A Comparative Study of S-S and LCC-S
Compensation Topology of Inductive Power
Transfer Systems for EV Chargers
Yafei Chen, Hailong Zhang, Chang-Soo Shin, Kyung-Ho Seo, Sung-Jun Park, Dong-Hee Kim
Department of Electrical Engineering
Chonnam National University
Guangju, Korea
Email: swjtuqust@163.com
Abstract—In inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, the
structures and parameters of the resonance compensation
topology are the main factors which determine the system
characteristics. As the representative of conventional classical
compensation topology and high-order composite compensation
topology, series-series (S-S) and inductance-double capacitances-
series (LCC-S) have been widely studied and applied to wireless
charging for electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, the properties
of the two resonance topologies are compared comprehensively
under the same conditions, the comparisons include influences of
zero phase angle (ZPA) frequency and load variation on
transmission performance, the characteristics of system voltage
conversion ratio and input impedance angle under the condition
of ZPA frequency and load variation. To complement the
comparison and analysis, a 2kW level comparative experiments
were carried out, it can be concluded that LCC-S is suitable for
low power applications and S-S is suitable for high power
applications. S-S has higher load sensitivity to the output
characteristics than LCC-S.
Keywords—inductive power transfer (IPT), compensation
topology, series-series (S-S), inductance-double capacitances-series
(LCC-S), electric vehicles (EVs)
I. INTRODUCTION
In order to solve the problems of environmental pollution
and the continuous reduction of traditional energy, the new
energy industry emerges and develops rapidly, especially in
HEV/EV industry [1]. As the power source of EV, the charging
technology for EV is constantly making new breakthroughs. IPT
technology realizes the power transmission from the power
source to the load device in a non-contact way through the
coupling magnetic field between the primary side and secondary
side coils. A typical IPT system diagram as shown in Fig.1.
Since without a direct electrical contact between primary side
and secondary side coils, IPT system has the features of strong
environmental adaptability, safety, convenience and less
occupation, it greatly makes up for the shortcomings of
conventional cable charging.
In IPT system, the resonance compensation topology is the
core part, which is very important for the transmission efficiency
978-1-7-281-2455 $31.00/1/19 © 2019 IEEE
.
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of the whole system. Common resonance compensation
topologies include S-S, S-P, P-P and P-S [2-3]. In recent years,
the studies and analysis of these four resonance topologies has
been relatively completed and mature, the researchers began to
try some new topological combinations and analyze some
complex resonance topologies. The circuit characteristics and
output control of CLC compensation topology are analyzed in
[4]. The CLC circuit is suitable for the current circuit and has
higher resonance circuit voltage, larger resonance current can be
generated in the resonance inductance of the system, excites
energy and transfer magnetic field. The influence of resonance
frequency, transmission distance and load resistance on the
transmission performance of LCC resonance circuit system is
analyzed in [5], the output characteristics of LCC system are
studied through simulation.
Since the secondary side has the same resonance
compensation topology, S-S and LCC-S are similar in some
aspects. However, the primary side resonance compensation
topology is different, which brings about many differences in
system characteristics. For example, when the system works
near the ZPA frequency, S-S presents constant current source
characteristics on the secondary side, while LCC-S presents
constant voltage source characteristics on the secondary side. In
this paper, the different system characteristics between S-S and
LCC-S caused by different resonance compensation topologies
of primary side is compared and analyzed under the identical
system conditions. The applicable conditions and occasions of
the two topologies are analyzed comprehensively. The
correctness of these comparisons and analysis is verified by
simulations and experiments.
II. OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Fig.2 shows the S-S and LCC-S resonance compensation
topology respectively. The ac source Us is generally an
equivalent voltage generated from a full-bridge (FB) inverter
which operate at an angular frequency ω. Lp and Rp are
equivalent inductance and resistance of transmitting coil, Ls and
Rs are equivalent inductance and resistance of receiving coil. Cp
and Cs are the resonance compensation capacitances at the
primary side and secondary side.
 Compensated
Resonant Network Rectifier
Battery
AC Grid
Tx Comp. Rx Comp. Pack
Net. Net.
Buck/Boost Full-bridge Battery
PF C Inverter Managemen t

Magnetic Pads
Battery
PFC IPT Management
Converter Converter Converter

Fig. 1. Schematic of the IPT system.

Po _ SS (ω0 M ) 2 RL
η SS = = (4)
Pin _ SS R p ( Rs + RL ) 2 + (ω M ) 2 ( Rs + RL )

In LCC-S topology, the resonance conditions are:

1⁄ , 1⁄ and 1⁄ .
When the system operating at , the currents of primary and
(a)
secondary coils in LCC-S compensation topology can be given
by (5) and (6).

Us
I p _ LCC = I in − I C p = (5)
Z in 1 + jωC p ( jω L p + 1 jω C f + Z r ) 


jω MI p _ LCC jω MU s
I s _ LCC = = (6)
Zs Z s Z in 1 + jωC p ( jω Lp + 1 jωC f + Z r ) 
(b)
Fig. 2. The equivalent circuit of the compensation topologies. (a) S-S compen-
sation topology; (b) LCC-S compensation topology. The output power and system efficiency of LCC-S can be
given by (7) and (8).
For enhancing energy transfer capacity and reducing the VA
rating of ac grid. Lin and Cf are additional resonance devices in
(ω Lin M ) U s 2 RL
2 2
LCC-S. RL is the ac output load resistance. In S-S topology, 2 0
Po _ LCC = I s RL = (7)
when the system resonates, there is: 1⁄  Z in Z s ( R p + Z r ) 
2

1 ⁄ . The currents of primary and secondary coils in S-S  

compensation topology can be given by (1) and (2).
(ω Lin M ) RL
2 2
Po _ LCC
Us Z sU s η LCC = = (8)
Z in Z s 2 ( R p + Z r )
2
I p _ SS = = (1) Pin _ LCC
Z p + Z r Z p Z s + (ω M )2
Among the equations as shown in above, Zin is the input
jω MI p jω MU s impedance, Zr is the reflection resistance and Zs is the
I s _ SS = = (2) equivalent impedance of the secondary side when , they
Z p Z s + (ω M )
2
Zs
(ωM)2 ωLin 2 (Rs +RL )
can be given by Zs = Rs +RL , Zr = and Zin = .
Rs +RL Rp Rs +RL +(ωM)2
The output power and system efficiency of S-S can be given The system is set to operate at the ZPA frequency , the
by (3) and (4). parameters of the system are given by Us = 100V,
53800rad/s ( = 85 kHz), Rs = Rp = 0.5 Ω, Lp = 586.45uH, Ls =
2 (ω0 MU s ) 2 RL 229.32uH, Lin = 78.84uH, M = 34.235uH, k = 0.093, Cp-SS =
Po _ SS = I s RL = 2
(3) 5.98nF, Cp-LCC = 44.51nF, Cs = 15.3nF, Cf = 6.91nF. Using these
 R p ( Rs + RL ) + (ω M ) 2  parameters to simulate, the current of primary and secondary
coils under the condition of load variation (2Ω –22Ω) can be
obtained from Fig.3.

100
 12 600 100%
Po(LCC)
Efficiency(LCC)
10 500
80%

8 400
Current (A)

Efficiency(%)
60%

PO (W)
6 300
40%
4
200 RȠmax
2 20%
Ip(SS) 100
Is(SS)
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 0%
0 50 100 150 200 250
RL(Ω)
RL(Ω)
(a)
(b)
66
Ip(LCC) Fig. 4. Output characteristics of S-S and LCC-S under the condition of load
Is(LCC) variation. (a) In S-S topology; (b) In LCC-S topology.
55

From Fig.4 it can be seen that, when the system operating

44
at ZPA frequency , as the load resistance increases, in S-S,
Current (A)

33
the system output power and efficiency both first rise and then
decline, reaches the maximum at RPmax and RȠmax respectively.
22 In LCC-S, the efficiency slowly rises and then slowly declines,
reaches the maximum at RȠmax, the system output power
11 continues to decrease.
The parameters remain the same with section A, the RL is set
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
to 50Ω, through simulations, in S-S and LCC-S, the influence
RL(Ω) of ZPA frequency variation to system output power and
(b)
efficiency can be obtained from Fig.5.

Fig. 3. Output characteristics of S-S and LCC-S under the condition of load 3000 100%
variation. (a) In S-S topology; (b) In LCC-S topology.

From Fig.3 it can be seen that, when the system operates at 2500
80%
ZPA frequency , as the load resistance increases, in S-S
2000
topology, the current of secondary side remains constant and

Efficiency(%)
60%
the current of primary side increases linearly, presents constant
PO (W)

1500
current source characteristics to the load. In LCC-S topology,
the current of primary side remains constant and the current of 40%
1000
secondary side increases nonlinearly, presents constant voltage
source characteristics to the load. 500
20%
In S-S and LCC-S, the influence of load resistance variation Po(SS)
fPmax
to system output power and efficiency can be obtained from 0
Efficiency(SS)
0%
Fig.4. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ƒ0 (kHz)
3000 100% (a)
Po(SS)
Efficiency(SS)
2500 200 100%
80%
Efficiency(%)

2000
60% 160 80%
PO (W)

1500
Efficiency(%)

40% 120 60%

PO (W)

1000

20% 80 40%
500

0 0% 40 20%
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Po(LCC)
RL(Ω) Efficiency(LCC)
0 0%
(a) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ƒ0(kHz)

101
 (b) 5
RL=1Ω
Fig. 5. Output characteristics of S-S and LCC-S under the condition of ZPA RL=17Ω
4
frequency variation. (a) In S-S topology; (b) In LCC-S topology. RL=30Ω
3 RL=55Ω
From Fig.4 it can be seen that, when the load resistance RL

Gv_SS
RL=90Ω
is fix, as the ZPA frequency increases, in S-S, the system output 2
power first rise and then decline, reaches the maximum at fPmax. fL_SS fH_SS
the system efficiency continues to increase. In LCC-S, the 1
system output power and efficiency both first rise and nearly
0
unchanged after the critical frequency fP_θ and fȠ_θ. 75 80 85 90 95
ƒ(kHz)
III. AMPLITUDE-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS (a)
In IPT system, stable output voltage is related to battery life
1.6
and the safety of charging process. Since the dc link voltage RL=1Ω
remains constant, the voltage conversion ratio directly affects RL=17Ω
1.2
the output stability. On the other hand, the implementation of RL=30Ω

Gv_LCC
ZVS can reduce the power loss of high frequency inverter RL=55Ω f0
switching devices and can maintain the system running safely. 0.8 RL=90Ω
The ZVS characteristics can be directly observed by the input
impedance angle. Therefore, the voltage conversion ratio and 0.4
input impedance angle are two key parameters to IPT system.
According to Fig.2, ignoring Rp and RS, the conversion ratio Gv 0
75 80 85 90 95
and input impedance angle of S-S and LCC-S can be derived ƒ(kHz)
as follows: (b)

90
1 RL=1Ω
Zin _ SS = jω Lp + + Zr (9)
jωC p 60 RL=17Ω
θin_SS (rad/s)

RL=30Ω fL_SS
30
RL=55Ω
0 RL=90Ω
1
Z in_LCC = + jω Lin (10) f0
 1  -30 fH_SS
1  jω L p + + Z r  + jω C p
 jω C  -60
 f 
-90
75 80 85 90 95

Im ( Z in _ SS ( LCC ) )
°
ƒ(kHz)
180
θin _ SS ( LCC ) = tan −1 (11) (c)
π Re ( Z in _ SS ( LCC ) )
90
RL=1Ω
60 RL=17Ω
θin_LCC (rad/s)

RL=30Ω
U o , ac jω MRL 30 f0
RL=55Ω
Gv _ SS = = (12)
Z p Z s + (ω M )
2
Us 0 RL=90Ω
fH_LCC
-30 fL_LCC

-60
U o, ac jω M 1 1
Gv _ LCC = =    RL -90
Us Z s Zin 1 + jωC p ( jω Lp + 1 jωC f + Z r ) 75 80 85 90 95
ƒ(kHz)
(d)
(13) Fig. 6. Bode diagrams of S-S and LCC-S compensation topologies. (a) Ampli-
tude-frequency characteristic of S-S; (b) Phase-frequency characteristic of S-S
Among these equations, Z s = jω Ls + 1 jω Cs + RL , ; (c) Amplitude-frequency characteristic of LCC-S; (d) Phase-frequency cha-r
acteristic of LCC-S.
Z r = (ω M ) Z s , and Z p = jω L p + 1 jω C p Through the
2
From Fig.6 it can be seen that, in S-S, when the system
simulation with the parameters given at section ΙΙ A, with the operating frequency f < fL_SS or f > fH_SS, although the load RL
variation of system load resistance and operating frequency, the varies greatly, the voltage conversion rate Gv_SS is almost
voltage conversion ratio and input impedance angle graph of S- constant. Near ZPA frequency (f0=85kHz), the Gv_SS increases
S and LCC-S can be shown as Fig.6. as the RL increases and the maximum Gv_SS is got at ZPA
frequency. Input impedance angle θin_SS is zero at f0, when RL
is large, the θin_SS is negative when f < f0 and positive when f >

102
f0. In LCCL-S, Gv_LCC rises with frequency increasing when RL little higher than the efficiency of LCC-S, two efficiencies both
is large. However, when RL is small, Gv_LCC first rises and then first rise then decline and nearly equal when RL=16Ω. In Fig.7
falls as the frequency increases. Gv_LCC is equal at f0 regardless (b), it can be seen that, when Po increases from 200W to 2000W,
of the load variation. Input impedance angle θin_LCC is also zero the Ƞ_LCC first rises then declines and reaches maximum
at f0, when RL is large, the θin_LCC is positive when f < f0 and (89.54%) when Po=910W. the Ƞ_SS increases continuously and
negative when f > f0. The bifurcation phenomenon occurs when almost constant after Po=1400W, maximum Ƞ_SS is 90.1% when
RL is small both in S-S and LCC-S, except for f0, two additional Po=2000W, Ƞ_LCC=Ƞ_SS (88.58%) when Po= Ps=1278W,
ZPA frequencies fL and fH generated. In order to achieve ZVS Ƞ_LCC>Ƞ_SS when Po< Ps and Ƞ_LCC<Ƞ_SS when Po>Ps. It can
and ensure the stable operation of the system, the system should also be seen from Fig.10 that, when Po varies from 200W to
operate in the positive phase angle region. Bifurcation 2000W, the load variation range of LCC-S is 6.07Ω–77Ω,
phenomenon often occurs in the condition of high k or small however, the load variation range of S-S is just 2.4Ω–12.5Ω.
load resistance, in order to avoid bifurcation phenomenon,
frequency control should be added.
IV. EXPERIMENT

2400 95%
Po(SS)
Po(LCC)
2200
Efficiency(SS) 93%
2000 Efficiency(LCC)

90%

Efficiency(%)
1800
PO (W)

1600 Po_SS = Po_LCC 88% (a)

1400
85%
1200
83%
1000
Ro
800 80%
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
RL(Ω)
(a)

100% 90.0

95% Ƞ_SS= Ƞ_LCC 80.0

(b)
70.0
90% Fig. 8. Experimental waveforms when Po = 1278 W (a) The current and volta-
60.0 ge waveforms of S-S topology, (b) The current and voltage waveforms of LC
Efficiency(%)

85%
C-S topology.
RL (Ω)

Efficiency(SS) 50.0
80%
Efficiency(LCC) 40.0 At the point of Po= Ps=1278W, the experimental waveforms
ȠLCC_MAX
75% Load(SS)
30.0
of S-S and LCC-S as shown in Fig.8. Iin and Uin are the input
70%
Load(LCC) current and voltage of the resonance compensation topology
Ps 20.0
which also are the output current and voltage of the high
65% 10.0 frequency Full-bridge inverter in primary side. Io and Uo are the
60% 0.0
output current and voltage of the bridge rectifier in secondary
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 side.
PO (kW)
V. CONCLUTION
(b)
In IPT system based on S-S and LCC-S resonance
Fig. 7. Comparative experiment results of S-S and LCC-S compensation topl-
ogies. (a) Load variation experiment;(b) Output power variation experiment.
compensation topology, when the system operates under same
ideal conditions, the influences of load resistance variation on
To supplement the comparative study of S-S and LCC-S, the system transmission performance have been analyzed and
comparison experiment was carried out with the parameters of compared. With the variation of system load resistance and
section ΙΙ , the dc link input voltage is set to 300V, in order to operating frequency, the voltage gain and input impedance
achieve ZVS, the operating frequency is set to f=85.3kHz (S-S) angle of S-S and LCC-S have been analyzed and compared. To
and f=84.8kHz (LCC-S), other parameters remain unchanged. supplement the comparative study of S-S and LCC-S,
The experimental results of load resistance variation and output comparative experiments have been carried out under same
power variation as shown in Fig.7. In Fig.7 (a), it can be seen actual condition. When RL varies from 6Ω to16Ω, S-S and LCC-
that, when RL increases from 6 Ω to16 Ω, Po_SS increases and S have same output power (1519W) when RL=RO=8.9Ω. When
Po_LCC decreases continuously, both output powers are equal Po varies from 0.2-kW to 2.0 kW, S-S and LCC-S have same
(1519W) when RL=RO=8.9Ω. The efficiency of S-S is always efficiency (88.58%) when Po= Ps=1278W. It can be concluded

103
that LCC-S is more suitable for low power applications and S-
S is more suitable for low power applications. S-S has higher
load sensitivity to the outputs than LCC-S.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National Research
Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea
government(MSIT) (No. NRF-2017R1C1B2010057)
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