A New Wireless EV Charger with Communication

Function by S/SP Transfer Circuit

Tomoki Onishi
Department of electrical electronics
systems engineering
Osaka Institute of Technology
Osaka, Japan
Email: asfdvr@gmail.com
Jin Jia
Department of electrical electronics
systems engineering
Osaka Institute of Technology
Osaka, Japan
Email: kashinwuhan@gmail.com

Hideki Omori Noriyuki Kimura Toshimitsu Morizane

Department of electrical electronics
systems engineering
Osaka Institute of Technology
Osaka, Japan
Email: hideki.omori@oit.ac.jp
Department of electrical electronics
systems engineering
Osaka Institute of Technology
Osaka, Japan
Email: noriyuki.kimura@oit.ac.jp
Department of electrical electronics
systems engineering
Osaka Institute of Technology
Osaka, Japan
Email: toshimitsu.morizane@oit.ac.jp

Mutsuo Nakaoka Naoki Inoue

Department of Electrical engineering LSI Product Development Headquarters
University of Malaya ROHM
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Kanagawa, Japan
Email: m1m15309@oit.ac.jp Email: Naoki.Inoue@dsn.rohm.co.jp

Abstract—In recent years, as an eco-friendly EV charging
system, the wireless charging has become a topic due to the
merits such as convenient, safety, and clean. In this paper, in
order to realize a large-gap wireless charger which can
communicate between the power feeding and receiving units
without any additional communication device, a wireless power
transfer (WPT) system using a single-ended push-pull (SEPP)
inverter and Series/Series-Parallel(S/SP) transfer circuit with
communication function has been proposed. Described is a
design strategy that ensures the target output power and
efficiency of wireless power transfer under the large gap
condition. With a communication method by switching over the
paralleled capacitor in receiving circuit to modulate the
magnetic field, a communication with high accuracy is enabled.
The results of design and simulated characteristics are discussed
herein as a practical point of view.
Keywords— battery charger; electric vehicle; wireless power
transfer; communication; high frequency inverter;
communication device, a WPT system using a SEPP inverter
and S/SP transfer circuit with communication function has
been proposed.
Based on the designing method by analyzing the transfer
circuit, under the large gap condition, the coupling coefficient
k=0.1 (gap is 25cm and diameter of coil is 50cm), a wireless
charging device with the transfer efficiency of 80% and the
power of 1kW on practice level has been designed (2). In this
paper, by switching over the paralleled capacitor, the
amplitude of current in the feeding coil is modulated so as to
enable the communication (3). Besides, in order to ensure the
communication accuracy, the dead-band frequency of which
the modulation rate is less than 5% should be avoided. In
addition, for the application of a high output power WPT with
large-gap, it is necessary to examine the transfer power and
efficiency to ensure whether there is no bad effect on the
power transfer performance.

I. INTRODUCTION
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are new promising topic to solve
the environmental issue for its higher energy efficiency. For
the EV’s wider diffusion, sufficient charging infrastructure is
a necessary factor. As a next generation charging
infrastructure, wireless EV charging system is expected for its
convenience, safety, cleanliness and easy operation (1).
In this paper, in order to realize a large-gap wireless
charging device which can communicate between the power
feeding and receiving device without any additional
II. THE PROPOSED WPT APPARATUS WITH
COMMUNICATION FUNCTION
Fig. 1 shows the structure of the proposed S/SP wireless
charging device with communication function. The SEPP
inverter consisted of ܹܵଵ and ܹܵଶ supplies high-frequency
power to the feeding coil ‫ܮ‬ଵ in the serial resonant circuit (4). In
the power receiving circuit, another LC serial resonant circuit
composed by ‫ܮ‬ଶ and ‫ܥ‬ଶ supplies DC power to the load
ܴ௢ through a synchronous rectifier. By switch over the

978-1-5090-1546-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 1

 Fig. 1 The proposed WPT apparatus with communication function
(Design condition: coupling coefficient k=0.1, output power ୭ ൌ ͳሾሿ, efficiency Ʉ ൒ ͺͲΨ,
modulation rate  ൒ ͷΨ, power source voltage ܸ௔௖ ൌ ͳͲͲሾሿ)

paralleled capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣ used for the communication, the ͳ ൅ ܼଶሶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ
ܲ௜ ൌ ‡ ቆ ቇ ܸ௜ ଶ ሺͳሻ
amplitude of the magnetic field can be modulated, so this ܼଵሶ ൫ͳ ൅ ܼଶሶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ ൯ ൅ ߱ ଶ ݇ ଶ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ
system is able to communicate without any additional
communication device(5). ߱ଶ ݇ ଶ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ ܸ௜ ଶ
ܲ௢ ൌ ଶ࣭ ሺʹሻ
หܼଵሶ ൫ͳ ൅ ܼଶሶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ ൯ ൅ ߱ ଶ ݇ ଶ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ ห ܴ௢

III. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF WIRELESS POWER ͳ ߱ଶ ݇ ଶ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ

ߟൌ ή ሺ͵ሻ
TRANSFER CIRCUIT WITH SEPP INVERTER തതതሶ തതത
ܴ௢ ܴ݁ ቂቀͳ ൅ ܼ ሶ ሶ ሶ ሶ ଶ ଶ ሶ
ଶ ‫ܩ‬଴ ቁ ൛ܼଵ ൫ͳ ൅ ܼଶ ‫ܩ‬଴ ൯ ൅ ߱ ݇ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ ‫ܩ‬଴ ൟቃ
The proposed wireless charging system is a resonant style
magnetic coupling system via large gap which can be used for
wide applications. Fig. 2 is an analysis model of the power Fig. 3 shows the relations between the output power ܲ௢ , the
transfer unit. ܸ௜ is the fundamental component amplitude of the efficiency Ș at resonant frequency and the characteristic
output voltage supplied by the SEPP inverter. ܴ௢ is the load impedance ܼ௖ (7). The paralleled capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣ can be ignored to
equivalent resistance from the input of the synchronous simplify the analyses. Besides, the parameters of the feeding
rectifier. circuit and receiving circuit is set as: ‫ܮ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܮ‬ଶ , ‫ܥ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܥ‬ଶ , ‫ݎ‬ଵ ൌ
‫ݎ‬ଶ , and the operation angular frequency Ȧ equals the resonant
angular frequency߱௢ ൌ ͳൗ . (see equations (4),(5))
ξ‫ܥܮ‬
݇ଶ
ܲ௢ ൌ ଶ ܸ௜ ଶ (4)
ܼ௖ ʹ݇ ଶ ͳ ͳ ʹܼ ʹܼ ݇ ଶ
൬݇ ସ ൅ ଶ ൅ ସ ൰ ൅ ଶ ቀܴ௢ ൅ ௖ ቁ ൅ ௖
ܴ௢ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ

ͳ
ߟൌ  (5)
ܴ௢ ܼ௖ ଶ ܼ௖
ͳ൅ ଶ ቀͳ ൅ ܴܳ ቁ ൅ ܴ ܳ
൫ඥܼܳ௖ ݇൯ ௢ ௢

‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ  Self inductance of coils
ଵ ‫ܥ‬ଶ  Resonance capacitors
‫ܥ‬௣  Capacitor for communication
‫ݎ‬ଵ ‫ݎ‬ଶ  Winding resistance of coils
ܴ௢  Load resistance
Fig. 2 An analysis model of the power transfer unit
ܼଵ is the impedance of the feeding circuit, ܼଶ is the
impedance of the receiving circuit, ‫ܩ‬௢ is the conductance of
load. According to Fig. 2, the input power ܲ௜ , the output power
ܲ௢ and the efficiency Ș are described as equation (1)㹼(3).
߱௢ ‫ܮ‬ൗ ‫ܮ‬
with Q= ‫ܼ ݎ‬௖ =ට ൗ‫ܥ‬
Output power ܲ௢ and efficiency Ș at the resonance point
don’t depend on the operating frequency (resonant frequency),
and are decided by characteristic impedance ܼ௖ under constant
Q as shown in Fig.3. The output power is designed more than
1200W of 20% margin with design specifications, and transfer
efficiency is more than 80%. It is revealed that characteristics
impedance should be selected 53㹼71 ȍ as indicated in Fig.3.
The characteristic impedance of the highest efficient point is
71 ȍ. When the operating frequency is selected to be
85kHzfrom IEC61980, L=132ȝH, C=26nF is the optimum

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 ܼ௖ൗ and efficiency. (Ϻ) Current of communication capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣ is
design value, which are calculated by  ൌ ߱௢    ൌ
ͳൗ less than 10% of receiving coil currents to keep the
߱௢ ܼ௖ . communication circuit size small. Fig. 5 depicts modulation
rate vs. operating frequency. There is a communication dead
point where a modulation rate is 0 near a resonant point as
indicated Fig. 5. (cf. Fig.6) As operating frequency should be
selected higher than resonant frequency to achieve ZVS
operation of SEPP inverter, modulation rate 5% are secured
under operating frequency = 86.2kHz㹼89.5kHz at ‫ܥ‬௣ =20nF.

Fig.3 Output power and the efficiency vs.

characteristic impedance.
(ܸ௜ ൌ ͺ͸ሾܸሿǡ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ͲǤͷሾߗሿǡ ܴ௢ ൌ ͳͲሾߗሿǡ ݇ ൌ ͲǤͳ)

IV. INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER WITH

COMMUNICATION BY THE PARALLEL CAPACITOR Fig.5 Modulation rate vs. operating frequency
CHANGE OVER ሺܸ௜ ൌ ͺ͸ሾܸሿǡ ൌ ͳ͵ʹሾߤ‫ܪ‬ሿǡ ൌ ʹ͸ሾ݊‫ܨ‬ሿǡൌͲǤͳǡܴ௢ ൌ
ͳͲሾߗሿǡ” ൌ ͲǤͷሾߗሿǡ Resonant frequency= 85[kHz]ሻ
As practical application, communication function is
required to transmit information from the receiving side into 
feeding side such as a full charge signal of battery and a
receiving power etc. A superimposed communication into
power magnetic field is studied as follow. By changing over
the receiving side parallel capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣ , communication by the
amplitude modulation of a transfer magnetic field is achieved,
and feeding coil current is amplitude modulated as shown in
Fig.4. The feeding coil current ‫ܫ‬ଵ is expressed as (6).
Modulation rate of the current ‫ܫ‬ଵ is defined by equation (7).

ͳ ൅ ܼଶሶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ
‫ܫ‬ଵሶ ൌ ܸ௜ ሺ͸ሻ
ܼଵሶ ൫ͳ ൅ ܼଶሶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ ൯ ൅ ߱ ଶ ݇ ଶ ‫ܮ‬ଵ ‫ܮ‬ଶ ‫ܩ‬଴ሶ

ο
݉ ൫‫ܫ‬ଵ ȁ஼௣಴೚೙೙೐೎೟೔೚೙ െ ‫ܫ‬ଵ ȁ஼௣ಿ೚೙ష೎೚೙೙೐೎೟೔೚೙ ൯ൗ‫ܫ‬ଵ ȁ஼௣ಿ೚೙ష೎೚೙೙೐೎೟೔೚೙
ൌ
ൈ ͳͲͲሾΨሿሺ͹ሻ

Fig.4 Communication by changing over ‫ܥ‬௣

Design requirements to secure reliability of the

communication on power transmission under the large gap
and high power are follows. (ϸ)Modulation rate is more than Fig.6 State of the communication in each frequency
5%. (Ϲ) Communication has no influence on transfer power

3
 Fig.7 shows that power transfer efficiency is not affected
by the communication under various ‫ܥ‬௣ and the requirement
(Ϲ) is satisfied. In addition, Fig.8 indicates above mentioned
requirement (Ϻ) is satisfied in the case of ‫ܥ‬௣ less than 18nF.

Fig.7 Efficiency vs. operating frequency

Fig.9 Output power and modulation rate
vs. capacitor for communication ‫ܥ‬௣

Ϭ. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Fig.10 and 11 show an experimental setup for the
wireless EV charger with communication function by S/SP
transfer circuit. Fig.10 indicates the power supply inverter.
Fig.11 depicts the power feeding and power receiving coil.
Measured power feeding current modulated by
communication capacitor change over in power receiving
converter is indicated in Fig.12 as a preliminary experiment.
Experimental results compared with theoretical values will be
shown at the conference.

Fig.8 Ratio ‫ܫ‬௖௣ /‫ܫ‬ଶ vs. capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣

(ܸ௜ =86[V],L=132[ȝH],C=26[nF],k=0.1,ܴ௢ =10[ȍ],r=0.5[ȍ],
Resonant frequency= 85[kHz])

Fig.9 shows output power and modulation rate vs.

capacitor for communication ‫ܥ‬௣ . Operating frequency f and
communication capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣ satisfying that output power ܲ௢ ൒ Fig.10 Appearance of the Fig.11 Appearance of the
ͳͲͲͲܹ , modulation rate m ൒ ͷΨ , and ‫ܫ‬௖௣ / ‫ܫ‬ଶ ൏ ͳͲΨ are power supply inverter feeding and receiving coil
87kHz and 14-18nF as indicated in Fig.8 and 9. Thus,
capacitor ‫ܥ‬௣ for communication is decided to be 16nF in
consideration of unevenness.
From the above result, the optimum design value is
L=132ȝH, C=26nF, ‫ܥ‬௣ =16nF, f=87kHz, and the output power
1029-1102W, efficiency85.9-86.3% , modulation rate m൒ ͷΨ,
‫ܫ‬௖௣ /‫ܫ‬ଶ ൏ ͳͲΨ are secured.

500ȣs/div, 2A/div
Fig.12 Actual wave form of the primary current
under the proposed communication

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ϭ. CONCLUSION
Proposed is a wireless power transfer system with
communication function and its design strategy that secures
required transfer power and efficiency in a large gap so as to
support wide application including EVs. As a result of study
of power communication by changing over parallel capacitor
in S/SP transfer circuit at power receiving unit. Indicated has
been that there is dead-band frequency which should be
checked for design, design method for enough modulation
rate, influence of the communication to transfer power and
efficiency. The optimum design has been decided to secure
output power 1kW, efficiency 80%, and communication
precision of 5%. Complete experimental results of the
designed system will be indicated at the conference.

References
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