EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

- Egypt is located in North Africa

- Around 3200 BCE, the creation of the
Egyptian civilization began with Egypt
brought together under one ruler, King
Narmer

Temples

- Believed that temples were the homes

of the gods and goddesses
- Every temple was dedicated to a god or
goddess
- Worshipped by temple priests and the
pharaoh
- Every temple priest:
o Washed the god’s statues
o Changed cloths with fine linen
o Put jewelry
o Offered food and wine
- Made of stone
- Walls were covered with scenes Mummification
- Brightly painted
- Egyptians believed in life after death
- Eternal life was only possible if the
individual’s corpse remained intact
- Believed that if the body decayed, so as
the soul
- Deceased’s soul should be recognized
and returned in the next life

Ancient Egyptian Temples

- Mummification Process
1. Washing of the body
2. Removal of the different internal
organs by making a cut in the left
side of the abdomen (intestines,
stomach, lover, and lungs)
3. Internal organs are placed in the
corresponding canopic jar:
a. Hapi
i. Baboon-headed
god of the North
ii. Lungs

d. Qebehseneuf
i. Falcon-headed god
of the west
ii. Intestines

b. Imsety
i. Human-headed god
of the south
ii. Liver

4. Brain is removed through the nose

by using hooked instrument then
being thrown away
a. Heart is untouched as
believed to be used for
intelligence and emotion in
the next life
b. Heart also revealed
c. Daumutef evidence of the deceased’s
i. Jackal-headed god true character
of the east 5. The inside of the body is rinsed with
ii. Stomach wine and spices
6. Moisture from the body is
eliminated
7. Application of salt called natron for
70 days is done to preserve the
body
 8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in linen
cloth and places in a sarcophagus
a. There should be space to
breath in

- Hieroglyphic writings were well-

preserved since these were carved at
the walls of pyramids and other
structures
Hieroglyphics

- Pictures of living creatures and symbols

of objects used in daily living
- Symbols and pictures to communicate

Medicine and Physician

- Knowledge of healing herbs

 - Repairing physical injuries
o Knew how to stitch a wound
- Eye-surgery operation
- Knowledge of anatomy came from the
practice of embalming the dead
- Practiced dentistry
o Extracted teeth
o Drained abscesses
o Made false teeth

Irrigation System

- Canals and ditches

- Shaduf
o Boom and basin irrigation
strategy to lift water
o Consist of long tapering nearly
horizontal seesaw
o Way to get water
Ancient Egyptian Medical Tools

Mathematics

- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Division
- Fractions
- Decimals
- Basic ideas of geometry

Calendar

- 12 months = 30 days each

- 1 year = 360 days
 - Made from human hair, sheep’s wool,
or vegetable fibers
- In 4000 BC, added 5 extra days at the
end of every year
- Solar year = 365 days

Wigs

- Were worn for beauty, vanity, and

personal hygiene

- Used to protect the shaved heads of the

wealthy Egyptians from harmful sun
rays
- Symbol of social status
- Used by both sexes

Other Discoveries and Inventions

- Cosmetics
 o Used combination of soot and
galena as Kohl to darken their
eyelids
o Sport
- Polytheistic society
- Believed in mythology to explain natural
mysteries
- Greek mythology
o Gods and goddesses

- Paper from papyrus

o Grass like water plant used in
sheets of writing or painting,
making ropes, sandals, etc

Theater

- Art and literature performances

GREEK CIVILIZATION

- 8th century BC
o Government
o Art
o Architecture
o Philosophy
 Greek Houses
- Large - Poor Greek
- Open-air structures o Rural area or crowded urban
- Tiered seating area- theatron slums
- A circular space for the actors to o Multi-story blocks of
perform orchestra apartments
- Stage- skene

- Larger houses built around a courtyard

- For well-to-do craftsmen or farmers

Water Mill o Large and luxurious
- Was used in agricultural processes like o Accommodation for large
milling of grains household including many
- Mass production of rice, cereals, flours, slaves
and the likes

Trade
- 150 years after 750 BC
- Sea for their livelihood
o Mediterranean Sea and the
Black Sea
- Used coins for trading
Greek Philosophers
- Socrates
o Known to develop the “Socratic
Method” of analyzing good and
justice
o The problem is broken down
into series of inquiries that
would lead to answers of the
problem
- Plato
o Became student of Socrates
o Laid the foundations of
Western philosophy and
science
o Founded The Academy of
Athens, the first institution of
higher learning in the Western
world
- Aristotle
o Became student of Plato
o Developed Empirical approach
in studying nature
o Founded Theory of Four Causes
(material, formal, efficient,
final)
- Thales
o Believed that water was the
only substance that was the
source of things
- Pythoagoras
o Made important contributions
in the field of mathematics
o Developed the Pythagorean
Theorem
- Empedocles
o Believed in the four
fundamental elements (fire, air,
earth, and water)
- Democritus
o Established the concept of
atomism
o Everything in nature is made up
of indivisible elements called
atoms
- Archimedes
o Known for his physical law of
buoyancy
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Roman Cities
- Consist of forum
 o A large open plaza
o Surrounded by important
buildings

- Main temple
- Basilica where the town council met
and town administration was carried on
- The law courts (if separate from the Roman Architecture
basilica)
- Cathedrals
- Markets
- Basilica
- Latrines and public baths
- Coliseums
- Fountains
- Amphitheater
- Porticoes, colonnades, arches
- Aqueducts
o Colonnades – columns with no
cover

o Porticoes- columns have cover

and entrance

o Arches- has arch in the opening

 - The Pantheon
o Temple of all the Roman gods
- Colosseum
o Largest amphitheater
o Seating capacity of 50,000
- Arch of Septimius Severus
o Monumental arch
o Built in recognition of Roman
victories over Parthians
- Maison Carree
o The only temple that is
completely preserved up to this
day
Building Materials
- Volcanic stone native – Tufa
- During 2nd century BCE, tavertine white
limestone was utilized in the late
substitute for marble
- Sun dried and fire dried mud bricks
Roman Aqueducts
- Aqueducts
o Convey water from far away
springs and mountains into
cities and towns through gravity
- To supply water in
o Fountains
o Gardens
o Public and private baths
o Latrines
o Houses of wealthy Romans
o Agricultural lands
- Aqua Appia
o 1st aqueduct built in 312 BC
o Connected the spring that was
16.4 km from Rome
- Rome had eleven (11) aqueducts during
the 3rd century
Roman Numerals
- Old number systems could not keep up
with high calculations requirement due
to increasing trade among nations
- Roman numeral became the standard
counting system for trade concerns
 - Symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M
- Used for communication and trading

o Julius Caesar started the

tradition of stacking papyrus to
form pages of book

o Cover was made of wax but

later on changed to animal skin

- Newspaper
o Used in politics and governance
o Ex. Ancient Roman Newspaper
Other Discoveries and Inventions

- Bound books
o Record-keeping of politics,
history, and literature
o Ex. early roman codex from
wood
CHINESE CIVILIZATION - Fibers are weaved to form fabric that
can be used to manufacture or make
- Oldest civilization in Asia
clothing
Silk

- Used in clothing

- Naturally produced by silkworms

Tea Production

- Tea leaves were harvested, processed,

and compressed into cake form
- The dried teacake known as brick tea
was ground with the used stone mortar
 - Ancient tea was produced by pouring
hot water to shredded or crushed tea
leaves

- Made out of stone, bricks, woods,

tamped earth, etc.
- Took 200 years before it was completed

- 3,100 steps
- 21,196.18 km length
- 6 to 7m height

- Wheel-based mechanism for shredding

tea leaves

Great Wall of China

- Said to be the largest and most

extensive infrastructure that such
nation built
- Was constructed to protect Chinese
from invaders
- Controls borders of China
 Compass
Gunpowder
- An artificial magnetic pointing device
- Originally, it was developed by Chinese made from lodestone
alchemists to achieve immortality - The oldest south-pointing navigational
device
- Ex. Compass during Han Dynasty (202
BC – 220 AD)

- Used for fireworks to drive away evil

spirits
- Used for artillery

- Ex. Compass during Song Dynasty (960-

1279)

- 75% saltpeter (potassium nitrate)

- 15% charcoal
- 10% sulfur
- Accidentally invented black powder that
generated large amounts of heat and
gas in an instant