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13 Science of Tajwid 4
13 Science of Tajwid 4
َي ْخ هر هه
b. its vowel is ḍammah, such as: rubbamā هر َّب َما, yakhrūjuج ه
(Remember rumour, ruler, rubie) (…ru…)
c. its vowel is sukūn, but preceded by a letter with fatḥah, .. ar
) ْ(ــَر, such as Maryam )( َمرْ َيم, marḥaban. Remember: harmony,
army. (…ar…)
d. its vowel is sukūn, but preceded by a letter with ḍammah, such
as burhān بهرْ َهان, qurbān قهرْ َبان, qur’ān( ههقهرْ آنههRemember survey,
furniture, purchase) (…ur…)
e. its vowel is sukūn for stopping, and is preceded by “waw” or “alif”
with sukūn, namely, …ūr ()وْهرْه, and ār ) (ــَار, such as:
ْ al-jabbār… (ال َجبَّارْ ) ه
al-ghafūr … ) ْ(أل َغفه ْور, ْ هRemember: “room, car”
(…ūr. and …ār.)
f. its vowel is sukūn, but preceded by a letter called hamzah al-waṣl,
)“ ( َهم َْزةه ه ْا َلوصْ لconjunctive hamzah” linking with the word that
preceds it. It is usually put either on the top of the letter alif )(أ
with a ḍammah ) (أهor with a fatḥah )َ ه(أor under the letter alif )(إ,
and therefore it sounds “i”, and then the letter alif itself is called
hamzah al-waṣl without the letter hamzah )(ء. When it is alone it
is pronounced clearly, such as irji‘ ) ْ(ْهإِرْ ِجع. This alif is dropped in
reading when we هconnect it with the word that precedes it. For
example:
irji‘ ()إِرْ ِجعْه, but farji‘( َفارْ ِجع)ه, not fa ’irji‘ .
irḥam )(اِرْ َحم, but rabbirḥamبهارْ َحم)ه
َ (ر
َ , not rabbi ‘irḥam.
This additional alif indicates du’a (supplication), request and
command, and therefore, it has to be there, although it is not
part of the original letters of the words, r-j-‘ )ع-ج- ه(رand r-ḥ-m ه
)(رـهحه– هم. Otherwise, if the letter is original, then the letter رhas
to be pronounced weakly, such as firdaws ( )فِرْ د َْوسwhere the
letter “f” ) (فis original part of the word. ([i]r…)ه
As it is not easy to identify the hamzah al-waṣl in the
verses of the Qur’an for people who do not understand Arabic,
and most of the Muslims are non-Arabs, a small letter ṣād ) ه(صis
put on the top of the letter alif replacing the hamzah in order to
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avoid reading it. However, if a word starts with ist the “i” is most
probably a hamzah al-waṣl (hamzatu ‘l-waṣl). For example:
istakbara (ه إِسْ َت ْك َب َهرhe became arrogant)
wa stakbra“( َواسْ َت ْك َب َهرand he became arrogant”), and the “i” is gone
istaghfir “( إِسْ َت ْغفِرْهask forgiveness!”)
fa staghfir “( َفاسْ َت ْغفِرْهthen ask forgiveness!”), and the “i” is gone.
In the English language if I say “bread n butter,” “wait n see,”
and “what s matter,” you will know that what I mean is “bread
and butter,” “wait and see,” and “what is the matter,”
respectively.2
g. its vowel is sukūn, but it is succeeded by one of the letters of
isti‘lā’ (i.e., kh هخ- ṣ ص- ḍ ض- gh غ- ṭط- q ق- ẓ)ظ, such as qirṭās
قِرْ َطاس, firqah فِرْ َقه, and mirṣād صاد 3
َ ْمِر.…( ه هrq…, …rkh… etc.)
In the word arḍ أَرْ ضboth letter “r” and “ḍ” that follows it have
to be pronounced strongly. In English the letter ḍ is replaced with
letter th, and it becomes “earth”, whereas in German it is
replaced with letter d, and it becomes “erde”. Whenever you find
letter “r” followed by a letter difficult to pronounce in a word, or
not found in your language, be careful, you might have to stress
both letters, like the word arḍ above. (r + kh gh q ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ). To
2
In one of his cowboy movies John Wayne in early 50s asked about his boy,
“Where’s boy” which was understood by my English teacher, Mr. Isa Rasyidi,
but not by me, as the word “the” was not clearly said, if ever. For the word
“transportation” the Americans say “transptation”. To go “to the station” the
Germans say zum Bahnhof where the letter “h” of “hof” is almost unheard.
3
As these seven letters of isti‘lā’ are always pronounced with tafkhīm (strongly,
with emphasis), when they are followed with fatḥah (vowel “a”), the Javanese
people tend to pronounce it as “o”, such as: firqoh فِرْ َقه, sôdiq صـادِق, َ zôlim ظالِم, َ
kholaqo َخلَ َقهand qôla ل
َقا َه. In order to avoid being fallen in to the pit of laḥn, I
suggest that the mouth should be open a little to make sound “a”. Therefore,
we say firqoah, soadiq, zoalim, khoalaqoa, and qoala (sounds like “koala”),
rather than qôla (sounds like “coller”). The examples in their names are those
ِ َط, Solihin صالِ ِحيْن,
of my friends: Kholidin َخالِ ِهديْن, Toriqارقه َ Mustofa مهصْ َط َفى, and
َ
Ghoromah غ َرا َمهه.
4
)(رحْ َم اة,
َ raḥmatin(رحْ َمةٍ) ه
َ , and raḥmatun (رحْ َمة) هَ all become raḥmah
)) َرحْ َمه. However, some people, especially non-Arabs would like to
keep the name without change, such as “Hikmat” and “Rahmat”
which are the names of my nephews.
When the last letter with a vowel is preceded by a letter with
sukūn, namely a consonant without vowel, the waqf can be heard
only by the reciter and the people close to him, such as: ْر ( َشه ٍهshahrin)
becomes ( َشهْرْهshahr); ( هخسْ ٍهرkhusrin) becomes ( هخسْ رkhusr) ; ض فِى ه ْاالَرْ ِ ه
(fil-arḍi) becomes ( فِى ه ْاالَرْ ضْهfil-arḍ). In these examples, the sound “r”
and “ḍ” are not clear, because they are all with sukūn. The letter
ḍiضه ِ is supposed to be pronounced emphatically, because it belongs
to the letter of isti‘lā’, but because it loses its ḥarakah, and does not
belong to the letters of qalqalah (remember: CaṬ Beta Gamma
Delta,)دهجهبهطهقه, then it is pronounced lightly. If it does, then it is
pronounced emphatically, such as هفِسْ ْق هfisqə, (compare with مِسْ كك
misk).
Madd (Prolongation)
a. Natural Prolongation (madd ṭabī‘ī). There are three letters with
which the prolongation occurs. They are: alif ) (اwhich prolongs
the fatḥah (namely, “ā”), yā’ ) (يwhich prolongs the kasrah
(namely, “ī”), and waw ()و, which prolongs the ḍammah (namely,
“ū”). They are called “the letters of prolongation”, and Arab
grammarians call them “the weak letters” )( هحرهوفه هال ِعلَّة, for their
ability to prolong vowels (a, i, and u), although they themselves
are consonants. Examples:
َ = ba =ه َباbā = baa = َهر ;هra =ه َراهrā = raa; ج
به = َهja = َجاهjā = jaa
به ِ = bi = ِبيbī = bii ; = ِرهri = ِريrī = rii ; ه=ه ِجهji = ِجيهjī = jii
= بههbu = بهوbū = buu ; = رههru = رهوrū = ruu ; = جههju = جهوjū = juu
b. Prolongation of Hamzah )(ء. The position of hamzah (ه)ءis either:
(1) standing alone (ء)هand its vowel is generally fatḥah );( َء
(2) sitting on the alif ()أ, and its vowel is either “a” )َه(أor “u”);ه(أه
(3) is placed under the alif ()إ, and its vowel is “i” )ِ;(إ
(4) sitting on the yā’)(ئ, and its vowel is “i” )ئِ (
6
(5) sitting on the waw )ه(ؤ, and its vowel is “u”) ه(ؤه
The prolongation of hamzah ( )ءoccurs, when a vowel is
followed by hamzah, either in one word or two words. In either
case the vowel sound has to be longer than normal two taps,
between three and six taps, at least three taps. For example:
In one word: إِسْ َرا ِئيْلIsraaa’iil (3 taps); but إِسْ مَاعِ يْلIsmaa‘iil (2 taps)
‘ عِ ْز َرا ِئيْلIzraaa‘iil (3 taps); but إِسْ َرا ِفيْلIsraafiil (2 taps).
In two words: هللا ه ّ إِنْ ه َشا َءin shaaaAllaah (“If Allah wills”, 3 taps);
butهال َخ َبره ْ اع
َ َشshaa ‘al-khabar (“the news has spread”, 2 taps).
It is very important to be consistent regarding the length of the
madd, whether 3, 4 or 6 taps. For exercise we read:
= َال هlaa = no; = إِل َهilaaha = god; َّال
= إِ هillaa = except; = ّللا هallaah =
Allah
َالهإِلهlaaaa ilaaha. laaaa becomes longer because it is followed by
hamzah.
َّ َّ = إِالIlla llaah. In reading one “a” is dropped in illaa, and the
هللا ه
“a” in allaah, for being a hamzatu ‘l-waṣl.
‘ = َعلَى هalaa = on, upon; للا = ّ هallaah = Allah. If we join them it
becomes للا ‘ = َعلَى ّ هala llaah. (“upon Allah”, means “leave it to
Allah”). ‘alaa loses one “a” and becomes short, whereas “allaah”
loses the first “a” in reading for being a hamzatu ‘l-waṣl.
(to be continued)
(CIVIC, 17 April, 2015)
Bibliography:
Denffer, Ahmad von. ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān. Kuala Lumpur: The Islamic
Foundation, 1983
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajwid
https://ishfah7.wordpress.com/2013/12/23/belajar-tajwid-al-quran/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet#Hij.C4.81.E2.80.99.C4.
AB
http://dhezun-notes.blogspot.com.au/2012/11/hukum-tajwid-
lengkap-dan-mudah.html