Science & Technology

in Ancient Civilizations
(Part 1)
NOTE ; PICTURES FROM THE POWERPOINTS MAY BE NEEDED FOR REVIEW, IT’S HARD TO ATTACH IT HERE SO SEE THE PPT
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Ancient Civilizations
1.1 Early Civilization
1.2 Sumerian Civilization
1.3 Babylonian Civilization
1.4 Egyptian Civilization
1.5 Greek Civilization
1.6 Roman Civilization
1.7 Chinese Civilization
Science
- cumulative inquiry into nature using the scientific method or system of verifiable concepts, methods,
principles, theories and laws which seek to understand, describe, explain, and predict nature and its
phenomena
Technology
- is the application of science.

Science TECHNOLOGY

Meaning Science is a methodical Technology alludes to the

way of gaining practical application of the
knowledge on a scientific knowledge for
particular subject, various purposes.
through observation
and experiments.
What is it? It is the process of It is the use of laws of
exploring new science to create new
knowledge. products.
Effect It is useful It can be useful or harmful.
Change May or may not be Changes continuously
changed
Stresses on Discovery Invention
Deals with Study of structure and Putting those premises into
behavior of natural and practice.
physical world, to
create premises.
Method of Analysis, deduction and Analysis and synthesis of
evaluation theory development design.
Use Used to make Simplify the work and fulfill
predictions the needs of people.
 10. Kish
1.1 Early Civilization ✓ City of Uruk
✓ Nomads - used stone tools for survival o o considered to be the first true city in the
hunting fish and wild animals o world
preparing foods o No building stones used o
o making shelter Lumber was limited
o protect territory from invasion o Mud / clay from the river added with reeds
✓ Basic Needs and bricks
1. Food o Houses made of sun-baked bricks
2. Shelter ✓ Ziggurats
3. Clothing - cities had corresponding king living in
✓ Nomads ziggurat
- lived in area of bountiful resources of foods - with temple at the top reserved for their high
- small tribes of hunter-gatherers priests to serve their patron gods and goddesses.
- people who stay on the move looking for food - The Great Ziggurat of Ur
- without a permanent home “Mountain of God”
o sun-baked bricks - inside structure o
Ancient Mesopotamia (Mostly Iraq, Some parts fired bricks - outside structure
are now Kuwait, Turkey, Syria) o no inner chambers
- The foundation of human civilization o height of around 170 feet o took
began in Mesopotamia. 12 years of excavation
o meso - middle o o primarily built as a temple to Nanna, the
potam - river moon of god
Ancient Mesopotamia o ✓ Agriculture
Sumerians - Sumerian agricultural products
o Babylonians 1. wheat and barley
2. fruits and vegetables like grapes and onions
3. sheep, goats and cows
1.2 Sumerian Civilization
- Irrigation System: Levees
✓ the first people to settle in Mesopotamia
o Dug wide canals from rivers out to
✓ created a civilization by the development of methods
farms
and technologies in
o architectures o o Dug small ditches from canals to fields
language to water all the crops
o agriculture o o Put gates on the ditches to control the
governance amount of water
✓ Sumerians built 10 cities along the rivers in South o Brought water to farmland
Mesopotamia in 4500 BCE o Controlled flooding of the rivers
1. Eridu - Cuneiform
2. Uruk o first writing system
3. Ur o pictures and triangular symbols o
4. Larsa curved in mud/clay: tablet
5. Isin o using reed stylus
6. Adab o used in trading
7. Kullah o recording goods and livestock o
8. Lagash temple activities
9. Nippur o businesses
 o presenting stories, myths, and o King Nebuchadnezzar for Queen
personal letters Amytis
✓ Sumerian Number System o 75 feet high
o Sexagesimal system o approximately 8,200 gallons of water each
o Base 60 day to keep the plants
✓ Sailboats watered
o Made of reeds o No physical evidence to prove such
o To travel along the river existence
o To carry products for trading o Exact location is also unknown
o Skin-float or raft made of hides stretched o No records
over wood frames and a broad, short boat o Mythical place
made of water-proof material ✓ Weapons
✓ Wheel - Babylonian civilization transpired during
o The 1st wheels were not used for Bronze age
transportation but for farm work in 2000 o bronze material
BC o alloy of copper and tin
✓ Plow ✓ Babylonian Number System
o Enabled the Sumerians to dig the soil
land where seeds would be planted at faster
pace.
o Mass produced food without taking too
much effort and time
✓ Medicine
- Sumerians believed that diseases were
punishment from god
o committed sins
o wrong-doing
o action of demons o
bad spirits
- Priest - sufficient magic power to fight the
mystic force of disease and illness
- Diseases due to supernatural causes
- Exorcists - drive away the spirits by
charms and spells.
✓ Sumerian civilization lasted for short of 2,000
years before the Babylonians took charge in
2004 B.C.

1.3 Babylonian Civilization

- Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- Great builders, engineers and architects
✓ Hanging Gardens of Babylon
o It was said to be a structure made
up of layers upon layers of gardens
o Species of plants, trees and vines
 Science & Technology
in Ancient Civilizations
(Part 2)
Ancient Civilizations
1.4 Egyptian Civilization
1.5 Greek Civilization
1.4 Egyptian Civilization
- Egypt is located in North Africa Around
3200 BCE, the creation of the Egyptian
civilization began with Egypt brought together
under one ruler, King
Narmer
✓ Temples
o believed that temples were the homes of the
gods and goddesses.
o every temple was dedicated to a god or
goddess
o worshipped by temple priests and the
pharaoh.
o Every day, temple priest;
washed the god’s statues
changed cloths with fine linen put
jewelry
offered food and wine
o made of stone
o walls were covered with scenes o
brightly painted
✓ Mummification
- Egyptians believed in life after death eternal
life was only possible if the individual’s corpse
remained intact believed that if the body
decayed, so as the soul
- deceased’s soul should be recognized and
returned in the next life
- Mummification Process
1. Washing of the body
2. Removal of the different internal organs
by making a cut in the left side of the
abdomen. (intestines, stomach, liver, and
lungs)
3. Internal organs are placed in the
corresponding canopic jar.
4. Brain is removed through the nose by using
hooked instrument then being thrown away
* Heart is untouched as believed to be
used for intelligence and emotion in the next life.
Heart also revealed evidence of the deceased’s
true character.
5. The inside of the body is rinsed with wine
and spices.
6. Moisture from the body is eliminated
7. Application of a salt called natron for 70 days
is done to preserve the body.
8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in linen cloth
and placed in a sarcophagus.
✓ Hieroglyphics
o Pictures of living creatures and symbols of
objects used in daily living
o Hieroglyphics writings were well-preserved
since these were carved at the walls of
pyramids and other structures
✓ Medicine and Physician
o knowledge of healing herbs
o repairing physical injuries
o knew how to stitch a wound
o eye-surgery operation
o knowledge of Anatomy came from the
practice of embalming the dead
o practiced dentistry
extracted teeth,
drained abscesses
made false teeth
* see Ancient Egyptian Medical Tools in the ppt
✓ Irrigation System
o Canals and Ditches
o Shaduf – boom and basin irrigation
strategy
o
✓ Mathematics o Although Hades was a major ancient Greek
1. Addition god and was the brother of the first generation
2. Subtraction of Olympians (Zeus, Poseidon, Hera,
3. Multiplication Demeter, and Hestia), his realm was the
4. Division underworld, far from Olympus, and thus was
5. Fractions not usually considered to be one of the
6. Decimals
Olympians.
7. basic ideas of Geometry
✓ Calendar ✓ Theater
o 12 months = 30 days each - Art and Literature performances
o 1 year = 360 days - Theater
o large
o In 4000 B.C. added 5 extra days at the
o open-air structures
end of every year
o Solar year = 365 days o tiered seating area - theatron
✓ Wigs o a circular space for the actors to
o Were worn for beauty, vanity and perform - orchestra
personal hygiene o stage - skene
o Used to protect the shaved heads of the
wealthy Egyptians from harmful
sun rays
o Symbol of social status
o Used by both sexes
o made from human hair, sheep's wool or
vegetable fibers.
✓ Other Discoveries and inventions
o Cosmetics
o Paper from papyrus

1.5 Greek Civilization

- In 8th century BC o
Government o
Art
o Architecture
o Philosophy o
Sport
- Polytheistic society ✓ Water Mill
- Believed in Mythology to explain natural o Was used in agricultural processes like
mysteries milling of grains
✓ Greek Mythology o Mass production of rice, cereals, flours and
o In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the the likes
twelve Olympians are the major deities of ✓ Greek Houses
the Greek pantheon, commonly considered o Poor Greek - rural area or crowded urban
to be Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, slums
o multi-story blocks of apartments o
Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Larger houses built around a
Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Hermes, and courtyard
either Hestia or Dionysus. o For well-to-do craftsmen or farmers: large
and luxurious
 accommodation for a large o established the concept of
household including many atomism which means that
slaves everything in nature is made
✓ Trade up of indivisible elements
o 150 years after 750 BC called atoms
o Sea for their livelihood o Archimedes
o Mediterranean Sea and the Black o known for his physical law of
Sea buoyancy
✓ Greek Philosophers o
Socrates
o known to developed the "Socratic
Method" of analyzing good and
justice
o The problem is broken down into
series of inquiries that would lead
to answers to the problem.
o Plato
o became student of Socrates o laid
the foundations of
Western philosophy and
science.
o founded The Academy of
Athens, the first institution of
higher learning in the Western
world.
o Aristotle
o became student of Plato o
developed Empirical
approach in studying nature o
founded Theory of Four causes
(material, formal, efficient ,
final)
o Thales
o believed that water was the
only substance that was source of
all things
o Pythagoras
o made important contributions
in the field of mathematics o
developed the Pythagorean
Theorem
o Empedocles
o believed in the four
fundamental elements (fire, air,
earth and water)
o Democritus
 Science & Technology ✓ Roman Aqueducts
in Ancient Civilizations o Aqueducts -convey water from far
(Part 3) away springs and mountains into cities
and towns through gravity.
Ancient Civilizations o To supply water in
1.6 Roman Civilization 1. fountains
1.7 Chinese Civilization 2. gardens
3. public and private baths
1.6 Roman Civilization 4. latrines
✓ Roman Cities 5. houses of wealthy Romans
o consist of forum - a large open plaza 6. agricultural lands
o surrounded by important buildings - Aqua Appia –
o Roman Cities o First aqueduct built in 312 BC
o main temple o connected the spring that was 16.4 km
o basilica where the town council met from Rome.
and town administration was carried - Rome had eleven aqueducts during 3rd
on) century
o the law courts (if separate from Roman Numerals
the basilica) o Old number systems could not keep
o markets up with high calculations requirements due
o latrines and public baths o to increasing trade among nations
fountains o Roman numeral became the standard
o porticoes, colonnades, arches counting system for trade concerns
✓ Roman Architectures o symbols: I(one), V(five), X(ten), L(50),
o Cathedrals C(100), D(500) and M(1,000)
o Basilicas o o Used for communication and trading
Coliseums ✓ Other discoveries and inventions
o Amphitheaters o o Bound books - record-keeping of
Aqueducts politics, history, literature
1. The Pantheon o Julius Caesar started the tradition of
- temple of all the Roman gods stacking papyrus to form pages of book
2. Colosseum o Cover was made of wax but later on
- largest amphitheater changed to animal skin
- seating capacity of 50,000 o Newspaper - used in politics and
3. Arch of Septimius Severus governance
- monumental arch
- built in recognition of Roman
1.7 Chinese Civilization
victories over Parthians
- Oldest civilization in Asia
4. Maison Carree ✓ Silk
- the only temple that is completely
o Naturally produced by silk worms
preserved up to this day
*see ppt for pics
✓ Tea Production
✓ Building Materials o Tea leaves were harvested, processed
o volcanic stone native - Tufa and compressed into cake form.
o during 2nd century B.C.E. travertine white
limestone was utilized in the
late substitute for marble.
o Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks
 o The dried teacake known as brick tea ✓ Compass - Compass during Song Dynasty (960-
was ground with the used of 1279)
stone mortar.
o Ancient tea was produced by pouring
hot water to shredded or crushed tea
leaves
✓ Great Wall of China
o Said to be the largest and most
extensive infrastructure that such
nation built.
o Was constructed to protect Chinese from
invaders
o Controls borders of China
o made out of stone, bricks, woods,
tamped earth, etc.
o took 200 years before it was
completed
o 3,100 steps
o 21,196.18 km length
o 6 to 7m height
✓ Gunpowder
o Originally, it was developed by
Chinese alchemists to achieve
immortality
o used for fireworks to drive away evil
spirits
o used for artillery
o Gunpowder
75% saltpeter
(potassium nitrate)
15% charcoal
10% sulfur
o Accidentally invented black powder that
generated large amounts of heat and gas in
an instant.
 Science and technology in western from far afield and mixing the knowledge of the
civilization Ancient Greeks with the new discoveries of the
great Muslim philosophers and scientists.
Outline
2.1 Middle Ages Oldest universities established during the high
2.2 Modern Ages middle ages:
1. Oxford
MIDDLE AGES 2. Cambridge
1. Dark Ages 3. Montpellier
2. High Middle Ages 4. Padua
3. Late Middle Ages 5. Sorbonne
6. Valladolid
DARK AGES
✓ First half of Middle Ages consists of 5
centuries of Dark Ages. LATE MIDDLE AGES
✓ Terrible political and economic turmoil in ✓ As progress and technology developed,
Western Europe. philosophers continued the work of scholasticism,
✓ Waves of invasions by migrating peoples and adding to the philosophy of science.
Vikings and Saxons from the North destabilized ✓ Three Main Power Sources
the Roman Empire. 1. Water
✓ It was a period of declining human achievement, 2. Animals
especially when compared to the Ancient Greeks 3. Human
and Romans. ✓ Norse Mill - The simple water wheel, without
✓ There was a lack of scientific inquiry during the gears, provides the power to drive a millstone for
Dark Ages because most people cannot read and grinding the corn from which flour is made.
write, except for the members of the Clergy. ✓ Agriculture and Crafts
✓ Intellectual activity was centered on the study of - The Teutonic tribes who moved into Western
the Bible and on the Christian faith. Europe were people of the Iron Age and were the
✓ Most clerics and scholars did not have access first people to use iron plowshares.
to the vast amount of scientific literature
written in Greek before and during the Roman 1. Spinning jenny
Empire. - a machine for spinning with more than one
spindle at a time, patented by James
HIGH MIDDLE AGES Hargreaves in 1770.
✓ The conditions of political stability necessary 2. Fulling mill
for the reestablishment of a vigorous 3. Rope
commercial and urban life had been secured. 4. Barrel
✓ The next 500 years saw the renewal of large 5. Leather
scale building and the re-establishment of 6. Metal smith
sizable towns. 7. Soap
✓ Monasteries became wealthy and became ✓ Metallurgy and Mining
important centers of learning. 1. Cast iron
✓ By the 12th Century, centers of learning, known as 2. Gold
the Studium Generale, sprang up across Western 3. Blast furnace
Europe, drawing scholars
✓ Warfare
1. Gunpowder RENAISSANCE
- carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter - The Renaissance which means “Rebirth”
(potassium nitrate) from charcoal, marked the transition of Europe from the
deposits of volcanic sulfur and Middle Ages to modernity.
decaying refuse
2. Cannons MODERN AGES
✓ Other Notable Inventions ✓ Mining and Metallurgy
1. Artesian well(1126) 1. Steam engine
- An artesian aquifer is a confined 2. Developed mineral resources :
aquifer containing groundwater under copper
positive pressure. This causes the water zi
level in the well to rise to a point where nc
hydrostatic equilibrium has been ti
reached. n
2. Wheelbarrow (1170s) le
3. Mirrors (1180) ad
- Throughout European Middle Ages go
mirrors were simply slightly convex disks ld
of metal, either bronze, tin, or silver, that ✓ Agriculture
reflected light off their highly polished - Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull.
surfaces.
4. Spectacles (1280s)
✓ Alchemy ✓ Printing
- Alchemy in the Middle Ages was a mixture of - Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg
science, philosophy, and mysticism. At the heart ✓ Medicine
of medieval alchemy was the idea that all matter • Use of vegetable remedies
was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, • Physicians were often the foremost
and water. With the right combination of botanists
elements, it was theorized, any substance on ✓ Astronomy
earth might be formed. 1. Nicolas Copernicus- Heliocentric Theory
✓ Mathematics 2. Tycho Brahe - collection of data of
1. Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci - astronomical bodies
Hindu-Arabic numeral system 3. Giordano Bruno – not only does the Earth
2. Nicole Oresme - used rectangular move, but so does the sun. - no such thing as
coordinates system a point absolutely at rest in the universe
3. Nicholas of Cusa - ideas on the 4. Johannes Kepler – Planetary model. -
infinite and the infinitesimal Laws of Planetary Motion
✓ Art 5. Galileo Galilei –
1. Oil painting father of observational astronomy
2. Leonardo da Vinci father of modern physics
3. Michelangelo father of the scientific method
✓ Manufacturing father of modern science
- Knowledge on how to make concrete 6. Sir Isaac Newton – Laws of Motions
✓ Navigation 7. Christiaan Huygens – Elastic Collision
1. Compass Theory
2. Nautical maps 8. Robert Boyle - father of chemistry
9. Antoine Lavoisier
10. John Dalton
11. Evangelista Torricelli – invented
barometer
12. Blaise Pascal – vacuum exists in nature
13. Rene Descartes – Cartesian Coordinate
system
14. Spyglass from lenses
15. Lens grinding
16. powerful telescopes – 30x magnification

 Other discoveries and inventions

Watt’s steam engine by James Watt

“Puffing Devil” by Trevithick
First railway steam locomotive Telegraph

Steam turbine by Sir Charles Parsons

electric currents by Alessandro Volta

electricity and magnetism use of coal gas

Filament bulbs by Thomas Edison Combustion

engine

Gas engine by Étienne Lenoir

First gasoline automobile by Daimler and

Benz
 CHAPTER 3: Intellectual Revolutions in the
History of Science
Outline
3.1 PARADIGM SHIFTS AND THE NATURE OF
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
3.2 KUHN’S SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS:
FROM COPERNICUS TO EINSTEIN
3.2.1 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
3.2.2 NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION
3.2.3 EINSTEINIAN REVOLUTION
3.2.4 CHEMICAL REVOLUTION
3.3 OTHER INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
3.3.1 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
3.3.2 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
PARADIGM SHIFTS AND THE NATURE OF
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
Normal Science
“…means research firmly based upon one
or more past scientific achievements,
achievements that some particular
scientific community acknowledges for a
time we supplying foundation for its further
practice.”
-TS Kuhn, 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Paradigm is a plausible or scientifically
acceptable general principle or body of
principles offered to explain phenomena
Shifts means to exchange for or replace
by another
Paradigm Shifts
“an important change that happens when
the usual way of thinking about or doing
something is replaced by a new and
different way”
-Merriam Webster
Scientific Revolutions
“…non-cumulative developmental episodes in
which an older paradigm is replaced in whole
or in part by an incompatible new one.”
-TS Kuhn, 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
KUHN’S SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS:
FROM COPERNICUS TO EINSTEIN
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)
“Thomas Samuel Khun is one of the most
influential philosophers of science of the
twentieth century, perhaps the most influential.”
Source: plato.stanofr.eu
- He wrote “The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions” (1962)
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• Geocentric Theory - Earth was a sphere
in the center of the universe; the Sun ,
the Moon, the stars, and the planets
revolve around Earth. - Claudius
Ptolemy, 127 A.D. -143 A.D.
• Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473-1543,
Mathematician, Astronomer -proposed
that the Sun was stationary and the
Earth revolved around it. (Heliocentric
Theory)
• Pioneer of Heliocentric Theory
Aristarchus of Samos, 310 B.C.E. – 230
B.C.E
• Heliocentric Theory
1. Motion of heavenly bodies: uniform
and circular.
 2. The Sun is near the center.
3. The ff revolves around the Sun: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn;
Stars are fixed in space.
4. Earth has 3 motions: daily rotation, annual
revolution and annual tilting of its axis.
NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION
• Mathematician, Astronomer, & Philosopher, Born
of poverty but rose to be a celebrated scientist due
to his many contributions, - Sir Isaac Newton,
1643-1727
• Law of Universal Gravitation - governs the
paths of heavenly bodies
• Laws of Motion - foundation of Classical
mechanics; allows us to describe and
understand motion
• Infinitesimal Calculus - developed along with
Gottfried Leibniz
• Theory of Color
EINSTEINIAN REVOLUTION
• Albert Einstein, 1879-1955, Physicist, Nobel
Prize in Physics 1921
• General and Special Theory of Relativity -
Newton considered space and time as fixed
(normal science); however Einstein
revolutionized this idea by asserting that time and
space are relative in his special theory of
relativity; -The general theory on the other hand
interweaves gravity with space and time.
• Photoelectric Effect - phenomenon that happens
when an electromagnetic radiation or light hits an
object; the shorter the wavelength, the higher the
chance that it will cause the release of electrons.
• Brownian motion - describe by Robert
Brown; -temperature is directly proportional
to the kinetic energy of molecules.
• Mass-Energy Equivalence, E=mc2 -
describes the relationship of mass and energy.
CHEMICAL REVOLUTION
• Robert Boyle, 1667-1691, Inventor, “Father of
Chemistry”, Theological Writer
• Boyle’s Contributions
✓ P1V1 = P2V2, Boyle’s Law
✓ Boyle’s Air Pump
• Antoine-Laurent Lavosier, 1743-1794,
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
• Lavosier’s Contributions
✓ Phlogiston theory
✓ Traite elementaire de chimie (Elementary
Treatise on Chemistry)
• Joseph Priestly
OTHER INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
• Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, Naturalist,
Geologist, Biologist
• Natural Selection : a natural process that results
in the survival and reproductive success of
individuals or groups best adjusted to their
environment and that leads to the perpetuation of
genetic qualities best suited to that environment.
• Evolutionary Biology : a discipline of
biology concerned with the processes and
patterns of biological evolution especially in
relation to the diversity of organisms and how
they change over time
• The Theory of Evolution
• Works – On the Origins of Species by • sexuality also plays an important role in
Means of Natural Selection, or the childhood.
Preservation of Favored Races in the
• Conflict and neurosis – internal conflicts
Struggle for Life
between what we desire
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939 Neurologist,

“Father of Psychoanalysis”

• Psychoanalytic theory – Conscious &

Unconscious

• Oedipus complex (male), Electra

complex female)
✓ Dreams
✓ Verbal Slips
✓ Free Association
• revolutionary for his way of seeing
humans and their minds
• Freud’s effect on psychology is as
significant as Copernicus’s effect on how
we see the universe
• Freud and the unconscious –
✓ Freud pointed out that inside each of
us, there’s a side we can’t access
directly or in a conscious way.

✓ The unconscious is not noticed by

the conscious mind.

• Today, there a few people who can deny that

we have an unconscious part that influences
us. Our conscious mind doesn’t have an easy
access to it.

• The power of words – He put a lot of

thought into his word choice to express his
thoughts masterfully.
• Another look at childhood - Freud
believed that childhood is a significant
stage
 CHAPTER 4: Science and Technology in the
Philippines
Outline
4.1 PRE-COLONIAL SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
4.2 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE SPANISH REGIME
4.3 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE AMERICAN REGIME
4.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1946)
4.5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE
INDEPENDENCE (1946-1965)
4.6 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE MARCOS ERA (1965 - 1985)
4.7 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 - PRESENT)
CORAZON AQUINO'S PRESIDENCY
FIDEL V. RAMOS' PRESIDENCY
JOSEPH ESTRADA'S PRESIDENCY
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO'S
PRESIDENCY
BENIGNO AQUINO III’S PRESIDENCY
RODRIGO DUTERTE’S PRESIDENCY
PRE-COLONIAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- planting crops that provide them food
- taking care of animals for food, rituals and
bond
- food production to prepare them for lean seasons
- interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climate used for planting
and fishing, or used for rituals different tribes
- medical uses of plants for healing and
prosperity
- building technologies were used to build their
houses
- irrigation system has been used for their
lowland planting
- there were tools developed for hunting and
security for survival from the danger of wild
animals
- musical instruments, ancients Filipinos have
music practically for all occasions – planting
season to marriages to burial; for every phase of
life from birth to death
- this era has been known as a “metal age”
influence, uses gold and silver for their jewelry.
Baybayin - the pre-colonial beautiful ancient
writing script of the islands of the Philippines
Concept Of Time
o Pre-colonial Filipinos has no clocks to
show the hours or minute
o Povedano calendar vs. Modern
calendar
o Moon phases act as “time markers”
• gimata – when the moons seems to
open its eyes
• katin – the third quarter
• malasumbang – new moon
phase
o Early Filipino’s Time
1. Bukang Liwayway
2. Katanghalian
3. Lulunod Na
Arao (araw) is the native name for “sun” and
pertains to day while Gab-i (gabi) stands for
night
Tagalogs elaborate descriptions of the
division of night and day:
 • “bukang liwayway” – as the Volume
breaking of the dawn Philippine Foreign Equivalent
• “katanghalian” – high noon or Measuring Units (Estimate)
midday
Salok 80 ml
• “pagsikat ng talang baquero” – begins
around 3:30 in the morning Saro 250 ml
• “pagsikat ng talang batugan” – Mangkok 400 ml
when light first appears on the horizon
• “mababa na”
• “lulunod na” Mass/ Weight
• “takipsilim” Philippine Foreign Equivalent
• “hatinggabi” Measuring Units (Estimate)
Visayans – when it comes to years Dakot 10 grams
Guhit 100 grams
• pagkakataon - (opportunity)
• nagkataon - (by chance) Kagitna ½ kilo
• nataon - (occur at the same time) Gatang 1 kilo
• itinataon - (to set a schedule)
• panahon - (weather) Chimanta 6 kilos

Three Known Terms: Kaban 25 kilos

Time
• Taon pertains to the harvest period Philippine Foreign Equivalent
• Tuig refers to the coming of periodic Measuring Units (Estimate)
events Kisapmata 0.5 Second
• Dag-on is the time for the blooming of
trees and plants Saglit 1 Second

*there are some pics in the ppt, it’s not HD so I didn’t Sandali 60 seconds
bother pasting it here.

Early Filipino Weights And Measures

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
- the early Filipinos used their parts of body for THE SPANISH REGIME (1521 –1898)
measuring
The Galleon Trade – connected the
Length/Distance Philippines to the west.
Philippine Foreign Equivalent - the galleon trade was the sole means of
Measuring Unit (Estimate) communication between Spain and its Philippine
Piranggot ½ inch colony and served as an economic lifeline for the
Spaniards in Manila.
Sandamak 4 inches
Dangkal 8 inches - from 1565 to 1815, the galleon trade
contributed to the change of culture,
Talampakan 12 inches language and environment for both
Bisig 16 inches Philippines and Mexico.
Dipa 68 inches - the galleon trade was a government monopoly,
only two galleons were used.
- Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built
warships called caracoa suited for interisland
trade raids.
- the galleon trade had a negative effect on
economic development in the Philippines, since
virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to
speculation in Chinese goods and the neglect of
native extractive industries such as agriculture
Governador Jose Basco Y Vargas - founder of
Real Sociedad Economica De Los Amigos Del Pais
De Filipina
- in 1780, encouraged research in
agriculture and industry.
Leon Ma. Guerrero – known as the Father Of
Philippine Pharmacy for his works on medicinal
plants of the Philippines.
Significant Tertiary Educational Institutions
That Were Founded During The Spanish
Colonization
1. Colegio De Manila - one of the first
colleges in the Philippines and considered
the first royal and pontifical university in
Asia. Located in the Intramuros grounds of
Manila (1590), renamed as Colegio de san
Ignacio in 1626, became Universidad de san
Ignacio in 1621
2. Colegio De San Ildefonso - founded in
Cebu city on 1595 by Spanish Jesuits,
closed on 1769 due to the expulsion of the
Jesuits in the Philippines but reopened on
1783 under the name Colegio - Seminario
de san Carlos
3. University Of Santo Tomas - known as the
Colegio de Nuestra Seňora del Rosario.
Established by the third archbishop of
manila, bishop Miguel de Benavidez in
1611. It holds the record of the oldest
existing university in Asia and the largest
catholic university in the world in terms
of population (Palafox, 2012).
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898 – 1935)
- American government formed the Philippine
Science &Technology. Mainly focused on
agriculture, health and food processing.
- because of the colonial economic policy, the
development of industrial technology was largely
neglected.
American regime – known as “Americanize”
Filipinos, reorganized the learning of science. In
basic education, science education focuses on
nature studies and science and sanitation.
- learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene and
healthy practices. Hospitals, clinics and health
centers were established including public hospitals
for lepers.
-Americans built road, streets and bridges.
Infrastructure helped make the movement of
products and services more efficient.
- Boulevards, Zone districts, and centers of
leisure were also established.
Timeline:
1901 – Philippine Commission established the
Bureau of Government Laboratories
1905 – it was again replaced by the Bureau Of
Science
1933 – the National Research Council Of The
Philippines was established
-it became the primary research center
of the Philippines until WW2.
1908 – the University Of The Philippines (UP)
was founded through Act No. 1870 of the
Philippine assembly.
1909 – it was opened at Calle Isaac Peral
(now United Nations Avenue) and Padre
Faura in downtown manila
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DURING THE COMMONWEALTH
PERIOD (1935-1946)
Manuel Quezon
- during Commonwealth Period, new agencies
were created such as the Bureau Of Mines
which offer valuable help and assistance to
Filipino businessmen who ventured into mining
exploration .
- it also increased appropriations for The
Bureaus Of Science, Plant And Animal
Industry, and thereby encouraged more
scientific research for industrial purposes
Commonwealth of the Philippines - under
the Japanese occupation from 1942 – 1945.
- Japanese occupied the Philippines and
oppressed the Filipinos before being finally
driven out by the Americans
- the country had a difficult time to rebuild
itself from the ruins of the war.
- the human spirit to survive and to rebuild the
country may be strong but the capacity of the
country to bring back what was destroyed was
limited.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1946-
1965)
July 4, 1946,
There is no significant innovation in the
education and training of scientist and
engineers.
Highlighted events since independence are
the following:
o There has been an increased in the
creation of government science
agencies since 1946
o In 1947, The Bureau Of Science was
organized into an institute of science
o In the same year, The Institute Of
Nutrition was created and in the year 1952,
the Science Foundation Of The
Philippines (SFP) was also
established and put along with the institute
of science.
o In 1952, the Commission On Volcanology
was also created and
placed under the National Research Council
Of The Philippines (NRCP)
o Scientific work in government suffered
from a lack of support,
planning and coordination during the early
postwar years
o The institute of Science was
reorganized in 1951. Renamed
Institute Of Science And Technology
o Consequently, congress enacted the
Science Act Of 1958.
o The science act created the
National Science Development Board
(NSDB) - existing agencies in accordance
with NSDB policy coordination
a) the NRCP, Metals Industry
Research And Development Center
(MIRDC)
b) the SFP, Philippine Science High
School (PSHS) and Philippine
Council For Agriculture And
Resources Research (PCARR)
o The act also created the Philippine
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and
the National Institute of Science
and Technology (NIST)
o In the year 1960s, several science research
oriented agencies were established by
Philippine laws;
a) Philippines Inventors Commission
(1964)
 b) Philippine Coconut Research
Institute (1964)
c) Philippine Textile Research Institute
(1967)
d) Forest Products Research and
e) Industries Development
Commission (1969)
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE
MARCOS ERA (1965 - 1985)
January 23, 1967
SONA , emphasized science was essential
for research and development programs
January 22, 1968
Third SONA, acknowledged that
technology was the foremost factor in
economic development and channeled
additional funds in order to support
projects in applied science and science
education.
January 27, 1969
Fourth SONA, funds were allocated to
private universities and urged them to
create courses in science, technology and
research.
April 6, 1968
He proclaim 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig,
Rizal as the site of the Philippine science
community
January 26, 1970
Fifth SONA, emphasis on the enhancement
and improvement of science curricula
Highlights
a. Philippine Coconut Research Institute
was integrated with NSDB to upgrade
the coconut industry
b. The NSDB also established the
Philippine Textile Research Institute.
c. The Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission of the NSDB explored
the uses of atomic energy for
economic development.
d. Philippine Coconut Research Institute
to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry.
January 24, 1972
Seventh SONA he spoke about his major
development projects in reforming sectors
of education .
1976 - He enacted a law under Presidential
Degree no. 1003-a, s. 1976 to establish the
National Academy of Science and
Technology
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE
FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 - PRESENT)
Corazon Aquino's Presidency
- The major contribution of president
Corazon Aquino for the development of
science and technology are the following:
o Proclamation of executive order no.
128 - Known as the “Reorganization Of
The National Science And Technology
Authority”, Thus creating the
technology application and promotion
institute (TAPI)
o Republic Act 6655 - Science for the
masses program aimed at
encouraging children who had passion
in science and technology to study for
free
o Presidential task force - For science and
technology alleviating and envisioning
the status of the Philippines to be the
next industrialized country
o April 28, 1992- President Corazon C.
Aquino signed Republic Act no. 7459,
 titled “an act providing incentives to Filipino
inventors and expanding the functions of the
technology application and promotion institute,
appropriate funds therefor, and for other
purposes”
Fidel V. Ramos' Presidency
- during his term, he was able to establish
programs that were significant to the field of
science and technology
o in 1993, Science And Technology Agenda
For National Development (STAND) was
established which prioritized the following
areas:
1. exporting winners identified by the DTI;
2. domestic needs identified by the
president’s council for countryside
development;
3. support industries and
4. coconut industry development
o congress, during his term, was able to enact
the following laws that were significant for
the field;
1. Magna Carta For Science And
Technology Personnel (Republic Act
No. 8439)
2. Science And Technology
Scholarship Law Of 1994
(Republic Act No. 7687)
3. Inventors And Inventions Incentives
Act (Republic Act No. 7459)
4. The Intellectual Property Code Of The
Philippines (Republic Act No.8293)
Joseph Estrada's Presidency
- Signed Two Major Legislations, Namely;
1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
(Republic Act No. 8749) which was
designed to protect and preserve the
environment and ensure the sustainable
development of its natural resources
2. Electronic Commence Act of 2000
(Republic Act No. 8792) which ban
computer hacking and provides
opportunities for new businesses
emerging from the internet-driven new
economy
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's Presidency
- The science and technology sector of the
Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age" of
science and technology by then secretary Estrella
Albastro.
- Numerous laws and projects that concerns both
the environment and science were enacted to push
technology as a tool to increase the country's
economic level.
1. R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels" Act –
promotes the development and usage
of biofuels throughout the country.
2. R.A. 10601 – Improves the Agriculture and
Fisheries Sector through Mechanization
(AFMech). It covers research, development,
and extension (RDE), promotion, distribution,
supply, assembling, manufacturing,
regulation, use, operation, maintenance and
project implementation of agricultural and
fisheries machinery and equipment
 3. R.A. 10055 “Technology Transfer Act fields of systematics, secology and
of 2009”. It has become a major herpetology
achievement because of the law’s spirit of
harmonizing all technology transfer o RAMON C. BARBA - changes the seasonal
activities in the country and expediting the supply of fresh fruits to an all year round
commercialization of government-funded availability of mangoes through his studies on
research.
the induction of flowering of mango and
- SONA in 2001, president Arroyo micropropagation of important crop
emphasized the role of technology in future
economic development species.
o EDGARDO D. GOMEZ - steered the national-
- President’s efforts resulted in the
accomplishment of five broad tier of S&T scale assessment of damage coral reefs which
programs (“PGMA’s support to science led a national conservation.
community”, 2010). These programs include:
- Influences in the development of science and
1) Research and development
technology in the Philippines;
programs,

2) S&T Human Resource Development Internal influences External influences

Programs 1. Survival 1. Foreign
2. Culture colonizer
3) Scientific And Technological Services
3. Economic 2. Traders with
4) S&T Promotion And Information Activities foreign countries
Services, And 3. International
economic
5) Scientific Linkages And International
Cooperation demands

Benigno Aquino III’s Presidency

- In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III
conferred four new national scientist for their
contribution in the scientific field, namely;
o ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C. TRONO -
helped a lot of families in the coastal
populations through the extensive studies he
made on seaweed species
o ANGEL C. ALCALA - advocate of coral
reefs aside from his contribution in the
- The policies on of science and
technology under the Aquino
Administration are as follows:
o RA 10533 - Emphasizing teaching in the
mother tongue language
o RA 10931 - Developing school
infrastructure
o RA 10844 - Providing for ICT
broadband
 o RA 2067 - Integrate, coordinate o 189 scientists per Million,
and intensify scientific and Balik Scientist program. But
technological research to foster it was only implemented
invention until 1986
o RA 9711 - Ensuring compliance
of drug-manufacturing firms with
ASEAN-harmonized standard by
full implementation of the FDA

o RA 5921 - Creating an education

council dedicated to
standardization of pharmaceutical
services/care
o RA 3720 - Empowering food and
drug agencies to conduct evidence-
based research as pool of
information

o RA 8424 - Allocating 2% of the

GDP to research

o RA 10747 - Legislating a law

supporting human genome projects
o RA 9147 - Protecting and
conserving biodiversity by full
implementation of existing laws.
Use of biosafety and standard
model by ASEAN countries

o RA 8371 - Promoting indigenous

knowledge systems and
indigenous people’s conservation
o RA 10611 - Formulation of
common food and safety standards

Rodrigo Duterte’s Presidency

o In 2018, Signed the Republic Act
No. 11035 or the Balik Scientist
Act.

o This law provides incentives

and assistance to returning
Filipino experts, scientist,
inventors, and engineers.
 CHAPTER 5: Philippine Inventions and
Filipino Scientists
Outline
5.1 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
5.2 FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS *for the pictures of the
inventions, pls go to the pdf
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
The floating amphibious tricycle was
launched by H2O Technologies at the
Capital Commons Center in Pasig City.
Atoy Llave of A-Toy Body Kits invented the
Salamander together with Dominic Chang.
The engineering team was led by Lamberto
Armada who combined the ideas of Llave
and Chang (The Manila Times, 2015).
It can drive over land and water and can carry six
passengers including the driver.
It was built on a compartmentalized, double-hull,
fiberglass body that would not sink even if a
section sustains damage.
Two prototypes were introduced
1. one is powered by 5kW electric
engine
2. the other by 250 cc gasoline motor
On the road, the gas-powered model transmits
its power to the pavement via the two rear
wheels.
When on water, the Salamander is propelled by a
three bladed propeller that is directly connected to
the engine.
The cost of the Salamander would be between
PhP200,000 to PhP230,000 each
E-jeepneys
It runs on pure electricity supplied by
rechargeable automotive batteries
It does not consume either gasoline or diesel
to operate.
It has no noise, no fumes, and no harmful
emissions.
It can be charged overnight for about eight hours
on an ordinary wall outlet, much like charging a
cellphone and run the next day for a minimum of
65 kms.
The Philippine Utility Vehicle (PhUV) Inc.,
pioneered the assembly of electric jeepneys in
the Philippines
Medical Incubator
Fe Del Mundo invented a bamboo
incubator in 1941.
It was composed of two native laundry baskets
of different sizes and made of bamboo.
The baskets were placed one inside the other.
Hot water bottles were placed all around and
between the outer basket to regulate the body
temperature of the babies.
A hood is placed over it with an attached oxygen
(Bulan, 2018).
Del Mundo’s objective was to produce inexpensive
inventions and can be reproduced by people with
limited access to medical centers (Bulan, 2018).
Single-chip 16-bit Microprocessor
Diosdado Banatao had his first breakthrough with
Commodore International after he developed the
first
single-chip graphical user interface accelerator
that made computers work a lot faster.
A 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator This
invention has allowed computer users to use
graphics for commands and not the usual types
commands in older computers. It has allowed data
processing to be a little faster using very little space
(Philippine Primer, 2017).
He developed the world’s first system logic chip
set for IBM’s, PC-XT and PC-AT.
He also developed the first Windows Graphics
accelerator chip for personal computers. (Filipino
Discoveries, Inventions, Innovations and Products,
2013).
Electrifilter
It generates electricity from waste water that can
power lamp post in sidewalks and roads.
It has the capability to filter and cleanse water
that can be used for daily consumption.
The excess energy produced will be stored to a
battery (Gineers Now, n.d.).
Christian G. Sta. Romana and John Paul G.
Santos from Polytechnic University of the
Philippines won the award for their invention,
electrifilter.
The waste output from the device can be used as
natural fertilizers.
The device is designed to be portable so that it can
be used to generate electricity, provide clean water
in times of floods, storms and other calamities in
remote areas (Gineers Now, n.d.).
SALt lamp
This was invented by a Filipina scientist Aisa
Mijeno, where her vision is “to light up the
rest of the Philippines sustainably”
(Buccat,2015).
The SALt lamp (Sustainable Alternative
Lighting lamp) is an environment friendly and an
alternative light source that runs on saltwater,
making it suitable to those who live in coastal areas
and remote barrios (Buccat, 2015).
It is composed of two table spoons of salt, one glass
of tap water, catalysts and metal alloys that when
submerged in electrolytes will generate electricity
and can last for eight hours.
It utilizes the same principle as the Galvanic
cell, but uses saline, making it harmless and
non-toxic (Buccat, 2015).
Vazbuilt: A Modular housing system
The Vazbuilt building technology was
invented by Edgardo G.Vazquez.
In 1993, Mr. Vazquez was awarded the Golden
Medal Award as Most Outstanding Inventor of the
year in the Creative Research Category by the
Filipino Inventors Society.
In 1995, the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) based in Geneva awarded
him Best Invention of the Year for his modular
housing system (Pinoy Achievers Blog, 2009).
pre-fabricated reinforced concrete columns, wall
panels, tie beams (at 2,500 to 3,500 psi) which
are assembled into modular housing units.
for building fire-proof, termite-proof and
earthquake-proof in less than a month using pre-
fabricated posts and panels. highly engineered
method for construction of buildings for residential
and commercial purposes (Pinoy Achievers Blog,
2009). practical, cost-effective and does not require
special skills or heavy equipment.
allowing easy assembling and dismantling of
components for expansion and home
improvements with lesser workforce (Cesbiz,
2008).
Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal trap
developed by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) through its Industrial
Technology Development Institute (ITDI)
aims to control the population of the dengue
carrying Aedes mosquitoes (R&D 100
Conference, 2016).
consists of a black cup and a popsicle stick-like strip
of lawanit (coconut husk wall paneling) which
measures 1” x 6.5” that is half-immersed in an
organic solution
the scent of the solution attracts female Aedes
aegypti mosquitoes to lay their eggs on the lawanit
stick.
does not kill the mosquito but it kills the
hundreds of eggs it lays.
The pepper-based solution was developed by
leading Filipino entomologists and DOST scientists
(Filipino Discoveries, Inventions, Innovations and
Products, 2013)
Multi-cooler fan
invented by Edgardo Vazquez
a turbo version for industrial use with diameters of
three feet, seven feet, 15 feet and 24 feet.
can surround an area of up to 80 meters with
cool mists.
based on his Misty Kool mist-dispensing apparatus
which was recently recognized and validated by
the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines
(Dela Cruz, 2018).
Diwata-1: Philippine made Micro-satellite
Diwata-1 is the first of the two micro-
satellites in the Philippines.
It aims to send into space in three years via the
Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Micro-
Satellite (PHL- Microsat) Program of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in
collaboration with the University of the Philippines
Diliman, and two Japanese academic institutions,
Tohoku University (TU) and Hokkaido University
(HU).
The micro-satellites are part of the DOST’s
10 year Ph24-billion Space Technology
Development (STD) Program (De Jesus,
2017).
It was built and designed by Filipinos, measuring
55 x 35 x 55 cm and weighing 50 kg.
It was launched and deployed to orbit on April 27,
2016 to capture data and images from about 1,000
selected areas in the Philippines
It assists in weather observation, disaster risk
management, environmental monitoring (for forest
protection, agriculture, fisheries and mining) and
preservation of cultural and historical sites, crop
inventory, and monitoring of coastal waters for the
security of the country’s territory (De Jesus,
2017).
Diwata-2
Philippine's second Earth-observing
microsatellite
It was successfully launched to space on October 29,
2018 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan
via H-IIA F40 rocket. This is in preparation for the
expected end of Diwata-1’s useful life by November
2018 due to decay and the gravitational pull of the
Earth. (De Jesus, 2017).
It is a 50 x 50 x 50 cm microsatellite with
estimated mass of 50 kg.
It features two deployable systems - solar array Quink Ink
panels and amateur radio antennas. It was launched
Francisco Quisimbing invented a fountain pen ink in
to an orbit 213 kilometers higher than Diwata-1’s.
1931.
Pinoy Hybrid Electric Train He was a Filipino Botanist who got his PhD in
Taxonomy, Systematics and Morphology from the
The first Filipino hybrid electric train (HET)
University of Chicago in 1923 (Plethorist, n.d.).
was launched on April 24, 2019. (Grecia,
He organized the Philippine Ink
2019).
Corporation after World War II and
This was developed by the Department of
introduced Quink which stands for
Science and Technology’s Metal Industry and
Quisumbing Ink. (Plethorist, n.d.).
Research Development Center in partnership
It was sold in the United States since 1931. It has the
with the Philippine National Railways(PNR).
desired quality of ink flow, has resistance to water and
The DOST took them five years to build the HET
molding, not corrosive and dries quickly (Plethorist,
and it cost 120 million pesos (Grecia, 2019).
n.d.) Parker Company bought the rights to the ink
The air-conditioned train used Toyota’s Prius
with Dr. Quisimbing’s stipulation that the trademark
technology and can accommodate 880 passengers.
“Quink” would be retained. (Agham Pinoy, 2010).
It has CCTV systems, LED TV setups and
automatic sliding doors. (Cruz, 2019) FILIPINO SCIENTISTS *not in the pdf provided
It made a round trip between Alabang PNR station
and Binan, Laguna on April 24, 2019.
The scheduled operations started on May 6, 2019
and it runs by the PNR via the same routes for 19
days as part of its turnover process (Grecia, 2019).
The DOST team head, Paolo Acuin described
the HET features, having a diesel-powered
generator, an electric motor, a bank of electrical
batteries, and regenerative braking technology.
It works by using kinetic energy lost when a train
slows down, converting it to electricity in the process.
(Subingsubing,2019)
This is then stored in 260 lead acid-batteries,
which can be utilized to run the HET or power the
train’s automatic doors, air-conditioner, and
CCTV cameras (Cruz, 2019).