1.

Модальные глаголы ability

a. Какие модальные бывают
b. Как ведут в предложении вопрос отрицание
c. Какие заменители
d. Примеры на

Ability: can, could, be able to

 physical and mental ability or skill to do something;
 freedom, right, or opportunity to do something. He can ride a bike.
CAN and BE ABLE TO

CAN in the meaning "ability" is used in affirmative and negative statements and
questions in the present and future.
BE ABLE TO is used as a substitute for CAN in the future and in the past in cases
where CAN is not used.
Generally, BE ABLE TO is not used with the passive infinitive.
Besides, BE ABLE TO is generally used with animate nouns.
CAN in the future

In the case of physical and mental ability or skill referring to the future, the modal verb
CAN can't be used and is replaced by the phrase "will be able to".
Present, CAN or BE ABLE TO:
This patient can already walk. / This patient is already able to walk.
He can speak Chinese a little. (с физическим, где нужно преодолеть себя и так и так, с навыком только кэн)

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish physical and mental ability or skill referring to the
future from opportunity.
He will be able to drive well next month. (skill in the future: "will be able to" is used instead of CAN)

I will drive the car this week, you can drive next week. (opportunity in the future: CAN or "will be able to")

COULD and BE ABLE TO

COULD is the past form of CAN in the meaning "ability". The substitute phrase "was /
were able to" can replace COULD in many cases of ability in the past.
Note: Realized action

COULD does not show realized (completed) actions in the past. If you need to show
specific realized actions in the past in the meaning "ability", use "was / were able
to" or "managed to" instead of COULD in affirmative statements and questions.
He was able to find Tom yesterday. / He managed to find Tom yesterday.
But you can use COULD for realized actions in the past with some verbs of sense
perception, such as "feel, hear, see".
I could feel their hostility during the conversation. / I felt their hostility during the
conversation.
Recommendations
 Use CAN in the meaning "ability" in the present and future, except physical and mental
ability or skill referring to the future. Use "will be able to" instead of CAN for physical
and mental ability or skill referring to the future. Use COULD or "was / were able to" for
ability in the past. Use "was / were able to" instead of COULD for realized actions in the
past.

2. Модальные глаголы possibility

3. Модальные глаголы certainty
4. Модальные глаголы deduction
5. Модальные глаголы necessity
Necessity: must, have to, have got to, need
The word "necessity" is used for describing the main meaning of the modal verb MUST and
its substitutes. The modal verb MUST expresses strong necessity to do something, with
such shades of meaning as necessity, obligation, duty, responsibility, requirement. The
phrase HAVE TO is the most common substitute for MUST in the meaning "necessity".
Modal verb MUST

The modal verb MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" forms only the present tense. The
future is expressed by the present tense with the help of the context and adverbs or
adverbial phrases indicating the future time, "tomorrow, soon, next week, in an hour".
MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" does not have the past form. The substitute
phrase HAD TO (necessity) is typically used instead of MUST in the past tense, with a little
change in meaning.
 Modal verb MUST and its substitute HAVE TO

MUST is stronger, stricter, and more categorical than HAVE TO. MUST implies that the
action expressed by the infinitive is absolutely necessary. HAVE TO in the meaning
"necessity" is used in affirmative statements and questions in the present, past, and future.
Negative questions with HAVE TO are also possible in this meaning.
The verb HAVE TO is used in both formal and informal English, and many native speakers
use HAVE TO instead of MUST in many cases, especially in American English.
In some cases the difference between MUST and HAVE TO is bigger than "strong
necessity" versus "necessity". MUST shows that the speaker thinks that the action specified
by the main verb is necessary to do,
 Note: MUST and SHOULD
SHOULD can be used instead of MUST if the speaker wants to sound less categorical.
 Substitute phrase HAVE GOT TO

The substitute phrase HAVE GOT TO is used mostly in conversational English. HAVE GOT
TO has only the present tense form and expresses necessity to do something in the present
and future, mostly in affirmative statements, though negative questions are also possible.
HAVE TO is often used instead of HAVE GOT TO in questions.
 The phrase HAVE GOT TO does not have the past form, so HAD TO is typically used
instead of it in the past.
 The verb NEED

The verb NEED is frequently used with a noun object after it: With an infinitive, NEED
expresses necessity to do something and can be used as a less categorical substitute for
MUST.
Absence of necessity

 Absence of necessity is usually expressed by HAVE TO in the negative.

I don't have to go to work today. It is Saturday.
 Absence of necessity can be expressed by NEED in the negative. The verb NEED in
the negative is generally used as a main verb in the construction "don't need to". But
sometimes NEED in the negative is used as a modal verb (i.e., needn't). The infinitive
after the modal verb "needn't" is used without the particle "to". Compare these sentences:
I don't need to go to the store today.
She needn't worry. Everything will be all right. (modal verb "needn't")
Note: "Must not" does not have the meaning "absence of necessity". "Must not" and its
contraction "mustn't" express strong necessity NOT to do something. This meaning of
MUST in the negative is often called "prohibition".
Recommendations

Use MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" in the present and future. Replace MUST with
HAD TO for "necessity" in the past. In a number of cases you can replace MUST with HAVE
TO (necessity) or SHOULD (advice) if you want to sound less categorical. Use "don't have
to; don't need to" if there is no necessity to do something.
6. Модальные глаголы obligation
7. Модальные глаголы prohibition
8. Модальные глаголы offers
9. Модальные глаголы requests
10. Модальные глаголы suggestions
11. Модальные глаголы permission
12. Модальные глаголы advice
13. Модальные глаголы habits
14. Инфинитив. Общая характеристика
15. Инфинитив как член предложения
16. Герундий. Общая характеристика
17. Герундий как член предложения
18. Инфинитив VS Герундий+ Герундий и причастие
a. Определение
b. Инф и гер: инфинитив после таких глаголов, герундий после таких
c. Герундий и инф – общие глаголы, но тонкости значения с примерами
d. Герундий и прич: герундий сам по себе, прич характеризуется,
герундиальная конструция на вопрос уат отвечает, герундий после гл с
предлогами, прич гл с сущ
e. Пазессив джеренд, когда стоит в паре с сущ, которое находится в
притяжательном падеже или притяжательное местоимение: рассказать
о порядке слов
f. fused participle = джерунд констракшн, но здесь потерян?
g. Пазессив жерунд с неодуш не ставим апостроф и «с»
h.

19. Participle. Общая характеристика

20. Participle как член предложения
21. Mood
a. Какое бывает наклонение.
b. Императив мул: 0 и 1 кондитионал
22. Present Subjunctive
a. Структура
b. Употребление
c. Примеры

23. Past Subj + Past Perfect Subj

24. Wish: Past Subj + Past Perfect Subj
25. Inversion
26.