Estimation method of water quantity 4 hrs

Population fore casting method, water

requirement for various purpose
Water demand., variation on demand, peak
demand, factors affecting on demand, socio
economic factor on demand

Water supply for private and public places

Water storage, classification, size
determination of tank/ reservoir.
 STORAGE OF WATER IN BUILDINGS
House storage tank: -
In the buildings, the storage of water is required for the following
purposes
1. For supplying the water to the consumers during non-supply hours
2. For reducing the maximum rate of demand on the water mains
3. For storage of watering during interruption to damage repair etc of
the water mains
4. When the available head is insufficient to supply the water in each
storey in multi storey buildings
 Storage tank material are cast Iron, wrought iron, galvanized mild
steel plates or R.C.C.
 Storage tanks may be kept on the roof of the building or on the
ground and should be water-tight.
 the discharge of water can be readily seen.
 tank should be provided with overflow pipe and drain pipe near the
bottom to clean the tank. The
 storage tanks are provided with outlet pipes to draw the water.
 Reservoir ,
overhead and ground
 STORAGE OF WATER IN BUILDINGS
House storage tank: -
 tank used at the top of a multi – storey building for storing
water from distributing main is called a storage tank. It is
provided became.
i) In order to reduce the max rate of demand on the distributing
mains.
ii) In order to maintain supply during non- supply period.
iii) In order to maintain supply if some repairing work is being
carried out in the water mains.

 size of tank depends upon the house of supply at high

pressure, rate and regularity of supply etc.
 tank built in such a way that the water remains clan.
 tank should contain inlet, outlet, overflow, washout and vent
pipe. Outlet level should be 5 – 10 cm higher than the ground
(bottom level)
 Overflow should be 2 cm below the top level.
 Washout should be bigger diameter and the tank is placed in
shade.
 Storage capacity or quantity
The quantity of water to be stored depends on the
following factors.
a) Rate of supply of water from water works
b) Type of building such as residential, public or
industrial
c) Whether water supply is continuous or intermittent
d) Frequency refill of overhead tanks, during the 24
hours
 Water storage in dwellings
Water storage in dwellings is usually required to
meet a 24 hour demand, that is, if the supply is
cut off, there will be a supply of cold water for
24 hours.
The consumption of cold water in any building
depends upon;
•The use to which the water is put
•The number of consumers served.
The diagram in next slide shows a typical water
storage tank.
Typical roof top water storage
Typical roof top water storage
 cold water storage requirements for various buildings.
• CIBSE (Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) Guide G
(2004) Public Health Engineering gives data for calculating cold water
storage requirements for various buildings.
• 24 hour storage requirements based on various fittings, e.g. Shower
140-230 litres, Bath 900 litres, WC 180 litres, Basin 90 litres, Sink 90-
180 litres, Urinal 110 litres.
• Where water storage is to be located in each domestic dwelling, this
should be provided by a cold water storage cistern mounted in the
roof space or similar area with storage to water line of at least 227-
300 litres.
• The cistern should be protected from frost and designed to maintain
the water quality.
 minimum Storage of Cold Water for hot and cold water services
BS6700 (2006) also gives Recommended minimum storage of cold water for domestic purposes

Type of Building Storage per person (litres)

Hostels 90
Hotels 135
Offices with canteens 45
Offices without canteens 40
Restaurants, per meal 7
Boarding School 90
Day School – nursery/primary 15
Day School – secondary/technical 20
Children’s home/ Residential nursery 135
Nurse’s home 120
Nursing or convalescent home 135
 Example
• In a house with 1No. bath, 1No. sink, 1No.basin, 1No. shower and 1No.WC the cold water
storage could be sized using Table 2.2 as detailed above.
• Using minimum storage requirements for a 24 hour supply of cold water gives;
• Bath = 900 litres, Sink = 90 litres, Basin = 90 litres, Shower = 140 litres WC = 180
litres. Total = 1400 litres
• This 1400 litres is too much storage for a house.
• The older CIBSE B (1986) Table B4.2 gives storage at 90 litres per person in a house for 24
hours.
• Storage Required = 90 x 5 people = 450 litres
• From Institute of Plumbing Guide, the nearest tank size is SCM 680, which has an actual
capacity of 491 litres to the water line, 680 litres is the nominal capacity of the tank.
• The dimensions of this rectangular tank are 1092mm x 864mm x 736mm high.
• Table A12 shows the equivalent tank as a circular Polythene or Polypropylene cistern.
• The cistern in this case would be PC 100 with an actual capacity of 455 litres and a height
of 760mm.
• The statement in CIBSE Guide G (2004) section 2.4.3.1 gives domestic storage at 227-300
litres.
 STORAGE OF WATER IN BUILDINGS
House storage tank: -
In the buildings, the storage of water is required for the following purposes
1. For supplying the water to the consumers during non-supply hours
2. For reducing the maximum rate of demand on the water mains
3. For storage of watering during interruption to damage repair etc of the water mains
4. When the available head is insufficient to supply the water in each storey in multi
storey buildings
The storage of water in buildings is constructed of cast Iron, wrought iron, galvanized
mild steel plates or R.C.C. storage tanks. Storage tanks may be kept on the roof of the
building or on the ground and should be water-tight. The storage tank should be
placed in such a position so that the discharge of water can be readily seen. The tank
should be provided with overflow pipe and drain pipe near the bottom to clean the
tank. The storage tanks are provided with outlet pipes to draw the water.
 STORAGE OF WATER IN BUILDINGS
House storage tank: -
The tank used at the top of a multi – storey building for storing water from distributing
main is called a storage tank. It is provided became.
i) In order to reduce the max rate of demand on the distributing mains.
ii) In order to maintain supply during non- supply period.
iii) In order to maintain supply if some repairing work is being carried out in the water
mains.

The size of tank depends upon the house of supply at high pressure, rate and
regularity of supply etc.
The tank built in such a way that the water remains clan.
The tank should contain inlet, outlet, overflow, washout and vent pipe. Outlet level
should be 5 – 10 cm higher than the ground (bottom level)
Overflow should be 2 cm below the top level.
Washout should be bigger diameter and the tank is placed in shade.
 quantity of water to be stored
The quantity of water to be stored depends on the following
factors.
• a) Rate of supply of water from water works
• b) Type of building such as residential, public or industrial
• c) Whether water supply is continuous or intermittent
• d) Frequency replenishment of overhead tanks, during the 24
hours
House storage tank:
 OVERHEAD STORAGE, UNDER GROUND
STORAGE TANKS

• When water is to be distributed at very high pressure elevated

tanks may be constructed with steel or R.C.C. R.C.C elevated
tanks are very popular because 1. Long life 2. Little
maintenance 3.Decent appearance
• Recently prestresed R.C.C. tanks are coming up, because they
are even economical than plain R.C.C tanks. All the overhead
tanks are provided with inlet, outlet, drain pipe, overflow
pipe, water level indicator, manhole, ladder, ventilating pipe,
lightening conductor etc. About 60 to 100cm wide balcony is
provided around the tank for inspection and maintenance of
the tank. These tanks can store large quantity of water as
shown in the figure
Overhead Tank
 UNDER GROUND STORAGE RESERVOIR

• UNDER GROUND STORAGE RESERVOIR

• These reservoirs are used for storing and distributing clear water. These
reservoirs are constructed on high natural grounds and are usually made
of stones, bricks, plain or reinforced cement concrete. The side walls are
designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the reservoir is full
and the earth pressure when it is empty. The position of ground water
table is also considered while designing these reservoirs. The floors of
these reservoirs may construct with R.C.C slab or square stone blocks
resting on columns. To obtain water tightness bitumen compounds are
used at all construction joints. At the top of roof about 60 cm thick earth
layers is deposited and maintained green lawns to protect the reservoir
from cold and heat. For aeration of water and
Underground
Direct cold water supply system
Indirect cold water supply system
Direct Hot water supply System
Indirect Hot water supply system
Central and Local Hot water supply System
Gas Gyser