Historical

 Antecedents  that  
shape  the  course  of  Science  and  
Technology    
HISTORICAL  ASPECTS  OF  S&T  with  
Development  of  Humans  
•  Early  Men  –  nomad  to  cavemen  
Genus Specie Brain volume

Australopithecus Afarensis 400ml

Australopithecus africanus 400ml

Australopithecus robustus 400ml

Homo habilis 700- 775ml

Homo erectus 800ml

Homo sapien 1000 -1360ml

Homo neanderthalensis 1400ml

Brain  volume  propor5onal  to  knowledge  except  for  Neanderthals  which  are  
believed  to  be  giants  (Meat  eaters)  with  large  organs  as  well  as  brain.  
•  SeCler  (hunter-­‐gatherer)  
 Paleolithic(Old  Stone  Age)Greek  word    “palaios”  means  
ancient/old  and  “lithos”  means  stone/  rock  
2.5  million  years  ago  –  8000  B.C.  
• Hunter-­‐Gatherers-­‐  They  hunted  animals,  caught  fish,  ate  insects,  
and  gathered  nuts,  berries,  fruits,  grains  and  plants.  
• Nomads-­‐  people  with  no  permanent  place  to  live,  draining  
resources  of  each  place  they  occupy.  
• Women-­‐  gathered  berries,  grains  and  watched  over  children,  
• Men  -­‐hun5ng  animals,  protec5on.  
hCps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhNlbC3Vt7Y  
  
The  Ice  Ages  
100,000  B.C.-­‐  8000  B.C.  
(During  the  Paleolithic  Era)  

•  Long  periods  of  extreme  cold  

•  The  discovery  of  fire  (Keep  warm,  cook  food)  
•  Used  animal  furs  as  clothing  (Adapt  to  extreme  cold)  
 Language,  Art,  Religion  and  Tools  
•  Humans  created  a  language  which  made  it  easier  to  work  together  and  pass  on  
knowledge.  
 
•  Humans  crushed  colored  rock  to  create  paint.  Cave  pain5ngs  
 
•  Early  humans  used  flint  to  create  tools  and  weapons  
Neolithic  Era  (New  Stone  Age)  Greek  “Neo”  means  new  
8000  B.C.-­‐  4000  B.C.  
•  Knowledge  of  planTng,  domesTcaTng  animals  
•  Evidences  in  Europe,  India,  Egypt,  China  and  Mexico  (South  America).  
•  SeCle  in  one  place/  territory  building  shelters  with  community  
•   Increase  food  supply  for  popula5on  
•  Use  different  tools  other  than  weapons  (farming,  building  shelters)  
•  Farmer  (rise  of  agriculture)  

Farming  to  PoUery  Age  

Transporta5on:    1)  use  bare  foot  to  look  for  food.    
   2)  Ride  domes5cated  animals  horse,  camel,  donkey  lama  
   3)  Ride  man  made  wood  vessel  (carriage,  chariot,  boat)  to  discover/  explore  
   new  places/  Coloniza5on  
   
Communica5on:          1  )  Use  sign  language/  drawings  on  the  soil/sand  
   2)  stone  tablets/  sculp5ng    
   3)  leaves/  fibers  as  canvass  and  tannins/  coal  &  mud  as  ink    
   4)  Barter  system/  measurement  using  body  parts  
 
Weapons    1)Bare  knuckles/  bi5ng/  Wrestling  
   2)  Sharpened  stone  /  bones  of  animals  
   3)  Wooden  spears/  bow  &  arrow  
   4)  Metal  swords/  Arrow/  Spears/  armor  
 
Engineering/  shelter1)  Live  in  branches/  caves  
   2)  Build  houses  /  irriga5on/  canal/  wells  
   3)  Build  fences/    food  processing  
   4)  Fortress  /  strengthen  materials  concrete/  metal  alloy/  warriors  
   5)  Kingdom/  Castles/  Army  
Comes  from  La5n    “civilis”  civil  ;  “civitas”  means  city  
“civis”  people  who  live  in  “civitas”    
=group  of  people/  society  that  occupy  a  place  at  
given  5me  which  live  in  systema5c  and  organized  
way  govern  by  rules  and  norms.    
Ancient  River  Valley  Civs  /  Civiliza5on  
 Early  River  Valley  CivilizaTons  
River  =  primary  source  of  clean  flowing  water  filtered  
by  nature  
Sumer   • Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable
• No natural barriers
• Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings

Egypt   • Flooding of the Nile predictable

• Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages
• Deserts were natural barriers

Indus  Valley   • Indus river flooding unpredictable

• Monsoon winds
• Mountains, deserts were natural barriers

China   • Huang He flooding unpredictable

• Mountains, deserts natural barriers
• Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
 Sumerian/  MESOPOTAMIA  
• Oldest  known  civiliza5on  
• Cradle  of  Human  Civiliza5on  
• Old  Testament  (Genesis)  
• King  Nebuchadnezzar  
• Ziggurat  (Temples)  
• Hanging  gardens  
•   Sumer  &  Babylon  
  
•  This  civiliza5on  rose  in  the  valleys  between  the  Tigris  
and  Euphrates  rivers.  
•  The  Garden  of  Eden  is  somewhere  here.(Men5oned  in  
Book  of  Genesis  between  Tigirs  and  Euphrates)  
•  It  has  few  natural  barriers.    

•  Mesopotamia  is  known  as  “the  land  between  the  rivers”  

because  it  is  bounded  by  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates  river.  
•  Farmers  used  irriga5on  to  water  their  crops.  
•  Many  ci5es  formed  in  southern  Mesopotamia  known  as  
Sumer.  
•  The  Sumerian  ci5es  became  separate  city-­‐states  and  had  
their  own  governments.  These  city-­‐states  would  olen  go  to  
war  with  each  other.  
Ur,  the  capital  city  of  Mesopotamia  
Sumerian  Civ    
• Sumerians  believed  in  many    
gods.(polytheist)  
• Each  city-­‐state  built  a  grand  temple  called  a  ziggurat,  
which  means  “mountain  of  god”  or  “The  hill  of  
heaven”  
•   Highly  coopera5ve  (religion  and  government)  
•   Desire  for  greater  things  (Improvement)  
•   Contented  with  basic  needs  
•   Do  record  keeping  by  cuneiform  (Data  gathering/  
keeping)  
Sumerian  Civ  (conTnued)  
• Sumerians  developed  a  form  of  wri5ng  called  cuneiform  in  
order  to  keep  track  of  things  using  clay.  
• Art/  Story“The  Epic  of  Gilgamesh”  the  world’s  oldest  
known  story.  
• Sumerians  invented  the  plow,  the  wagon  and  the  sailboat.  
• Sumerians  created  the  60-­‐minute  hour,  60-­‐second  minute,
360  degree  circle  and  the  12  month  calendar!  
•  Also  have  irriga5on,  dikes,  and  canals,  for  food  
produc5on,  sanita5on  and  clean  water  source  
•  Harness  power  of  wind  using  sail  boats  
•  Cul5vate  land  using  plow  for  large  scale  farming  
•   Rounded  stones  (grinding  seeds,  juicer)  as  precursor  
of  wheel    
•   Build  roads  using  clay  and  stones  
Babylon  under  King  Nebuchadnezzar  II.  
• Documented  in  the  Bible  (Genesis)  
• Outer  walls  were  56  miles  in  length,  80  feet  thick  and  
320  feet  high.  Wide  enough  to  allow  a  four-­‐horse  
chariot  to  turn.    
• Inside  the  walls  were  fortresses  and  temples  
containing  immense  statues  of  solid  gold.    
• Rising  above  the  city  was  the  famous  Tower  of  Babel,  a  
temple  to  the  god  Marduk  (dragon),  that  seemed  to  
reach  to  the  heavens  
•   Hanging  Gardens  which  is  made  from  concrete  with  
layers  of  planta5on/  flowers    
 Mesopotamian  Law  
•  Code  of  Hammurabi  
•  “eye  for  an  eye          tooth  for  a  tooth”  
EgypTan  CivilizaTon  
 
•  Nile  River  (Source  of  irriga5on)  
•  Polytheist  
•  Mummies  (preserve  the  dead)  
•  Pharaohs  (god  kings)  
•  Rameses  
•  King  Tutankhamen  
•  Hieroglyphics  (wri5ng)  
 Egyp5an  civiliza5on  and  Technology  
• Egyp5an  civiliza5on  arose  a  bit  aler  Mesopotamia.  
• Geography:  It  was  centered  around  the  Nile  River.  
•   Fashion  &  Cosme5cs:  Eye  shadow,  makeup,  ornament,    oil  
perfume  and  mint  for  breath  
•   Papyrus  sheet.  First  paper  
• Calendar  (use  to  predict  Floods  and  agriculture)  
•   Chariot  and  Weapons  
The  First  Paper  
•  Papyrus is the
plant where they
harness the fiber.
•  Papyrus strong
fiber make it ideal
for sail, writing
material fabric
sheet.  
The Nile River  
 IV. Social
Order

The  social  pyramid  is  the  reason  why  knowledge  of  technology  
is  limited  to  only    few  from  the  higher  class  and  is  believed  to  
be  mythical  (  given  by  gods)  rather  than  natural.  
 Pyramids  
• These  are  the  Giza  pyramids,  the  most  famous.  
• Pyramids  were  tombs  for  the  kings.  
• These  were  built  in  3500  B.C.E.  
•   Represent  kingdom/  wealth  and  belongings    
•   Align  with  the  Orions  belt  constella5on.  
OBELISK  =  used  as  marking/  monuments  and  as  
worship  to  egyp5ans  sun  god  
Pharaohs  are  believed  to  be  descendants  of  gods  from  the  stars/  
sun  with  divine  powers  and  mythical  knowledge.    
Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II
 
 Mummies/  MummificaTon  
• Egyp5ans  who  could  afford  to  do  so  would  have  themselves  
mummified.  
• They  believed  in  a  beCer  alerlife  if  their  body  was  preserved
• Took  out  all  organs  except  the  heart  and  put  in  canopic  jars  
•   The  heart  for  them  is  the  intelligence  and  emo5on  of  a  
person  
• Took  out  the  brain  through  the  nose  
•   Use  immerse  in  natron  (  salty  drying  agent)  to  preserve  the  
body  for  40  to  50  days  before  sealed    on  the  tomb.  
Egyp5an  hieroglyphics  
Indus  Valley  civiliza5on  

 
  Early  Civiliza5ons  in  the  Indus  River  Valley  
The  named  derives  from  one  of  the  two  discovered  ci5es  -­‐  Harappa  and  Mohenjo  Daro  
("Mound  of  the  Dead“)  

Early
settlements
date to 7000 BC
Major  CiTes  
 Harappa  and  Mohenjo-­‐daro  
•  surrounded  by  smaller  ci5es,  towns,  and  villages  
 one  situated  in  the  north  
 one  situated  in  the  south  

 uniform  culture  over  a  wide  area  

 ci5es  built  on  a  common  plan  
–  a  grid:  always  North  South  and  East  West  axes  
•  with  twelve  smaller  grids  
–  Kiln  (oven)-­‐dried  brick  enclosure  used  as  oven  for  
poCery  
 Indus  Valley  

•  Located  near  Pakistan  and  

Northern  India.    
•  Along  this  river  that  a  
civiliza5on  developed  around  
2,500  BCE.      
•  Called  the  Indus  Valley  
Civiliza5on.  
•   Two  major  ci5es  of  this  
civiliza5on  were  Harappa  and  
Mohenjo-­‐Daro.    
 Indus  River  Valley  
• This  civ  is  s5ll  mysterious.  
• The  wri5ng  has  not  been  
translated.  
Indus  River  civiliza5on  

• brick  walls  surrounding  

the  city  is  for  protec5on  
against  flooding  from  the  
Indus  River  overflow.  
• Planned  Ci5es  
• By  2500  B.C.E.,  people  build  
ci5es  of  brick  laid  out  on  a  
grid  system.  
• Engineers  create  plumbing  
and  sewage  systems  
• Indus  Valley  called  
Harrapan  civilizaTon  aler  
Harappa,  a  city.  
• Harappan  Planning  
• City  built  on  mud-­‐brick  plaqorm  to  protect  
against  flood  waters  
• Brick  walls  protect  city  and  citadel—central  
buildings  of  the  city  
• Streets  in  grid  system  are  30  feet  wide  
• Lanes  separate  rows  of  houses.  
Various  ar5facts  made  from  baked  clay  or  
metal    

Well/  Water    Storage  

Indus  Economy  
• People  were  mostly  farmers.  
• Tradi5onal  economy  
• They  did  trade  with  Chinese  and  with  Sumerians  
(Mesopotamians).  
• Knowledge  of  metallurgy  
 Government  and  Architecture    
•  Well  organized,  powerful  leaders  (priest-­‐kings)    secure  steady  supply  of  food  
•  Buildings  suggest  government  planners  
•  Possible  mathema5cal  skills  to  put  together  
•  Plan  was  just  a  replica5on  by  architects  based  on  the  actual  site.  
Perspec5ve  drawing  based  on  the  ruins  of  houses  
 Mohenjo-­‐Daro:  The  First  
Planned  City  
• A  dome  like  citadel,  a  fortress  
built  in  the  center  of  the  city  
• Mohenjo-­‐Daro  had  a  heated  
religious  pool,  storage  
faciliTes  for  crops,  two  story  
buildings  made  of  mud  bricks,  
defensive  towers  and  a  sewer  
system  
• Had  a  wriCen  language  which  
used  pictographs;  sign  that  
expresses  a  thought  or  idea  
Mohenjo-daro : aerial view
Mohenjo-daro view of the “Citadel”
ANCIENT  CHINA  
• Great  Wall  
• Yellow  River  Valley  
• Began  2000  B.C.  
• Mandate  of  
Heaven  
• Dynas5es  
• Silk  
• astronomy  
 Chronology  with  Chinese  Dynasty  
~500,000B.C.      ‘Peking  Man’   317-­‐420                        Dong  Jin  
~25,000B.C.          Cave  man   420-­‐589                        Nan  Bei  
5000-­‐3000                Yangshao  culture   581-­‐618                        Sui  
3000-­‐2700                3  Emperors   618-­‐907                        Tang  
2700-­‐2200                5  Kings   907-­‐960                        5  dynas5es  
2205-­‐180                    Xia   960-­‐1126                    Bei  Song  
1783-­‐1134                Shang   1127-­‐1279                Nan  Song  
1134-­‐356                    Xi  Zhu  
1279-­‐1368                  Yuan  
770-­‐221                        Dong  Zhu  
1368-­‐1644                Ming  
246-­‐206                        Qin  
1644-­‐1911                Qing  
206B.C.-­‐220.        Han  
220-­‐265                              3  Kingdoms  
1911-­‐1949                Kuomintong,  etc.  
265-­‐316      Xi  Jin   1949-­‐present        P.R.C.  
 

S&T  in  Ancient  China,  KV  Patri  

 Yellow River Civilization
• Ancient  China  was  formed  
around  the  Yellow  River.  
• The  color  yellow  
symbolized  “centrality”,  as  
in  China  is  the  center  of  the  
world.  
 Chinese  Worksmanship  

•   Zhou  and  Shang  

dynasty    
•  Bronze  ar5facts  
Shang  Period  (1783-­‐1134)  

• Agriculture,  hun5ng,  animal  husbandry.  

• A  wri5ng  system  as  evident  from  engraved  
inscrip5ons  on  tortoise  shells.  
• Bronze  metallurgy  of  highest  workmanship.  
• King  was  the  head  of  the  ancestor-­‐  and  spirit-­‐
worship  cult.  
• Royal  personages  were  buried  with  ar5cles  of  
value,  presumably  for  use  in  the  alerlife.    
• Slaves,  were  buried  alive  with  the  royal  corpse.    

S&T  in  Ancient  China,  KV  Patri  

 Different  types  of  Vessels  
connected  with  worship  
 
Shang  (or  Yin)  Dynasty  
(1384-­‐1025)  
 
[Gernet  1982,  p.43]  

S&T  in  Ancient  China,  KV  Patri  

Chinese  invented  silk  

• Silk  unique  cloth  sol  and  

smooth  
• It  is  made  from  silk  
worms.  
• Silk  also  used  as  “paper”  
Silk  worm  
Chinese  astronomy  

•  Documented  several  Solar  and  lunar  

eclipse  
•  Document  Jupiter  took  12  earth  years  to  
complete  one  revolu5on  
•  Constella5ons  in  Chinese  with  28  regions    
•  Record  spring  equinox  
 PAPER
Ø The first paper appeared in China about
200 BC.
Ø Silk was transformed into paper by a
process of pasting
Ø Alternative to silk like wool and cotton came
to be used instead.
Ø Invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun.
The Paper manufacturing process used
by the Chinese.
•  They steeped mulberry or bamboo
bark in water.
•  kneaded it to produce a paste from
which they obtained smooth thin
sheets of paper.
Ø Abacus  calculator  
Ø   Rocket  
Ø Cross  bow  
Ø porcelain  
Diagram  of  a  chariot  from  
the  site  of  An-­‐yang  (end  
of  2nd  millenium  B.C.)  
[Gernet  1982,  p.68]  
 

68  
 Diagram  of  a  
chariot  from  the  
site  of  Hui-­‐hsien  
(Honan  province)  
(5th  century  B.C.)  
 
[Gernet  1982,  p.
68]  
 

69  
Cast-­‐iron  hoes,  ploughshare,  sickles,  axe,  
and  knife  from  the  fourth-­‐third  centuries  
B.C.  
[Gernet  1982,  p.71]  
70  
Calipers  made  in  9  A.D.  They  are  graduated  in  ts’un  
(tenth  part  of  a  ch’ih)  and  in  fen  (tenths  of  a  ts’un).  
The  face  shown  on  the  right  side  bears  the  
inscrip5on”  ‘Made  on  kuei-­‐yu  day,  on  the  new  
moon  of  the  filh  month,  first  year  of  Shih-­‐chien-­‐
kuo’  
[Gernet  1982,  p.110]  
71  
 CalculaTon  of  Pi    
π=355/113  
As  wriCen  in    
Sui  Shu  
(History  of  the  Sui  Dynasty)  
by  Zu  Qonzi  (430-­‐510)  
[ACTS  1983]  

72  
 Diamond  Sutra:  
The  earliest    
printed  literature    
in  existence.    
Bearing  the  date  of    
the  9th  year  of    
the  reign  of  Xian  tong  (968),  
Tang  Dynasty  
[ACTS  1983]  
 
 

73  
• First  men5on  of  gunpowder  (coal,  saltpeter  and  
sulfur)  in  China  in  1044  (in  1287,  by  Roger  bacon  in  
Europe).    
• Daoist  alchemists  discovered  it.  
• Ini5ally  used  for  ‘flying  fire’.  Later  exploited  the  
burst  capacity.  Propellant  in  a  guided  tube.  
(Rocket)  
• Iron  or  bronze  tubes  around  1280.    
 

74  
 The  water-­‐driven    
astronomical  clock  tower  
As  shown  in  the  book,  
Xin  Yi  Xiang  Fu  Yao  
(New  Design  for    
an  Armillary  Clock),  
wriCen  by    
Su  Song  (1020-­‐1101)  
[ACTS  1983]  
 

75  
Printed  text  of  the  Sung  period  
 
The  first  page  of    
the  first  chapter  of    
the  geography  of    
China  and  foreign  countries  
completed  in  979  A.D.  
 
[Gernet  1982,  p.334]  
 

76  
Astronomical  chart  of  the  south-­‐polar  projec5on  of  the  
sky  by  Hsin-­‐I-­‐hsiang  Fa-­‐yao  (1092,  Western  Hsia)  [Gernet  
1982,  p.340]  
77  
 Sung  and  Yitan  
Mathema5cs:  Nota5on  for  
equa5on    
2x3+15x2+166x1-­‐4460=0  as  
given  by  Li  Yeh  (or  Li  Chih)  
1192-­‐1279    
[Gernet  1982,  p.381]  
 

78  
 Pascal’s  triangle  
(around  1640)  as  
given  in  
An  algebraic  treaTse  
by  Chu  Shi-­‐chieh  
(1303)  
[Gernet  1982,  p.381]  
 
  79  
 Ming  Technology  
(1368-­‐1582)  
A  Mill  (Grinder)  
Illustra5on  taken  from  
the  T’ien-­‐kung  k’ai-­‐wu  
(1637)  
[Gernet  1982,  p.443]  
 

80  
 Ming  Technology  
(1368-­‐1582)  
A  machine  for    
reeling  off  thread,  
Picture  taken  from  the  
T’ien-­‐kung  k’ai-­‐wu  
(1637)  
[Gernet  1982,  p.443]  
 
81  
Copper  Age  “Chalkos”  
•   weapons  were  made  of  stone  –  before  the  great  flood  of  4,000  BC  
•   weapons  were  made  of  copper  –  aler  the  great  flood  of  4,000  BC  
•   Copper  was  1st  made  from  its  ore  in  the  Persian  Gulf  at  the  Tigris  and  
Euphrates  in  a  land  called  Ur  (Sumerian  Civ)  
•   Copper  being  cast  into  shapes  occurred  ~3500  BC  in  Egypt  and  India  
•   can  be  extracted  from  malachite  ore  by  smel5ng  

Bronze  Age  
•   1,200  BC,  Bronze  was  produced  from  mixing  Copper  (Cu)  with  Tin  
(Sn)    
• bronze  is  much  stronger  and  harder  than  Cu.  
• Annealing  =  sudden  hea5ng  and  slow  cooling  make  strong  Bronze  
• Bronze  is  used  in  axes  and  swords.  
• India,  and  its  surrounding  countries,  s5ll  produce  the  finest  quality  of  
Bronze.  
Copper dagger, central Bulgaria, Malachite
4000-3500 BC Cu 2(CO 3)(OH)2
 

Arsenopyrite
(FeAsS)

Chalcopyrite
(CuFeS2)
Bronze Age
Lead  
• Lead,  being  malleable,  was  used  for  water  ducts  
and  ea5ng  utensils  and  plates  afforded  by  the  rich.  
•   Lead  poisoning  creates  mental  confusion  and  the  
inability  to  make  ra5onal  decisions.  Stop  the  use  
for  ea5ng  utensils.  
Brass  
• Brass  was  produced  from  Copper  and  Zinc  oxide.    
•   Brass  with  21-­‐28%  Zn  was  used  for  coins  to  be  
rust  proof.    
• Rome  conquered  Spain  just  to  get  control  of  its  Cu  
and  Zn  mines.  
Iron  Age  
• Iron  replace    Bronze  by  durability.    
• Iron  have  mel5ng  point  of  1500  celsius  
•   Tempering  –  sudden  cooling  (quenching)  aler  forging  
• Steeling  –  adding  1-­‐1.7%  carbon  to  iron  
•   CasTng  –  form  of  molding  steel.  
• The  Romans  defeated  the  Gauls  using  stronger  iron  
weapons    
• The  Arabs  use  furnaces,  referred  to  as  the  Philosophers  egg  
or  Vase  of  Hermes,  that  produced  higher  temperatures  and  
thus  purer  metals.    
• Evolved  into  Blast  Furnaces,  which  from  iron  ore  and  
charred  wood  (charcoal)  eventually  produced  wrought  iron  
(forged  at  high  temperatures)  and  cast  iron  (poured  into  a  
mold).    
Steel  Age  
•   Iron  age  turned  into  the  Steel  Age  .  
• Steel  is  an  Iron-­‐Carbon  alloy.    
•   The  first  “Steel”  is  considered  to  be  Wootz  steel  
made  in  India  ~500  BC.  
•   Damascus  steel  involved  fusing  together  layers  of  
steel  and  iron  by  hammering  to  form  a  type  of  
composite,  which  was  stronger  than  other  steels  of  
its  5me.  (Sword  and  other  weapons)  
•   Damascus  method  was  refined  by  the  Japanese  to  
a  much  higher  level  for  their  samurai  swords.  
• Steel  enabled  the  Industrial  Revolu5on  in  Western  
Europe.    
Steel  Age  conTnued.  
•     Henry  Bessemer  in  1854  applied  for  a  patent  for  
“Improvements  in  the  Manufacture  of  Iron  and  
Steel”,carbon  (0.1%  to  1.5%  C)    
•   Maintaining  balance  of  hardness  and  malleability  adding  
small  amount  of  spiegelsen  (a  type  of  pig  iron  containing  
15-­‐30  %  Manganese  and  4-­‐7%  C)  where  Mn  helped  the  steel  
become  malleable.    
•   Bessemer  process  reduced  the  price  of  steel    
• Steel  is  widely  used  in  large  quan55es  (rails  and  girders,  
plates  for  baCleships)  
•   In  1885,  the  Bri5sh  government  accepted  Bessemer  steel  
for  its  guns  and  naval  shipbuilding.  
Metal  Age  to  Industrial  RevoluTon  
Industrial  RevoluTon=  1760-­‐1840  the  use  of  coal  
and  fuel  to  propel  machines.  
•   Engines  are  produced  (Steam,  Petrol,  Diesel)  
•  Mass  produc5on  of  products  with  help  of  machines.  
•   Air  Pollu5on  in  wide  scale  because  of  combus5on  of  coal  and  
fuels  almost  everywhere.  
•  Scien5st  believe  that  this  period  is  the  big  factor  to  global  
warming  which  today  having  climate  change  as  its  consequence.  
•  Cellulose  and    Rubber  as  first  
polymer  material.  
•  Began  when  polymeriza5on  of  
phenol  and  formaldehyde  into  
a  resin  “bakelite”    (1907)  
•  Solu5on  to  rust  and  corrosion  
of  metals,  and  mel5ng  of  
rubber  materials.  
•  Product  is  lightweight  and  
durable.  
•   The  only    issue  is  heat  resistant  
w/c  is  later  20th  century  was  
solved.  
•  Gave  way  to  use  heat  resistant  
plas5cs  even  in  engines.  
•  Further  developed  to  fiber  glass  
and  carbon  fibers.    
THE  CURRENT  DECADE:    
THE  SEMICONDUCTORS/  INFORMATION  AGE  
Other  technological  advancements  
  
• Stone  Age:  2.5  million  years  ago  
• Farming  Age/Agricultural  Revolu5on:  1000  years  ago  
• PoCery  Age:  4000  B.C.  
• Metal  Age:  3000  B.C.  
• Industrial  Revolu5on:  1760-­‐1990  
• Plas5cs  Age:  late  20th  Century  to  current  5me  
• Semiconductor  Age:  late  20th  to  21st  Century  to  current  
5me  
• Informa5on  Age/Computer  Age:  21st  Century  to  present  
 

 
Resources:  
hCps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_science#History_of_polymer_science  
hCps://www.slideshare.net/mleonoras/historical-­‐development-­‐of-­‐science-­‐and-­‐technology  
hCps://www.slideshare.net/dickgevans/chinese-­‐science-­‐and-­‐technology-­‐achievements  
hCps://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China  
hCps://www.slideshare.net/guest85eb01/egypt-­‐tools-­‐technology-­‐and-­‐science  
hCps://www.ancient.eu/ar5cle/967/ancient-­‐egyp5an-­‐science-­‐-­‐technology/  
hCp://www.iitgn.ac.in/assets/pdfs/ifdls/Scien5fic-­‐and-­‐Technological-­‐Contrib-­‐Indus.pdf  
hCps://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm  
hCps://books.google.com.ph/books/about/A_History_of_Chinese_Civiliza5on.html?id=jqb7L-­‐
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