Name: Maybelle Lyn T.

Linas Course and Year: BSED 1 – Science

Classical Conditioning Learning Tasks

MED

Define the following terms:

1. Behaviorism - also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning
based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists
believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions.
2. Classical Conditioning - is a type of learning that happens unconsciously.
When you learn through classical conditioning, an automatic conditioned
response is paired with a specific stimulus. This creates a behavior.
3. Neutral Stimulus - a stimulus that does not elicit a response of the sort to
be measured as an index of conditioning. A neutral stimulus doesn't trigger
any particular response at first, but when used together with an
unconditioned stimulus, it can effectively stimulate learning. A good example
of a neutral stimulus is a sound or a song. When it is initially presented, the
neutral stimulus has no effect on behavior.
4. Conditioned Stimulus - is a previously neutral stimulus that, after
becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to
trigger a conditioned response.
5. Unconditioned Stimulus - is one that unconditionally, naturally, and
automatically triggers a response. It is also called the primary reinforcer. The
involuntary response is a reflex triggered whenever the UCS is present.
6. Unconditioned Response - is the learned response to the previously
neutral stimulus. The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response
all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned
response.
7. Law of Readiness - A law which states that learning is dependent upon the
learner's readiness to act, which facilitates the strengthening of the bond
between stimulus and response. Thus, an athlete who is highly motivated and
eager to learn is more likely to be receptive to learning than one who is
poorly motivated.
8. Law of exercise - A law which states that, in learning, the more frequently a
stimulus and response are associated with each other, the more likely the
particular response will follow the stimulus. The law implies that one learns by
doing and one cannot learn a skill, for instance, by watching others.
9. Law of Effect - stated that those behavioral responses that were most
closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established
 patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus. The law of
exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established.
10.Extinction - refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that
results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the
conditioned behavior eventually stops.
11. Spontaneous Recovery - can be defined as the reappearance of the
conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the
conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated,
extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery.
12.Discrimination - is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned
stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned
stimulus.
13.Shaping of Behavior - this is a behavioral term that refers to gradually
molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by
reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.
14.Operant Conditioning - sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning,
is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.
Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior
and a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior.
15.Reinforcement - is defined as a consequence that follows an operant
response that increase (or attempts to increase) the likelihood of that
response occurring in the future.
16.Negative Reinforcement - is a method that can be used to help teach
specific behaviors. With negative reinforcement, something uncomfortable or
otherwise unpleasant is taken away in response to a stimulus. Over time, the
target behavior should increase with the expectation that the unpleasant
thing will be taken away.
17.Positive Reinforcement - involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus
following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur
again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after
an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened.
18.Positive Punishment - is a form of behavior modification. Positive
punishment is adding something to the mix that will result in an unpleasant
consequence. The goal is to decrease the likelihood that the unwanted
behavior will happen again in the future.
19.Negative Punishment - is an important concept in B. F. ... In behavioral
psychology, the goal of punishment is to decrease unwanted behavior. In the
case of negative punishment, it involves taking something good or desirable
away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior.
20.Behavioral Chaining - involves the reinforcement of individual responses
occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior. In practical usage this is
the procedure that is used for training multi-step behaviors.
21.Fixed Interval Schedule - is a schedule of reinforcement where the first
response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.
22.Variable Interval Schedule - is a schedule of reinforcement where a
response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed,
which is the opposite of a fixed-interval schedule. This schedule produces a
slow, steady rate of response.
23.Fixed Ration Schedule - is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is
reinforced only after a specified number of responses. Skinner observed that
the rate at which a behavior was reinforced, or the schedule of reinforcement,
had an impact on the frequency and strength of the response.
24.Variable Ratio Schedule - is a schedule of reinforcement where a response
is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. Gambling and
lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio
schedule.