads. What advantages does it
provide to the species?
2. How do flowering plants reproduce asexually and sexually?
3. How do animals reproduce?
4. How do humans reproduce?
5. How can the use of hydroponics help increase the amount of food that
can be grown on Earth?

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

Quality of The idea and The idea and The idea and The idea and The idea and
Writing opinion given opinion was opinion opinion were opinion was
was excellent. somewhat were vague vague and not related
informative and and somewhat to the topic
organized. somewhat organized and
organized. completely
disorganized.
Grammar Correct spelling, Few errors in Minimal Moderate Many
Usage punctuation, spelling, number of errors in spelling or
and no punctuation, errors in spelling, grammar
grammatical and grammar spelling, punctuation, errors.
errors punctuation, and grammar
and
grammar

20
 Assessment

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in your
notebook.

_____1. The process wherein an animal contains both ovaries and testes and can
thus produce both eggs and sperms.
a. Budding b. Fertilization c. Hermaphroditism d. Fertilization
_____2. It is where the fertilized egg develops.
a. Ovary b. Testis c. Uterus d. Vagina
_____3. A gland in male reproductive system that secretes milky fluid that is
discharged into the urethra as part of the semen.
a. Bulbourethral b. Prostate c. Sperm d. Semen
_____4. In what season do animals like cnidarians develop their temporary
reproductive organ?
a. Fall b. Summer c. Winter d. Rainy
_____5. Which of the following animals do not undergo the process of
hermaphroditism?
a. Earthworms b. Fish c. Frog d. Sea horse
_____6. A female reproductive organ of a flower that joins the stigma and the
ovary.
a. Sepal b. Stigma c. Style d. Stamen
_____ 7. Which of the following is not an agent of pollination?
a. Sunlight b. Insects c. Water d. Wind

_____8. Which of the following is the function of fruit?

a. To attract pollinators. c. It helps in seed dispersal.
b. To nourish embryo development. d. It signals plant maturity.
_____9. A type of contraception wherein men and women do not engage in sexual
intercourse.
a. Abstinence b. Condom c. Pills d. Abortion
_____10. A male reproductive part of a flower that holds up the anther.
a. Filament b. Petals c. Stamen d. Style

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 Additional Activities

Conduct a research about government programs on population control.

List down at least three (3) programs and take note of the family planning
methods that are available and how they administer them to the community.

Based on your research, answer the following questions.

• What can you say about the programs you listed?

• What are the risks of getting pregnant during this covid-19 pandemic?
• As a STEM student, how can you help in educating teenagers like you
about teenage pregnancy?

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1

Quality of The idea and The idea and The idea and The idea and The idea and
Writing opinion given opinion was opinion opinion were opinion was
was excellent. somewhat were vague vague and not related
informative and and somewhat to the topic
organized. somewhat organized and
organized. completely
disorganized.
Grammar Correct spelling, Few errors in Minimal Moderate Many
Usage punctuation, spelling, number of errors in spelling or
and no punctuation, errors in spelling, grammar
grammatical and grammar spelling, punctuation, errors.
errors punctuation, and grammar
and
grammar

2
 27
Assessment:
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. A
10.D
What’s In What I Know:
1. Asexual
1. It reproduces through budding – Asexual
2. Growth
2. It produces through runners -Asexual
3. It produces through amplexus behavior - Sexual 3. Sexual
4. It produces through bulbs – Asexual 4. Fertilization
5. Can reproduce through the union of sperm and 5. Petals
egg cell forming zygote - Sexual 6. Pollination
7. Stamen
8. Uterus
9. Haploid
What’s More:
10. Diploid
Ovary – Ovulation -- Fallopian Tube -- Uterus – Menstruation---Zygote 11. Contraception
12. Seed
13. Budding
14. Testis
15. Fragmentation
Answer Key
References

DepEd (2020). Most Essential Learning Competencies with Corresponding CG

codes. General Biology 2. Pp.631-633

CHED (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School in general Biology 2. First
Edition. Pp.136-157

Morales-Ramos, A. C. and Ramos, J.D. (2017). Exploring Life Through Science

Series- General Biology 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc., pp. 177-193

Murphy-Capco, Carmelita.(2003).Phoenix Science Series:Biology. Quezon City:

Phoenix Publishing House , Inc., pp.354-375

Introduction to Reproduction. Accessed October 1, 2020,

https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/how-do-organisms-
reproduce/introduction-to-reproduction/

The Reproductive System. Accessed September 30, 2020,

https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookREPR
OD.html#:~:text=Human%20Reproduction%20and%20Development%20%7C
%20Back,sex%20organs%20that%20produce%20gametes.

28
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph